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This article has two objectives. On the one hand, it attempts to delve into the sources of competitive advantage of Inditex, the world’s largest clothing retailer, by considering the evolution of the company’s strategies over the last two decades and relying on an econometric technique, Local Projections, to complement the qualitative analyses. On the other hand, the article presents and explains this quantitative technique, which can help to solve some of the problems that arise when attempting to apply quantitative methods in business history, such as small sample sizes, causality analysis or endogeneity. Aquest article té dos objectius. D’una banda, tracta d’aprofundir en les fonts de l’avantatge competitiu d’Inditex, l’empresa més gran de venda minorista de roba del món, considerant l’evolució de les estratègies de l’empresa en les dues últimes dècades i secundant-se en una tècnica economètrica, local projections, per complementar les anàlisis qualitatives. D’altra banda, l’article presenta i explica aquesta tècnica quantitativa, que pot ajudar a resoldre alguns dels problemes que sorgeixen en intentar aplicar mètodes quantitatius en la història empresarial, com la petita grandària de les mostres, l’anàlisi de causalitat o l’endogeneïtat. Este artículo tiene dos objetivos. Por un lado, trata de profundizar en las fuentes de la ventaja competitiva de Inditex, la mayor empresa de venta minorista de ropa del mundo, considerando la evolución de las estrategias de la empresa en las dos últimas décadas y apoyándose en una técnica econométrica, local projections, para complementar los análisis cualitativos. Por otra parte, el artículo presenta y explica esta técnica cuantitativa, que puede ayudar a resolver algunos de los problemas que surgen al intentar aplicar métodos cuantitativos en la historia empresarial, como el pequeño tamaño de las muestras, el análisis de causalidad o la endogeneidad. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund under Grant PGC2018-093896-B-I00.

Energy consumption is one of the main costs faced by households, both financially and environmentally. This article analyses the energy consumption of Spanish households and the cost of installing solar panels in order to determine the potential of this form of energy production on a household level. The results show that households with a larger number of members have a higher total consumption but a lower consumption per person. The composition of the household is therefore a key determinant of the potential savings from solar panels. This alternative is financially viable, as the unit price paid for energy in these households is between €0.28 and €0.29 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), while the average cost per kWh obtained from the panels is between €0.15 and €0.21. However, the current public subsidies for the installation of solar panels in Spain are inaccessible to 68% of the country’s households, and there are difficulties in the distribution of energy in neighbouring communities. In other words, although in financial terms home PV self-consumption is a financially viable option, the inability to obtaining subsidies makes the initial investment a major barrier for many households. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante (UAFPU2019-16).

The disposal of desalination brine, which contains a higher concentration of salts, is treated as waste and discharged into the environment. In this brine, several elements, when processing and extraction were possible, could be susceptible to exploitation and valorisation. Among all the ions existing in desalination brine, and whose industrial use is possible, sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and boron (B) are found at high concentrations; there are also other elements, not as abundant as previous, but highly demanded in the current industry, such as lithium (Li), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr) or gallium (Ga). These elements, as well as other alkaline metals, have taken on considerable prominence today due to their technological applications. Analysing the prices and quotations of these elements in the international markets for raw materials, it is possible to determine the economic potential of this mining activity of desalination plants in Spain. The economic value of the extracted elements also incorporates other additional advantages, which focus on the elimination, or reduction, of brine discharges, the savings in transportation and transaction costs of raw materials, in addition to the considerable reduction in environmental impacts caused by traditional mining. This work has been partially funded by the Vice-Rectorate for Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, by the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Diputación de Alicante, by the University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences of the University of Alicante and by the CDTI through the project “Sustainability, water and agriculture in the 21st century, SOS-AGUA-XXI” (Science and Innovation Missions 2021, Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, NextGenerationEU).

The principal objective of this study is the detailed analysis of the water deficit based on the information gathered by hydrological planning in terms of both the supply of water resources from different sources (surface and groundwater natural sources, transferred from other basins and non-conventional sources based on the reuse of regenerated waters and the desalination of seawater) and the demand for water (urban, agricultural, environmental, industrial, and recreational uses). To do this, the balance between resources and demand is determined, identifying the water deficit and its repercussions, mainly in the agricultural sector. Subsequently, a series of recommendations are proposed that can contribute to the management of water resources in accordance with their origin and availability. The study focuses on the district of Vega Baja del Río Segura, which is located in Southeast Spain, specifically in the Segura River Basin of the province Alicante, and characterized by being one of the European spaces with the greatest structural shortage of water resources. The 27 municipalities, which it constitutes and are the object of analysis in this study, have a semi-arid climate with mild temperatures and scarce torrential rainfall, which generates a continuous situation of water stress and structural shortage. The management of water resources in this area is vitally important for socio-economic development and the maintenance of the natural ecosystems. According to the climate change predictions, this deficit situation is set to worsen, which will aggravate the water imbalance. This research was funded by the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Alicante Provincial Council (2023) and by the Campus Hábitat5U network of excellence.

This research examines the differences in the price for water supply for the Spanish households according to the type of household and the region of residence, which is of great relevance in terms of equity. The analysis covers the entire Spanish territory with the aim of establishing comparisons between regions, determining the current situation of the various household types and highlighting some considerations on the water policy financing. The evidence obtained shows how the invoice has an unequal impact on the various types of household, as well as that there are large differences between territories. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the differences are greater as household income decreases, thus affecting households with tighter budgets or more members. For this reason, modifying the water price policy with the objective of inducing equality and efficiency, in addition to pursuing cost recovery, would be convenient. This work was supported by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante, UAFPU2019-16), by the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Alicante Provincial Council (2020), by the University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences of the University of Alicante and by the Hábitat5U network of excellence.

