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Introduction: Condoliase is a newly approved drug that improves symptoms associated with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) by intradiscal administration. This study aimed to evaluate the mid-term outcomes of condoliase injection, examine the adverse events, including cases that required surgery after condoliase administration, and verify cases in which condoliase could be effective. Methods: We enrolled patients with LDH who were treated conservatively for at least six weeks and received condoliase. We assessed the visual analog scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire, Oswestry Disability Index, disk height, and disk degeneration for up to 6 months, and we examined the complications. Furthermore, a 50% or more improvement in leg pain VAS score was considered effective. Factors related to symptom improvement were investigated by determining whether lower limb pain improved in six months. Results: In total, 84 patients were recruited (52 men, 32 women; mean age, 44.2 ±> 17.1 [16-86 years]). The duration of illness was 6.7 ±> 6.8 (1.5-30) months. All patient-based outcomes significantly improved at 4 weeks after the administration compared with pretreatment. The intervertebral disc height decreased significantly at four weeks after condoliase administration compared with that before administration. Progression of intervertebral disc degeneration occurred in 50% of the patients. Eleven patients underwent herniotomy due to poor treatment effects. Moreover, treatment in 77.4% of the patients was considered effective. A logistic regression analysis revealed that L5/S1 disk administration (p = 0.029; odds ratio, 5.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-29.45) were significantly associated with clinical effectiveness. Conclusions: Condoliase disk administration improved pain and quality of life over time. Condoliase disk administration was more effective in L5/S1 intervertebral administration.

To perform a magnetic resonance imaging T2-mapping of the ligamentum flavum in healthy individuals and patients with lumbar spinal stenosis scheduled for surgery and compare the T2 relaxation times.The T2 relaxation time of the ligamentum flavum was compared among 3 groups, healthy young individuals (H group (age50)), healthy middle-aged and older individuals (H group (age≥50)), and patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (L group). Additionally, the thickness of the ligament was measured in the axial image plane, and the occupied area ratio of each fiber was measured by staining the surgically obtained ligament, and each was correlated with the T2 relaxation time. We also evaluated the adhesion of the ligamentum flavum with the dura mater during the surgery.The T2 relaxation times were significantly prolonged in H group (age ≥50) and L group (P 0.001) compared to H group (age50). The relationship between collagen fiber and T2 relaxation times was significantly positive (r = 0.720, P 0.001). Moreover, the relaxation times were significantly prolonged in those with adhesion of the ligamentum flavum with the dura mater (P 0.05). The cut-off for the relaxation time was 50 ms (sensitivity: 62.50%, false positive rate: 10.8%).Healthy middle-aged and older individuals and patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and adhesion of the ligamentum flavum with the dura mater have prolonged T2 relaxation times. Hence, the adhesion between the ligamentum flavum and dura mater should be considered in cases with a relaxation time ≥50 ms.

There are many satisfactory long-term outcomes after posterolateral fusion (PLF) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS); nonunion cases have also achieved good clinical outcomes. Facet fusion (FF), a minimally invasive evolution of PLF, also resulted in good clinical outcomes. We aimed to assess the course of nonunion cases after FF and determine whether the nonunion cases achieved good clinical outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 136 patients who underwent FF for DLS. Range of motion (ROM) at the fused level was measured using a flexion-extension lateral radiograph preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Patients were classified into the Fusion or Unconfirmed Fusion group by computed tomography (CT) 1 year postoperatively. Furthermore, patients in the Unconfirmed Fusion group were classified into the Delayed Union or Nonunion group depending on the confirmation status of FF upon the following CT. The average preoperative ROM and clinical outcomes were compared between the three groups. The Fusion, Delayed Union, and Nonunion groups had 109, 14, and 13 patients, respectively. In the Nonunion group, the average ROM significantly decreased from 13.0° preoperatively to 4.9° postoperatively. There was a significant difference in the average preoperative ROM between the groups. The larger the preoperative ROM, the fewer facets fused. There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the groups. Five patients (3.7%) required revision surgery for adjacent segment disease 1-5.5 years after FF. Even nonunion cases after FF achieved good clinical outcomes, likely because the unstable spondylolisthesis was stabilized. FF did not require revision surgery for nonunion itself.

