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This study aimed to clarify the structure of effective shot combinations for the ground stroke in tennis that can be practically applied to improve individual tactics by drawing on the wisdom of elite tennis players. The interview questions considered the following 3 concepts: shot combinations, tips on shot movements, the perspective of gauging shots that are advantageous in a rally, and consciousness when moving. The survey method employed a semi-structured interview format. The first author conducted the interviews and analyzed and interpreted the content of the responses; the co-authors performed triangulation to increase the objectivity of the interpreted analysis results. The results obtained were as follows: 1)Outstanding tennis players were divided according to 2 types of behavioral strategy for ground stroke shot combinations: in one strategy the player acted according to the opponent, and in the other the opposite situation applied. 2)A determining factor for gaining advantage during a rally (i.e., an aggressive stroke or a defensive stroke) was the approach toward the ball in the preparation phase of the ground stroke. 3)The course of the ground stroke (straight or cross) was shown to change if the ball was approached and hit in a way that was applicable for either course.

Background Oxidative stress (OS) may be a key mechanism underlying the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) in experimental studies, but data in humans remain limited. Objective Systemic OS can be estimated by measurements of circulating levels of the aminothiols including glutathione, cysteine, and their oxidized products. We tested the hypothesis that the redox potentials of glutathione (E h GSH) and cysteine will be associated with prevalent and incident AF. Methods Plasma levels of aminothiols were measured in 1439 patients undergoing coronary angiography, of whom 148 (10.3%) had a diagnosis of AF. After a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 104 of 917 patients (11.5%) developed incident AF. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression models were used to determine whether OS markers were independent predictors of prevalent and incident AF after adjustment for traditional risk factors, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level. Results For each 10% increase in E h GSH, the odds of prevalent AF was 30% higher (odds ratio [OR] 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.7; P = .02) and 90% higher (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.7; P = .004) when the median was used as a cutoff. The E h GSH level above the median was more predictive of chronic AF (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.3–12.9; P = .01) than of paroxysmal AF (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1–2.7; P = .03). Each 10% increase in E h GSH level was associated with a 40% increase in the risk of incident AF (hazard ratio 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.7; P = .01). Conclusion Increased OS measured by the redox potentials of glutathione is associated with prevalent and incident AF. Therapies that modulate OS need to be investigated to treat and prevent AF.

Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a marker of immune activation associated with atherosclerosis. Whether suPAR levels are associated with prevalent peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its adverse outcomes remains unknown and is the aim of the study.SuPAR levels were measured in 5810 patients (mean age 63 years, 63% male, 77% with obstructive coronary artery disease [CAD]) undergoing cardiac catheterization. The presence of PAD (n = 967, 17%) was classified as carotid (36%), lower/upper extremities (30%), aortic (15%) and multisite disease (19%). Multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were used to determine independent predictors of prevalent PAD and outcomes including all-cause death, cardiovascular death and PAD-related events after adjustment for age, gender, race, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, renal function, heart failure history, and obstructive CAD.Plasma suPAR levels were 22.5% (p 0.001) higher in patients with PAD compared to those without PAD. Plasma suPAR was higher in patients with more extensive PAD (≥2 compared to single site) p 0.001. After multivariable adjustment, suPAR was associated with prevalent PAD; odds ratio (OR) for highest compared to lowest tertile of 2.0, 95% CI (1.6-2.5) p 0.001. In Cox survival analyses adjusted for clinical characteristics and medication regimen, suPAR (in the highest vs. lowest tertile) remained an independent predictor of all-cause death [HR 3.1, 95% CI (1.9-5.3)], cardiovascular death [HR 3.5, 95% CI (1.8-7.0)] and PAD-related events [HR = 1.8, 95% CI (1.3-2.6) p 0.001 for all].Plasma suPAR level is predictive of prevalent PAD and of incident cardiovascular and PAD-related events. Whether SuPAR measurement can help screen, risk stratify, or monitor therapeutic responses in PAD requires further investigation.

