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Background The pathological diagnosis and follow-up analysis of gastric mucosal biopsy have been paid much attention, and some scholars have proposed the pathological diagnosis of 12 kinds of lesions and accompanying pathological diagnosis, which is of great significance for the treatment of precision gastric diseases, the improvement of the early diagnosis rate of gastric cancer, and the reduction of missed diagnosis rate and misdiagnosis rate. Aim To perform a histopathological classification and follow-up analysis of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Methods A total of 2248 CAG tissue samples were collected, and data of their clinical characteristics were also gathered. Based on these samples, the expression levels of Mucin 1 (MUC1), MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 in CAG tissue were tested by immunohistochemical assay. Moreover, we followed these patients for up to four years. The difference between different stages of gastroscopic biopsy was observed. Results Through observation, it is believed that CAG should be divided into four types, simple type, hyperplasia type, intestinal metaplasia (IM) type, and intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) type. Simple CAG accounted for 9.1% (205/2248), which was more common in elderly people over 60 years old. The main change was that the lamina propria glands were reduced in size and number. Hyperplastic CAG accounted for 29.1% (654/2248), mostly occurring between 40 and 60 years old. The main change was that the lamina propria glands were atrophy accompanied by glandular hyperplasia and slight expansion of the glands. IM CAG accounted for 50.4% (1132/2248), most of which increased with age, and were more common in those over 50 years. The atrophy of the lamina propria glands was accompanied by significant IM, and the mucus containing sialic acid or sulfate was distinguished according to the nature of the mucus. The IEN type CAG accounted for 11.4% (257/2248), which developed from the previous types, with severe gland atrophy and reduced mucus secretion, and is an important precancerous lesion. Conclusion The histological typing of CAG is convenient to understand the property of lesion, determine the follow-up time, and guide the clinical treatment.

Background: Parotid tumors are a morphologically and clinically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present significant diagnostic and management challenges. There are no reliable criterias to differentiate clinically benign from malignant lesions, so morphological evaluation is necessary. Hence, present study is undertaken to study spectrum of various histomorphological features. To study prevalence, age, sex distribution, histomorphological aspects and to differentiate benign from malignant parotid tumors. Methods: A total of 60 specimens of Parotid tumors analyzed from January 2012 to December 2014 from department of pathology, B.J Medical College, Ahmedabad. Specimens were fixed in formalin and sections were taken, processed and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were cut, slides made and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined. The tumors were classified according to (WHO) histological typing. The collected data were analyzed statistically. Result: Prevalence of parotid tumors was 0.47 %. All the patients presented with mass. Most of benign neoplasms occurred in 3rd and 4th decade, while malignant neoplasms more common in 5th decade. Males were more commonly affected. Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest benign tumor and Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor. Conclusion: Although rare, parotid tumors are of importance because they show striking range of morphologic diversity between different tumor types and sometimes within an individual tumor mass. So, accurate diagnosis is essential which can be accomplished by histopathological examination.

Although remarkable progress has been made in the histological typing and the molecular genotyping of bone tumors, their classification remains extremely complex; in some instances, the integration of histomorphological, phenotypic, and molecular features with the clinical appearance does not provide sufficient prognostic information to assess the clinical course and plan treatment.

