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【目的】 獨協医科大学助産学専攻科修了生の動向を明らかにすることで，キャリア形成に向けたサポート環境を整備するための示唆を得ること．【方法】 獨協医科大学助産学専攻科を修了した1～10期生87名を対象に調査を実施した．調査の依頼メールを送付し，Google Formsを用いたweb調査で，属性，現在のキャリアへの満足度，今後のキャリアについての希望，助産学専攻科にあればよいと思う支援のデータを収集した．連続値の項目ではMann-WhitneyのU検定を，名義尺度の項目はχ²検定またはFisherの正確確率検定を用いて分析した．【結果】 Web 調査回答者54名（62.1％）を分析対象とした．現在のキャリアへの満足度は，「満足」12名（24.5％），「どちらかといえば満足」25名（51.0％）であった．現在考える今後のキャリアについて，現在の勤務先での就業継続を希望している者は，それ以外の者（進学や転職等を希望・検討している，分からないと回答）と比べて，有意にキャリアへの満足度が高かった（p＝0.016）．現在のキャリアで「満足」を選んだ者の理由は「仕事と育児の両立ができている」「大学病院でハイリスクを学ぶことができている」「助産師の資格を活かして，臨床経験を積むことができている」であった．「助産学専攻科にあればよいと思う支援（複数回答可）」では，「研修会」24名（44.4％），キャリア相談22名（40.7％），交流会・ネットワーク作り19名（35.2％）であった．【結論】 今後のキャリアについて，現在の勤務先での就業継続を希望している者は，それ以外の者（進学や転職等を希望・検討している，分からないと回答）と比べて，有意にキャリアへの満足度が高かった．修了生のニーズをくみ取りながら，助産師基礎教育機関であるからこそ企画できる助産師のキャリアに必要な研修を検討していく必要がある．

Voltage controlled magnetoresistive random access memory (VC MRAM) is a promising candidate for a future low-power high-density memory. The main causes of bit errors in VC MRAM are write error and retention error. As the size of the memory cell decreases, the data retention time decreases, which causes a transition from the write-error-dominant region to the retention-error-dominant region at a certain operating time. Here we introduce the characteristic time of the transition from the write-error-dominant region to the retention-error-dominant region and analyze how the characteristic time depends on the effective anisotropy constant, $K_{0}$. The characteristic time is approximately expressed as $t_{\rm c} = 2\, w\, \tau$, where $w$ is the write error rate, and $\tau$ is the relaxation time derived by Kalmkov [J. Appl. Phys. 96, (2004) 1138-1145]. We show that for large $K_{0}$, $t_{\rm c}$ increases with increase of $K_{0}$ similar to $\tau$. The characteristic time is a key parameter for designing the VC MRAM for the variety of applications such as machine learning and artificial intelligence., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

Distribution of write error rate (WER) of spin-transfer-torque magnetoreistive random access memory (STT MRAM) caused by a distribution of resistance area product and anisotropy constant is theoretically studied. Assuming that WER is much smaller than unity, and junction parameters obey a normal distribution, we show that the WER obeys a logarithmic normal distribution. We derive analytical expressions for the probability density function and statistical measures. We find that the coefficient of variation of WER can be reduced by decreasing the pulse width. We also perform numerical simulations based on the Fokker-Planck equation and confirm the validity of the analytical expressions. The results are useful for designing reliable STT MRAMs., 8 pages, 4 figures, typos corrected, hyperlinks added

Recent advances in experimental techniques have made it possible to manipulate and measure the magnetization dynamics on the femtosecond time scale which is the same order as the correlation time of the bath degrees of freedom. In the equations of motion of magnetization, the correlation of the bath is represented by the non-Markovian damping. For development of the science and technologies based on the ultrafast magnetization dynamics it is important to understand how the magnetization dynamics depend on the correlation time. It is also important to determine the correlation time experimentally. Here we study the precession dynamics of a small magnet with the non-Markovian damping. Extending the theoretical analysis of Miyazaki and Seki [J. Chem. Phys. 108, 7052 (1998)] we obtain analytical expressions of the precession angular velocity and the effective damping constant for any values of the correlation time under assumption of small Gilbert damping constant. We also propose a possible experiment for determination of the correlation time., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