Introduction Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) strongly predicts outcomes and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether the association between suPAR and CKD is a reflection of its overall association with chronic inflammation and poor CVD outcomes is unclear. We examined whether CVD biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrin-degradation products (FDPs), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70), and high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) were associated with a decline in kidney function in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank cohort, in which suPAR levels were shown to be predictive of both incident CKD and CVD outcomes. Methods We measured suPAR, hs-CRP, HSP-70, FDP, and hs-TnI plasma levels in 3282 adults (mean age 63 years, 64% male, 75% estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] >60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ). Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology Collaboration (eGFR) at enrollment (n = 3282) and follow-up (n = 2672; median 3.5 years). Urine protein by dipstick at baseline was available for 1335 subjects. Results There was a weak correlation among biomarkers (r range: 0.17−0.28). hs-CRP, FDPs, hs-TnI, and suPAR were independently associated with baseline eGFR and proteinuria. The median yearly decline in eGFR was −0.6 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . hs-CRP (β: −0.04; P = 0.46), FDPs (β: −0.13; P = 0.08), HSP-70 (β: 0.05; P = 0.84), or hs-TnI (β: −0.01; P = 0.76) were associated with eGFR decline. suPAR remained predictive of eGFR decline even after adjusting for all biomarkers. Discussion hs-CRP, FDP, HSP-70, and hs-TnI were not associated with eGFR decline. The specific association of suPAR with eGFR decline supported its involvement in pathways specific to the pathogenesis of kidney disease.

American-style football (ASF) participation rates in the United States are highest among high school (HS) athletes. This study sought to compare the cardiovascular response to HS versus collegiate ASF participation.The ASF participants (HS, n = 61; collegiate, n = 87) were studied at preseason and postseason time points with echocardiography and applanation tonometry. Primary outcome variables included: left ventricular (LV) mass index, LV diastolic function (early relaxation velocity [E']), and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity [PWV]).High school (17.1 ± 0.4 yr) and collegiate ASF participants (18 ± 0.4 yr) experienced similar LV hypertrophy (ΔLV mass HS = 10.5 ± 10 vs collegiate = 11.2 ± 13.6 g·m, P = 0.97). Among HS participants, increases in LV mass were associated with stable diastolic tissue velocities (ΔE' = -0.3 ± 2.9 cm·s, P = 0.40) and vascular function (ΔPWV = -0.1 ± 0.6 m·s, P = 0.13). In contrast, collegiate participants demonstrated a higher burden of concentric LV hypertrophy (21/87, 24% vs 7/61, 11%, P = 0.026) with concomitant reductions in diastolic tissue velocities (ΔE': -2.0 ± 2.7 cm·s, P0.001) and increased arterial stiffness (ΔPWV: Δ0.2 ± 0.6 m·s, P = 0.003), changes that were influenced by linemen who had the highest post-season weight (124 ± 10 kg) and systolic blood pressure ([SBP], 138.8 ± 11 mm Hg). In multivariable analyses adjusting for age and ethnicity, body mass was an independent predictor of post-season PWV (β estimate = 0.01, P = 0.04) and E' (β estimate = -0.04, P = 0.05), whereas SBP was an independent predictor of postseason LV mass index (β estimate = 0.18, P = 0.01) and PWV (β estimate = 0.01, P = 0.007).The transition from HS to college represents an important physiologic temporal data point after which differential ASF cardiovascular phenotypes manifest. Future work aimed to clarify underlying mechanisms, and the long-term clinical implications of these findings is warranted.