Background: Tissue microarray is widely used in histopathology and biomedical research. Construction of tissue microarray can help institutes to considerably reduce, cost of consumables, skilled man power needed and time needed in performing high output research. However resource poor centers in developing countries have hardly any access to such techniques. The aim of this research is to develop simple, cost effective technique for making tissue microarray.Materials and methods: Materials available in a standard pathology laboratory such as skin punch biopsy needle, bone marrow aspiration needle, trephine biopsy needle, stylet, paraffin wax, hot air oven, slide warming table, drawing pin and measuring scale were used in developing this tissue microarray. The tissue array thus developed was sectioned using a standard microtome. Immunohistochemical studies were also performed on these tissue array sections which yielded satisfactory results.Results: This technique for construction of TMAs is simple and cost effective. When 3.5 to 3mm cores were used we were able to construct arrays up to 32 cores in one block. When 1mm cores were used we were able to construct arrays with 100 representative cores in one block. Morphological identification, histological typing and grading could be done in TMA sectionsConclusion: Tissue microarray is a relatively recent innovation in the field of pathology. We hope that our technique will encourage the younger researchers to take up research projects of large sample size requiring molecular studies with significantly lesser economic burden and thus leading to a significant acceleration in the transition of basic research findings into clinical applications.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Among the various types, invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), not otherwise specified (NOS) is the most common type. This study was conducted to describe the clinico-pathological parameters of breast cancer, and to find a correlation between two of the prognostic parameters, i.e., Bloom Richardson (BR) grade and lymph node metastasis. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 100 cases. Routine clinical details and investigations of the patients were recorded, including age, TNM stage of tumour, etc. Further, the specimens were evaluated for the histological typing, histological grading, and status of lymph nodes. Also, statistical correlations were established between two of the prognostic parameters, i.e., BR grade and lymph node metastasis. Results: All the cases were NOS type of IDC. Majority of the cases belonged to pTNM stage III, followed by stage II. Maximum cases belonged to BR grade 2, followed by grade 3. Lymph node metastasis was present in 40% cases. A statistically significant correlation was seen between increasing BR grade and presence of lymph node metastasis in the tumour. Discussion and Conclusion: Majority of the cases in our study belong to high grade and stage. This is probably due to lack of awareness and late detection of breast carcinoma in Indian scenario. A statistically significant correlation was found between increasing BR grade and presence of lymph node metastasis in the tumour. Thus, these can be used along with other clinico-pathological parameters for prognostic and therapeutic planning in breast carcinoma cases.

Background: Meningiomas are tumours originating from meningothelial cells. They are commonly located at intracranial, intraspinal or occasionally ectopic site. They show histological diversity and are categorized into three grades by WHO 2007 Classification .This grading helps in predicting their behaviour and deciding treatment strategy. Objective: To study the frequency, clinical details, topographic distribution, histological typing and grading of 87 cases of meningioma. Diagnostic accuracy of radio-imaging and utility of squash cytology for their intraoperative diagnosis was also assessed. Methods: Total 87 histopathologically confirmed cases of meningioma were studied with above mentioned aims and objectives. Analysis of histological features, typing and grading of all cases was done according to WHO 2007 classification of meningioma. Result: Meningioma constituted 15.60% of all CNS neoplasms. It was the most common extra-axial tumour and contributed to 37.09% all extra- axial intracranial neoplasms. 90.8% of the meningiomas were intracranial where convexity was the most favored location. 6 out of 8 spinal meningiomas were located at thoracic level. Headache was the most frequent presentation. Obvious female predominance was observed. The most common histological subtype was meningothelial followed by transitional. Majority 87.36% were benign grade I tumours .3.45% cases showed recurrence.In 74.41% cases radiological diagnosis matched exactly with histopathological diagnosis while squash cytology provided exact diagnosis in 91.15% cases. Conclusion: Meningiomas are slow growing extra-axial tumoursmajority being intracranial, benign grade I neoplasms occurring commonly in elderly females and squash cytology plays a great role in their intraoperative diagnosis.

Orbital Venography is a radiological technique to gather the information regarding the site of tumor, its vascularity and relationship with eyeball and other intra-orbital structures. Disturbance in parallelogram formed by the superior ophthalmic vein suggests the actual site of intra-orbital space occupying lesion. Recently the value of this technique has increased bymany folds after advent of computerized tomography.AIMS O as per location and histological typing. (a). Intraconal lesion (12 cases). (b). Extraconal lesion (19 cases) and (c). Cases where no exact localization was possible (9 cases).CONCLUSION:In unilateral exophthalmos it is the most valuable study.