En el sureste de España se sitúa la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura, afectada por un escenario de déficit estructural, como consecuencia de contar con una precipitación muy baja —la menor del continente— y que, ante los escenarios de cambio climático, puede agravarse durante los próximos años. Esta situación de escasez ha requerido la combinación de recursos de diversos orígenes, que pueden clasificarse en los naturales y los no convencionales, que intentan alcanzar en conjunto un grado satisfactorio de atención de las demandas, principalmente en las más importantes por su volumen, como son el regadío y el abastecimiento. El objetivo principal del presente estudio es el análisis detallado del déficit mediante la información recogida por la planificación hidrológica, identificando aquellas áreas donde se concentra esta anomalía y que coinciden en gran medida con las zonas regables del Trasvase Tajo-Segura. Como objetivo secundario, se plantean las alternativas que permitan la movilización de nuevos recursos que consigan aumentar la oferta actual, específicamente, aquellos procedentes de la desalinización. Para ello, será necesaria la ejecución de nuevas infraestructuras, que ya contempla la planificación actual, pero que pueden añadir nuevos condicionantes, esencialmente económicos, motivados por los sobrecostes sobre el ya elevado precio del agua desalinizada y que cuestionaría la viabilidad económica del sector agroalimentario dependiente de este insumo fundamental. The Segura River Basin is located in the South-east of Spain and is affected by a situation of structural deficit, due to a very low rainfall (the lowest on the continent). Given the climate change scenarios, this deficit could worsen over the coming years. This situation of scarcity has required the combination of resources from various sources, which can be classified as natural and non-conventional. This action constitutes an attempt to satisfactorily meet demands, mainly the most important due to their volume, such as irrigation and supply. The main objective of this study is the detailed analysis of the deficit based on the information collected in hydrological planning, identifying those areas where it is concentrated, which largely coincide with the irrigation areas of the Tajo-Segura Transfer. As a secondary objective, alternatives are proposed that allow the mobilization of new resources that are able to increase the current supply, specifically, those from desalination. For this, the execution of new infrastructure projects will be necessary, which is already contemplated in the current planning, but which may add new conditions, essentially economic, motivated by the extra costs on the already high price of desalinated water and which would question the economic viability of the dependent agri-food sector of this essential input. Esta investigación ha sido financiada por la Cátedra del Agua de la Universidad de Alicante-Diputación Provincial de Alicante y por la red de excelencia Campus Hábitat 5U.

The Tagus-Segura water transfer is a large infrastructure that allows the distribution of a large amount of water resources, which is associated with a significant energy cost. Therefore, energy improvements are a fundamental tool to reduce one of the main financial costs of the infrastructure, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases. For this reason, the feasibility of self-consumption through photovoltaic solar panels has been analysed, which requires a significant initial investment, but can be recovered over the lifetime of the panels due to the savings obtained yearly. The incorporation into the article of a sensitivity analysis of the price of energy and the amount of energy produced makes the analysis robust, as it can be seen that, although there is vulnerability with respect to variations in these variables, the risk of losses is low. This work was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante (UAFPU2019-16). It has also received funding from the Spanish Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology through the SOS AGUA XXI MISIONES CIENCIA E INNOVACIÓN CDTI 2021 project.

Water pricing is one of the fundamental tools for water resources management. However, the current tariff structure in Spain has associated problems in relation to the composition of households. This paper analyses the current tariffs of Spain's Valencia region and studies the effect of alternative tariff structures. The results show an imbalance irrespective of the tariff applied even when the number of household members is considered, as the relationship between the number of household members and water consumption is not linear. Therefore, the problem is not the tariff structure per se but not including the composition of the household in the tariff. This work was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante (UAFPU 2019-16).

History can represent an effective marketing resource because it can establish an emotional relationship with consumers. This article examines trademark applications in order to show how Spanish companies used the past in their branding strategy during the twentieth century. The article analyses which historical themes were used the most, over which periods, for what types of products and services and according to which Spanish regions. The study indicates that this commercial use of the past was closely linked to the spread of Spanish nationalism. Brands try to connect emotionally with consumers by evoking historical national myths and, therefore, their use increased during the periods of intensive nationalist expression. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund under Grants HAR2015-64769-P and PGC2018-093896-B-I00.

The Tagus-Segura water transfer has generated significant value in the region that receives its water resources. Despite this value, some agents seek the cancellation of this important infrastructure, arguing economic, environmental, social, and political problems. With the aim of providing information on the efficiency of the Tagus-Segura aqueduct as a water resource management measure, especially in terms of the importance of water and the tariffs paid by the users of the aqueduct, this paper presents valuable information to analyse how to improve the functioning of the infrastructure. Thus, the southeast of Spain obtains a high return on the water received from the water transfer while covering all the financial costs derived from it. However, in 2017 a modification was introduced in the tariff that forced water users to cover the construction and fixed costs of the infrastructure as if the total amount of water agreed upon had been received, when in reality a lower amount had been received. This problem was not solved by the proposed tariffs for 2021, and it is therefore essential for the efficient operation of water transfer to modify these tariffs so that they are fair and reduce existing problems, thus avoiding the cancellation of an infrastructure that has not yet been amortised and which provides many benefits to the receiving region. This research was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for the Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante, UAFPU2019-16) and by the University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences of the University of Alicante.

Como bien sabemos, diversos países y áreas geográficas están sufriendo problemas de escasez hídrica. La tensión sobre el agua se produce cuando la demanda de recursos hídricos es cercana o incluso superior a los recursos disponibles. Pero ¿es esta una realidad estática o dinámica? Es dinámica. La demanda de agua y los recursos disponibles cambian en el tiempo. El crecimiento demográfico es la principal variable a la hora de explicar el aumento del consumo hídrico. A corto y medio plazo existen diversas opciones de ingeniería que posibilitan el aumento de los recursos disponibles. De otro lado, mediante políticas adecuadas de gestión se puede optimizar el consumo. Pese a lo anterior, la tensión que se va a generar con el crecimiento demográfico precisará de un avance técnico que posibilite una mayor eficiencia en las tecnologías aplicadas al agua. El reto existe, pero cabe mencionar que esta realidad no es nueva, desde la Revolución Industrial hasta la actualidad la población mundial viene creciendo a un ritmo muy marcado. España, Israel o Singapur son algunos ejemplos de cómo se han puesto en práctica las soluciones disponibles para gestionar la escasez hídrica. Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia del Conocimiento de la Universidad de Alicante, por la Cátedra del Agua de la Universidad de Alicante-Diputación de Alicante, por el Instituto Universitario del Agua y de las Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad de Alicante y por el CDTI, a través del proyecto “Sostenibilidad, agua y agricultura en el siglo XXI, SOS-AGUA-XXI” del CDTI (Misiones Ciencia e Innovación 2021, Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, NextGenerationEU).

