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BACKGROUND No study has previously investigated insulin resistance in collegiate baseball players. The purposes of this study were to examine: 1) the insulin resistance; and 2) the usefulness of the adiponectin/leptin (A/L) ratio compared with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) for assessing insulin resistance in collegiate baseball players. METHODS Twenty collegiate baseball players with abdominal obesity (AO group) defined by a waist circumference (WC) ≥85 cm, 65 lean baseball players with a WC

BACKGROUND Spinal adhesive arachnoid pathology is a rare cause of myelopathy. Because of rarity and variability, mechanisms of myelopathy are unknown. The authors retrospectively analyzed patients to understand pathophysiology and provide implications for surgical treatment. OBSERVATIONS Nineteen consecutive patients were studied. Thirteen patients had a secondary pathology due to etiological disorders such as spinal surgery or hemorrhagic events. They received arachnoid lysis (4 patients), syringo-subarachnoid (S-S) shunt (8 patients) with or without lysis, or anterior decompression. Three of them developed motor deterioration after lysis, and 6 patients needed further 8 surgeries. Another 6 patients had idiopathic pathology showing dorsal arachnoid cyst formation at the thoracic level that was surgically resected. With mean follow-up of 44.3 months, only 4 patients with the secondary pathology showed improved neurological grade, whereas all patients with idiopathic pathology showed improvement. LESSONS The idiopathic pathology was the localized dorsal arachnoid adhesion that responded to surgical treatment. The secondary pathology produced disturbed venous circulation of the spinal cord by extensive adhesions. Lysis of the thickened fibrous membrane with preservation of thin arachnoid over the spinal veins may provide safe decompression. S-S shunt was effective if the syrinx extended to the level of normal subarachnoid space.

BACKGROUNDSecondary Chiari malformation can be caused by various disorders associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage at the spinal level. In this report, the authors describe a rare case of secondary Chiari malformation caused by excessive CSF absorption through the enlarged spinal arachnoid villi–like structure.OBSERVATIONSA 20-year-old woman presented with progressive severe headache and posterior neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging showed tonsillar herniation and decreased subarachnoid space around the spinal cord. A hypointense signal area was observed in the ventral spinal canal on a T2-weighted image. An axial image revealed multiple small, arachnoid cyst–like structures at the right T1 nerve root sleeve. Direct surgery revealed that the cyst-like structures were continuous with the arachnoid membrane and protruded into the abnormally large epidural venous sinus. The cyst-like structures were resected, and the dural sleeve was repaired using fascia. The patient showed good improvement of symptoms after surgery.LESSONSExcessive CSF absorption through the enlarged spinal arachnoid villi–like structure can cause secondary Chiari malformation. Neurosurgeons should be aware of this unusual mechanism of CSF leakage. Simple posterior fossa decompression will be ineffective or even harmful.

本研究の目的は､関連した文献から1)ｻｯｶｰ選手の血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に関する横断的研究を食事や栄養素等摂取量､肥満､喫煙､ｱﾙｺｰﾙ摂取量､月経周期､競技ﾎﾟｼﾞｼｮﾝなどの潜在的な交絡因子を含めて検討し､2)90分間のｻｯｶｰ競技の血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に対する急性効果､3)競技者やﾚｸﾘｴｰｼｮﾝとして行っている者の定期的なｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞが血清脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質に対する効果につい検討することである｡ｻｯｶｰ選手の血中脂質における最も一致した見解は､高比重ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ(HDL-C)が対照群よりも高値を示すことである｡血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質における90分間のｻｯｶｰの試合の急性効果に関する研究では､特に血漿量の変化を補正する必要がある｡定期的なｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞを行えば､異なる年齢層において総ｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ､ﾄﾘｸﾞﾘｾﾘﾄﾞ､低比重ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙ(LDL-C)を減少させ､HDL-C を増加させることができる｡訓練していない男女のﾚｸﾘｴｰｼｮﾝとしてのｻｯｶｰﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞにおける血中脂質への効果に関する最も一致した見解は､LDL-C および/または LDL-C/ HDL-C 比が低下することである｡ｻｯｶｰ選手における血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質の変化は､ﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質ﾘﾊﾟｰｾﾞ､ﾚｼﾁﾝ:ｺﾚｽﾃﾛｰﾙｱｼﾙﾄﾗﾝｽﾌｪﾗｰｾﾞおよび肝性ﾘﾊﾟｰｾﾞの活性ﾚﾍﾞﾙの変化によるものである可能性が考えられる｡ｻｯｶｰ選手における今後の研究は､血中脂質およびﾘﾎﾟﾀﾝﾊﾟｸ質が変化するﾒｶﾆｽﾞﾑに向けられる必要がある｡これらの研究では特に知見が不足している女性や青年､若年成人に焦点を当てるべきである｡, The purpose of this study was to review the related literature to examine: 1) cross-sectional studies on serum lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players in the context of the potentially confounding factors such as dietary and nutritional intakes, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, menstrual cycle, and playing positions in soccer, 2) acute effects of 90-min soccer match, and 3) effects of regular soccer training on lipid parameters in competitive and recreational soccer players. The most consistent observation regarding cross-sectional studies on lipid profile in soccer players is significantly higher high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than the controls. Research on the acute effects of 90-min of soccer match on the blood lipids and lipoproteins needs further attention, particularly it should correct plasma volume shifts. Participation in regular soccer training could decrease total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase HDL-C in soccer players of different age groups. The most consistent observation regarding effects of recreational soccer training on lipid profile in both untrained men and women is significantly lowered LDL-C and / or LDL-C / HDL-C ratio. The changes in lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players could be caused by changes in activity levels of lipoprotein lipase, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, and hepatic lipase. Future research investigating blood lipids and lipoproteins in soccer players should direct research towards the underlying mechanisms for changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins. These studies should, in particular, focus on women, adolescents and young adults since there is a paucity of information in the literature in this area.