Stochastic phase synchronization is investigated for spin-torque oscillators (STOs) with perpendicularly magnetized free layer with the first- and second-order magnetic anisotropy. We numerically calculated the magnetization dynamics for the pair of STOs receiving a dc current with Gaussian noise through common current source, and found that the STOs with the second-order magnetic anisotropy synchronized more effectively than that without the second-order magnetic anisotropy. We analyzed the response of the oscillation phase to a perturbative current, i.e., phase resetting curve, and also found that the STO with the second-order uniaxial anisotropy performs better with stochastic phase synchronization.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth syndrome that is occasionally associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) in the neonatal period. Sotos syndrome (SS) and Kabuki syndrome (KS) are other malformation syndromes that may be complicated with HH, however, the detailed clinical characteristics of HH accompanied with these syndromes remain unclear. We herein conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan. We sent a primary questionnaire concerning the clinical experience for these syndromes to 347 perinatal care institutions. As a result, 222 departments or hospitals returned the questionnaires and the total numbers of BWS, SS, and KS patients were 113, 88, and 51, respectively. We sent a secondary questionnaire to 31 institutions where patients with these syndromes presented with HH during infancy. The secondary questionnaires were returned from the institutions and the numbers of patients were 16 for BWS, 9 for SS, and 3 for KS, respectively. Then, we compared the clinical characteristics of infants suffering from transient HH with and without these dysmorphic syndromes. As a result, BWS, SS, and KS patients showed significantly larger body size, lower Apgar scores, higher insulin levels at HH, and shorter durations of HH than non-dysmorphic infants with transient HH. We propose that a careful observation for the signs of HH, even if not specific to the syndromes, is important for the diagnosis of patients with BWS, SS, and KS in the postnatal period. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Artificial neural network (ANNs) are of great interest for applications such as recognition and scene detection. Traditional ANNs consist of software; this work proposes hardware for an ANN based on spin-torque nano-oscillators. By tuning two exchange interactions, $e.g.$ the Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, the relative phase of the oscillators can be controlled in an external oscillating magnetic field. The suitability of these components for ANNs is simulated for a standard recognition task. This simple hardware could combine the oscillatory activity of biological neurons with the perceptron model, which is the workhorse of present-day ANNs.

Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common etiological agent of a life-threatening infection in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Neonates with very low birth weight and patients with serious diseases are more likely to be exposed to invasive procedures which make them at a high risk of MRSA colonization and infection. Since MRSA colonization is a risk factor for MRSA infection, prevention of MRSA transmission is an important issue in NICUs. NICUs in Japan practice standard contact precautions and active surveillance cultures (ASC) to prevent MRSA transmission. In this report, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of MRSA colonization and infection between January 2010 and December 2015 in our perinatal care center. Methods We conducted retrospective analysis of 1716 neonates hospitalized in our perinatal care center. Results 120 cases had MRSA colonization (6.99%) and among them 33 neonates were infected. The duration of stay (P≤0.001) and the birth weight (P≤0.001) showed statistically significant differences between MRSA-colonized neonates and non-MRSA-colonized neonates. The number of central venous catheterization showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.001) and the number of digestive system diseases showed marginally significant differences (P = 0.072) between MRSA-colonized non-infected neonates and MRSA-infected neonates. Conclusions As previous reports have shown, we present that the neonates with central venous catheterization were more likely to be infected with MRSA. We also need to pay attention to neonates with digestive system diseases, showing signs of infection, because they may be potentially infected with MRSA.

Spin-valve nanopillars are under extensive development to realize spintronic nonvolatile memory. Here highly efficient spin-transfer-torque switching is required, but cannot be enhanced by simply adjusting the first-order uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The authors find that, by introducing second-order anisotropy and manipulating the ratio of first- and second-order quantities, efficiency can be raised dramatically, or the thermal stability against accidental switching can be maximized. These results provide an indispensable guide for the design of magnetoresistive random-access memory.

