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The secondary structures of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) influence their properties including their cell-membrane permeability, tolerability to proteases, and intracellular distribution. Herein, we developed helix-stabilized arginine-rich peptides containing α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids and their conjugates with antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), to investigate the relationships among the helicity of the peptides, cellular uptake, and antisense activity of the peptide-conjugated PMOs. We demonstrated that helical CPPs can efficiently deliver the conjugated PMO into cells compared with nonhelical CPPs and that their antisense activities are synergistically enhanced in the presence of an endosomolytic reagent or an endosomal escape domain peptide.

We have discovered a ring-opening fluorination of bicyclic azaarenes. Upon treatment of bicyclic azaarenes such as pyrazolopyridines with electrophilic fluorinating agents, fluorination of the aromatic ring is followed by a ring-opening reaction. Although this overall trans-formation can be classified as an electrophilic fluorination of an aromatic ring, it is a novel type of fluorination that results in construction of tertiary carbon–fluorine bonds. The present protocol can be applied to a range of bicyclic azaarenes, tolerating azines and a variety of functional groups. Additionally, mechanistic studies and enantioselective fluorination have been examined.

Dysferlinopathies, which are muscular diseases caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene, remain serious medical problems due to the lack of therapeutic agents. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of a 2,6-disubstituted 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine series, which was identified from the phenotypic screening of chemicals that increase the level of dysferlin in myocytes differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Optimization studies with cell-based phenotypic assay led to the identification of a highly potent compound, 19, with dysferlin elevation effects at double-digit nanomolar concentrations. In addition, the molecular target of our chemical series was identified as tubulin, through a tubulin polymerization assay and a competitive binding assay using a photoaffinity labeling probe.

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is generally a self-limiting disease, but it may become refractory. It is thought that refractory MPP is linked to the excessive immunologic responses of the host. Consequently, the use of adjunctive systemic corticosteroids may have beneficial effects. In this study, we compared the effects of high- and low-dose corticosteroid therapy in a pediatric population with refractory MPP. Methods: We retrospectively collected data from 91 pediatric MPP patients treated with adjunctive systemic corticosteroids between April 2014 and October 2016. The patients were divided into the following two groups: high-dose corticosteroid group (2 mg/kg/day or more of prednisolone equivalents; n = 38) and low-dose corticosteroid group (, ファイル公開：2020-05-01

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) frequently invade the bones of the facial skeleton. Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) is an axon guidance molecule produced by oligodendrocytes. Sema4D was also identified in the bone microenvironment and many cancer tissues including HNSCC. To date, however, the role of Sema4D in cancer-associated bone disease is still unknown. This is the first study to demonstrate the role of Sema4D in bone invasion of cancer. In the clinical tissue samples of bone lesion of HNSCC, Sema4D was detected at high levels, and its expression was correlated with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression. In vitro experiments showed that IGF-I regulates Sema4D expression and Sema4D increased proliferation, migration and invasion in HNSCC cells. Sema4D also regulated the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κβ ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts, and this stimulated osteoclastgenesis. Furthermore, knockdown of Sema4D in HNSCC cells inhibited tumor growth and decreased the number of osteoclasts in a mouse xenograft model. Taken together, IGF-I-driven production of Sema4D in HNSCCs promotes osteoclastogenesis and bone invasion.

Background Tachykinin 3 (TAC3) and its preferred tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3) that are prominently detected in the central nervous system, play significant roles in physiological development and specifically in the human reproductive system. The roles of TAC3/TACR3 in oral squamous cell carcinoma are unknown. Materials and methods We examined the expression pattern of TAC3/TACR3 in clinically-resected oral squamous cell carcinoma samples using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis. Results We found that even though the expression level of TACR3 was negative in the normal epithelium, it was highly elevated in tumor cells. A more intense signal was observed in the invasive front of tumor cells that had migrated into the mandible bone matrix. TAC3 was not detected in tumor cells, but was expressed in PGP-9.5-positive sensory nerves in the mandible. Conclusion Our results suggest that peripheral sensory nerve-derived TAC3 may affect gingival oral squamous cell carcinoma cells through TACR3 in the bone matrix.