Introduction: It is well-known that localized reversible high signal intensities in the splenium of the corpus callosum or the basal ganglia appear on diffusion-weighted MRI in the presence of hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to clarify the incidence and significance of such high signal intensity lesions. Results: We analyzed 70 cases of hypoglycemia with consciousness disturbance referred to our outpatient office. Localized reversible high signal intensities on diffusion-weighted MRI were noted in 6 cases (8.6%). They were at the splenium of the corpus callosum in four cases (5.7%), and right frontal cortex and bilateral frontal white matter in one each. Convulsions were noted in five cases, and right hemiparesis was noted in three. None of the three cases of hemiparesis showed localized reversible high signal intensities on diffusion-weighted MRI. These lesions are reversible if the patients undergo treatment without delay. Conclusion: The significance of these lesions is still unclear. However, when a high signal intensity lesion that is not reasonable for the symptom is detected on diffusion-weighted MRI, an immediate check of the blood sugar level is mandatory.

ｽﾎﾟｰﾂ選手の競技力向上に関して､食事管理が重要であることは認識されつつあるが､選手自身による食事管理は難しく栄養素等の過不足を起こしていることが多い｡選手自身による食事管理能力の修得と､実践的栄養教育に必要な内容の明確化を目的として､大学ﾊﾞﾚｰﾎﾞｰﾙ･空手道選手に栄養教育を伴う調理実習を行い､知識､技術､意識に関するｱﾝｹｰﾄ調査を行った｡結果は､5段階評価の｢そう思う､ややそう思う､どちらともいえない､あまりそう思わない､そう思わない｣を､順に｢5､4､3､2､1点｣として評価した｡その結果､評価平均値は空手群における知識面に関する1つの項目を除き､4を超えており高い評価が得られ､ｽﾎﾟｰﾂ選手自身による食事管理への寄与が示唆された｡, Dietary management is important for athletes in order to improve their performance. However, such management is difficult for them, and they often take nutrients in inappropriate amounts. We herein provided athletes with nutrition education involving cooking practice, with the aim of developing their skills for dietary management, and clarifying the contents needed for practical nutrition education. University volleyball players and karate practitioners received nutrition education, and were administered a questionnaire inquiring about their knowledge, skills, and awareness in order to determine the effects of the education. The question items were scored on a 5-point grading scale: the answers “I agree”, “I slightly agree”, “no applicable answer”, “I slightly disagree”, and “I disagree” equaled 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 point, respectively. For all question items, except for 1 knowledge-related item, karate practitioners showed an average of >4 points, suggesting the beneficial effects of nutrition education for athletes' dietary management.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the nutrient intake and body composition of elite Japanese karate practitioners. Methods: Four world champion karate practitioners volunteered as follows: a male kata (forms: pre-established sequences of defensive and offensive techniques and movements) (case 1), a male sparring (case 2), a female kata (case 3), and a female sparring (case 4). Percentage of body fat, fat mass and lean body mass were evaluated using a bioelectric impedance analyzer. Nutrient intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Results: In both male and female athletes, a lower percentage of body fat and higher body height, heavier weight, and lean body mass were found in the sparring practitioners than the kata athletes. None of the athletes took supplements. Each athlete’ diet was modified to increase or maintain Lean body mass. Because all athletes did not reach the recommended dietary allowances for certain vitamins and minerals, we recommended increasing intake levels of vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products in order to increase micronutrient intakes. Conclusion: The world karate champions representing Japan have a very low percentage of body fat, especially sparring athletes. The athletes became aware of the importance of a well-balanced diet.