Aim To collect information on current practices of European pathologists for the handling and reporting of nephrectomy specimens with renal tumours. Methods and Results A questionnaire was circulated to the members of the European Network of Uropathology, which consists of 343 pathologists in 15 European countries. Replies were received from 48% of members. These replies indicated that nephrectomy specimens are most often received in formalin. Lymph nodes are found in less than 5% of nephrectomy specimens. All respondents give an objective measure of tumour size, most commonly in three diameters. The most common method to search for capsule penetration is to slice tissue outside the tumour perpendicularly into the tumour. The most common sampling algorithm from tumours greater than 2 cm is one section for every centimetre of maximum tumour diameter. Most respondents use the 2004 WHO renal tumour classification although only slightly over half consider small papillary tumours malignant if the diameter is greater than 5 mm. The Fuhrman grading system is widely used. Almost all use immunohistochemistry for histological typing in some cases, while only 7% always use it. The most utilised special stains are CK7 (95%), CD10 (93%), vimentin (86%), HMB45 (68%), c-kit (61%) and Hale's colloidal iron (52%). Only 18% use other ancillary techniques for diagnosis in difficult cases. Conclusions While most pathologists appear to follow published guidelines for reporting renal carcinoma, there is still a need for the development of consensus and further standardisation of practice for contentious areas of specimen handling and reporting.

Histological classification of gastric carcinomas into the main types intestinal and diffuse was made according to Lauren's method. Autopsy material was compared to surgical material, and metastases were compared to primary tumours, with regard to type distribution and reproducibility. The proportion of diffuse tumours was substantially higher in the total autopsy material than in the total surgical material. This was probably due to a stronger tendency for diffuse tumours to reach an inoperable stage before the diagnosis is made. In patients from whom both surgical and autopsy specimens were available, the same type was diagnosed in both in the majority of cases, and the proportion of diffuse tumours was only slightly higher if typed from the autopsy material than if typed from the surgical material. The reproducibility of histological typing in two independent readings of the same sections was 91 per cent in surgical material and 84 per cent in autopsy material. Metastases reproduced the histological type of the primary tumour in 65 per cent for all metastatic sites combined. Diffuse patterns were most frequently reproduced in metastases to adipose and fibrous tissues, and intestinal patterns were most frequently reproduced in metastases to the liver.

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT), also known as Pindborg tumour, is a rare, benign odontogenic neoplasm. A case of an intra-osseous CEOT in the maxilla is presented in which unilateral nasal obstruction and progressive difficulty in breathing were the first clinical symptoms. Dental practitioners might be the first clinicians to come across such tumours, during investigation of missing or non-erupted maxillary teeth, ie canines, and they should be alerted by any unilateral nasal obstruction symptoms. Diagnostic features and treatment options of the tumour are discussed in relation to its histological typing.This manuscript highlights the importance of accurate clinical and radiographic investigation for the dental practitioner when assessing missing maxillary teeth.

Between 1970 and 1978 467 malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas were newly registered by the St. Gallen-Appenzell cancer registry. Among these 23 (4.9%) were primary gastric lymphomas. Among the necropsy material between 1970 and 1978 23 patients (15.6%) were observed with secondary gastric involvement among 147 generalised malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Among the 23 patients whose malignant lymphomas were investigated by use of gastric resection specimens 10 were in clinical stage IE at the time of operation, the other 13 were in stage IIE. Macroscopically there was an uncharacteristic picture of these tumours which were frequently localised in the antrum and ulcerated in most cases. Histologically 19 cases had diffusely growing malignancy. Four tumours showed nodular or follicular structures. Histiocytic and immunoblastic (n = 14 and 13, respectively) forms were the most frequently occurring malignant lymphomas. The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma in biopsy material could only be verified in 4 out of 12 patients investigated preoperatively by gastroscopy. Histological typing of the lymphomas was not possible in most cases. When there is a suspicion of malignant lymphoma macroparticle biopsies should be performed.

Relatamos o caso de uma mulher de 51 anos com lipossarcoma mediastinal. O lipossarcoma é a neoplasia mesenquimal maligna mais comum em adultos, embora sua localização mediastinal seja extremamente rara. Ele possui grande volume e variados subtipos histológicos. É caracterizado pela compressão de estruturas vizinhas. A tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética fornecem informações úteis para o diagnóstico.A biopsia tecidual e a identificação do tipo histológico são importantes na determinação da terapia e são necessárias para o diagnóstico final. A radioterapia e a quimioterapia são modalidades terapêuticas ineficazes. De acordo com a literatura, a ressecção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha. Está indicado o acompanhamento a longo prazo, pois a taxa de recidiva é alta.