El trasvase Tajo-Segura es una gran infraestructura que permite la distribución de una elevada cantidad de recursos hídricos. Esto lleva asociado un coste energético significativo, pero incluso así es una mejor alternativa para sus usuarios que la reutilización de aguas residuales, cuyo potencial es limitado, o la desalación de aguas, que muestra un coste energético muy superior. Por tanto, las mejoras energéticas son una herramienta fundamental para reducir uno de los principales costes financieros de la infraestructura, así como la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Para esto se ha analizado la viabilidad del autoconsumo mediante paneles solares fotovoltaicos, lo que requiere de una importante inversión inicial, pero que es posible recuperar a lo largo de la vida útil de los paneles debido a que los costes unitarios del autoconsumo son inferiores a los precios de la energía. La incorporación al análisis de la pérdida de producción de los paneles durante su vida útil y de una estimación de los precios actuales del suministro energético muestran el elevado potencial de esta alternativa, ya que podemos añadir el ahorro financiero a los beneficios ambientales. Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia del Conocimiento de la Universidad de Alicante, por la Cátedra del Agua de la Universidad de Alicante-Diputación de Alicante, por el Instituto Universitario del Agua y de las Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad de Alicante y por el CDTI, a través del proyecto “Sostenibilidad, agua y agricultura en el siglo XXI, SOS-AGUA-XXI” del CDTI (Misiones Ciencia e Innovación 2021, Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, NextGenerationEU).

La Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura sufre un problema estructural de escasez de agua. Ante esta situación, en la cuenca del Segura se utilizan recursos provenientes del Tajo a través del Trasvase Tajo-Segura, aguas regeneradas y aguas desaladas con el objetivo de garantizar el suministro de agua a sus usuarios a pesar de la escasez y la presión sobre las masas de agua. No obstante, estas tres fuentes de recursos llevan asociado un importante consumo energético que se traduce en contaminación y en mayores precios del agua, especialmente si tenemos en cuenta los recientes incrementos del precio de la energía. Este tema es de importancia por sí mismo, pues compromete la sostenibilidad financiera, ambiental y social de las fuentes de recursos no convencionales, pero lo es todavía más ante las previsiones de reducción de las aguas trasvasadas mediante el Acueducto Tajo-Segura. Esta infraestructura provee a la cuenca del Segura de agua tanto para abastecimientos como para riego y, en caso de reducción de las aguas trasvasadas, deberán buscar fuentes de recursos adicionales. Dado el limitado alcance de la reutilización de aguas, la principal alternativa al trasvase es la desalación de aguas, la cual presenta un consumo energético muy elevado, incrementándose así el precio para sus usuarios, además de la contaminación adicional generada. Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia del Conocimiento de la Universidad de Alicante, por la Cátedra del Agua de la Universidad de Alicante-Diputación de Alicante, por el Instituto Universitario del Agua y de las Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad de Alicante y por el CDTI, a través del proyecto “Sostenibilidad, agua y agricultura en el siglo XXI, SOS-AGUA-XXI” del CDTI (Misiones Ciencia e Innovación 2021, Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, NextGenerationEU).

La Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura (DHS), situada en el sureste de España, cuenta con una de las pluviometrías más bajas de Europa, lo que la sitúa en una situación deficitaria estructural que requiere una optimización en el uso de los recursos naturales y una movilización de recursos no convencionales que permitan cumplir la atención de las demandas, principalmente el abastecimiento y regadío. Este déficit ha sido identificado en los últimos ciclos de planificación principalmente en las zonas regables del trasvase Tajo-Segura (TTS) y se han planteado actuaciones que permitan reducirlo, basadas principalmente en la movilización de recursos desalinizados. La movilización de estos recursos requiere la ampliación de las principales instalaciones de desalinización y una revisión de la infraestructura de actual de distribución que permita la movilización de los mismos a zonas alejadas de la costa, lo que implicaría unos sobrecostes al ya elevado precio del agua desalinizada. Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por la Cátedra del Agua de la Universidad de Alicante-Diputación de Alicante, por el Instituto Universitario del Agua y de las Ciencias Ambientales de la Universidad de Alicante y por el CDTI, a través del proyecto “Sostenibilidad, agua y agricultura en el siglo XXI, SOS-AGUA-XXI” del CDTI (Misiones Ciencia e Innovación 2021, Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, NextGenerationEU).

The gold standard was a monetary system based on fixed exchange rates, whereby domestic prices were pegged to the international price level and a high level of control had to be exercised over the money supply. This meant that fiscal discipline also had to be maintained for a country to remain on the gold standard. In times of crisis, countries had to leave the gold standard or use internal devaluation. This article seeks to gain an understanding of the role of the different economic policies in Italy and Spain at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century and how they were used in response to reductions in GDP. This article considers fiscal policy, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy estimating a VAR model. Results show how the exchange rate depreciation had positive effects on the Spanish economy during 1870–1913, while it only helped the Italian economy in specific periods to overcome crises. The expansive monetary policy was necessary for both countries to maintain public expenditure, which in turn allowed a smoothing of the GDP fluctuations. None of these policy options would have been available under the gold standard. This work has been published thanks to the financial support of the research project PGC 2018-093896-B-I00 Mediterranean capitalism? Successes and failures of industrial development in Spain, 1720-2020 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Madrid), MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033; and by the European Regional Development Fund, “ERDF A way of making Europe”. This work has also received fundings from Economic History Research group at the University of Alicante and from department of Applied Economics Analysis at the University of Alicante.

This article analyzes the key resilience factors of the Italian firearms district after World War II structured around four main questions: resilience of what, to what, by what means, and with what outcome. This study aims to improve and expand knowledge about the capacity and difficulties of industrial districts to adapt to market changes and maintain their competitiveness. Our findings highlight that the successful recovery was based on the conquest of a new market segment and a novel decentralised and flexible—although hierarchical—production structure achieved through the reorganisation of know-how and resources accumulated in the district. The advantages of local clustering and elevated levels of specialisation provided the district with an effective short-term adaptation to the post-war crisis and a stable long-term growth path. This work was supported by: the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund under Grant PGC2018-093896-B-I00; the Department of History and Philology of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart through UCSC funds.