Most published data on the physical and physiological profiles of karate athletes is based on studies of male athletes and data on female athletes is rare. The purposes of this study were: 1) to collect baseline data on nutrient intake in order to advise athletes regarding nutrition practices that may enhance performance, and 2) to compare nutrient intake of elite and collegiate karate athletes. Thirtyfive female black belt karate athletes volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into 2 groups: 20 athletes who were members of the national team (elite athletes) and 15 collegiate karate athletes (collegiate athletes). The elite athletes showed significantly higher mean lean body mass and significantly lower body fat and fat mass than the collegiate athletes. The elite athletes showed significantly higher energy intake and more nutrient intakes than the collegiate athletes. There were no significant differences in diet compositions between the elite and collegiate athletes. The elite athletes showed all micronutrient intakes were above 100% of the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or Adequate Intake (AIs), whereas the collegiate athletes showed micronutrient intakes below 100% of the EAR or AIs for potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, vitamins A and C. Thus, we advised collegiate athletes to consume adequate amounts of carbohydrates and protein. To attain these goals, it is desirable to increase the amount of meals by increasing the intake levels of grains, vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products, lean meat and fish.

本研究は大学女子ﾊﾞﾚｰﾎﾞｰﾙ部員33名を対象に栄養素等摂取状況および身体的特徴を調査することを目的とした｡ﾊﾞﾚｰ群の平均ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ摂取量は 1,708±425kcal､炭水化物平均摂取量は 3.9±1.3g/kg､たんぱく質平均摂取量は 0.9±0.2g/kg であった｡炭水化物およびたんぱく質摂取量は低く､ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰの摂取不足が推定された｡ﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝおよびﾐﾈﾗﾙでは､ﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝ B1､B2 を除いて､食事摂取基準の推定平均必要量を下回っていた｡また､本研究のﾊﾞﾚｰ群の平均体脂肪率は21.1±5.2%であった｡今後は除脂肪量の減少と体脂肪量の増加が起こらないように､対象者の身体状況の変化を確認しながら､栄養教育を行っていく必要があると思われる｡, The purpose of this study was to collect data on nutrient intakes and body characteristics of 33 female college volleyball players. The mean energy, carbohydrate(kg-1･day-1), and protein(kg-1･day-1)intakes were 1,708±425kcal, 3.9±1.3g･kg-1･day-1, and 0.9±0.2g･kg-1･day-1, respectively. It was suggested that the mean energy intake was inadequate, because the mean carbohydrate(kg-1･day-1)and protein(kg-1･day-1)intakes were low. The mean intakes of vitamins and minerals were lower than the estimated average requirement, except vitamin B1 and B2. The mean percentage of body fat was 21.1±5.2%. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to implement nutrition education as well as monitor changes in the players'body composition to prevent a decrease in free fat mass and an increase in fat mass.

本研究の目的は､ﾄｯﾌﾟﾚﾍﾞﾙの大学空手道選手を男女別に分類し､栄養素等摂取状況､身体的特徴について検討することである｡対象はN大学空手道部員22名(男子13名､女子9名)と習慣的な運動を有さない男女大学生27名(男子7名､女子20名)である｡空手群はｺﾝﾄﾛｰﾙ群に比較して､男女共に body mass index(BMI)と除脂肪量(LBM)が有意に高く､女子群は身長､体重､体脂肪量､腹囲も有意に高かった｡適正量に対する栄養素等摂取量の割合は､女子群がﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝ B1､B2 を除いて適正量を満たしておらず､男子群においてはどの項目も満たしていなかった｡肉類以外のたんぱく質源(豆類､魚介類､卵類)は､それぞれの目標量を50%も満たしておらず､たんぱく質源の摂取に偏りがみられた｡, The aim of this study was to examine the nutrient intake and anthropometric characteristics of top-class university karate athletes by gender. The study involved 22 karate athletes(13 men and 9 women)who participated in N university student karate club and 27 university students(7 men and 20 women)without exercise habits. Both men and women in the karate group had a significantly higher body mass index(BMI)and lean body mass(LBM)than those in the control group, and the female athletes had a significantly greater height, body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference than their counterparts. When examined as a percentage of the dietary reference intake(DRI), nutrient intake of the female athletes did not meet the DRIs for all nutrients except for vitamins B1 and B2, while the male athletes failed to achieve the DRIs for all nutrients. These athletes had less than 50% of the target intake of non-meat protein sources(beans, fish/seafood, and eggs), indicating an unbalanced intake of different sources of protein.