Many authors have reported no significant differences in clinical outcomes between posterolateral fusion (PLF) and interbody fusion, as well as satisfactory long-term outcomes after PLF. Facet fusion (FF), a minimally invasive evolution of PLF, has also resulted in good clinical outcomes. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes 5 years after FF for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) and determine whether good clinical outcomes were maintained after FF. Records of 115 patients who underwent FF for single-level DLS with at least 5 years of follow-up were retrospectively studied. The therapeutic effectiveness of FF was assessed as a clinical outcome using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ), the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and the visual analogue scale (VAS) preoperatively and at 1 and 5 years postoperatively. Computed tomography was performed for fusion confirmation. The revision surgery rate was also evaluated. The JOABPEQ category scores demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in 81.7% of patients at 1 year postoperatively and 81.4% of patients at 5 years postoperatively for low back pain; the corresponding proportions for walking ability were 93.8% and 86.6%, respectively. There were no significant differences in therapeutic effectiveness at 1 and 5 years postoperatively for any category, including the RMDQ and VAS scores. The fusion rate was 90.4% at the final follow-up. Four patients required revision surgery for adjacent segment disease 1-5 years after the first surgery (revision surgery rate, 3.5%). Good clinical outcomes were maintained 5 years after FF, and FF had an extremely low revision surgery rate.

Background Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screws are popular for spinal fixation, but their ideal diameter has not been determined. Studies using postoperative computed tomography (CT) have revealed ample bone marrow space around 5.5-mm screws, which are commonly used. However, evidence indicates that a larger screw diameter provides a greater fixation strength. This study aimed to develop a generalizable formula for computing the diameter of CBT screws that could be inserted safely for fixation of the lower lumbar spine. Methods Records of 44 consecutive patients who had undergone posterior fusion with CBT screws for single-level degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis were retrospectively reviewed. We estimated the maximum diameter for conventional pedicle screws by the minimum diameter of the pedicle using preoperative CT (PSD). We measured the minimum endosteal diameter of the pedicle on the reconstructed plane of the postoperative CT which passed through the cannula used for the screw and estimated the maximum diameter for the CBT screws that could be inserted within the bone marrow space of the pedicle (CBTD). Results Among the 176 pedicles measured, there were 151 (85.8%) with a PSD of 8.5 mm and 13, 7.5 mm. Because of a slight pedicle wall breach, 13 screws were excluded from the sample. There were 64 (39.3%) screws with a CBTD of 8.5 mm; 45, 7.5 mm; and 40, 6.5 mm. Of 163 screws, 156 (95.7%) had PSD minus CBTD ≤2 mm for each pedicle. PSD minus the minimum outer cortical diameter was ≤1 mm for each pedicle in 155 (95.1%) screws. Conclusion Our results show that CBT screws with a diameter 1 mm smaller than the endosteal diameter of the pedicle were inserted safely. Study Design: Clinical study.

The disc angle at the fused segment is extended in operative prone position, but eventually returns to preoperative neutral position within 6 months to 1 year. This study aimed to assess pedicle screw (PS) shift without loosening to identify the mechanism of the change in disc angle after posterior fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS). Sixty-three consecutive patients who underwent facet fusion for L4 single-level DLS were retrospectively reviewed using computed tomography (CT) immediately after surgery and 6 months postoperatively. Twenty-two patients (88 PSs) in whom the disc angle had decreased by more than 4° at 6-month postoperative radiographic follow-up were selected to more readily identify and quantify PS shift. Six patients with PS loosening and/or nonunion were excluded. We reconstructed a CT plane, vertical to the cranial endplate of the vertebrae and passing through the cannula used for percutaneous PSs. Angle α, which is formed by the cranial endplate and the cannula on this plane, was measured. A change in angle α of more than 2° between the immediate postoperative period and the 6-month follow-up was defined as a PS shift. Angle α did not change by more than 2° in any of the 44 PSs in the upper vertebrae of the fused segment. In the lower vertebrae, angle α changed by more than 2° in 22 of 44 PSs. The change in angle α in the lower vertebrae (average, 2.3°) was significantly greater than that in the upper vertebrae (average, 0.2°) (P