Background Endogenous regenerative capacity, assessed as circulating progenitor cell (PC) numbers, is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, their predictive role in heart failure (HF) remains controversial. We assessed the relationship between the number of circulating PCs and the pathogenesis and severity of HF and their impact on incident HF events. Methods and Results We recruited 2049 adults of which 651 had HF diagnosis. PCs were enumerated by flow cytometry as CD45med + blood mononuclear cells expressing CD34, CD133, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 epitopes. PC subsets were lower in number in HF and after adjustment for clinical characteristics in multivariable analyses, a low CD34 + and CD34 + /CXCR + cell count remained independently associated with a diagnosis of HF ( P + , CD34 + /CD133 + , and CD34 + /CXCR4 + ) were independent predictors of all-cause death (hazard ratio 2.0, 1.6, 1.6-fold higher mortality, respectively; P + /VEGF + ) were independent predictors of mortality in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction only (hazard ratio, 5.0; P =0.001). Conclusions PC levels are lower in patients with HF, and lower PC counts are strongly and independently predictive of mortality. Strategies to increase PCs and exogenous stem cell therapies designed to improve regenerative capacity in HF, especially, in HF with preserved ejection fraction, need to be further explored.

This study sought to determine the cardiovascular physiologic correlates of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in American-style football (ASF) participants using echocardiography, vascular applanation tonometry, and peripheral arterial tonometry. Forty collegiate ASF participants were analyzed at pre- and postseason time points with echocardiography and vascular applanation tonometry. WatchPAT (inclusive of peripheral arterial tonometry) used to assess for SDB was then performed at the postseason time point. Twenty-two of 40 (55%) ASF participants demonstrated SDB with an apnea-hypopnea index (pAHI) ≥5. ASF participants with SDB were larger (109 ± 20 vs 92 ± 14 kg, p = 0.004) and more likely linemen position players (83% vs 50%, p = 0.03). Compared with those without SDB, ASF participants with SDB demonstrated relative impairments in left ventricular diastolic and vascular function as reflected by lower lateral e' (14 ± 3 vs 17 ± 3 cm/s, p = 0.007) and septal e' (11 ± 2 vs 13 ± 2 cm/s, p = 0.009) tissue velocities and higher pulse wave velocity (5.4 ± 0.9 vs 4.8 ± 0.5 m/s, p = 0.02). In the total cohort, there were significant positive correlations between pAHI and pulse wave velocity (r = 0.42, p = 0.008) and inverse correlations between pAHI and the averaged e' tissue velocities (r = -0.42, p = 0.01). In conclusion, SDB is highly prevalent in youthful collegiate ASF participants and associated with relative impairments in cardiac and vascular function. Targeted efforts to identify youthful populations with SDB, including ASF participants, and implement SDB treatment algorithms, represent important future clinical directives.

Objective Exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction and corollary biomarker release have been documented following long-distance running events. To what degree these processes occur during shorter distance running events is unknown. Methods 72 healthy recreational runners (54% male/46% female) recruited by age (group 1 (18–20 years old, N=19); group 2 (45–50 years old, N=27); group 3 (70–75 years old, N=26)) were studied with echocardiography and biochemical profiling during participation in a 10 km running race. Results Despite age-dependent baseline differences in ventricular size and diastolic tissue velocities, there were no significant within group or across group decrements in ventricular systolic or diastolic function following race completion. Postrace increases in cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were common and demonstrated distinct age dependent profiles. Specifically, BNP increases were most pronounced among older runners (group 3Δ: 16±22 pg/mL, p=0.001), hs-CRP increased only among younger runners (group 1Δ: 1.5±2.7 mg/L, p=0.03) and cTnI increased in both younger (group 1Δ: 0.01±0.02 ng/mL, p=0.028) and older (group 3Δ: 0.01±0.01 ng/mL, p=0.007) runners, but not middle aged runners (group 2Δ: 0.00±0.00 ng/mL, p=0.57). Conclusions Moderate distance recreational running leads to distinct age-dependent biomarker release but is not associated with cardiac fatigue, a proposed stimulus for pathologic cardiac remodelling that has been observed following longer distance running events.

The purpose of this study was to understand the process of how applicable technique and skills develop regarding individual tactics in prominent ball game players. To this end， a handball player who had excelled at the international level was interviewed regarding their shooting techniques. A qualitative analysis was used to identify the following points. 1） Applicable technique and skills of the interviewee developed in several stages， including the encounter， the understanding， the loss， and the acquisition of skills. 2） The technique is understood instantaneously， rather than incrementally， by chance upon receiving the sports tip in the encounter stage. 3） Various techniques are understood by physically performing a technical element as well as perceiving and acknowledging the individual tactics. 4） Once the technique is embodied completely， no thought is given to performing the individual tactics involved. 5） The acquisition of the technique indicates that one has reached the stage at which individual tactics can be performed subconsciously.