The magnetization dynamics of spin torque oscillator (STO) consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer was studied by solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. We derived the analytical formula of the relation between the current and the oscillation frequency of the STO by analyzing the energy balance between the work done by the spin torque and the energy dissipation due to the damping. We also found that the field-like torque breaks the energy balance, and change the oscillation frequency., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, presented at ISAMMA 2013

This study was conducted to clarify the differences and commonalities in perceptions regarding husbands’supportiveness for their wives’satisfaction during pregnancy between husbands and wives with older children. This report also discusses the effect of nursing care that enhances the supportiveness provided by husbands during their wives’pregnancy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two multiparous couples during pregnancy. All interviews were transcribed and a qualitative inductive analysis was performed using Berelson's Content Analysis methods. The following five categories were identified regarding the husbands' supportiveness during their multiparous wives' pregnancy:［Increased consciousness of parenthood toward the unborn baby];［Empathy regarding wife’sphysical and mental health arising from the previous pregnancy and childbirth , and addition of a new baby]; [Support with housework to show empathy for the multiparous wife]; [Care of older children to show empathy ofr the multiparous wife]; [Akjustment of roles in the parenting older children.] From the discussion about the common and different perceptions between multiparous couples, the following suggestion emerges. Nursing care should focus on enhancing the intimacy of a couple, strengthening the family system, increasing consciousness of parenthood toward an unborn baby, and adjusting the role in the parenting of older children.

A magnetic vortex has attracted significant attention since it is a topologically stable magnetic structure in a soft magnetic nanodisk. Many studies have been devoted to understanding the nature of magnetic vortex in isolated systems. Here we show a new aspect of a magnetic vortex the dynamics of which strongly affects the magnetic structures of environment. We exploit a nanodot of an exchange-coupled bilayer with a soft magnetic Ni81Fe19 (permalloy; Py) having a magnetic vortex and a perpendicularly magnetized L10-FePt exhibiting a large switching field (Hsw). The vortex dynamics with azimuthal spin waves makes the excess energy accumulate in the Py, which triggers the reversed-domain nucleation in the L10-FePt at a low magnetic field. Our results shed light on the non-local mechanism of a reversed-domain nucleation, and provide with a route for efficient Hsw reduction that is needed for ultralow-power spintronic devices., Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary Information

The spin-wave coupled spin-torque-oscillator is studied for a processing unit of an artificial neural network by numerically solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation incorporating the Slonczewski spin-torque term. The spin-wave coupling is controlled by tuning the Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and also by externally applying the oscillating magnetic field. The activation function of the processing unit is varied by the spin-wave coupling. The artificial neural network computation is also demonstrated by performing the recognition of the handwritten digits in the MNIST database. By using the sigmoid-like activation function, the learning is conducted by the algorithm used for the conventional feedforward neural network. The obtained recognition accuracy is 0.853.The spin-wave coupled spin-torque-oscillator is studied for a processing unit of an artificial neural network by numerically solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation incorporating the Slonczewski spin-torque term. The spin-wave coupling is controlled by tuning the Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and also by externally applying the oscillating magnetic field. The activation function of the processing unit is varied by the spin-wave coupling. The artificial neural network computation is also demonstrated by performing the recognition of the handwritten digits in the MNIST database. By using the sigmoid-like activation function, the learning is conducted by the algorithm used for the conventional feedforward neural network. The obtained recognition accuracy is 0.853.

Three new picraline-type alkaloids, alstiphyllanines E–G (1–3) and a new ajmaline-type alkaloid, alstiphyllanine H (4) were isolated from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla together with 16 related alkaloids (5–20). Structures and stereochemistry of 1–4 were fully elucidated and characterized by 2D NMR analysis. Alstiphyllanines E and F (1 and 2) showed moderate Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1 and SGLT2) inhibitory activity. A series of a hydroxy substituted derivatives 21–28 at C-17 of the picraline-type alkaloids have been derived as having potent SGLT inhibitory activity. 10-Methoxy-N(1)-methylburnamine-17-O-veratrate (6) exhibited potent inhibitory activity, suggesting that the presence of an ester side chain at C-17 may be important to show SGLT inhibitory activity. Structure activity relationship of alstiphyllanines on inhibitory activity of SGLT was discussed.