Study Design. A retrospective clinical and radiographical study. Objective. To assess the clinical outcomes and fusion rate of facet fusion (FF) for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS). Summary of Background Data. On the basis of the long-term clinical and radiological follow-up studies of posterolateral fusion (PLF)—that is, intertransverse process fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation—for DLS, we recognized that FF alone would be sufficient for spinal fusion. Methods. Eighty-eight patients who underwent FF for single-level DLS were retrospectively reviewed after at least 1 year of follow-up. The control group comprised 21 patients who underwent conventional PLF. The operative technique involved a 5-cm midline skin incision, bilateral laminar fenestration, and FF with autologous bone harvested from the spinous process. Percutaneous pedicle screws were then inserted through the fascia. The fusion rate of FF was evaluated using computed tomography, and the change in the range of motion at the fused level was assessed on flexion-extension lateral radiographs. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire was used to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of FF. The results of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the visual analogue scales of low back pain, buttock and lower limb pain, and buttock and lower limb numbness were evaluated. Results. The fusion rate was 88.6% (78/88 cases). Among 10 patients with inadequate fusion, the average range of motion significantly decreased from 14.4° preoperatively to 4.3° postoperatively. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire category scores demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in 93.0% of the patients for walking ability and in 73.0% of the patients for low back pain. The average preoperative scores of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the visual analogue scales of low back pain, buttock and lower limb pain, and buttock and lower limb numbness were significantly reduced postoperatively in the FF group. Conclusion. FF achieved good clinical outcomes that were superior to those of conventional PLF with a comparable fusion rate. It is useful for managing DLS and is a minimally invasive evolution of PLF. Conclusion. Level of Evidence: 3

Purpose To examine the effects of conservative and surgical treatments for nocturnal leg cramps in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). Nocturnal leg cramps is frequently observed in patients with peripheral neuropathy. However, there have been few reports on the relationship between nocturnal leg cramps and LSS, and it remains unknown whether conservative or surgical intervention has an impact on leg cramps in patients with LSS. Materials and Methods The subjects were 130 LSS patients with low back and leg pain. Conservative treatment such as exercise, medication, and epidural block was used in 66 patients and surgical treatment such as decompression or decompression and fusion was performed in 64 patients. Pain scores and frequency of nocturnal leg cramps were evaluated based on self-reported questionnaires completed before and 3 months after treatment. Results The severity of low back and leg pain was higher and the incidence of nocturnal leg cramps was significantly higher before treatment in the surgically treated group compared with the conservatively treated group. Pain scores improved in both groups after the intervention. The incidence of nocturnal leg cramps was significantly improved by surgical treatment (p=0.027), but not by conservative treatment (p=0.122). Conclusion The findings of this prospective study indicate that the prevalence of nocturnal leg cramps is associated with LSS and severity of symptoms. Pain symptoms were improved by conservative or surgical treatment, but only surgery improved nocturnal leg cramps in patients with LSS. Thus, these results indicate that the prevalence of nocturnal leg cramps is associated with spinal nerve compression by LSS.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical outcome of posterior stabilization without decompression for thoracolumbar burst fractures. Thirty-one consecutive cases of thoracolumbar fractures involving T11-L2 stabilized by a pedicle screw system were reviewed. Neither reduction of the height of a fractured body nor any decompression procedure was added during surgery. Twenty-two patients had incomplete paraplegia; one patient had complete paraplegia. Neurological recovery and remodeling of the spinal canal were evaluated. Neurological status was evaluated at the time of injury, just before and after surgery, and at final follow-up. The degree of spinal canal compromise was assessed using axial CT scan images. The duration of follow-up averaged 39.6 months. The mean spinal canal compromise at the time of injury was 41.6%, and no significant correlation was observed between the degree of canal compromise and the severity of the neurological deficit. Within 2-3 weeks, spinal canal remodeling had started in all patients whose spinal canal compromise was more than 30%, and canal compromise had decreased significantly 3-4 weeks after injury. Seventeen of 22 patients with incomplete paraplegia had already shown partial neurological recovery even before surgery. At the final follow-up, all patients with incomplete paraplegia had improved by at least one modified Frankel grade. This study suggests that the effect of decompressing thoracolumbar fractures with neurological deficits remains unclear and questions the need to operate simply to remove retropulsed bone fragments. Posterior stabilization without decompression should constitute appropriate surgical treatment for these fractures.