The non-conventional water resources (water reuse (WR) and desalination) are a strategic option to compensate the structural water deficit of the southeast of Spain. In addition to increasing water availability and reducing the pressure on conventional resources, these resources show strategic functions at environmental, social and economic level. However, WR does not experience sufficient acceptance by some water users. Uncertainties regarding the quality of reclaimed water, food safety, price or regulations are factors of rejection or ambiguity. The results of a survey carried out on 114 users belonging to irrigation communities of several river basins in Spain are presented. In general, results show a moderate level of implementation of WR. However, the growth potential of WR is significantly high. This depends on water quality and price, which are the two most important valuation factors of WR. Regulations, food safety or water quality for crops generate uncertainty and concern among the irrigation communities. The effects on the environment or the control of availability are aspects positively valued. Conventional resources (transfers and groundwater) are better valued than non-conventional ones (WR and desalination). This constitutes a factor of vulnerability to consolidate the transformation of the Spanish hydrological model. The information presented can be useful to guide the design of future hydrological policies and reduce the socio-institutional vulnerability related to the integrated management of water resources. This study has been conducted within the grant received from the Programa Nacional de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) conceded by the Spanish Ministry of Science to the first author. The authors also acknowledge the support provided by the project LIFE15 ENV/ES/000598 ‘Development of an efficient and sustainable methodology for emerging pollutants removal in WWTPs (EMPORE)’ funded by the European Commission (EU).

This paper presents a matlab-based educational software (UAenergy) developed to compute the energy audit of a water pressurized network. This analysis allows accounting for all the energy involved in the water distribution stage in the urban water cycle, showing that the energy balance is maintained —the energy input to the pressurized network is equal to the energy output plus the energy dissipated through friction. This energy audit requires a previous water balance and the hydraulic model of the network, both of which are necessary to know the energy flows through the system’s boundaries. Obtained results show the energetic effect of every element (pipelines, pumps, valves, etc.) in the water distribution and also the influence of water losses in a leaky network. This software can be used for students and practitioners in the water sector, and it is possible to identify the improvement actions that will make the system more efficient. This work was supported by the research project ‘‘Desarrollo de herramientas específicas que permitan la gestión eficiente y sostenible del agua y de la energía en redes de agua a presión, GESAEN’’ through the 2016 call of the vicerrectorado de investigación, desarrollo e innovación de la universidad de Alicante GRE-16-08.

Using documents from the Historical Archives of the European Union, the article assesses the results of the restructuring of the European Community steel sector carried out at the beginning of the 1980s, considered to be the first European industrial policy. The article concludes that State aid control by the European Commission, through the so-called aid codes, was the main tool of the Community restructuring policy and contributed to resolve the crisis that the sector had been suffering from the mid-1970s, even though the objectives set by the Commission were not fully achieved. A partir de fuentes primarias procedentes de los Archivos Históricos de la Unión Europea, el artículo evalúa los resultados de la reestructuración del sector del acero en la Comunidad Económica Europea, llevada a cabo a principios de los años ochenta y que es considerada como la primera política industrial comunitaria. El artículo concluye que el control de las ayudas públicas por parte de la Comisión Europea, a través de los denominados códigos de ayudas, constituyó el principal instrumento de la política de reestructuración comunitaria y que contribuyó decisivamente a resolver las crisis que el sector venía sufriendo desde mediados de los años setenta, a pesar de que los objetivos establecidos por la Comisión no fueron alcanzados plenamente.

Pollution from wastewater discharges requires the treatment of all wastewater to maintain water bodies in good condition, as well as the possibility of reusing this water. Thus, wastewater treatment is an activity that has developed significantly in the Region of Valencia and has significant costs, including energy, which represents the main economic cost and an important environmental cost. In this way, efficiency and adequate financing of this activity are essential to minimise our environmental impact. However, the main funding tool currently does not allow us to address this issue, so we have a wastewater treatment with a high environmental cost in the form of greenhouse gas emissions. This tool is part of the revenues of water services, so it is not entirely independent, but it also seeks to prevent households from paying too high a total price. This leads to a situation where changes are needed to improve the financing of the different water services, as the financial resources obtained are insufficient and do not allow the current environmental problems to be solved. The analysis shows the importance of an appropriate tariff structure, as well as the need to include aspects such as water pollution and energy costs in the wastewater treatment tariff. This work was supported by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain, the University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences of the University of Alicante, the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Alicante Provincial Council and the Hábitat5U network of excellence.

In the context of climate change, a significant increase in the flood risk is expected, which may lead to an intensification of the social impacts of disasters. Social impacts significantly affect the recovery processes of individuals, social groups, and institutions in the medium and long term. Hence, the management of such impacts throughout the disaster life cycle is essential. International institutions and frameworks for disaster risk reduction have claimed the need to generate tools for the systematic assessment and management of social impacts of floods. Recently, an innovative line of research has emerged aimed at adapting social impact assessment (SIA), usually directed at the evaluation of planned interventions (programs, plans and projects), to the field of environmental disasters. In order to contribute to academic efforts in this emerging field, this paper puts forward, through a systematic literature review based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, an SIA methodological proposal for the identification, assessment and systematic management of the social impacts of flood events. This methodological proposal covers the three phases of the disaster cycle: (1) pre-event (preparedness), allowing the anticipation of potential impacts and supporting the proposal of preventive measures, (2) event (response), facilitating a strategic mobilization of resources and technical support towards previously identified critical disaster areas, and (3) post-event (recovery), evaluating the evolutionary dynamics of impacts, proposing measures to avoid their socio-territorial embedding and accelerating recovery processes. This tool is designed for strategic use by policy makers and managers responsible for flood risk management and regional development.

This work examines the transformations occurred with the shift from private company to water user association and natural park, looking at one collective irrigation system located in Alicante province (Spain): Riegos de Levante, Izquierda del Segura, one of the most extensive irrigation areas in Europe. Between 1918 and 2018, a process of change and transformation of both landscape and institutions occurred, considering: infrastructure expansion and its operation, the transfer of irrigation management responsibilities to water user association, after years of financial operations with water, thanks to state intervention, the coexistence of traditional agriculture with the modernisation of the irrigation systems, the history of an irrigation reservoir which was transformed into a natural site in 1988, or the evolution of the composition of water resources, taking into account the arrival of the Tajo-Segura transfer waters from the year 1979. The general objective is to understand key factors driving these changes, by means of a paradigmatic case study, as well as to identify policymaking and context-relevant dynamics that could enable it. This research was funded by the CampusHabitat5U network of excellence of Valencian public universities (https://iuaca.ua.es/es/campushabitat5u.html) and the Cátedra del Agua of the University of Alicante and the Diputación Provincial de Alicante (https://catedradelaguaua.org/).