This study seeks to illuminate the state of leadership violence in high school sports clubs and the athlete perceptions of such violence. A total of 226 female college students who engaged in sports club activities in high school responded to our survey. The study found the following： （1） 28.8% of the respondents experienced leadership violence. Many of those who experienced violence belonged to ball game clubs. （2） The competence of athletes who experienced violence was higher than those who did not experience violence. （3） The frequency of violence was higher for athletes who had more opportunities to compete in games. （4） Much of the violence took the form of slapping. One of the most commonly cited reasons was not reaching expectations. （5） Athletes had a tendency to think that although leadership violence was frustrating，it could not be helped because such violence was a result of their own failures. Accordingly，participants tended to be grateful toward leaders for inflicting violence because they felt that such actions helped them grow both mentally and technically. （6） While many athletes who experienced violence believed it to be necessary at times，those who did not experience violence believed it to be is unnecessary. （7） It is highly likely that many of the survey respondents，regardless of their experience with leader violence，will inflict violence on their future student athletes if the students do not comply with rules.

This research of the fourth stage executed mainly the comparison of the basic researches into four years. The chief purpose was clarification of a universal part of four years. The results were summarized as follows: 1．The reason for participation was“Cheap expenditure”and“Course credit”．The expected program was“Observation of constellation”and“Outdoors cooking”．The expectation and the acquisition target were“Enjoyment”，“Safety”and“Peace”． 2．This year’s problem was a discovery of the method of thoroughly improving students’knowledge and technologies. 3．Students’leadership was extent to be able to do“Life guidance”and“Standard program”． 4．The factor analysis has extracted the following six factors.“Mutual guidance and Consideration”， “Impartiality and Democratic”，“Inspiration and Commitment”，“Active collaboration and Device”，“ Pleasant sharing”and“Self management and Health condition”． 5．The attitude to the students’outdoors activities has changed independent and positively.The practice gave the good influence to students’“Standpoint and Attitude”．The practice was effective in“Understanding and Goodwill”to nature. There was a difficulty of controlling the influence by the weather when doing outdoor sports.

The purpose of this study was to gain practical wisdom about the individual tactics of prominent ball game players, and understand how players cultivate these strengths. To accomplish this, interviews were conducted with two goalkeepers and three shooters regarding handball shooting techniques. The interviewed players had excelled at the international level. Using qualitative methodology, the interviews were analyzed and the following points were identified.1) To reveal useful tactics from the experiences of individual players, assessing their individual actions alone will not suffice. Interactions between a player and his opponents must be studied as well.2) To take full advantage of the final moments preceding a shot, goalkeepers and shooters move with intentionality to react to opponents' actions. While paying close attention to the reactions of opponents, players adjust their movement accordingly.3) Individual tactics among prominent players are not only the result of implementing actions based on sensory and cognitive perception. In addition, players make preconscious actions, continually adjusting their actions according to interactions with opponents.