本研究の目的は､全日本空手道連盟ﾅｼｮﾅﾙﾁｰﾑ所属選手の合宿中の栄養素等摂取状況について検討することである｡対象は合宿に参加した選手45名である｡被検者を男子組手群20名と形群7名､女子組手群11名と形群7名の4群に分けた｡4群の PFC 比(P:たんぱく質､F:脂質､C:炭水化物に対するｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ比率)の範囲は､たんぱく質ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ比が11.9±1.3～13.2±1.1%､脂質ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ比が28.5±4.8～29.3±3.3%､炭水化物ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ比が56.6±3.3～58.8±4.3%であった｡炭水化物とたんぱく質の平均摂取量は､推奨されている値と比較すると適切であった｡ﾋﾞﾀﾐﾝとﾐﾈﾗﾙの摂取量を増加させるために我々は､乳･乳製品､緑黄色野菜､淡色野菜の摂取を増加させることを勧めた｡, The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data on nutrient intake of elite Japanese karate players during training camp. The subjects were 27 men and 18 women who were members of the national team in Japan. They were divided into 4 groups:20 men's sparring(M-Spar Group), 7 men's kata(M-Kata Group), 11 women's sparring(W-Spar Group), 7 women's kata(W-Kata Group). The percentage of energy from protein ranged from 11.9±1.3～13.2±1.1%, 28.5±4.8～29.3±3.3% from fat, 56.6±3.3～58.8±4.3% from carbohydrates. The mean carbohydrate and protein intakes were adequate in comparison with the respective recommended targets. To increase mineral and vitamin intakes, we recommended athletes to increase consumptions of milk and dairy products, green and other vegetables.

Much of the published data on the lipid profiles of athletes are based on studies of endurance athletes. Data on female volleyball players are rare. The purpose of this study was thus to examine serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subfractions in collegiate female volleyball players. Twenty-six female collegiate volleyball players were compared with 26 age- and body mass index-matched control subjects. Dietary information was obtained with a food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were all nonsmokers and were not taking any drug known to affect lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The volleyball players showed significantly higher mean HDL2-C than the control group. There were no significant differences in HDL-C and HDL3-C between the 2 groups. The results indicate that favorable lipid and lipoprotein profiles could be obtained by vigorous volleyball training and significantly higher HDL2-C could be obtained without observing significant differences in HDL-C and HDL3-C.

Many of the published data on the lipid profile of athletes is based on studies of endurance athletes. The data on soccer players are rare. The purpose of this study was to examine serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in collegiate soccer players. 31 well-trained male collegiate soccer players were divided into 2 groups: 16 defenders and 15 offenders. They were compared with 16 sedentary controls. Dietary information was obtained with a food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were all non-smokers and were not taking any drug known to affect the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. The offenders had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I than the defenders and controls, whereas the defenders had the significantly higher high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol than the controls. Both groups of athletes had significantly higher lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity than the controls. The results indicate that favorable lipid and lipoprotein profile could be obtained by vigorous soccer training.

本稿は空手道選手の身体的特徴､空手道練習中の生理学的反応､ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ消費量､METs､そして空手道の運動効果について検討した｡空手道の競技選手は有酸素能力では無酸素性作業能の範囲内であった｡平均体脂肪率は､非活動的な対照者よりも低く､除脂肪体重が高かった｡空手道のﾄﾚｰﾆﾝｸﾞ強度は中程度であったが､70分間の練習中の平均ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ消費量と METs は､男性が 563kcal と 7.9METs､女性が 268kcal と 5.2METs であった｡10週間の30分間の空手道基本練習は､非活動的な女子大生の最大酸素摂取量を増加させることができる｡ほとんどの空手道の研究は成人を対象としているので､これからの研究は子供を対象として､空手道練習の効果について検討する必要がある｡, This study reviews physical characteristics, physiologic responses during karate exercises, energy expenditure and METs of karate exercises, and effects of karate exercises. Competitive karate practitioners are within the range of non-endurance athletes in aerobic capacity. Their mean percentage of body fat was lower and lean body mass was higher relative to the sedentary controls. Although the training intensity of karate exercises was moderate, the mean energy expenditure and METs for the 70-min practice was 563kcal and 7.9METs for men and 268kcal and 5.2METs for women. The chronic effects of practicing 30min of basic karate exercises for 10 weeks can increase maximal oxygen uptake in sedentary collegiate women. Because most karate studies have used adult practitioners, future studies need to investigate chronic effects of various karate exercises in children.