The phenomenon of drought and its socioeconomic and environmental consequences have been addressed in many studies, which show that anticipating its diagnosis and activating specific management measures are fundamental for providing an efficient response. In the Segura River Basin, located in south-east Spain, many episodes have occurred throughout history, with devastating effects on production and supply systems. However, they have enabled us to learn and evolve towards developing a resilient system to address these situations, through the application of external resources, transfers from other basins and non-conventional resources derived from the reuse of treated water and desalinated seawater. This evolution has been possible thanks to the advances made in hydrological planning and, specifically, the Special Drought Plans, through the development of indicator systems associated with scenarios which enable the automatic activation of specific actions to reduce the impacts. Climate change is already a reality and has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, testing the capacity to respond based on the current policies. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse the last drought occurring in the Segura River Basin in the period 2015–2019 by comparing the status indicators developed for detecting drought in the SDP 2007 with its subsequent review carried out in the year 2018, in which these indicators were updated and expanded so as to cover both drought and scarcity. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis has been made of the approved legislation and the measures adopted which consisted in the mobilisation of more than 600 hm³ of extraordinary resources, which have been able to maintain the supply to the population and minimise the economic losses of the productive systems, particularly in irrigated agriculture. This research was funded by the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Alicante Provincial Council (2022) and by the Campus Hábitat5U network of excellence.

Históricamente, en el sureste español, y en concreto la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura, han tenido lugar innumerables periodos de sequía. La experiencia acumulada en la gestión de estas situaciones críticas ha permitido una adaptación progresiva a estos episodios, consiguiendo amortiguar los impactos socioeconómicos, y convirtiéndose de este modo en un sistema resiliente a las sequías. A su vez, la planificación nacional ha incorporado progresivamente los conceptos de sequía y escasez, permitiendo avanzar tanto en su diagnóstico, mediante el uso de indicadores, como en su gestión, con la aplicación de medidas programadas, encaminadas por un lado al ahorro y por otro a la movilización de recursos extraordinarios, para garantizar la disponibilidad de agua y minimizar los efectos negativos. El cambio climático es otro concepto que cada vez es tenido más en cuenta en la planificación, ya que podrá condicionar la frecuencia y consecuencias de estos episodios.

Llamamos infraestructuras críticas a aquellas que resultan esenciales. Para este tipo de infraestructuras se hace necesaria la implantación de metodologías analíticas que permitan de manera rápida la obtención de la susceptibilidad o la resiliencia como de los posibles daños generados en la misma con ocasión de episodios extremos de precipitación, mediante una perspectiva holística en la que intervienen los factores vinculados al riesgo hidrológico. En particular, se analizan las infraestructuras hidráulicas urbanas considerando el grado de criticidad, definido como el número de interacciones sobre las diversas actividades de la población. Para ello, se precisa una metodología de análisis de riesgo hidrológico que implemente los factores que caractericen éste con un enfoque integral, mediante la construcción de indicadores definitorios del sistema a analizar y vinculados estos a dicha amenaza hidrológica. Este trabajo propone delimitar y analizar aquellos factores que involucran al riesgo, así como su variabilidad a partir de una expresión analítica que permita la obtención de la estimación de daños en dichas infraestructuras, descomponiendo los factores intervinientes en la ecuación del riesgo, analizando su variabilidad según las características intrínsecas vinculantes a las mismas, así como la interacción con factores externos a estas.

Dagli anni Novanta, il mercato internazionale della moda è stato sempre più influenzato dal cosiddetto fast fashion, un modello di business caratterizzato dalla produzione rapida di un’ampia varietà di capi, che si rinnovano continuamente, con modelli che seguono le ultime tendenze della moda a prezzi bassi. Il gruppo imprenditoriale spagnolo Inditex, capogruppo del marchio Zara, è quello che ha meglio sviluppato questo modello di business, diventando il più grande rivenditore di moda al mondo. Nel 2019, con quasi 180.000 dipendenti e 7.500 negozi sparsi in un centinaio di paesi, le sue vendite hanno superato i 28.000 milioni di euro. Questo articolo analizza la traiettoria di Inditex, dalle sue origini, nei primi anni Sessanta, ad oggi, mostrando le diverse fasi della sua evoluzione e approfondendo le cause del suo successo. L’articolo presta particolare attenzione alle fonti di vantaggio competitivo di Inditex, che sono anche la chiave per comprendere il recente successo internazionale di altre aziende di moda spagnole. Tutte queste aziende negli ultimi anni hanno dovuto affrontare una concorrenza internazionale fortissima e adattarsi ai profondi cambiamenti provocati dall’e-commerce., Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica, N. 2 (2021)

There is an extensive bibliography that analyses the structure of a desalination project from the perspective of chemical engineering, but there is another “engineering” that has been much less studied, which is just as decisive for the plant to be able to operate. The aim of this work is to analyse the economic and legal factors that condition the proper operation of a project and, to this end, we will place special emphasis on the usual agents and contractual agreements. We intend to arrive at a general model of operation that we will construct from the study of three particular cases: Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. These three countries represent different ways of structuring a project, with the involvement of the public sector being the main element that varies between them. This research was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante, UAFPU2019-16).

La situación actual de escasez de recursos hídricos, además de las previsiones futuras de disminución de recursos disponibles, obliga a actuar con el fin de maximizar la eficiencia en la gestión. Existen diversos instrumentos económicos que permiten abordar esta problemática, pero estos presentan un consumo energético importante que limita su capacidad de actuación. Así, actividades como la reutilización de aguas residuales, la utilización de aguas desalinizadas o los trasvases permiten generar o distribuir recursos hídricos, pero su elevado coste energético supone un problema a la hora de determinar su viabilidad o rentabilidad. Por este motivo, este trabajo presenta el autoconsumo energético mediante paneles fotovoltaicos como alternativa para el suministro de energía. Las continuas mejoras de esta tecnología la han convertido no sólo en una alternativa más limpia que las tradicionales, sino que actualmente puede ser rentable económicamente en determinadas situaciones. Por tanto, los paneles solares se establecen como una alternativa que presenta beneficios ambientales y económicos, suavizando nuestro impacto ambiental y liberando recursos económicos que se pueden invertir en otras necesidades.