This research of the third stage executed mainly the comparison of the basic researches into three years. The chief purpose was clarification of a universal part of three years. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The reason for participation was "Cheap expenditure" and "Course credit". The expected program was "Observation of constellation" and "Outdoors cooking". The expectation in the practice was "Memories-making", "Experience of happiness", "Harmony with nature", "Build healthy human relationships" and "Acquisition of knowledge and technology". Own acquisition target was "Basic technique" and "Safe procedure". 2. A new problem was a discovery of the method of thoroughly improving student's knowledge and technologies. 3. Student's leadership was extent to be able to do "Life guidance" and "Standard program". 4. The factor analysis has extracted the following six factors. "Mutual guidance and Consideration", "Charge program and Satisfaction", "Inspiration and Commitment", "Health condition and Stability", "Appropriate amount of activity" and "Guidance of program and Uneasiness". 5. The attitude to the student's outdoors activities has changed independent and positively. The practice gave the good influence to student's "Standpoint and Attitude". The practice was effective in "Understanding and Goodwill" to nature.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is rare among women of childbearing age. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), a rare cause of AMI, is the leading cause of pregnancy-associated acute myocardial infarction (PAMI), and is associated with critical complications, including pump failure, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. Optimal treatment strategies for SCAD and PAMI remain unclear. In this report, we describe a case of PAMI due to SCAD presenting as cardiopulmonary arrest. After comprehensive treatment including advanced cardiovascular life support, emergent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), therapeutic hypothermia, and emergent Cesarian section for intrauterine fetal death, she survived without neurological sequelae. Intensive medication for pump failure was subsequently required, and she was discharged with adequately controlled heart failure, despite revealing stent lumen obstruction by cardiac computed tomography. On close follow-up for one year, she has remained free of further cardiac events. .

The purpose of this study was to investigate composition factor of "Team Satisfaction" on basketball club team members and to suggest the way of improving "Team Satisfaction". The subjects were 144 participant belonging to various basketball club teams. The results were summarized as fellows: 1) Basketball club team members were satisfied with various things of their activities. 2) Five factors were extracted as the determinant factors of "Team Satisfaction". These were "Communication and Mood", "Practicing and Leader", "Motivation of upskilling", "Self-efficacy" and "Winning desire". 3) One factor was contribute to "Team Satisfaction". This was "Communication and Mood". These results suggest that the most important thing to improve "Team Satisfaction" is making a good relationship among team-mates.

This research of the second stage executed mainly the comparison of the basic researches into two years. The chief purpose was clarification of a universal part of two years. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The reason for participation and the target of acquisition were "Cheap expenditure", "Course credit", "Basic experience in natural environment" and "Sharing of enjoy a pleasant time with friend". 2. "Aggressiveness to the preparation", "Effective action of the orientation etc.", "Lack of prior study", "Uniformity of environment adaptation power", and "Height of the expectation" were observed as well as last year. 3. The level of student's leadership was guidance of life in the outdoors activity. 4. The factor analysis has extracted the following six factors. "Accomplishment of obligation and responsibility", "Human interaction and self-satisfaction", "Impartiality and democracy", "Health condition", "The mind and body's stability" and "Appropriate practice". 5. The method of the participation of students in the outdoors activity has changed independently and positively. The practice exerted the good influence on students' "Standpoint and attitude". The practice was effective in understanding and goodwill to nature.

The purposes of this research were "construction of the exact and suitable evaluation method", "development of the diagnostic evaluation method, the formative evaluation method and the synthetic evaluation method of having been suitable for the students" and "Accumulation of longitudinal study and cross-section study". This research target was measuring the amount of acquisition of execution capability and instruction capability. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Students had participated in training for acquisition of a unit and fundamental experience. The prior education for "recognition that training requires the high achievement level" was required. 2. 1) Experience was about 2 - 3 times. 2) More than students' half had technique of field cooking. 3) The adaptation capability to environment was common. 4) The degree of expectation to training was a little high. 5) Individual preparation and collective preparations were made positively. 6) Orientation and training text acted effectively. 7) There were very few amounts of preparations of "knowledge and technology" and "role and research". 3. Experience and knowledge were not able to be increased in camp training. 4. The factor which constitutes a feeling of achievement was six, "stability, relief", "exchange and mutual instruction", "positive attitude and achievement avarice", "good influence and participating volition", "health condition", and "adaptation in a group life". 5. The effect in this training was accepted in the item about field activity and common activity.

The purposes of this study were to develop the scale of self-efficacy for health behavior, and to examine the relationship between self-efficacy for health behvior and self-rated health. Six hundred and three women's university students participated in this study. In first analysis, the scale of self-efficacy for health behavior was developed and examined its reliability and validity. The results indicated that the scale of self-efficacy for health behavior had acceptable reliability and validity. A second analysis explored the relationship between self-rated health and self-efficacy for health behavior. Structural equation modeling indicated that the self-efficacy for health behavior had a significant positive relationship with the self-rated health. These results suggest that the self-efficacy for health behavior is an important factor in enhancement of the self-rated health.