高校男子サッカー部員４６名を対象として、栄養素等摂取状況および身体的特徴を調査した。対象者４６名のヘモグロビン値を暫定基準値と比較した結果、「要注意（１２．０～１２．９g／dl）」「要受診（１１．９g／dl以下）」と判定される対象者がそれぞれ５名（約１０．９％）、６名（約１３．０％）いた。また、脂質以外の栄養素等摂取量は日本人の食事摂取基準２００５年版を参考に設定した摂取目標量以下であった。食品群別摂取量をみると、肉類以外の摂取量は目標量以下であった。本研究の結果より、バランスのとれた摂取を促し、全ての栄養素を最適な量で供給するため、対象者とその保護者への栄養教育の重要性が示唆された。, Nutrient intakes and body characteristics of 46 male high school soccer players were examined. In comparison with the conditional standard values in hemoglobin (Hb), 5 (about10.9%) and 6 (about13.0%) subjects were judged “warning (Hb12.0～12.9g/dl)" and “need to be diagnosed (Hb

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of practicing 30 min of basic karate exercises (BKEs) for 10 weeks on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in sedentary collegiate women who had no previous karate experience. The secondary purpose of this study was to investigate physiological responses and intensities of BKEs to examine the intensity of exercise. Nine women practiced 30 min of BKEs, 4 days·week-1, for 10 weeks. The six other women acted as controls. The 30 min of BKEs consisted of 9 min of stationary basics in a parallel stance (S-Basics I), 12 min of stationary basics in a front stance (S-Basics II), and 9 min of movement basics in the front stance (M-Basics). For S-Basics I, the mean percent of maximum VO2 reserve (%VO2R) was much lower than the accepted threshold, while the mean percent of maximum heart rate reserve (%HRR) was slightly lower than the accepted threshold for increasing VO2max, i.e., 40% of VO2R or HRR. For S-Basics II, the mean %VO2R was marginal, while the mean %HRR was above the accepted threshold for increasing VO2max. The mean %VO2R and %HRR for M-Basics were above the threshold for increasing VO2max. VO2max in both l·min-1 and ml·kg-1·min-1 in the experimental group significantly increased at the end of the 10 weeks of training (from 1.80±0.30 to 2.00±0.34 l·min-1 and 32.3±4.1 to 36.0±4.4 ml·kg-1·min-1, respectively), while neither value changed significantly in the control group. In conclusion, 30 min of BKEs can reach the minimal threshold level to increase cardiovascular fitness and can improve cardiovascular fitness in sedentary women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) level in 55 collegiate women. In univariate analyses, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, maximal oxygen uptake ( u VO2max) in L · min −1 ,a nd IGFBP-3 level were significantly positively correlated, while serum calcium (Ca) level was significantly negatively correlated with lumbar BMD. Multiple regression analysis was performed with lumbar BMD as a dependent variable and body weight, BMI, waist circumference, u VO2max in L · min −1 ,a nd serum level so f IGFBP-3 and Ca as independent variables. Lumbar BMD was significantly positively correlated with body weight, u VO2max in L · min −1 ,a nd IGFBP-3 level, while negatively correlated with serum Ca level. The subjects were divided into 3 groups in accordance with IGFBP-3 level .A fter adjusting for body weight, u VO2max in L · min −1 ,a nd serum Ca level in the analysis of covariance, the group with the highest IGFBP-3 had significantly higher lumbar BMD than the lowest group. The results indicate that the known association of IGFBP-3 with lumbar BMD in older adults is already apparent in young women.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of cigarette smoking (CS) on fasting blood insulin, homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA-R index), glucose and lipids in Japanese collegiate women. Twenty-six smokers were individually matched for physical activity scores, age, and body mass index with 26 nonsmokers. Information on smoking, physical activity habits, and diet record were collected. Blood samples were taken and analyzed to evaluate their associations with CS. The results showed significantly higher mean serum insulin, HOMA-R index, and glucose while lower mean high-density lipoprotein two cholesterol (HDL2-C) in smokers as compared with nonsmokers. The mean nutrient intakes showed no significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers. In conclusion, it appears thatCS is associatedwith insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose and lower HDL2-C in young Japanese female smokers. This may partly explain the deleterious effects of smoking on coronary heart disease risk.