Dysferlinopathies, which are muscular diseases caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene, remain serious medical problems due to the lack of therapeutic agents. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of a 2,6-disubstituted 3

The synthesis of sodium α-aminoalkanesulfinates and their synthetic utility as α-aminoalkyl radical precursors are reported. A variety of α-aminoalkanesulfinates were readily obtained from the reaction between the anions of N-Boc-protected alkylamines and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanebis(sulfur dioxide). Treatment of sodium α-aminoalkanesulfinates with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene easily generated the corresponding α-aminoalkyl radicals under mild conditions, which were then applied in radical 1,2-addition to imines, radical 1,4-addition to electron-deficient olefins, and radical addition/cyclization to 2-isocyanobiphenyls.

Background/aim The neurokinin 3 receptor (NK-3R) is differentially expressed in the central nervous system including cases of human oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of NK-3R signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma is not well known. Materials and methods NK-3R expression in surgically resected oral squamous cell carcinoma was examined immunohistochemically and the strength of the expression was quantified. We evaluated the function of NK-3R signaling using NK-3R antagonist in human oral squamous cell carcinoma bone invasion mouse model. Results NK-3R was significantly expressed in tumor cells that had invaded the bone matrix compared to the oral side tumor cells. SB222200, a selective antagonist of NK-3R, significantly suppressed the radiographic osteolytic lesion and tumorigenesis. Conclusion NK-3R signaling is a potential target for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma in cases of bone destruction.

Admission control is a procedure to guarantee a given level of Quality of Service (QoS) by accepting or rejecting arrival connection requests. There are many studies on backlog or loss rate evaluation formulas for admission control at a single node. However, there are few studies on end-to-end evaluation formulas suitable for admission control. In a previous paper, the authors proposed a new stochastic network calculus for many flows using an approach taken from large deviations techniques and obtained asymptotic end-to-end evaluation formulas for output burstiness and backlog. In this paper, we apply this stochastic network calculus to a heterogeneous tandem network with many forwarding flows and cross traffic flows constrained by leaky buckets, and obtain a simple evaluation formula for the end-to-end backlog. In this formula, the end-to-end backlog can be evaluated by the traffic load at the bottle neck node. This result leads us to a natural extension of the evaluation formula for a single node., IEICE Transactions on Communications, E94-B(5), pp.1288-1294; 2011

Clover biomass and its percentage are both important measurements for performance trials of clover cultivars in binary mixtures with grass species. In the present study we developed multiple regression equations for estimating clover biomass and its percentage composition in binary mixtures of white clover (Trifolium repens L., three cultivars and one breeding line) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Plant height, cover, cover × plant height and dry matter ratio of white clover and cutting time were considered as potential explanatory variables for the regression equation. White clover cover was measured using a grid-point plate overlaid on a digital image of vegetation photographed from the top. The technique is considered to be useful for estimating herbage biomass and its percentage of white clover in a mixture with the grass because of high accuracy and precision in estimation and reduced time and labor requirements.

