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Research describing the fabrication of strontium bismuth tantalate thin capacitor films is presented. In particular the phase formation and microstructure of the films is investigated.

The fabrication of SrBi[sub 2]Ta[sub 2]O[sub 9] (SBT) films using plasma-assisted metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (P-MOCVD) has been investigated. Optimizing the process conditions under plasma environment, amorphous SBT films were successfully deposited at a substrate temperature below 300 °C, suggesting that the P-MOCVD process effectively utilizes plasma energy to promote the reaction and decomposition of metal organic source molecules. The amorphous SBT films were crystallized to the bilayered perovskite SBT films by a postannealing at 725 °C. Thin SBT capacitors fabricated using P-MOCVD showed a good step coverage and the excellent ferroelectric properties including endurance. Low voltage operation below 1.5 V was successfully achieved using a 75 nm SBT capacitor, in which the signal level derived from the hysteresis curve suggests the feasibility of application to a 64 Mbit ferroelectric random access memories. © 2001 American Institute of Phys! ics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of vacuum time, restoration time, steam-cooking and storage at 4 °C on the iron content of vacuum-impregnated (VI) whole potato was evaluated. Whole potato tubers were immersed in a 0.4 g/100 g iron (ferric pyrophosphate) solution. Vacuum pressure of 1000 Pa was applied for 0–120 min, and atmospheric pressure restoration for 0–4 h. The result indicated that the iron content of VI potatoes increased with vacuum and restoration time; 1 h vacuum-treatment potatoes provided 6.4 times higher iron content compared to raw potatoes, and 3 h restoration time supplied 6.4 times higher iron content (>4.1 mg/100 g fr.wt.) compared to raw potatoes. Moreover, VI-cooked unpeeled or peeled potatoes had 6 times higher iron content than un-VI-cooked unpeeled or peeled potatoes. European daily potato consumption (260 g) of the VI-cooked unpeeled and peeled potatoes provided adult men with 93–104% and 67–90% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of iron, respectively. Also, the daily potato consumption of the unpeeled and peeled potatoes could supply adult women with 43–48% and 31–41% of the RDA, respectively. This study indicated that VI treatment of whole potato was useful for enriching the iron content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the immunosuppressant FK 506 (tacrolimus hydrate) on acute liver injury induced by Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acute liver injury was induced in male Wistar rats by injecting the animals with P. acnes (10 mg/rat), and administering LPS (10 microg/rat) seven days later. One group was given FK 506 (1 mg/kg) 24 and 2 hr before administration of LPS, and the other group was given the same dose of saline. The 24-hr survival rate, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -alpha mRNA and protein concentrations in the liver and spleen were then compared. Hepatic macrophages were also isolated from rats seven days after P. acnes injection, LPS, and FK 506 or saline were added to the culture supernatant, and TNF-alpha production was studied. The 24-hr survival rate was 100% in the FK 506-treated group, in contrast with 16.6% in the saline group. Four hours after LPS injection, the serum ALT concentration was 755 +/- 401 in the saline group versus 119 +/- 42 units/ml (P < 0.01) in the FK 506-treated group. The serum TNF-alpha concentration was lower in the FK 506-treated group (1,419 +/- 957 pg/ml) than in the saline group (9205 +/- 2215) (P < 0.01). The mRNA and protein concentrations in the liver and spleen in the two groups did not differ significantly 1 hr after LPS injection but were significantly lower in the FK 506-treated group after 4 hr. FK 506 did not directly inhibit TNF-alpha production by isolated cultured hepatic macrophages. FK 506 is unable to inhibit initial TNF-alpha production by hepatic macrophages (or probably that by splenic macrophages either) stimulated by injection of LPS in P. acnes + LPS-induced acute liver injury. However, the immunosuppressant does limit hepatic damage by inhibiting subsequent aggravation of inflammation by the cytokine network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of stellate cell activation with serum fibrosis markers in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis prepared using a choline-deficient L-amino acid (CDAA) defined diet. CDAA diet administration resulted in increased liver hydroxyproline contents in a time-dependent manner with activated stellate cells, expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) as well as increased serum concentrations of amino-terminal procollagen type III peptide (PIIIP) and the 7S fragment of type IV collagen. Hydroxyproline content of the liver showed a closer correlation with the serum 7S (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) concentration than with the serum PIIIP (r = 0.51, P < 0.01) concentration. The percent area of alpha-SMA-positive cells showed stronger correlation with the serum PIIIP concentration (r = 0.85, P < 0.01) than with the 7S concentration (r = 0.50, P < 0.01). These results indicate that the serum PIIIP concentration reflects the activity of fibrogenesis, while the serum 7S concentration reflects the accumulation of collagen fibers in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injection of pig serum into rats twice a week for eight weeks induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA expression and protein production resulting in liver fibrosis without parenchymal cell injury. Eight-week treatment with pig serum reduced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) -positive hepatocytes 24 hr after 70% partial hepatectomy compared to that in the livers of rats treated with saline for eight weeks. Administration of a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for six weeks with pig serum coadministration, after pretreatment with pig serum for eight weeks, led to the development of preneoplastic lesions that were positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP). Eight-week pretreatment with pig serum induced more GSTP-positive lesions and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression and protein concentration in the livers of rats subsequently fed a CDAA diet for six weeks than in rats fed the CDAA diet with saline treatment. These results indicate that TGF-beta1 induced by pig serum treatment inhibited hepatocyte proliferation but failed to prevent the development of preneoplastic lesions in a CDAA diet model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether an iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO) can prevent lipid peroxidation, resulting in reduced liver injury as well as reducing preneoplastic lesions induced by a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet. CDAA diet administration resulted in an increased serum ALT level (367 +/- 58) after two weeks, but simultaneous DFO treatment for two weeks reduced this elevation of ALT as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) production in the liver. Feeding rats a CDAA diet for 12 weeks led to the development of severe liver fibrosis and preneoplastic lesions detected as enzyme-altered lesions. DFO treatment prevented the expression of activated stellate cells, resulting in the reduction of liver fibrosis as well as reducing the development of preneoplastic lesions. These results indicate that iron chelation can reduce the development of preneoplastic lesions in a CDAA diet model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]