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Loovpraktilise lõputöö kirjaliku osa eesmärgiks on kirjeldada lasteaia muusikaõpetuse tegevust läbi laulmise, liikumise, pillimängu ja muusika kuulamise; muusikatundide läbiviimisest lasteaias, anda ülevaade lõputöö kontserdi kontseptsiooni kujunemisest, selle ettevalmistusprotsessist ning kontserdil kõlanud laulude valimisest kontserdikavasse ja nende sobivust lasteaia lastele, https://www.ester.ee/record=b5564372

Disorders of or differences in sexual development (DSD) are defined by congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex are atypical. Here, we report on monochorionic diamniotic twins delivered by Caesarean section in the 36th week of pregnancy. Monochorionic twins are usually monozygous and thus should have the same sexual differentiation. In this case, one twin had female external genitalia, while the other showed ambiguous genitalia. At first, a diagnosis of mixed gonadal dysgenesis was proposed because of the obvious sexual discrepancy between the supposedly monozygous twins. Cytogenetic analyses were performed to assure the sex chromosome status for both children. Male and female cells were found subsequently in both children. While hematopoietic chimerism of monochorionic dizygous twins as a result of twin-to-twin blood transfusion is a rare but already well documented phenomenon, to our knowledge this is the first case description of tetragametic chimerism that led to intersexuality.

A new proposal for an EU Directive on mandatory due diligence for companies was presented by the European Commission on February 23, 2022. The question, however, is whether the law will be as powerful as many are hoping. When a company locates its production in a state where human rights are not respected, there is currently no binding international framework regulating the company's activities. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP), a non-binding framework for corporate human rights due diligence, and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are the most prominent soft law regulations right now. However, since voluntary, non-binding due diligence has had a limited impact on preventing business-related human rights abuses, national legislative initiatives on the issue have increased. Apart from the new EU Directive proposal, in 2014 the UN created the Open-ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with respect to Human Rights (IGWG) with a mandate to develop an international legally binding instrument. The purpose of this study is to examine the current global regulatory framework, with a specific focus on the new EU directive proposal, on corporate responsibility for human rights, and to what extent it entails legally enforceable binding responsibilities. The method used is mainly an analytical legal method and the study is based on the argument that companies currently do not have a legally enforceable social responsibility and that a new international binding regulatory framework is needed to create a generally accepted minimum standard. Clearly enforceable and internationally accepted accountability rules are needed to address the problem of corporate human rights abuses. Furthermore, the study concludes that soft law can have an overall positive impact in preventing and holding companies accountable for human rights violations in global value chains, but that it is not enough to create the necessary change. The proposed EU Directive could achieve this, and the new EU standards could possibly even go beyond the EU in the context of global value chains and the EU's status as a policy maker. However, there are still several things to be desired about the proposed EU-directive, including the limited scope and several loopholes that have been identified.

http://www.ester.ee/record=b5141973*est

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5153121*est

Sünnieelset diagnostikat on aastaid kasutatud loote seisundi hindamiseks. Koos tehnika arenguga on muutunud ka sünnieelsed uuringud täpsemaks ja tundlikumaks. Viimase 20 aasta jooksul on välja arendatud uus sünnieelne sõeluuringu tehnoloogia, mitteinvasiivne loote DNA sünnieelne uuring, millel on suur potentsiaal tulevikus asendada teisi vähem tundlike meetodeid. Antud test on olnud laialdasemalt kasutusel vaid peaaegu viis aastat, kuid teise põlvkonna sekveneerimine on muutnud testi kiiremaks, odavamaks ja kättesaadavamaks rasedatele. Kuigi testil on veel mõningaid puuduseid, võib see tulevikus asendada praegused meetodid.

In 1–5 % of patients during childbearing years recurrent miscarriages (RM) occur. There are established risk factors like anatomical, endocrine and hemostatic disorders as well as immunological changes in the maternal immune system. Nevertheless, further elucidation of the pathogenesis remains a matter of debate. In addition, there are no standardized immunological treatment strategies. Recent studies indicate possible effects of tumor necrosis factor α blocker and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) concerning live birth rate (LBR) in RM patients. Therefore, we performed a retrospective cohort study in patients undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (ART) with known RM analysing the possible benefits of G-CSF application. From January 2002 to December 2010, 127 patients (199 cylces) with RM (at least 2 early miscarriages) 49 (72 cycles) receiving G-CSF and 78 (127 cycles) controls receiving either no medication (subgroup 1) or Cortisone, intravenous immunoglobulins or low molecular weight heparin (subgroup 2) undergoing ART for in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection were analysed. G-CSF was administered weekly once (34 Mill) in 11 patients, 38 patients received 2 × 13 Mill G-CSF per week until the 12th week of gestation. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows (19.0), p < 0.05 significant. The mean age of the study population was 37.3 ± 4.4 years (mean ± standard deviation) and differed not significantly between patients and subgroups. However, the number of early miscarriages was significantly higher in the G-CSF group as compared to the subgroups (G-CSF 2.67 ± 1.27, subgroup 1 0.85 ± 0.91, subgroup 2 0.64 ± 0.74) and RM patients receiving G-CSF had significantly more often a late embryo transfer (day 5) (G-CSF 36.7 %, subgroup 1 12.1 %, subgroup 2 8.9 %). The LBR of patients and the subgroups differed significantly (G-CSF 32 %, subgroup 1 13 %, subgroup 2 14 %). Side effects were present in less than 10 % of patients, consisting of irritation at the injection side, slight leukocytosis, rise of the temperature (

With the introduction of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, remarkable new diagnostic applications have been established in daily routine. Implementation of NGS is challenging in clinical diagnostics, but definite advantages and new diagnostic possibilities make the switch to the technology inevitable. In addition to the higher sequencing capacity, clonal sequencing of single molecules, multiplexing of samples, higher diagnostic sensitivity, workflow miniaturization, and cost benefits are some of the valuable features of the technology. After the recent advances, NGS emerged as a proven alternative for classical Sanger sequencing in the typing of human leukocyte antigens (HLA). By virtue of the clonal amplification of single DNA molecules ambiguous typing results can be avoided. Simultaneously, a higher sample throughput can be achieved by tagging of DNA molecules with multiplex identifiers and pooling of PCR products before sequencing. In our experience, up to 380 samples can be typed for HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 in high-resolution during every sequencing run. In molecular oncology, NGS shows a markedly increased sensitivity in comparison to the conventional Sanger sequencing and is developing to the standard diagnostic tool in detection of somatic mutations in cancer cells with great impact on personalized treatment of patients.