Mechanisms generating diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors are fundamental for normal development. Pigment cells are derived from multipotent neural crest cells and their diversity in teleosts provides an excellent model for studying mechanisms controlling fate specification of distinct cell types. Zebrafish have three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores) while medaka have four (three shared with zebrafish, plus leucophores), raising questions about how conserved mechanisms of fate specification of each pigment cell type are in these fish. We have previously shown that the Sry-related transcription factor Sox10 is crucial for fate specification of pigment cells in zebrafish, and that Sox5 promotes xanthophores and represses leucophores in a shared xanthophore/leucophore progenitor in medaka. Employing TILLING, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we generated medaka and zebrafish sox5 and sox10 mutants and conducted comparative analyses of their compound mutant phenotypes. We show that specification of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10. Loss of Sox5 in Sox10-defective fish partially rescued the formation of all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka, suggesting that Sox5 represses Sox10-dependent formation of these pigment cells, similar to their interaction in mammalian melanocyte specification. In contrast, in medaka, loss of Sox10 acts cooperatively with Sox5, enhancing both xanthophore reduction and leucophore increase in sox5 mutants. Misexpression of Sox5 in the xanthophore/leucophore progenitors increased xanthophores and reduced leucophores in medaka. Thus, the mode of Sox5 function in xanthophore specification differs between medaka (promoting) and zebrafish (repressing), which is also the case in adult fish. Our findings reveal surprising diversity in even the mode of the interactions between Sox5 and Sox10 governing specification of pigment cell types in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this is related to the evolution of a fourth pigment cell type., Author summary How individual cell fates become specified from multipotent progenitors is a fundamental question in developmental and stem cell biology. Body pigment cells derive from a multipotent progenitor, but while in zebrafish there are three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores), in medaka these progenitors form four (as zebrafish, plus leucophores). Here, we address whether mechanisms generating each cell-type are conserved between the two species. We focus on two key regulatory proteins, Sox5 and Sox10, which we previously showed were involved in pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, respectively. We compare experimentally how the two proteins interact in regulating development of each of the pigment cell lineages in these fish. We show that development of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10, and that Sox5 modulates Sox10 activity antagonistically in all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka. Surprisingly, in medaka, Sox5 acts co-operatively with Sox10 to promote xanthophore fate and to repress leucophore fate. Our findings reveal surprising diversity how Sox5 and Sox10 interact to govern pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this likely relates to the evolution of the novel leucophore pigment cell type in medaka.

In probe-based traffic monitoring systems, traffic conditions can be inferred based on the position data of a set of periodically polled probe vehicles. In such systems, the two consecutive polled positions do not necessarily correspond to the end points of individual links. Obtaining estimates of travel time at the individual link level requires the total traversal time (which is equal to the polling interval duration) be decomposed. This paper presents an algorithm for solving the problem of decomposing the traversal time to times taken to traverse individual road segments on the route. The proposed algorithm assumes minimal information about the network, namely network topography (i.e. links and nodes) and the free flow speed of each link. Unlike existing deterministic methods, the proposed solution algorithm defines a likelihood function that is maximized to solve for the most likely travel time for each road segment on the traversed route. The proposed scheme is evaluated using simulated data and compared to a benchmark deterministic method. The evaluation results suggest that the proposed method outperforms the bench mark method and on average improves the accuracy of the estimated link travel times by up to 90%.

Because of their compactness and possibility of attaining high efficiency, laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers are expected to be applied to laser-based processes such as welding, cutting, drilling and marking. In the “Advanced Photon Processing and Measurement Technologies” project, we have developed and designed a high-power laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser using simulation techniques such as a ray tracing, thermal analysis, and so on. We have successfully obtained a maximum output power of 12 kW with an efficiency of 23%, which to the best of our knowledge are the highest values for an Nd:YAG laser.

We consider a fluid queue with downward jumps, where the fluid flow rate and the downward jumps are controlled by a background Markov chain with a finite state space. We show that the stationary distribution of a buffer content has a matrix exponential form, and identify the exponent matrix. We derive these results using time-reversed arguments and the background state distribution at the hitting time concerning the corresponding fluid flow with upward jumps. This distribution was recently studied for a fluid queue with upward jumps under a stability condition. We give an alternative proof for this result using the rate conservation law. This proof not only simplifies the proof, but also explains an underlying Markov structure and enables us to study more complex cases such that the fluid flow has jumps subject to a nondecreasing Lévy process, a Brownian component, and countably many background states.