The morphological classification and diagnosis of bladder neoplasms is summarised, with specific focus on histological typing, grading and staging. Four diagnostic categories are described on the basis of the pattern of growth of the urothelial lesions and tumours (flat, exophytic or papillary, endophytic, and invasive). The WHO 2004 classification is currently used. However, the WHO 1973 classification is still considered by many urologists and oncologists as the international standard in patient management.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) pose peculiar problems for imaging techniques in relation to their functional state. In functioning NETs – in which the diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and laboratory findings – the primary imaging “goal” is the localization of the hormonal hypersecretion source/sources; in nonfunctioning NETs – which appear as symptomatic masses or as incidental findings – the priority questions are represented both by the identification and correct histological typing. For all NETs – regardless of their functional state – an accurate staging is also required, as they are often malignant. The basic imaging modality is MDCT for both diagnosis and staging; although MRI is generally superior to CT for liver metastasis detection, the choice between the two methods depends on the local availability and expertise.

We studied the macroscopic features of differentiated-type gastric carcinomas to discern mucin phenotypes using 50 cases (54 lesions) of early gastric depressed type carcinomas, employing MUC5AC, MUC6, MUC2 and CD10 immunostains. We identified the G-phenotype (gastric phenotype) in 12 lesions, the gastrointestinal phenotype in 26 lesions, and the intestinal phenotype in 16 lesions. Carcinomas with the gastric phenotype revealed a significantly higher incidence of discolored surface (58.3%) than those with the intestinal phenotype (18.7%) (p

The classification of pituitary tumors is a dynamic area that changes with advances in cell biology that provide a deeper insight and clearer understanding of cell lineages and pathogenetic mechanisms. The 2004 edition of the World Heath Organization (WHO) text "Histological typing of endocrine tumors" reflects the progress that has been achieved since the previous edition of 2000. Here we review the new information and identify areas of concern for the next effort at classification of pituitary tumors.

Aims. P65 protein/gene is a potential, non-specific tumour marker expressed by different types of neoplasms. In this study p65 gene expression was estimated in a group of colorectal cancers and compared with some histological features, grading and clinical staging of the neoplasms to assess its role as a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. Methods. 109 pairs of frozen samples of colorectal carcinomas and adjacent normal colorectal mucosa and four samples of tissue from patients without neoplastic diseases were analysed by means of RT-PCR. Results. Expression of p65 gene was found in 51 out of 109 cases of colorectal cancers. For 19 of them expression of examined gene was observed both in cancer and corresponding healthy mucosa. p65 Gene expression was associated with more advanced tumours (T3, T4; p =0.0003) with metastases to lymph nodes (N1, N2; p =0.0003) and distant metastases ( p =0.0005). We did not find association between the age, gender, tumour localization, histological type and p65 gene expression. Conclusions . p65 Gene expression in primary tumour tissue is associated with poor prognosis for the patients with colorectal cancer in this series.

The WHO classification of odontogenic tumors (1992, OT) was revised. The following main changes were proposed: (1) OT are not only "related to" odontogenic tissues but are derived from these; (2) the stroma of the epithelial tumor group (1.1.1) is of a fibrous nature and does not contain any ectomesenchymal component; (3) subtypes of ameloblastomas have to be differentiated (intra-, extraosseous, desmoplastic, unicystic); (4) eponyms are no longer used in the revised classification; (5) the AOT is reclassified as an epithelial OT; (6) a neoplastic and non-neoplastic line of the ameloblastic fibroma and ameloblastic fibrodentinoma is proposed; (7) the calcifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor is included in the classification; (8) the simple and the WHO type of odontogenic fibroma are included in the classification; (9) the classification of malignant OT is adapted from Eversole (1999) with a few changes. In particular, ameloblastic carcinoma is differentiated from malignant ( metastasizing) ameloblastoma; (10) the term carcinoma in intraosseous (peripheral) ameloblastoma is introduced. Also, the malignant epithelial odontogenic ghost cell tumor is termed calcifying ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma; (11) the clear cell odontogenic tumor is termed clear cell odontogenic carcinoma; (12) the so-called pseudocysts are termed "cavities" (aneurysmal bone cavity, simple bone cavity, lingual and buccal mandibular bone cavity, focal marrow-containing jaw cavity).