喫煙習慣を有さない18～ 22歳の女子学生36名を対象とし，バレーボールを行っている学生（バレー群）13名，テニスを行っている学生（テニス群）11名，特に運動を行っていない学生（対照群）12名の腰椎骨密度を検討した。 腰椎骨密度はバレー群が他の2群と比較して有意な高値を示し，テニス群と対照群では有意差はみられなかった。ビタミンKのみテニス群が対照群と比較して有意な高値を示したが，それ以外の栄養素と食品群は，すべての群で有意差はみられなかった。 本研究では，骨への衝撃が強いバレーボールを行うことは，同様にテニスを行うよりも腰椎骨密度を増加させ，骨粗鬆症の予防に寄与する可能性が示唆された。

血液透析（HD）患者38名と腹膜透析（PD）患者18名を対象に，栄養素等摂取状況と身体的特徴を調査し，日本腎臓学会の「慢性腎臓病に対する食事療法基準2007年版」と比較した．Body mass index（BMI）の平均は，HD患者19.8±3.2kg/m2，PD患者20.8±2.7kg/m2であり，ガイドライン策定の基準である22を下回っていた．また，ガイドラインに比較すると，平均エネルギー摂取量は，HD男性患者のみ下限値に近い値であったものの，HD女性患者，およびPD患者においてはガイドラインの27～39kcal/kgの範囲内であった．たんぱく質摂取量はHD女性患者においては範囲内であったが，他の群では下回っていた．リンの摂取割合はHD女性患者は高かったが，他の群では基準値内であった．PD男性患者を除きガイドライン策定の基礎となっているBMI＝22を下回っていた．本研究では，標準体重との差が大きな患者が存在していた．したがって，このような患者にはガイドラインにも示されているように，患者の体重変化を観察しながら，適正量となっているかを経時的に評価しつつ調整を加えることが有益であると考えられた．

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) using body weight as resistance on calcaneal bone status in sedentary collegiate women. Methods: The subjects were 24 healthy sedentary collegiate women and were randomly divided into 2 groups: 12 in the HICT group and 12 in the control group. The HICT group performed 14-min HICT, 2 d•wk-1 for 10 weeks. Quantitative ultrasound measurements of the right calcaneus were performed to measure speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and stiffness index (SI).Nutrient intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Results: After the training period, the HICT group showed significantly lower body weight, fat mass and %Fat, whereas there were no significant changes in the control group. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in energy or nutrient intake before or after the training period. After the training period, the HICT group exhibited significant increases of SOS and SI, whereas the controls did not show any significant changes. Conclusion: Performing 14-min of HICT, 2 d•wk-1, for 10 weeks has positive effects on calcaneal bone status.

Karate is one of the most popular martial arts practiced both inside and outside of Japan. Traditional karate training consists of the practice of basic techniques, kata and sparring. The basic techniques such as punching, kicking, blocking and striking are practiced either in the stationary position or with body movements in various formal stances. Kata are set forms in a pre-established sequence of defensive and offensive techniques and movements. Sparring is the execution of defensive and offensive techniques while one is freely moving against an opponent. In addition to the traditional karate training, many competitive practitioners cross train by undertaking strenuous running and weight training programs to increase endurance, muscle development and power.

Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a well-known disease that is predominantly recognized in elderly people and repeatedly causes large subcortical hemorrhages. These hemorrhages may be derived from vessel wall weakness because of Aβ depositions in the wall of the cortical and leptomeningeal arteries. Although vessel ruptures in CAA have been thought to occur in cortical arteries, it was recently demonstrated that the primary hemorrhage occurs in the subarachnoid space, particularly the cerebral sulci, as a result of multiple ruptures of meningeal arteries in some cases of subcortical hematoma caused by CAA. Case Description Case patient 1 was a 74-year-old woman who presented with epileptic seizure. A restricted SAH in the right frontal lobe was observed on MRI. Thirty-three days later, left hemiparesis occurred suddenly and a huge subcortical hematoma was observed in the right frontal lobe on CT. The hematoma was removed, and the patient was pathologically diagnosed with amyloid angiopathy. Case patient 2 was a 73-year-old man who presented with epileptic seizure. A restricted SAH in the right frontal lobe was observed on MRI. Twenty days later, left hemiparesis occurred suddenly and a huge subcortical hematoma was observed in the right frontoparietal area on CT. Hematoma removal was performed on both patients, and they were diagnosed pathologically with amyloid angiopathy. Conclusions We report on the cases of 2 patients with CAA who presented with epileptic seizure and were found to have a restricted subarachnoid hematoma in the cerebral sulcus on MRI before their subcortical hemorrhages occurred. Both cases were diagnosed pathologically. This demonstrated that vessel ruptures in CAA can occur in the subarachnoid space, particularly the cerebral sulci, as a result of ruptures of meningeal arteries. A restricted SAH on CT/MRI could be a warning sign of a huge subcortical hemorrhage in CAA.