We consider a preemptive priority fluid queue with two buffers for continuous fluid and batch fluid inputs. Those two types of fluids are governed by a Markov chain with a finite state space, calle...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Developmental and seizure outcomes in patients with cryptogenic West syndrome are variable. Our aim was to clarify the relationship between FDG-PET findings in infancy and long-term seizure and developmental outcome in cryptogenic West syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1991 to 1999, we prospectively performed FDG-PET from the onset of cryptogenic West syndrome in 27 patients. PET was performed at onset and at 10 months of age. In 2012, we evaluated the educational status, psychomotor development, and seizure outcome in 23 of the 27 patients (13–22 years of age). The correlation between PET findings and outcome was evaluated. RESULTS: At onset, PET showed hypometabolism in 13 patients (57%). The second PET after the initial treatment revealed cortical hypometabolism in 7 patients (30%). While hypometabolism at onset disappeared on the second PET in 9 patients, it was newly revealed in 3 patients on the second PET. In 2012, seven patients had persistent or recurrent seizures. Eight patients had intellectual impairment. The first PET did not correlate with seizure or developmental outcome. Five of 7 patients (71%) with hypometabolism seen on the second PET had persistent or recurrent seizures, while 14 of 16 (88%) patients with normal findings on the second PET were free of seizures. Five of 7 patients (71%) showing hypometabolism on the second PET had intellectual impairment. Thirteen of 16 (81%) patients with normal findings on the second PET showed normal intelligence. A significant correlation was found between the second PET and long-term seizure ( P = .01) or developmental outcome ( P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Cortical hypometabolism is not permanent; it changes with clinical symptoms. Hypometabolism after initial treatment predicts long-term seizures and poor developmental outcome.

This paper focuses on product form and related tractable stationary distributions in a general class of stochastic networks with finite numbers of nodes such that their network states are changed through signal transfers as well as internal transitions. Signals may be customers in traditional queueing applications, but we do not make any restriction on their effects at departing as well as arriving nodes. They may also instantaneously move around among different nodes. Furthermore, signal routing may depend on the whole network state. For analytical simplicity, we assume that the state space is countable. For such a network, we propose an abstract model, called a stochastic transfer network, and consider the stationary distribution of the network state. We introduce conditional traffic rates for arrivals and departures. Using them, we consider when the network has product form or some other tractable stationary distributions.

Summary: Purpose: A large number of children had fits while watching the animated cartoon television (TV) program “Pocket Monster.” To elucidate the seizures associated with the TV program, we administered a questionnaire survey in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Methods: The questionnaires were sent to 75 hospitals located in and around Aichi prefecture. The presence of epileptic seizures and the types of seizures were determined by three pediatric neurologists. Results: Sixty-one hospitals responded to the questionnaire survey. Among 95 patients living in Aichi prefecture for whom enough information on seizure manifestations and EEG was available, ≤93 patients were considered to have epileptic seizures while watching the TV program. Most seizures occurred at a scene in which red and blue frames alternated at 12 Hz. Sixty-nine (74%) patients had no history of epilepsy. Thirty-nine patients had generalized seizures, and 49 patients had partial seizures. Partial seizures occurred more frequently in the younger age group than did generalized seizures. The EEG revealed a photoparoxysmal response (PPR) in 43% of patients. PPR was present not only in patients with a history of epilepsy (54%) but also in those with no history of epilepsy (38%). Conclusions: Almost all seizures induced by the TV program “Pocket Monster” were epileptic, and partial seizures were induced more frequently than generalized seizures. The incidence of this “Pocket Monster”-induced seizures was roughly estimated as ≥1 in 4,923 individuals aged 6–18 years.

Recently, microsatellite instability (MI) has been demonstrated in some types of human cancers. In this study, we attempted to determine the frequency of MI in endometrial cancers and evaluate whether replication error (RER)-positive phenotype is correlated with known genetic mutations or the aberrations of other pathways in endometrial cancers. Seventy-two primary endometrial cancers were examined for microsatellite instability. Eleven tumors (15%) had RERs at two or more microsatellite loci, suggesting that generalized MI may be a molecular manifestation of endometrial cancers. We next examined whether the MI was associated with changes in the K-ras protooncogene, p53 tumor suppressor gene, and 18q LOH, which were frequently detected in endometrial cancers. The MI did not confer the potential to produce point mutations in the K-ras gene or 18q LOH, whereas the data were insufficient to identify the correlation between MI and p53 mutations in the cancers. These results suggest the presence of multiple mutation subsets that act in a complementary fashion in endometrial cancer development.