Cassiarin A 1, a tricyclic alkaloid, isolated from the leaves of Cassia siamea (Leguminosae), shows powerful antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro as well as P. berghei in vivo, which may be valuable leads for novel antimalarials. Interactions of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) with endothelium in aorta are especially important in the processes contribute to the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Nitric oxide (NO) reduces endothelial expression of receptors/adhesion molecules used by pRBC to adhere to vascular endothelium, and reduces cytoadherence of pRBC to vascular endothelium. Cassiarin A 1 showed vasorelaxation activity against rat aortic ring, which may be related with NO production. A series of a hydroxyl and a nitrogen-substituted derivatives and a dehydroxy derivative of 1 have been synthesized as having potent antimalarials against P. falciparum with vasodilator activity, which may reduce cytoadherence of pRBC to vascular endothelium. Cassiarin A 1 exhibited a potent antimalarial activity and a high selectivity index in vitro, suggesting that the presence of a hydroxyl and a nitrogen atom without any substituents may be important to show antimalarial activity. Relative to cassiarin A, a methoxy derivative showed more potent vasorelaxant activity, although it did not show improvement for inhibition of P. falciparum in vitro. These cassiarin derivatives may be promising candidates as antimalarials with different mode of actions.

With congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), most patients have a de novo 5–13 polyalanine expansion mutation in PHOX2B. We reported previously that de novo polyalanine expansion mutations were of paternal origin and were derived from unequal sister chromatid exchange during spermatogenesis in six and four informative families, respectively. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between haplotypes and de novo polyalanine expansion in PHOX2B and found that haplotypes carrying rs17884724:A>C were detected frequently in 7-alanine expanded (27-alanine) mutant alleles, which are the most prevalent mutations in CCHS. The allele with rs17884724:A>C made fewer nucleotide mismatches in the misalignment at crossing-over than the allele without rs17884724:A>C. The high frequency of rs17884724:A>C in 7-alanine expansion (27-alanine) mutations also supported the unequal crossover mechanism for polyalanine expansion. We also confirmed the paternal origin of de novo polyalanine expansion mutation and unequal sister chromatid exchange association in three more patients. In spite of paternal bias, the paternal age effect on CCHS incidence was not observed. De novo polyalanine expansion mutations are mainly derived from unequal sister chromatid exchange during spermatogenesis because of replication and/or repair systems that are specific for spermatogenesis.

Some important phonon effects observed in core and valence level photoemission spectra are discussed on the basis of nonequilibrium Green’s function theory. This theoretical framework allows us to incorporate phonon effects, such as Debye–Waller (DW) factors, Franck–Condon (FC) factors and electron–phonon interactions in a natural way. For the description of the electron–phonon interaction the phonon part of the screened Coulomb propagator plays a crucial role. We separately discuss those effects on photoemission spectra from localized core and extended valence levels. In case of core level excitation, taking into account the core-hole effects on phonon spectra, we can relate the Franck–Condon factors to the electron–phonon interaction, which are interpreted as the intrinsic phonon losses. Phonon losses during propagation in solids can be described by loss Keldysh diagrams similar to those for the plasmon losses, which are closely related to extrinsic losses. In case of extended valence excitation we show that the phonon effects destroy the interference between photoelectron waves in high-energy region, which enhances specific features in the X-ray photoelectron diffraction as observed before. In contrast the DW factors play a very minor role in low energy (UPS) region, and we can obtain detailed information on band structures by the use of angle-resolved measurements.