本研究の目的は, 運動後心拍数 (HR) を用いた運動中HRの推定法について検討することである。被検者は運動習慣のない12人の女子大学生である。HRは最大酸素摂取量の40, 50, 60, 70%強度での運動中と運動後に記録した。運動中HRの推定法は (1) 6秒×10法, (2) 10秒×6法, (3) 15秒×4法, (4) 15秒×4+10法 (15秒+10法) の4つの方法を用いた。その結果, 15秒+10法で推定した値が4つの方法の中で実測HRに最も近い値を示した。

本研究の目的は, 最大酸素摂取量の推定法に関して調査することである。本研究の被験者は運動習慣のない女子大学生である。被験者には自転車エルゴメーターを用いて漸増運動負荷試験を行った。そのときの呼気ガスはガス分析器を用いて分析した (M-VO2max) 。また, 別の日に同じ被験者対して自転車エルゴメーターを用いて最大下漸増運動負荷試験を行った。このときの最大酸素摂取量 (VO2max) は, ML-1400システムによって推定した (E-VO2max) 。その結果, E-VO2maxはM-VO2maxよりも約10%低値を示した。また, E-VO2maxとM-VO2maxは有意な正の相関関係を示した (r=0.547) 。これらの結果から, ML-1400シリーズは運動習慣のない大人数の被験者を対象にした場合のVO2maxの推定には適しているのではないかと考えられた。

The iron and vitamin intake, blood iron level and vitamin status in 14 female high school rhythmic gymnasts were investigated. Four subjects (anemia group) were classified into three blood iron levels: 2 subjects had prepotential iron deficiency, one had potential iron deficiency and one had iron deficiency anemia. Two subjects in the anemia group were on a special diet, so that the anemia group showed a significantly lower energy intake (kcal/body weight) than that of the normal group (n=10). Ferritin was significantly correlated with the energy intake and iron level from cereals.The blood iron status of the anemia group was poor due to the low energy and iron intakes, although the vitamin B1 and B2 intakes in all subjects were higher than the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), while the blood vitamin B1 and B2 status of all subjects was adequate.

BACKGROUND The size of the spinal canal is a factor that contributes to the neurologic deficits associated with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). METHODS Bone-window computed tomography (CT) examinations of the cervical spine in 64 patients with cervical OPLL were reviewed. Forty-two patients underwent surgical treatment (anterior decompression: 16 patients, posterior decompression: 26 patients). The remaining 22 patients were managed conservatively. Selection of the surgical approach, anterior or posterior, was based on the longitudinal extent of cord compression. RESULTS The mean developmental size of the spinal canal in the posterior decompression group (10.7 mm at C4) was significantly smaller than the other 2 groups. The spinal canal was narrowed by OPLL to 2.9 to 10.0 mm. The proportion of the patients showing motor deficits of the lower extremities significantly increased when the sagittal canal diameter was narrowed to less than 8 mm. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates critical values of CT-determined spinal canal stenosis. Developmental size of the spinal canal and the residual anterior-posterior canal diameters resulting from OPLL spinal cord compression are important factors influencing clinical management and the neurologic state.

飲酒・喫煙習慣を有さない女子学生149名を対象として, 肥満判定の各指標と冠動脈心疾患 (CHD) 危険因子および栄養諸量との関係について検討した。肥満判定の指標は体重, ウエスト, ヒップ, ウエスト・ヒップ比 (W/H) , ウエスト・身長比 (W/Height) , body mass index (BMI) , 体脂肪率とし, CHD危険因子は, 血清総コレステロール (TC) , 中性脂肪, 高比重リボ蛋白コレステロール (HDL-C) , β-リボ蛋白 (β-L) , TC/HDL-C, 収縮期・拡張期血圧 (SBPとDBP) とした。重回帰分析の結果, ウエストとW/Heightは, HDL-C, β-L, TC/HDLC, SBP, DBPの5項目と有意な関係を示した。体重は2項目と, ヒップとW/H, BMIは3項目と, 体脂肪率は4項目と有意な関係を示した。またウエスト, W/Heightにおいて栄養諸量との関係はウエストのほうが多くの項目と関係がみられた。以上の結果から, 肥満判定の各指標の中でもウエストとW/Heightはより多くのCHD危険因子と関係があることが示唆された。