We report video-EEG findings and a long-term follow-up study in 10 patients with benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants (BMEI). A high incidence of a past and family history of febrile convulsions was noted. Six of the 10 patients manifested characteristic vocalization associated with myoclonic seizures. It consisted of a sudden, brief expiratory noise and is considered to be characteristic of BMEI. Afebrile convulsions occurred before the onset of myoclonic seizures or during the clinical course in six patients, but the accurate type of these seizures remains to be clarified. Monotherapy with valproatic acid (VPA) was very effective, but plasma VPA levels over 100 micrograms/ml were initially necessary in most of the cases, although they did not need to be maintained for further seizure control. All patients showed a favorable long-term seizure outcome, although one showed moderate mental retardation.

This study concerns the equilibrium behavior of a general class of Markov network processes that includes a variety of queueing networks and networks with interacting components or populations. The focus is on determining when these processes have product form stationary distributions. The approach is to relate the marginal distributions of the process to the stationary distributions of “node transition functions” that represent the nodes in isolation operating under certain fictitious environments. The main result gives necessary and sufficient conditions on the node transition functions for the network process to have a product form stationary distribution. This result yields a procedure for checking for a product form distribution and obtaining such a distribution when it exits. An important subclass of networks are those in which the node transition rates have Poisson arrival components. In this setting, we show that the network process has a product form distribution and is “biased locally balanced” if and only if the network is “quasi-reversible” and certain traffic equations are satisfied. Another subclass of networks are those with reversible routing. We weaken the known sufficient condition for such networks to be product form. We also discuss modeling issues related to queueing networks including time reversals and reversals of the roles of arrivals and departures. The study ends by describing how the results extend to networks with multi-class transitions.

Summary: Background: We conducted a 5-year follow-up study in patients with a seizure induced by animated cartoon “Pocket Monster.” Methods: A recurrence of seizures was observed in 25 of 91 patients with a Pocket Monster seizure. The patients were divided into two groups: Epilepsy group of 12 patients with a history of epilepsy and Nonepilepsy group of 13 patients without a history of epilepsy. Results: Age below 12 years and generalized seizures were more often in Nonepilepsy group than in Epilepsy group. Seizure recurrence was earlier in Epilepsy group than in Nonepilepsy group. Photoparoxysmal response was relatively infrequent in Epilepsy group. The majority of patients were classified into idiopathic generalized epilepsies in Nonepilepsy group, whereas most patients were categorized into localization-related epilepsies in Epilepsy group. Conclusions: Epilepsies after Pocket Monster seizures were different according to the presence or absence of a history of epilepsy. These results will be useful in order to determine the treatment of a patient with a visually induced seizure.

In the 3 cases of intravenous leiomyomatosis presented here, the retroperitoneal, pelvic, and vaginal veins were completely removed. Two of the cases were diagnosed by a gynecologist at surgery, and 1 was diagnosed by the pathologist performing a histological examination on excised tissue. These 3 cases were asymptomatic in spite of the intravenous invasive leiomyomatosis.

We report histopathological findings in a 2-year-old boy with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 1A, which had some similarities to those of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. These findings are unusual in adult CMT patients but are reported in some patients with corticosteroid-responsive hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) that are characterized by rapid worsening of symptoms. We administered betamethasone based on the inflammatory pathological features but no improvement was seen. Active demyelination is also reported as an early morphological feature in HMSN. It is probable that edema, active demyelination and a few onion bulb formations, which were recognized in this patient, are characteristic early histological changes of HMSN rather than those of corticosteroid-responsive HMSN.

The emergence and survival of tillers and their contribution to yield of three varieties, Asakazekomugi, Norin 61 and Norin 64, were examined in four different soils to find the limiting factors to grain yield. Grain yield was the highest in Gray Lowland Soil (GLS) and lower in Red Soil (RS), Thick High-humic Andosol (THA) and Light-colored Andosol (LCA). Lower yields in the three soils were caused by a small number of spikes. In RS the emergence of Tc (coleoptile tiller), T1-T3 (tillers in the axils of first-third main atem leaves) and T1P (tiller in the axil of T1 prophyll) were the same as those in GLS, but the survival rates of these tillers were lower. The emergence and survival rates of TR (other tillers) were also lower than those in GLS. In THA and LCA the emergence rates of Tc, T1, T1P, and TR were lower than those in GLS. These rusults suggested the need of supplementary nitrogen application from January in RS and phosphoric-acid application before seeding in THA and LCA. Norin 64 had higher emergence and survival rates of T1 than the other two varieties, resulting in the higher yield in THA and LCA.