The rapidly spreading use of the Internet and the general use of video communication through the Internet have caused a rapid increase in Internet traffic. It is highly probable that the Internet will be used as the network for future multimedia communications. In that case, the capacity of IP routers for the Internet must be enlarged. At present, an IP router capacity of several gigabits per second can be realized, but ATM technology must be applied if a still larger capacity is to be achieved. The IP traffic is of variable length, and the packets are long, which can be handled by ATM. If a high-capacity switch that can handle packets of variable length is created, performance will be improved compared to high-capacity switches based on ATM. The purpose of this paper is to achieve a capacity of 1 Tbps order. Several IP datagram switching methods are proposed and evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(8): 57–65, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1118

Background: Circulating hematopoietic enriched progenitor cells (PCs) predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The additive predictive role of endothelial enriched PCs expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF) remains controversial.

Background: Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state leading to endothelial cell injury and dysfunction. In particular, central (android) obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Bone marrow derived CD34+ progenitor cells (PC) levels are elevated in patients with high body mass

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence with the sports type to exert on physical fitness and living habitude in students specializing in health and sports. The subjects were 196 university female students who belong to the education major health and sports specializing. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The students who belong to the sports club are excellent about endurance capacity compared with the students who don't belong to the sports club. 2) Track and field and swimming-type athletes are excellent about strength and power, gymnastics and dance-type athletes are excellent about flexibility and ballgame-type athletes are excellent about endurance and agility which are accompanied by the direction change. 3) At the type that the physical condition influences an event result directly, the athletes are being careful of the living habitude. These results suggested that the characteristic of physical fitness and living habitude depended on the sports type.

We examined the subcellular localization of BRCA1 proteins using immunohistochemical staining with C‐terminal (GLK‐2 antibody) and N‐terminal (Ab‐2 antibody) monoclonal antibodies in 44 familial ovarian cancers. Among these, 24 cases were associated with 13 independent germ‐line mutations of BRCA1, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at one or more BRCA1 microsatellite markers was found in all 21 informative tumors tested. With GLK‐2 antibody, cytoplasmic staining was observed in 15 of 16 tumors (93.8%) with mutation in exon 11, and BRCA1 staining was absent in 8 of 8 tumors (100%) with mutation in exons other than exon 11. When immunohistochemical staining was performed with Ab‐2 antibody, both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining were observed in 14 of 16 tumors (87.5%) with mutation in exon 11. Interestingly, nuclear staining was observed in 3 of 3 tumors (100%) with mutation downstream of exon 11, even though no staining was detected in 5 of 5 tumors (100%) with mutation upstream of exon 11. On the other hand, in familial ovarian cancers without BRCA1 mutations, nuclear staining or both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed in 18 of 20 specimens (90%) and 20 of 20 specimens (100%) with GLK‐2 antibody and with Ab‐2 antibody, respectively. These results suggest that an immunohistochemical assay in combination with employing the C‐terminal and the N‐terminal antibodies appears to have potential as a reliable and useful technique for the screening of BRCA1 mutations, at least to predict the status of mutation, upstream or downstream of exon 11.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristic of the physical fitness of female students who specialize in health and sports by the new physical fitness test which the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture made. The subjects were 96 university female students who belong to the physical education major of this university. The results were summarized as follows: 1) The average value with total point of the new physical fitness test was 51.7 in 60 perfect scores and the physical fitness of 85.9% of students was evaluated by the A step. 2) The point with the items, which measure endurance capacity, was significantly higher than that with the items, which measure muscular strength and power. 3) Significant correlation coefficient was observed between the present sport activity, the self evaluation to the physical fitness and the endurance capacity. These results suggested that at the female students, who specialize in health and sports, the level of the total physical fitness was high, especially, the endurance capacity is excellent and the cardiovascularendurance was influenced by the present sport activity and the self evaluation to the physical fitness.