En el presente trabajo se analiza la relevancia del trasvase Tajo-Segura (TTS) para la corrección del déficit hídrico agrario de la cuenca del Segura, considerando tanto las cifras expuestas en la planificación hidrológica vigente del segundo ciclo, como el borrador de la nueva planificación, observando grandes diferencias entre sus estimaciones. Así, hasta la actualidad, el TTS no ha podido acabar con dicho déficit y la demanda de recursos hídricos ha continuado creciendo por encima de la oferta disponible. La falta de seguridad en el suministro de los recursos hídricos constituye un inconveniente para el crecimiento de la cuenca del Segura, considerando el conjunto de las actividades económicas que de ellos dependen, tanto directa como indirectamente, por lo que es necesario que la incertidumbre se reduzca, especialmente, para el sector agrario.

El significado y la interpretación de los sistemas jurídicos y su contextualización histórica se hayan en un momento sociopolítico, cultural e institucional complejo, pues la historia nos revela la importancia de conocer las fuentes normativas y su aplicación e interpretación en cada momento y situación concreta, desde una óptica contemporánea y multifocal. De igual modo que la tecnología ha reorientado la mirada de la persona y las relaciones de ésta con su entorno, en las ciencias sociales y jurídicas también urge ofrecer herramientas de interpretación adecuadas a la sociedad plural y heterogénea actual, donde la implementación de metodologías activas juega un papel trascendental en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta experiencia educativa se centra en implementar un proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje proclive hacia metodologías que fomenten mayor participación del alumnado, en aras a aumentar y perfeccionar la adquisición de las competencias académicas y profesionales necesarias, incentivando la cooperación y colaboración a nivel grupal a través de un aprendizaje basado en tareas (ABT). Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el 71% de los y las estudiantes entrevistados afirma haber alcanzado las competencias transversales, técnicas y profesionales establecidas, ya que el ABT permite interiorizar los conocimientos de forma gradual, mejorando, de esta forma, su aprendizaje.

Las sequías, así como los periodos de escasez que se sufren habitualmente en España, suponen un gran problema con consecuencias ambientales, económicas y sociales. En respuesta a esta problemática, se cuenta con diversos instrumentos económicos capaces de inducir eficiencia en la gestión de los recursos hídricos. Algunos, como la tarificación del agua, que supone una importante generación de recursos financieros, la reutilización de aguas residuales, la desalinización o los trasvases son herramientas que se tienen en cuenta a menudo, aunque eso no implica que su desarrollo haya sido el adecuado. No obstante, otras como la gestión de la demanda con el objetivo de ahorrar agua, los mercados del agua o la introducción de una cobertura de sequía en el seguro agrícola no son herramientas que se utilicen de manera frecuente. En el caso del seguro, ni siquiera se contempla actualmente la posibilidad de introducir ese tipo de cobertura. No obstante, los mercados del agua están mejor definidos y se han utilizado en situaciones de necesidad, pero su uso no se ha extendido más allá, de modo que es una herramienta infrautilizada en la práctica a pesar de su potencial.

This paper seeks to explain the internationalization process of Sadyt from 1995 (date of foundation) to the present day. This company, belonging to the Sacyr de Vallehermoso group, began its international expansion in markets such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Australia. Carrying out this case study focused on one of the companies is justified by its substantial improvement in the global ranking of desalination companies. The history of this case of business success is relevant because ten of the twenty companies that lead the global desalination market are Spanish and this fact is completely unknown outside of the sector. We will analyze in detail the main elements of the company such as its customers, strategies, suppliers, and the theories that explain the internationalization of Sadyt. This research was financed by the Office of the Vice President of Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Alicante, Spain (Marcos García-López has a scholarship for The Training of University Teachers from the University of Alicante, UAFPU2019-16), by the Water Chair of the University of Alicante-Alicante Provincial Council (2020), by the University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences of the University of Alicante and by the Hábitat5U network of excellence.

One way to address the practical challenges of the current problems of water services is through demand-side measures. These types of measures impact on demand through price changes or on water use control, considering that the impacts of these measures would be extremely useful in order to implement an adequate policy mix. One of the objectives of this paper is to show the possibilities of water management tools, particularly the use of prospective prices and demand models, in order to anticipate scarcity scenarios. This can best be done using better predictive models. Current computer tools provide a good basis for developing applications to perform prospective analysis on water prices and demand. Through simulation, we can try to optimize financial flows of costs and revenues based on the behavior of certain variables. This aims to find a better combination of price levels for urban water uses, making it possible to adjust the chargeback mechanisms, the level of cost recovery of investments, and the allocation between user types. This paper aims to show the advantages of these tools and illustrates its usefulness with a registered model that allows simulations of potential scenarios resulting from certain management measures. This research is partially supported by the Cátedra del Agua of the University of Alicante and the Diputación Provincial de Alicante (https://catedradelaguaua.org/).