This study aims to describe the animated respiratory movement of a spinal intradural arachnoid cyst visualized by intraoperative ultrasonography. A 69-year-old man with a spinal arachnoid cyst of the thoracic spine presented with gait disturbance. Magnetic resonance images showed a mild anterior displacement and flattening of the spinal cord at T4–T5. We performed ultrasonography before incision of the dura during the operation and observed the movement of the cyst consisting of not only pulsation in accordance with the cardiac cycle but also rhythmic expansion and contraction in accordance with the respiratory cycle. In the inspiratory phase, the cyst gradually expanded and pulsated in accordance with the cardiac cycle. In the expiratory phase, the cyst gradually contracted with the same pulsation. After resection of the cyst, the patient’s neurological improvements were excellent. To our knowledge, this is the first report of animated respiratory movement of a spinal arachnoid cyst visualized by intraoperative ultrasonography. Although cine magnetic resonance imaging can detect spinal intradural arachnoid cysts preoperatively, intraoperative ultrasonography is useful for close analysis of their movement and pathology. Considering the dynamic compression mechanism revealed in this study, we think that an early operation should be performed for such cysts.

Study Design. This study investigated the effects of hypoxia and glucose on motor functions of spinal cord, monitoring ventral root motor-evoked potential in the in vitro cervical cord preparations. Objective. To study ischemia-induced changes in ventral root motor-evoked potential of spinal cord. Summary of Background Data. Previous studies demonstrated ischemic changes caused by local circulatory impairment might be a major pathophysiologic basis of neuron damage in cord compression. Methods. Ventral root motor-evoked potential elicited by stimulation of ventrolateral funiculus was recorded from the ventral root in the isolated spinal cord preparations obtained from a newborn rat. The preparations obtained form a newborn rat. The preparations were exposed to artificial cerebrospinal fluid equilibrated with severe or mild hypoxia for 90 minutes. Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter antagonists were added to artificial cerebrospinal fluid to investigate synaptic transmission. The artificial cerebrospinal fluids containing various concentrations of glucose were used to study the glucose's effects. Results. Ventral root motor-evoked potential consisted of the early and late components, which were excitatory transsynaptic potentials. The amplitudes were increased in the early phase of severe hypoxia and declined in the prolonged exopsure. In mild hypoxia, there was a sustained increase of the amplitudes. The application of inhibitory neurotransmitter antagonists abolished the augmentation of the amplitudes in the early phase of severe hypoxia. Hypoxia without glucose accelerated hypoxic change. Conclusion. Inhibitory synaptic transmission was depressed preferentially in the early phase of severe hypoxia or in mild hypoxia. Excitatory and inhibitory transmissions were suppressed in prolonged severe hypoxia. Glucose deficiency aggravated hypoxic inhibition of synaptic transmissions.

Background context Although complete resection is the preferred surgical treatment for ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF), it sometimes results in the floating method because of adhesion to, or ossification of, the dura mater. It is difficult to anticipate the degree of floating, and if the floated ossification is large, decompression of the spinal cord may not be sufficient. Purpose To describe a case of spontaneous reduction of a floated OLF after posterior decompression. Study design Case report and review of the literature. Methods A 70-year-old woman with OLF of the thoracic spine presented with gait disturbance. A computed tomographic myelogram showed a large ossification and severe spinal canal stenosis at T10–T11. It also showed slight spinal cord compression by ossification at T9–T10. Results We performed a laminectomy with floating ossification at T9–T11 and posterior fusion with a pedicle screw system at T10–T11. After the operation, the patient's neurologic improvement was excellent. Five weeks after the operation, a computed tomogram showed reduction of the floated ossification. Improvement progressed up to 3 months after the operation, bringing a sufficient decompression of the spinal cord, whereas it was insufficient immediately after the operation. Conclusions Our present study is the first report that showed OLF was reduced after the floating method. Reduction of the floated ossification was observed 5 weeks after the operation.

STUDY DESIGN: Case series. OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors that contribute to the development of sleep apnea in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and upper cervical lesions. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: No large prospective study has analyzed the association between sleep apnea and upper cervical involvement resulting from RA. Furthermore, only 1 report in the literature describes a case of sleep apnea accompanying rheumatoid vertical subluxation of the odontoid process. METHODS: The authors analyzed 8 consecutive RA patients with upper cervical lesions who underwent occipitocervical (O-C) fusion. The patients were examined with all-night polysomnography before and after surgery. Patients with apnea-hypopnea index values>or=5 were diagnosed to have sleep apnea. O-C2 angles were calculated from cervical radiographs. RESULTS: All 8 patients were diagnosed as having sleep apnea, and most of their apneic episodes were obstructive in origin. Among the 4 patients with medullary compression, central apneic episodes comprised