Objective: Our aim is to assess the immune status of patients with ovarian cancer by analyzing the ratio of T helper type 1 (TH1) to T helper type 2 (TH2) populations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Methods: We examined TH1/TH2 ratios in PBL obtained from 21 ovarian cancer patients who had just received postoperative chemotherapy, by detecting the intracellular IFN-γ and IL-4 production with 3-color flow cytometry. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) injection on TH1 and TH2 populations for a rescue of granulocytopenia due to the chemotherapy. Results: We could not find any significant difference of the TH1/TH2 ratios in terms of age, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stage and clinical tumor status. As for the clinical tumor status, however, the patients with residual cancer had a higher TH1/TH2 ratio, though it was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Anticancer chemotherapy is also considered to lead to the immunosuppressive state of the patients. TH1 and TH2 populations of PBL in the patients during chemotherapy showed an unfavorable imbalance that was shifted from TH1 to TH2 10 days after anticancer drug administration (p = 0.049). G-CSF administration, on the other hand, was likely to induce a cell population shift from TH2 to TH1 assessed by the intracellular cytokine assay (p = 0.051), and never induced an unfavorable imbalance from TH1 to TH2 in the T cell population by a 1-day injection of G-CSF. Conclusion: Together, these data indicate that the TH1/TH2 ratio analyzed by intracellular cytokine flow cytometry seems to be a good indicator to assess the immune status in cancer.

Background. Germline mutations in the BRCA1 gene, on chromosome 17q21, confer susceptibility to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. It remains uncertain, however, whether somatic mutations in BRCA1 play a role in sporadic ovarian carcinogenesis.

This paper is the first report of the comparative study on subject-type and non-subject-type ski practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the evaluation of students, who participated in a ski intensive course as a practice in the curriculum of the department of Physical education (subject-type ski practice). This evaluation was compared with that of participants in a ski intensive course as a service program of the student's association (non-subject-type ski practice). The results were summarized as follows: 1. In the ski experience and the preliminary learning quantity, there was no difference in both groups before participating in each practice. 2. The improvement of the ski skill was the major motive and expectations of the participants in subject-type ski practice. On the other hand, it was the human alternating current through the sport in non-subject-type ski practice. 3. It was found in both practices that the will, which continues a ski, is proportional to the comprehensive satisfaction of participating in a practice. Some improvements were pointed out to both practices.

The purpose of this study was to make clear the effect of the Group Rotation Teaching in the medium grade class of Ski Intensive Course. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Through the Group Rotation Teaching, students have received more various helpful advice than the beginner's class. Students are content with the Group Rotation Teaching, because they meet many teaching methods and teachers in this class. But their skill of skiing isn't superior to the beginner. 2) For teachers, the Group Rotation Teaching is valuable to exchange their views and information about teaching skiing. Through the meeting about Group Rotation Teaching, They talk about not only teaching skiing, but about themselves.

This paper is the 2nd report of the comparative study on subject-type and non-subject-type ski practice. In the preceding studies, the structures of the student evaluation and determinant factors of the satisfaction in the ski practice as a curriculum of the department of Physical education (subject-type ski practice) were reported. The purpose of this study was to clarify the determinant factors of the satisfaction to the ski practice as a service program of the student's association (non-subject-type ski practice) and the contribution degree of the factors. The participants responded to 45 questions. Their data were analyzed by applying factor analysis and multiple regression analysis and compared with the preceding study. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The both practices were evaluated very well. As for the recognition level of the purpose and the goal of the practice, the participants in subject-type ski practice were higher. 2. Five factors were extracted as the determinant factors of the comprehensive satisfaction in each practice. The first 3 factors were the same in both type of ski practice. These were "instruction in ski exercise", "alternating current among participants" and "motivation". 3. Only one factor, "motivation", was contributory to the comprehensive satisfaction in non-subject-type ski practice.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the evaluation of students, who participated in a five-day ski intensive course, and to clarify the determinant factors of the satisfaction to the ski course and the contribution degree of the factors. The subjects were 170 university female students. They responded to 45 questions. Their data were analyzed by applying factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results were summerized as follows: 1) The ski course was evaluated "very good" or "good" by 95% of participants. 2) Five factors were extracted as the determinant factors of the comprehensive satisfaction. These were "instruction in ski exercise", "motivation", "communication among participants", "theory and teaching materials" and "improvement of skill". 3) Three factors were contributory to the comprehensive satisfaction. These were "motivation", "improvement of skill" and "instruction in ski exercise".