Cherubism is a disease of bone characterised by clinical, bilateral, painless enlargement of the jaws. This disease is classified as a non-neoplastic bone lesion in the World Health Organization histological typing of odontogenic tumours. Cherubism is an uncommon disease in Japan and may appear either as a solitary case or among multiple generations in a family. Since cherubism was first described in 1933, many cases have been reported in other countries, but only 13 cases have been reported in Japan. This report is of a 14-year-old girl with non-familial cherubism.

Classification of odontogenic tumours is an academic exercise that has developed over the last 150 years. It was not until 1971 when a 5-year collaborated effort, organized by the World Health Organization (WHO), resulted in the first consensus on taxonomy of odontogenic tumours. The appearance of this first authoritative guide to the classification of odontogenic tumours marked the start of an era of quite intensive interest for studying this particular field of oral pathology. An updated 2nd edition of the WHO classification was published in 1992.

Primary mucinous eccrine adenocarcinoma, a rare malignant neoplasm of the skin adnexa usually occurs in the head and neck region. The most common sites for its occurrence are the eyelid, the peri-orbital region and the scalp. We report the rare occurrence of primary mucinous eccrine adenocarcinoma of the inguinal region which has been reported in only 1% of cases according to literature search. Since the differentiation from metastatic mucinous carcinomas is difficult, a careful search for primary in the breast, gastrointestinal tract and prostate is mandatory. This case report highlights the importance of precise diagnosis and accurate histological typing of mucinous carcinomas with an emphasis on their role in appropriate patient management along with a brief review of literature.

A proposal concerning the histological typing of primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma is offered in order to coincide with pathologic terms used both by Chinese and foreign pathologists and reflect the achievements in the research field of NPC. This proposal was worked out mainly basing upon the authors’ diagnostic experience gained in the past 30 years and the international criteria for tumor classification. Primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma could be classified into four major types, namely, keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC), non- keratinizing carcinoma (NKC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and carcinomain-situ (CIS). KSCC could be graded as being well, moderately and poorly differentiated according to the amount of keratinization and intercellular bridges presented in the biopsy slide. The NKC is the most frequent type seen in the high-incidence area of NPC, and could also be subdivided into differentiated and undifferentiated variants. Actually, three grades of KSCC and two variants of NKC are a reflection of different degrees of squamous differentiation. They are consistently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. There are two major categories of nasopharyngeal AC, namely, traditional and salivary-gland type. As contrasted with KSCC and NKC, nasopharyngeal AC is rarely infected with EBV. There are two subtypes of CIS, namely, squamous- and columnar-cell type. The histological typing concerning the primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma offered above is really a practical proposal and also coincided with the international usage. This proposal can be mastered easily and the authors recommend its routine use in diagnostic pathology.

Malignant tumours of soft tissue (sarcomas) represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms which differ widely in their potential clinico-biological behaviour, ranging from lesions with an indolent clinical course to lesions that behave in a highly aggressive manner. While certain tumours exhibit fairly consistent and predictable histotype-specific behaviour (underscoring the importance of accurate histopathological classification), other lesions have a broad range of clinical behaviour not immediately predictable from histological typing alone. Due to the relative rarity of malignant soft tissue tumours, studying and comparing large groups of individual tumour types is problematic. Consequently, the identification of histotype-specific parameters that may influence and/or predict clinical behaviour remains difficult, limiting knowledge about possible prognostic parameters for many of the rarer sarcomas. Histopathological grading of sarcomas as a general group represents an attempt to identify histotype-independent histological parameters that may be of use in predicting prognosis. Specifically, this is primarily applicable to those tumour types which exhibit a broad range of biological behaviour, newer tumour entities with an as yet uncertain longer term clinical course, unclassifiable lesions, and lesions about which there is diagnostic disagreement. Histopathological grading has direct clinical application in the design of prospective clinical trials to compare the clinical outcome of various management protocols and hence select optimal treatment strategies. The two best established and most widely used grading schemes are the ‘National Cancer Institute' and the ‘Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer' systems. Despite its limitations, histopathological grading appears to be effective in predicting distant metastasis as well as overall survival. Recent studies are beginning to indicate that genetic variability within certain tumour groups may be of prognostic value, potentially facilitating efforts at prognostication for certain tumour types/subtypes.