The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) has investigated the JOA Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) to evaluate several aspects of low back pain in patients. The score includes five categories (25 items) selected from the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Short Form 36, and a visual analogue scale. Japanese physicians have recently used these scores to evaluate back pain; however, the efficacy has not been fully explored in large-scale studies. In the current study, we used the JOABPEQ to evaluate lumbar spinal disease in 555 patients (with lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, and lumbar disc degeneration/spondylosis) in multiple spine centers and compared the results based on age, sex, and type of disease.A total of 555 patients who had low back or leg pain were selected in 22 hospitals in Chiba Prefecture. Spine surgeons diagnosed their disease type based on symptoms, physical examination, radiography images, and magnetic resonance imaging. In all, 486 patients were diagnosed with spinal stenosis (239 patients), disc degeneration/spondylosis (143 patients), or disc herniation (104 patients). The other 69 patients were diagnosed with spondylolysis (16 patients) or other diseases (53 patients). The pain score in all patients was evaluated using the JOABPEQ (from 0 to 100, with 0 indicating the worst pain).The age of the patients was 56.1 +/- 13.3 years (mean +/- SD); the age of patients in the disc herniation and disc degeneration/spondylosis group was significantly lower than that in the spinal stenosis group. The average JOABPEQ scores in all patients were, for low back pain, 47.1; lumbar function, 53.6; walking ability, 54.8; social life function, 48.7; and mental health, 48.3. The low back pain score in men was significantly worse than that in women. In contrast, the mental health score in women was significantly higher than that in men. The low back pain score in patients40 years old and the walking ability score in patients65 years old were significantly lower than those scores in other patients. Based on the disease type, low back pain, lumbar function, social life function, and mental health scores for patients with disc herniation were significantly worse than for those with spinal stenosis.JOABPEQ scores were evaluated for several lumbar diseases. The average of five categories of JOABPEQ scores in all patients was similarly distributed. However, the average scores in the five categories were significantly different depending on age, sex, and type of disease. Compared with prior mass data (baseline data on the observational cohort of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial in the United States), many data were similar based on the type of disease in the current study. Furthermore, the JOABPEQ is easy to use compared with the SF-36. Hence, we concluded that the JOABPEQ could be used worldwide as a tool for evaluating low back pain.

Previous reports have emphasized the importance of neural decompression through either an anterior or posterior approach when reconstruction surgery is performed for neurological deficits following vertebral collapse in the osteoporotic thoracolumbar spine. However, the contribution of these decompression procedures to neurological recovery has not been fully established. In the present study, we investigated 14 consecutive patients who had incomplete neurological deficits following vertebral collapse in the osteoporotic thoracolumbar spine and underwent posterior instrumented fusion without neural decompression. They were radiographically and neurologically assessed during an average follow-up period of 25 months. The mean local kyphosis angle was 14.6 degrees at flexion and 4.1 degrees at extension preoperatively, indicating marked instability at the collapsed vertebrae. The mean spinal canal occupation by bone fragments was 21%. After surgery, solid bony fusion was obtained in all patients. The mean local kyphosis angle became 5.8 degrees immediately after surgery and 9.9 degrees at the final follow-up. There was no implant dislodgement, and no additional surgery was required. In all patients, back pain was relieved, and neurological improvement was obtained by at least one modified Frankel grade. The present series demonstrate that the posterior instrumented fusion without neural decompression for incomplete neurological deficits following vertebral collapse in the osteoporotic thoracolumbar spine can provide neurological improvement and relief of back pain without major complications. We suggest that neural decompression is not essential for the treatment of neurological impairment due to osteoporotic vertebral collapse with dynamic mobility.

Purpose The pathological mechanism of lumbar spinal stenosis is reduced blood flow in nerve roots and degeneration of nerve roots. Exercise and prostaglandin E1 is used for patients with peripheral arterial disease to increase capillary flow around the main artery and improve symptoms; however, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), an estimation of blood flow in the main artery in the leg, does not change after treatment. Lumbar spinal nerve roots contain somatosensory, somatomotor, and unmyelinated autonomic nerves. Improved blood flow by medication with prostaglandin E1 and decompression surgery in these spinal nerve roots may improve the function of nerve fibers innervating muscle, capillary, and main vessels in the lower leg, resulting in an increased ABI. The purpose of the study was to examine whether these treatments can improve ABI. Materials and Methods One hundred and seven patients who received conservative treatment such as exercise and medication (n=56) or surgical treatment (n=51) were included. Low back pain and leg pain scores, walking distance, and ABI were measured before treatment and after 3 months of conservative treatment alone or surgical treatment followed by conservative treatment. Results Low back pain, leg pain, and walking distance significantly improved after both treatments (p