We investigated time-related predictors of death or neurological sequelae in extremely preterm infants (EPI) born at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation by categorizing clinical patterns according to their survival time and morbidity. Data on 113 infants born at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation from January 1991 through April 2006 were analyzed by a case-control approach. Cesarean section, Apgar scoreor= 3 at 5 minutes, and pulmonary hypoplasia were significantly associated with death at24 hours of life. Among infants who survivedor= 24 hours, pulmonary hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) were significantly associated with death by day 6. Among those survivingor= 7 days, sepsis and severe IVH were significantly associated with death. Assessment of survivors at a minimum follow-up period of 2 years revealed that protracted mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with a poor neurological outcome. There are various characteristic key events in relation to the outcome at different ages of life in EPI born at 22 to 24 weeks' gestation. Clinicians and parents should discuss management options for the infant on the basis of these findings.

We review some new developments in theory of photoemission from solids. In particular, multi-atom resonant photoemission (MARPE) and recoil processes in high-energy photoemission are discussed in detail. In the former and latter phenomena, radiation field screening and phonon excitation around an X-ray absorbing atom, respectively, play an important role.

Recoil effects of photoelectrons excited by high-energy X-rays are studied beyond the simplest approximation where elastic scatterings of photoelectrons are completely neglected (single-site approximation). At first we have shown that the simple free atom energy shift is accurately obtained within the harmonic and the single-site approximations. Beyond the single-site approximation, this simple formula does not work, but still simple classically acceptable formula can be used to explain the recoil energy shift. Illustrative numerical calculations show that the energy shifts caused by the photoelectron diffraction amounts to 5–8 meV for graphite-like carbon and about 100 meV for LiI6 cluster at ek = 5–7 keV, and show oscillations as functions of the photoelectron energy. Furthermore we discuss the recoil effects in photoemission from extended levels by use of the tight-binding approach. Our approach naturally provides not only Debye–Waller factors but also the recoil factors. In addition to the phonon excitation, we also study the recoil effects associated with plasmon losses where intrinsic and extrinsic processes can interfere each other. Only the latter can contribute to the recoil energy shift. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

【目 的】 妊娠期の女性のヘルスプロモーションを支援するために, 生活圏に医療機関のない女性の妊娠期におけるセルフケアの特徴を明らかにする. 【方 法】 沖縄県の離島の黒島, 波照間島に居住する出産後1年以内の母親9名を対象とし, 半構成的面接法により抽出した妊娠期に行ったセルフケアを, 質的に内容分析した. 【結 果】 離島の女性は自分の健康は自分で管理していこうという意識を持っており, 妊娠期のセルフケアとして, 「妊娠経過において異常を予防し正常を保つために, 自らあらゆる情報源から情報を得て, 自ら考え行動した」という特徴が見出された. 【結 語】 妊娠期の女性のセルフケア能力を高める支援として, 女性が意識的に自分の身体と向き合い自分で判断することを促すかかわり, 専門的視点からのセルフケアについての振り返り, キーパーソンである夫と協働できるような支援, 個別的で具体的な情報提供という4つの支援が示唆された.

Angular distribution of emitted photoelectrons is theoretically studied for high-energy X-rays where electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transitions play some important roles in addition to the electric dipole transitions. We apply irreducible tensor expansion of photon field to discuss the high-energy photoelectron angular distribution instead of the usual power series expansion. The present numerical calculations show that the conventional power series expansion works so well up to quite high energy ( ≈ 10 keV) for core excitation. Photoelectron diffraction effects make the nondipole contribution sensitive to the geometrical setup of surrounding scattering atoms because of the strong focusing effect in the high-energy region. Total high-energy photoemission intensities from extended levels are well described by use of the Gelius formula because the interference terms are effectively smeared out by Debye–Waller factors.

We theoretically analyzed the effects of damping on spin torque induced oscillation in a spin torque oscillator with a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized reference layer. It was found that there exists an unexpectedly small critical damping constant, above which no steady-state oscillation can be excited by spin torque. It was also found that the critical damping constant is almost independent of the anisotropy constants but increases with the spin polarization of the injected current.