Objective Patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) sometimes present with acute spinal cord injury caused by only minor trauma. In the present study, we reviewed our experience of acute cervical cord injury associated with OPLL to understand the pathomechanisms and to provide clinical information for management of this disorder. Methods Twenty-eight patients were retrospectively analyzed. There were 26 men and 2 women, aged 45 to 78 years (mean, 63.0 yr). Most patients experienced incomplete spinal cord injury (Frankel Grade A, 3; B, 1; C, 15; and D, 9). Results Radiological studies revealed continuous- or mixed-type OPLL in 14 patients and segmental-type OPLL in 14 patients. The sagittal diameter of the spinal canal was reduced to 4.1 to 10 mm at the narrowest level as a result of OPLL. Developmental size of the spinal canal was significantly smaller in the group with segmental OPLL. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed that spinal cord injury occurred predominantly at the caudal edge of continuous-type OPLL or at the disc levels. Surgery was performed in 24 patients either by posterior (18 patients) or anterior (6 patients) decompression at various time intervals after the trauma. Twenty patients (71%) displayed improvement in Frankel grade. Conclusion The present study demonstrates the preexisting factors and pathomechanisms of acute spinal cord injury associated with cervical OPLL. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful to understand the level and mechanism of injury. Further investigation will be needed to elucidate the role of surgical decompression.

Much of the published data on the relationship of cigarette smoking (CS) with serum lipids and lipoproteins is based on studies of middle-aged individuals. Data on young women are scarce. This study examined the relationship of CS with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subfractions and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in Japanese collegiate women. Twenty-three current smokers were individually matched for physical activity scores, age, and body mass index (BMI) with 23 nonsmokers. There were no significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the mean nutrient intakes. Smokers had significantly lower mean HDL-C, HDL2-C, total cholesterol, and LCAT activity than nonsmokers. In univariate analyses, BMI significantly negatively correlated with HDL-C and HDL2-C. LCAT activity significantly positively correlated with HDL3-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). In multiple regression analyses, the number of CS was positively related to TG. BMI was negatively related to TC. LCAT activity was positively related to LDL-C, TC, and TG. These results suggest that the known associations in older adults of CS with HDL-C subfractions and LCAT activity are already apparent in young women.

Nutrient intake of 29 male (M Group) and 16 female (F Group) highly competitive collegiate karate players were compared. The results were also compared with the daily energy expenditure (DEE), Japanese recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) or adequate dietary intakes (ADIs). Dietary information was collected using a 3-weekday diet record. Although the M Group showed significantly higher mean %RDAs or %ADIs in iron, vitamin B1, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium than the F Group, many of the mean %RDAs or %ADIs were below RDAs or ADIs in both groups. The subjects who skipped meals tended to show lower mean %DEE, Japanese %RDAs or %ADIs in minerals and vitamins than the subjects who did not skip in both M and F Groups. The consumption of green and other vegetables and milk and dairy products in both M and F Groups were low. It is concluded that the male and female highly competitive karate players studied in the present study may be at risk of sub-optimal nutrient intake, which increases the potential for nutrient deficiency. The subjects were advised not to skip meals, and to consume a balanced high-carbohydrate, moderate-protein, low-fat diet with increasing green and other vegetables and milk and dairy products to increase mineral, vitamin and dietary fiber intakes.

本研究は, 対象を飲酒・喫煙習慣を有さない群 (A群) , 飲酒習慣を有さず, 喫煙習慣を有する群 (B群) , 飲酒習慣を有し, 喫煙習慣を有さない群 (C群) , 飲酒・喫煙習慣を有する群 (D群) に分け, 血清脂質と血圧に影響を及ぼすと考えられる因子を共分散分析を用いて補正し, 男女間で比較することを目的とした。その結果, 女性は男性に比べA群ではTC, HDL-C, LDL-Cが有意に高く, TG, TC/HDL-C, SBP, DBPが有意な低値を示した。B群では, TC, HDL-Cが有意に高く, TG, TC/HDL-C, SBP, DBPが有意な低値を示した。C, D群では, HDL-Cが有意に高く, TG, TC/HDL-C, SBP, DBPが有意な低値を示した。以上の結果から, 女性の方が男性よりも血清脂質と血圧が良好に保たれているが, 喫煙習慣, あるいは飲酒習慣, あるいは両方の習慣を有する群では, その差が小さくなることが示唆された。

From a single fast atom bombardment mass spectrum, the optical purity (enantiomeric excess: ee ) of chiral organic primary and secondary amine salts (guests) such as tryptophan 2-propyl ester hydrochloride and proline 2-propyl ester hydrochloride was easily determined with a high accuracy using both the deuterium-labeled/unlabeled enantiomeric host pair (DD-Gal2deg and LL-Gal2deg-d 24 ) and the corresponding deuterium-labeled internal standard guest (for example, the S -amino acid ester-d m salt).