The stochastic network calculus receives much attention as a new methodology for end-to-end performance evaluation of networks, taking account of the effect of statistical multiplexing. In our previous paper, we proposed a new stochastic network calculus for many flows from an approach like large deviations techniques, and obtained asymptotic end-to-end evaluation formulas for output burstiness and backlog. However, we could not obtain the asymptotic evaluation formula for end-to-end delay in this framework.In this paper, we enhance the calculation in the previous paper. Concretely we enlarge the domain of the deconvolution operator. Then in addition to for the backlog and the output burstiness in tandem networks, for the delay VL(t) of L flows at time t, using min-plus algebra, we obtain a function of d > 0 by which lim supL → ∞L-1 log P(VL(t) > d) are bounded from above. We then discuss an application of the result to a tandem network with cross traffic and give a numerical result.

This paper is based on work done to establish the validity of a simple engineering approach to assess plastic collapse for a vessel with a local thin area (LTA). The approach is based on a recently developed p-M (internal pressure ratio and external bending moment ratio) diagram, which is an easy way to visualize the status of a vessel with a LTA simultaneously subjected to internal pressure, p and external bending moment, M due to earthquake, etc. If the assessment point (Mr,pr) lies inside the p-M line, the vessel with the LTA is judged to be safe. Numerous experiments and finite element analyses for a cylinder with an external flaw were conducted under (1) pure internal pressure, (2) pure external bending moment, and (3) subjected simultaneously to both internal pressure and external bending moment, in order to determine the plastic initiation load and plastic collapse load by applying the twice-elastic slope (TES) as recommended by ASME. It has been clarified that the collapse (TES) loads are similar to those calculated under the proposed p-M line based on the measured yield stress. The p-M line adopted in the Ibaraki fitness for service (FFS) rule based on the specified minimum yield stress with a safety factor of 1.5 indicates that the safety margin for the plastic initiation loads at LTA is about 1.0–3.0, about 1.5–4.0 for the TES loads at LTA, and 2.5–6.5 for the plastic instability (break) loads.

To identify the short-term outcome of patients who had seizures while watching an animated cartoon TV program, "Pocket Monster," on December 16, 1997.One and three years after the incident, questionnaires were sent to physicians of each patient about seizure recurrence, EEGs, and medication.Among 103 patients in whom epileptic seizures occurred during the TV program and information on the outcomes was available, 25 (24%) patients had a history of unprovoked seizures before the incident (Epilepsy Group), and 78 (76%) did not (Non-Epilepsy Group). Twenty-three (22%) patients were reported to have seizures after the incident, and 15 of them had visually induced seizures. Patients of the Epilepsy Group had more seizure recurrence than did those of the Non-Epilepsy Group (56% vs. 9%; p0.0001), either for unprovoked (44% vs. 4%; p0.0001) or visually induced seizures (28% vs. 9%; p0.05). Of nine patients of the Non-Epilepsy Group who had seizures after the incident, only three developed recurrent unprovoked seizures. In the Non-Epilepsy Group, no difference was found in seizure recurrence between patients in whom valproate (VPA) was prescribed immediately after the incident and in those without medication (one of five (20%) vs. seven of 73 (10%); p0.05). EEG was performed at least once in 98 patients after the incident. Photoparoxysmal response (PPR) was present in 45 (46%) patients, and spontaneous epileptiform discharges, in 49 (50%). PPR did not have any correlation with recurrence of seizures, neither spontaneous nor visually induced seizures, whereas spontaneous epileptiform discharges showed a good correlation with seizure recurrence (34% vs. 8%; p0.01), including visually induced seizures (24% vs. 2%; p0.01).Short-term outcomes showed that 70 (68%) of 103 patients who had a seizure during the incident had no seizures before and duringor = 3 years of follow-up.