乳腺疾患の病理組織学的特徴は, 第一には組織像の多彩さにある. このことは組織型の種類の多さにあらわれているが, 同じ組織型に分類される病変でもその組織像は決して一様ではない. 第二には良悪性鑑別診断の難しさにある. 多彩な組織像を示す病変の中には, 非常に似た組織像を呈する良性病変と悪性病変が存在する. 全くの良性である硬化性腺症や乳管腺腫は浸潤性乳管癌との鑑別が問題となる. 乳管内病変に関しては常に良悪性の鑑別診断が問題となり, そこには本質的な難しさが存在する. 病理診断の整理棚として組織型は大切であるし, 誤診を防止するためにも多くの整理棚を持つ必要がある.これらの特徴は, 当然のことながら画像や細胞像に反映される. したがって, マンモグラフィ, 超音波, MRIなどの画像診断や細胞診は組織型診断まで行ったうえで, 良悪性鑑別診断あるいはカテゴリー診断を行うべきである. それぞれが診断した組織型間の整合性の有無を確認することで, 精度の高い臨床診断を得ることができる. この際, 細胞診は画像診断を確証する立場にある.

Factors relating to the incidence of canine mammary tumours are reviewed. Increased age, intact status or ovariectomy after 2.5 years of age, as well as progestagen treatment, can all lead to an increased risk of mammary neoplasia in the bitch. In addition, obesity early in life, and a habitual diet based on home-made food (rich in beef and pork, and poor in chicken) as opposed to commercial food, are also associated with the occurrence of mammary tumours. Other aspects related to incidence are also discussed. Increased age at diagnosis, invasive growth (fixed to adjacent tissues), large tumour size, ulceration of skin, and axillary or inguinal node involvement are clinical parameters associated with a low chance of survival after surgical excision of mammary tumours. Histological typing and grading of the tumour allows the establishment of a prognosis, which is poor where there is tumour proliferation as measured by S-phase fraction determination and Ki-67 immunostaining.

We report here a classic case of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour, which was situated in the left frontal lobe of a 13-year-old boy who presented with intractable partial complex seizures since 3 years of age. This tumour entity was first described in 1988, and has been incorporated in the 2nd edition (1993) of the WHO histological typing of CNS tumours. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported from all over the world. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this tumour from India. It is important to recognise this entity since surgery is the only means of cure and radio- or chemotherapy is unwarranted.

One hundred and ninety-seven cases of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder were clinicopathologically studied. Our histologic criterion for adenomyomatosis was based on a gallbladder wall thickness of greater than 3mm secondary to proliferation of 5 or more Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses (RAS) per 1cm-length of the wall. Depending on the location of the lesion, adenomyomatosis was divided into four types : fundal, segmental, combined (fundal and segmental) and generalized. The incidence of this disease was 10.7% in a series of consecutive cholecystectomies. The average age at cholecystectomy was 52.1years. There was preponderance of male in a ratio of 1 to 0.88. The two commonest types were segmental and fundal, accounting for more than 80% of the disease. The average age in each type was similar. The overall incidence of associated gallstones and intramural calculi was 85.8% and 46.7%, respectively. Grossly, all types showed essentially a thickening of the involved wall with their own pathologic features. Histologically, they represented an identical proliferation of the RAS, a thickness of the muscularis and a frequent clustering of the epithelium. The two latter components, however, were not invariable.

The second edition of Histological Typing of Tumours of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear, in the World Health Organization series International Histological Classification of Tumours, provides a comprehensive classification of tumors and tumor-like lesions occurring in (1) the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; (2) the nasopharynx; (3) the larynx, hypopharynx, and trachea; (4) the external ear; and (5) the middle and inner ear. The classification includes several newly recognized entities and many that were omitted from the first edition on account of their rarity. The terminology and definitions of several tumor types have been revised in the light of experience gained during the past 12 years. This article discusses the revised classification with special reference to some of the major changes in the listings, terminology, and definitions.

