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Complication by secondary infection is observed in not only bacterial pleurisy but also other pleurisy, and the appropriate administration of antibacterial agents is necessary. It is very important to secure a smooth penetration of systemically administered antibacterial agents to pleural effusion in infection therapy. In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of a carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MEPM), in blood and pleural effusion in patients with an accumulation of pleural effusion caused by pleurisy, who underwent placement of an indwelling thoracic drain and received intravenous drip administration of MEPM for pneumonia or other respiratory tract infection. The blood pharmacokinetic parameters of MEPM after an intravenous drip administration of 0.5 g MEPM in six patients were: area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUCx), 37.9 +/- 6.2 (hr.mg/L); volume of distribution (Vd), 27.3 +/- 4.4 (L); total clearance (CLtotal), 13.4 +/- 1.8 (L/hr); elimination half life (t1/2), 0.50 +/- 0.08 (hr-1); and elimination rate constant (kel), 1.42 +/- 0.22 (hr). The pharmacokinetic parameters in pleural effusion were: AUCx, 35.7 +/- 7.1 (hr.mg/L); mean retention time (MRT), 5.00 +/- 3.25 (hr); variance of retention time (VRT), 29.9 +/- 44.6 (hr2); kel, 0.34 +/- 0.27 (hr-1); and t1/2, 3.14 +/- 2.36 (hr). The penetration rate calculated from the ratio of pleural concentration to blood concentration in each patient was 46.5 +/- 26.1%, showing good penetration comparable or superior to those of other antibacterial agents previously reported. From these results, it was suggested that MEPM was rapidly penetrated to the pleural effusion and was retained for a more prolonged time in the pleural effusion than in the blood of patients with accumulated pleural effusion, and it suggested the usefulness of MEPM in antibacterial therapy for patients with pleurisy causing accumulation of pleural effusion.

Laser altimetry of the Moon is now under investigation as a part of the RISE project in the Moon-Orbiting exploration (SELENE; SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) by Japan in 2002–2003. Main objective of this measurement is to construct a precise and global topography of the moon with the 5m vertical resolution and with a center-to-center along-track footprint spacing of 330m. The topography will be a great contribution for addressing several problems of lunar geology and geophysics such as morphological dichotomy, internal structure, isostatic state, and various surface modification processes of the moon.

The possibility that oxidative stress caused by chemotherapy would accelerate formation of pentosidine was investigated. The pentosidine levels of erythrocyte membrane protein, plasma, and urine of pulmonary cancer in patients who had been administered cisplatin were higher than those of unadministered patients. Injection of cisplatin to SD mice resulted in a gradual increase in pentosidine levels. These results suggest that oxidative stress caused by cisplatin accelerates pentosidine formation in vivo.