The purpose of this study was to make clear the effect of the Group Rotation Teaching in Ski Intensive Course. Results are summerized as follows: 1) Through the Group Rotation Teaching, students have received various helpful advice by many teachers. 2) By the Group Rotation Teaching, student's skill of skiing achieve the same level as student's learned by fixed teaching. 3) Teachers accept the Group Rotation Teaching, because they promote their communication by this teaching method. 4) Students content with the Group Rotation Teaching, because they meet many teaching methods and teachers in this class. Thus we conclude that the Group Rotation Teaching is an effective method to teach skiing.

We analyzed the alteration of BRCAI in DNA obtained from 83 individuals of 13 Japanese site‐specific ovarian cancer families and 6 breast‐ovarian cancer families. Six germline mutations were detected in 7 families, which consisted of 4 breast‐ovarian cancer and 3 site‐specific ovarian cancer families, by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis, followed by direct sequence determination. The mutations included three framcshifts, two nonsense mutations, and one missense mutation causing loss of a zinc‐binding motif. The frequency of loss of heterozygosity at the microsatellite markers on the BRCAI gene was 57% (8 of 14 cases) in site‐specific ovarian cancer families, and 100% (6 of 6 cases) in breast‐ovarian cancer families. All tumors of the patients carrying a mutation of BRCAI showed deletion of wild‐type alleles, implicating BRCAI as a tumor suppressor gene. Tbese results suggest tbat germline mutations of the BRCAI gene play an important role in the carcinogen‐esis of breast and/or ovarian cancer in a majority of breast‐ovarian cancer families and in some site‐specific ovarian cancer families.

To constitute the site-specific expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine-kinase (HSV-TK) gene in tumor cells, we have assessed the promoter function of the simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter and the 5'flanking region of c-erbB-2 gene using a luciferase-expressing reporter plasmid. After the transfection of the luciferase plasmid directed by the promoter region of c-erbB-2 gene, a large amount of luciferase activity was observed in c-erbB-2-expressing cells (Colo201, MCF-7, and HEC1-A), while none was detected in cells with no expression of c-erbB-2 protein (HRA and KF cells). On the other hand, a high level of luciferase activity was detected in all tumor cell lines tested, when the transfection was performed with SV40 promoter. The repeated transfection of the liposome-conjugated HSV-TK gene regulated by the SV40 promoter or by the promoter region of c-erbB-2 gene with cultivation in 100 micrograms/ml of aciclovir for 5 days in vitro resulted in growth inhibition for all four cell lines examined or for only c-erbB-2-expressing cells in the presence of SV40 promoter or c-erbB-2 promoter, respectively. Finally, direct injection of the DNA-liposome complex into established tumors in the presence of 50 mg/kg of aciclovir led to significant tumor volume reduction in all three tumors tested when SV40 promoter was employed. However, this anti-tumor effect was noted only in c-erbB-2-positive cells (Colo201 cells) upon intratumoral injection of HSV-TK gene regulated by c-erbB-2 promoter. In the case of intratumoral gene transfer, foreign DNA was detected in only one of seven mice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis performed 7 days following injection. When PCR analysis was carried out at 14 or 21 days following injection, no DNA signal was found at all. However, DNA was detected in several normal tissues at all three times tested in the case of intravenous injection. No abnormalities were seen in histologic examinations of normal tissues or in serum biochemical parameters following DNA liposome delivery. These results suggest that the direct gene transfer of HSV-TK gene regulated by tumor-specific transcriptional units may be one of the most clinically promising of the selective genetic strategies against cancer.