Periaxin (PRX) plays an important role in the myelination of the peripheral nerve and consequently in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). To date, nine nonsense or frameshift PRX mutations have been reported in eight families with CMT. The patients with PRX mutations appeared to show characteristic clinical features with early onset but slow or no progression, a common result of mutations that lead to missing a C-terminal acidic domain. Here, we report a Japanese CMT patient with these characteristic clinical features, who was a compound heterozygote for PRX R1070X and L132FsX153 mutations. We previously reported that three Japanese isolated families also had the homozygous R1070X mutation. To examine the potential founder effect of the R1070X mutation in the Japanese population, we performed haplotype analysis and found that each R1070X allele lay on a different haplotype background in these four families. Therefore, the high frequency of the R1070X mutation among the Japanese population is not likely the consequence of a founder effect, but probably a result of a mutation hot spot.

A new nonrelativistic many-body theory to analyze X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra has been developed on the basis of quantum electrodynamic (QED) Keldysh Green’s function approach. To obtain XPS current density we calculate electron Green’s function g which partly includes electron–photon interactions. We first separate longitudinal and transverse parts of these Green’s functions in the Coulomb gauge. The transverse electron selfenergy describes the electron–photon interaction, whereas the longitudinal electron selfenergy describes the electron–electron interaction. We derive the QED Hedin’s equation from which we obtain systematic skeleton expansion in the power series of the screened Coulomb interaction W and the photon Green’s function D k l . We show the present theory provides a sound theoretical tool to study complicated many-body processes such as the electron propagation damping, intrinsic, extrinsic losses and their interference, and furthermore, resonant photoemission processes. We have also found the importance of the mixed photon Green’s functions D 0 k and D k 0 which have been supposed to be unimportant for the XPS analyses. They, however, directly describe the radiation field screening. In this work, photon field screening effects are discussed in one-step theory, where the electron–photon interaction operator Δ is proved to be replaced by e − 1 Δ beyond linear approximation. Beyond free photon Green’s function approximation, photon scatterings from the electron density are incorporated within the present QED theory. These photon field effects can directly describe the microscopic photon field spatial variation specific to near the surface region and nanoparticle systems.

The angular distribution of emitted photoelectrons is theoretically studied for high-energy X-rays where electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transitions are taken into account in addition to the electric dipole transition. We apply irreducible tensor expansion of photon field instead of usual power series expansion. The present numerical calculations show that the conventional power series expansion works so well up to quite high energy for the core excitation. We also discuss the recoil effects of nuclei associated with photoemission excited by high-energy X-rays, which gives rise to the energy shift and the peak broadening. For practical calculation we furthermore introduce Debye approximation for phonon spectra, which brings about the simple free atom recoil energy shift. In the simple Debye approximation we can expect no contribution to the broadening. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2005.373]

Background: Hyperkalemia is seen quite often in very low-birthweight (VLBW) infants and concentrations sometimes become high enough to cause cardiac arrhythmia. The purpose of the present study was to identify factors that increase serum concentrations of potassium in VLBW infants. Methods: Retrospective comparative analysis was performed on 140 VLBW infants who had been admitted to the Toho University Perinatal Center between January 1993 and December 1999 and needed mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress. Serum concentrations of potassium at 24 and 48 h of age were compared in two groups of infants, those whose mothers did and did not receive antenatal steroid treatment. Risk factors for severe hyperkalemia were analyzed by multiple linear regression models and Pearson's partial correlation analysis. Results: Antenatal steroid treatment reduced serum potassium concentrations significantly at 24 and 48 h, as well as the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia and necessity for glucose insulin treatment for severe hyperkalemia. Multiple linear regression showed the serum potassium concentration at 24 h of age was associated with antenatal steroid hormone treatment, 24 h fluid intake volume, serum sodium concentrations at 24 h, gestational weeks and sampling site. Serum concentration of potassium at 48 h of age was associated with blood urea nitrogen, gestational week, serum sodium concentration at 48 h of age and fluid intake between 24 and 48 h of age. Urine output volume and serum creatinine concentrations were not correlated with potassium concentrations at either age. Conclusion: Antenatal steroid hormone treatment can reduce early hyperkalemia in VLBW infants and also the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia and the use of glucose insulin treatment.