La crisis del agua es un proceso planetario que muchas localidades ya enfrentan y otras enfrentarán algún día. Sin embargo, aún es posible pensar en soluciones para promover un modelo de desarrollo regional efectivo, basado en la justicia social, hídrica y ambiental. De esta manera, existe el trasvase del Tajo-Segura del sureste español, que completó 40 años de operación en 2019, y también la transposición brasileña, la del río São Francisco, que comenzó a operar en 2018, solo en uno de los ejes, el Este. Nuestra pregunta en este artículo es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida la presencia de un modelo de gobernanza del agua impacta positivamente en el postrasvase y qué experiencias puede demostrar Tajo-Segura en la transposición de São Francisco? Por lo tanto, al investigar el modelo de Tajo-Segura y el modelo de São Francisco in loco, tener acceso a documentos, legislación y un amplio marco teórico, aplicar el método inductivo y comparativo, fue posible llevar el impacto de una transposición a el desarrollo regional del sureste español y pensar en los problemas que tiene el modelo, o la falta de un modelo, de transponer el “Velho Chico”. Por lo tanto, se pensó presentar estas intervenciones en contextos similares, sin embargo, buscando comprender la experiencia de cada una y, principalmente, cómo se desarrolló el modelo de gobernanza en la transferencia de Tajo-Segura. Por lo tanto, fue posible encontrar espacios vacios en el ejemplo brasileño. Entre ellos, se destacó el vacío institucional que transpone el São Francisco, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de múltiples usos del agua para el desarrollo regional, además del postrasvase es un problema grave que debe verificarse, esto incluye el saneamiento y recuperación ambiental de la cuenca. A crise hídrica é um processo planetário que muitas localidades já estão enfrentando e outras vão enfrentar um dia. Entretanto, ainda é possível pensar em soluções para impulsionar um modelo de desenvolvimento regional eficaz, que seja pautado na justiça social, hídrica e ambiental. Dessa forma, apresenta-se a transposição do Tejo-Segura do sudeste espanhol, que completou 40 anos de funcionamento em 2019, e também a transposição brasileira, a do Rio São Francisco, que iniciou seu funcionamento em 2018 apenas num dos eixos, o leste. A nossa questão no presente artigo é a seguinte: em que medida a presença de um modelo de governança hídrica impacta positivamente na postransposição e que experiências o Tejo-Segura pode demonstrar à transposição do São Francisco? Dessa forma, investigando in loco o modelo do Tejo-Segura e o modelo do São Francisco, tendo acesso a documentos, à legislação e a amplo referencial teórico, aplicando-se os métodos indutivo e comparativo, foi possível trazer o impacto de uma transposição para o desenvolvimento regional do sudeste espanhol e pensar nos problemas que o modelo, ou a falta de modelo, da transposição do “Velho Chico” possui. Portanto, pensou-se em apresentar essas intervenções em contextos semelhantes, porém, buscando compreender a experiência de cada uma e, principalmente, como se desenvolveu o modelo de governança na transferência do Tejo-Segura. Sendo assim, foi possível constatar lacunas no exemplo brasileiro. Dentre elas sobressaiu-se o vácuo institucional que se tem na transposição do São Francisco, o que torna mais difícil o desenvolvimento de múltiplos usos da água para o desenvolvimento regional, além do que o postrasvase é uma questão grave a ser verificada, e isso inclui o saneamento e a recuperação ambiental da bacia hidrográfica. The water crisis is a planetary process that many localities are already facing and others will face one day. However, it is still possible to think of solutions to promote an effective regional development model, based on social, water and environmental justice. In this way, there is the transposition of the Tajo-Segura of the Spanish southeast, which completed 40 years of operation in 2019, and also the Brazilian transposition, that of the São Francisco River, which started its operation in 2018, only in one of the axis, the east. Our question in this article is: To what extent does the presence of a water governance model positively impact on post-transposition and what experiences can Tajo-Segura demonstrate in transposing São Francisco? Thus, by investigating the Tajo-Segura model and the São Francisco model in loco, having access to documents, legislation and a broad theoretical framework, applying the inductive and comparative method, it was possible to bring the impact of a transposition to the regional development of the Spanish southeast and to think about the problems that the model, or the lack of a model, of transposing the “Velho Chico” has. Therefore, it was thought to present these interventions in similar contexts, however, seeking to understand the experience of each one and, mainly, how the governance model in the transfer of Tajo-Segura was developed. Thus, it was possible to find gaps in the Brazilian example. Among them, the institutional vacuum that transposes the São Francisco stood out, which makes it more difficult to develop multiple uses of water for regional development, in addition to the post transfer is a serious issue to be verified, this includes the sanitation and environmental recovery of the hydrographic basin.

This article deals with the influence of the country brand in the fashion industries. It explains how some Spanish fashion companies have achieved a prominent position in the international market without the support of a positive ‘country-of-origin effect’ and why their success has not generated a reinforcement of the image of Spain in the fashion market. The paper examines the evolution of the image of Spain and the Spanish fashion abroad, and the internationalisation of the main Spanish fashion companies, highlighting the keys of the limited influence of the country brand in the success of these companies. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund under Grant HAR2015-64769-P.

Throughout history, the Segura River Basin, located in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, has suffered from countless drought periods. They have largely been managed as occasional episodes of crisis through the reduction of the resources applied or the mobilisation of extraordinary resources. Recently, the phenomena of drought and water scarcity have been incorporated into Spain's national hydrological plan. This has given rise to an improvement in their diagnosis and management and enables us to learn about how climate change affects their frequency and intensity. Agriculture is highly relevant in the basin, comprising mainly irrigated crops that represent more than 80% of total demand for a net area of more than 260,000 ha. There is an undeniable connection between this sector and the availability of water and in periods of drought, such as the recent episode in the Segura River Basin (drought declaration in the territorial area of the Segura River Basin through Royal Decree 356/2015 of 8 May), the reduction in the availability of water generates a significant impact on the agricultural sector. Therefore, by analysing the production value and net margin generated in the agri-food systems, both the values established in the 2015/21 Hydrological Plan and those estimated in the drought period 2015&ndash, 2019, we seek to assess the economic impacts generated, as knowing the direct effect on the agricultural sector will enable us to quantify the opportunity cost resulting from not being able to apply 100% of the resources demanded.

The footwear industry in southern Europe has faced several periods of strong crisis since the 1970s. This paper analyzes these crises and the resilience strategy developed by the sector in Italy, Spain, and Portugal, the major producing countries. Although many common features are observed in the three countries, both in the chronology and the nature of the crises and in the measures to overcome the difficulties, significant differences in the characteristics of the industry and the behavior of the companies are also appreciated. These differences have determined the degree of resilience of the sector in each country. This work was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Government of Spain and the European Regional Development Fund under Grant PGC2018-093896-B-I00.

Las inundaciones son un fenómeno natural que puede causar grandes daños, por lo que la mitigación de estos consigue gran relevancia. Además, estos daños pueden ser muy variados y existen diversos factores que inciden sobre la resistencia al impacto de este tipo de fenómenos. Los daños dependen de aspectos como la profundidad del agua, la velocidad que lleva, la duración del fenómeno o la composición del agua, entre otros, pero factores como tener en cuenta el riesgo de inundación a la hora de edificar o disponer de sistemas de alerta temprana que permitan una buena preparación son también relevantes. Como es habitual, las medidas destinadas a reducir los daños potenciales de una inundación presentan un coste económico que debe financiarse. No obstante, estas medidas no se imputan a un usuario concreto a través de una tarifa, de modo que su financiación es menos clara. Analizando los niveles de recuperación de costes de los organismos de cuenca españoles, se puede observar una falta de financiación que podría incidir sobre la ejecución de nuevas medidas de mitigación de daños, tan necesarias en determinados lugares del país.