To keep up with advances in central nervous system (CNS) tumor diagnosis and discovery of new entities, the classification of these tumors requires periodic review and revision. Since the initial 1979 publication from the World Health Organization (WHO) of Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, 3 further editions have been published, cataloging the advances in CNS tumor classification and diagnosis over the past 3 decades. In this article, we discuss select new additions to the current classification, including new diagnostic tools, differential diagnoses, and management implications.

This article introduces the revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of odontogenic tumors and jaw cysts and certain bone lesions that either are peculiar to the jaws or have distinctive features in that location. The new and revised classification is compared with the previous version, the reasons for the changes are outlined, and reference is made to a number of newly characterized lesions that have been included.

We studied all primary malignancies of the oesophagus diagnosed in Iceland between 1955 and 1984 and reclassified tumours where histological material was available using the WHO classification system. Of a total of 329 tumours diagnosed in the time period, seven were excluded for various reasons. Of the remaining 322 tumours, 178 were in males and 144 in females. The age standardized incidence was 5.3/10(5) for males and 3.1/10(5) for females. The incidence of oesophageal tumours decreased for both sexes during the time period under investigation. Of 250 reclassified tumours (142 in males and 108 in females), squamous cell carcinomas comprised 81.6%. If the undifferentiated tumours are excluded, the squamous group accounted for 89.1% of the remaining tumours. Small cell carcinomas comprised 3.2% of all cases, which was higher than expected. Most of the tumours appear to be located in the middle part of the oesophagus. The vast majority of resected tumours extended through the wall of the oesophagus. A relatively higher proportion of tumours was confined to the submucosal or muscular layers in the latter half of the period. In conclusion, the epidemiological data in our study appear to resemble what is observed in the other Nordic countries for oesophageal tumours, except for slightly higher overall incidence in Iceland, especially for women.

Thirteen ependymomas reported to the Icelandic Cancer Registry during a 32-year period (1955-1986) were histologically reviewed and reclassified according to the WHO Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. The annual incidence rate of ependymoma was 0.20/100.000. Clinical observations and data on biological behaviour and immunohistochemistry are presented. Four tumours were supratentorial, six infratentorial and three intraspinal. There were ten males and three females with a mean age of 32 years (range 2.5-68). The mean postoperative survival of nine surgically treated patients was 35.5 months. Histologically, eight tumours were classical ependymomas, three anaplastic and two myxopapillary. Of 11 tumours stained for GFAP, nine were positive. Nine of 10 tumours tested were positive for vimentin, five for NSE and four for S-100. None of the 10 tumours showed reactivity with AFP, CEA, chromogranin, desmin, factor VIII, keratin or neurofilament.

Traditionally, prognosis of intracranial tumors is considered to be correlated with histology. Today a four grade scale is increasingly used, in which the grades II through IV are attributed to gliomas depending upon their cellular and tissue pleomorphism. These tumors will regrow after one to five years. Tumors which will not relapse after successfull operation are considered to be of grade I. This grading, which is part of the WHO histological typing of intracranial tumors, can be supplemented by the proliferation markers. These may allow better evaluation of the prognosis. Traditionell wird die Prognose intrakranieller Tumoren an der Histologie abgelesen. Heute ist eine IV-Grad-Skala gebrauchlich, bei der die Gliome II-IV aufgrund der zellularen und geweblichen ,,Polymorphie'' unterteilt werden. Diese Tumoren rezidivieren nach 1 bis 5 Jahren. Tumoren, die nach gegluckter Entfernung nicht rezidivieren, besitzen den Grad I. Diese Einteilung, die auch in die Klassifikation der intrakraniellen Tumoren der WHO aufgenommen worden ist, wird heute erganzt durch Proliferationsmarker, die moglicherweise der Tumorproliferation naherstehen und die Prognose noch besser einzuschatzen gestatten.