Minimizing energy expenditure is one of the main purposes of the managers of pressurized irrigation systems. From the energy consumption standpoint, they can reduce energy consumption by supplying a constant flow into the system (a scheme different from urban water pressurized networks in which water demands depend on users). Managers can keep energy demands (opening and closing valves) while meeting pressure restrictions. We developed a computer application in MATLAB containing a genetic algorithm to find the best moment to open and to close valves to minimize an objective function which measures the differences between the objective and the real injected flows. We tested this program in the pressurized irrigation network of the San Vicente Campus, University of Alicante (Southeast Spain) and we calculated the water and energy balance (from the later and present irrigation network) and the carbon credits not emitted to the atmosphere. This research was conducted within the projects GRE‐16‐08 and GRE17‐12 coordinated by the University of Alicante. Antonio Jodar‐Abellan acknowledges financial support received from the Spanish FPU scholarship for the training of university teachers. In the same way, this work was funded partially by the Cátedra del Agua of the University of Alicante and the Diputación Provincial de Alicante (https://catedradelaguaua.org/).

La crisis del agua es un proceso planetario que muchas localidades ya enfrentan y otras enfrentarán algún día. Sin embargo, aún es posible pensar en soluciones para promover un modelo de desarrollo regional efectivo, basado en la justicia social, hídrica y ambiental. De esta manera, existe el trasvase del Tajo-Segura del sureste español, que completó 40 años de operación en 2019, y también la transposición brasileña, la del río São Francisco, que comenzó a operar en 2018, solo en uno de los ejes, el Este. Nuestra pregunta en este artículo es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida la presencia de un modelo de gobernanza del agua impacta positivamente en el postrasvase y qué experiencias puede demostrar Tajo-Segura en la transposición de São Francisco? Por lo tanto, al investigar el modelo de Tajo-Segura y el modelo de São Francisco in loco, tener acceso a documentos, legislación y un amplio marco teórico, aplicar el método inductivo y comparativo, fue posible llevar el impacto de una transposición a el desarrollo regional del sureste español y pensar en los problemas que tiene el modelo, o la falta de un modelo, de transponer el “Velho Chico”. Por lo tanto, se pensó presentar estas intervenciones en contextos similares, sin embargo, buscando comprender la experiencia de cada una y, principalmente, cómo se desarrolló el modelo de gobernanza en la transferencia de Tajo-Segura. Por lo tanto, fue posible encontrar espacios vacios en el ejemplo brasileño. Entre ellos, se destacó el vacío institucional que transpone el São Francisco, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de múltiples usos del agua para el desarrollo regional, además del postrasvase es un problema grave que debe verificarse, esto incluye el saneamiento y recuperación ambiental de la cuenca. A crise hídrica é um processo planetário que muitas localidades já estão enfrentando e outras vão enfrentar um dia. Entretanto, ainda é possível pensar em soluções para impulsionar um modelo de desenvolvimento regional eficaz, que seja pautado na justiça social, hídrica e ambiental. Dessa forma, apresenta-se a transposição do Tejo-Segura do sudeste espanhol, que completou 40 anos de funcionamento em 2019, e também a transposição brasileira, a do Rio São Francisco, que iniciou seu funcionamento em 2018 apenas num dos eixos, o leste. A nossa questão no presente artigo é a seguinte: em que medida a presença de um modelo de governança hídrica impacta positivamente na postransposição e que experiências o Tejo-Segura pode demonstrar à transposição do São Francisco? Dessa forma, investigando in loco o modelo do Tejo-Segura e o modelo do São Francisco, tendo acesso a documentos, à legislação e a amplo referencial teórico, aplicando-se os métodos indutivo e comparativo, foi possível trazer o impacto de uma transposição para o desenvolvimento regional do sudeste espanhol e pensar nos problemas que o modelo, ou a falta de modelo, da transposição do “Velho Chico” possui. Portanto, pensou-se em apresentar essas intervenções em contextos semelhantes, porém, buscando compreender a experiência de cada uma e, principalmente, como se desenvolveu o modelo de governança na transferência do Tejo-Segura. Sendo assim, foi possível constatar lacunas no exemplo brasileiro. Dentre elas sobressaiu-se o vácuo institucional que se tem na transposição do São Francisco, o que torna mais difícil o desenvolvimento de múltiplos usos da água para o desenvolvimento regional, além do que o postrasvase é uma questão grave a ser verificada, e isso inclui o saneamento e a recuperação ambiental da bacia hidrográfica. The water crisis is a planetary process that many localities are already facing and others will face one day. However, it is still possible to think of solutions to promote an effective regional development model, based on social, water and environmental justice. In this way, there is the transposition of the Tajo-Segura of the Spanish southeast, which completed 40 years of operation in 2019, and also the Brazilian transposition, that of the São Francisco River, which started its operation in 2018, only in one of the axis, the east. Our question in this article is: To what extent does the presence of a water governance model positively impact on post-transposition and what experiences can Tajo-Segura demonstrate in transposing São Francisco? Thus, by investigating the Tajo-Segura model and the São Francisco model in loco, having access to documents, legislation and a broad theoretical framework, applying the inductive and comparative method, it was possible to bring the impact of a transposition to the regional development of the Spanish southeast and to think about the problems that the model, or the lack of a model, of transposing the “Velho Chico” has. Therefore, it was thought to present these interventions in similar contexts, however, seeking to understand the experience of each one and, mainly, how the governance model in the transfer of Tajo-Segura was developed. Thus, it was possible to find gaps in the Brazilian example. Among them, the institutional vacuum that transposes the São Francisco stood out, which makes it more difficult to develop multiple uses of water for regional development, in addition to the post transfer is a serious issue to be verified, this includes the sanitation and environmental recovery of the hydrographic basin.

Históricamente, en el sureste español, y en concreto la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura, se han producido innumerables episodios de lluvias torrenciales que ocasionan graves inundaciones. Es por ello que, desde hace más de un siglo, en la planificación de grandes obras hidráulicas se ha tenido muy presente el objetivo de poder contener estas situaciones, y minimizar sus efectos devastadores. Actualmente sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente, ya que, a pesar de haber logrado grandes avances, siguen produciéndose situaciones incontrolables, prueba de ello han sido las recientes inundaciones sufridas en el episodio de DANA del año 2019, que acarrearon graves consecuencias. A continuación, se presenta un resumen de la cronología que ha seguido la planificación hidrológica y su situación actual, donde queda de manifiesto que sin el necesario esfuerzo inversor no podrán ejecutarse las infraestructuras necesarias para la contención de este fenómeno que, como consecuencia del cambio climático, puede ver incrementada su frecuencia.