In this work the importance of radiation field screening is stressed in Keldysh’s Green’s function theory to study X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). So far these terms have been supposed to be small, however, we have found that these effects play a crucial role to analyze resonance effects. In particular the importance of these vertex correction is important in the analyses of multiatom resonant photoemission (MARPE) spectra and the resonance effects in XAFS. We also investigate the contribution from polarized part Wp of the screened Coulomb interaction W to the resonance effects. We find that W≈v is quite a good approximation. Off the resonance these radiation field screening diagrams are not important. They have no contribution to loss processes even though they include W> and W

The many-body theory of X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) spectra is developed by using Keldysh’s non-equilibrium Green’s functions, which was basically applied by Caroli et al. We have applied skeleton diagram expansion in terms of dressed one-electron Green’s function G and the screened Coulomb interaction W. The damping photoelectron wave functions under the influence of the optical potential play a central role in the present XPD theory. On the basis of the present theoretical framework, we provide detailed discussion on Debye–Waller and Franck–Condon factors in XPD spectra at finite temperature, resonance effects in particular multiatom resonant photoemission (MARPE) effects, and also on the loss effects. The XPD spectra are simply described by a product of the Franck–Condon factor and the XPD intensity including the Debye–Waller factor. This result is in contrast to the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) where the Franck–Condon factor is smeared out by a convolution product. We have discussed the conditions which give rise to prominent MARPE spectra. In particular, symmetry lowering plays an important role giving rise to prominent MARPE spectra. The angular dependence provides us with useful information on near neighbor atomic arrangement. Some model calculations clarify the basic physical processes of MARPE spectra. To discuss the loss spectra, we stress the importance of the interference effects between the intrinsic and extrinsic losses. The explicit formulas, which include both inelastic and elastic scatterings, are newly derived in the present theoretical framework, and enable us to calculate an XPD pattern associated with losses.

Five new indole alkaloids, voacalgines A–E (1–5) consisting of a C-mavacurine type of skeleton with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate moiety, a macroline-type of skeleton, or a macroline-type of skeleton with C6 unit, were isolated from the bark of Voacanga grandifolia. Their relative structures were determined by means of NMR data. Voacalgine A showed moderate cell growth inhibitory activities against HL-60 and HCT116 cells.

The critical current of the self-oscillation of spin torque oscillator (STO) consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer was studied by solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. We found that the critical current diverged at certain field directions, indicating that the self-oscillation does not occur at these directions. It was also found that the sign of the critical current changed depending on the applied field direction., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, conference proceeding of Intermag 2014

In accurate analyses of XPD spectra, the atomic potential at each site plays an important role. Hermitian potential like Hartree-Fock potential cannot describe the damping of the photoelectron wave, so that it is crucial to go beyond one-electron theory for the XPD analyses. Our optical potential is energy dependent, non-local and self-consistent based on Hedin's GW approximation. Here we apply this optical potential to the N 1s XPD spectra of N2 adsorbed on metals, and compare the results by use of different approximations.

The absolute stereochemistry of the aglycon part of an antitumor antibiotic vicenistatin ( 1 ) was determined by a synthetic approach. Two relevant components degradatively derived from natural 1 were compared with the corresponding synthetic standards prepared from known compounds by stereochemically defined chemistry. The absolute configuration of 1 turned out to be 6 S ,7 S ,18 S .

The oscillation properties of a spin torque oscillator consisting of a perpendicularly magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized pinned layer are studied based on an analysis of the energy balance between spin torque and damping. The critical value of an external magnetic field applied normal to the film plane is found, below which the controllable range of the oscillation frequency by the current is suppressed. The value of the critical field depends on the magnetic anisotropy, the saturation magnetization, and the spin torque parameter., 5 pages, 4 figures

The dependence on diameter of the emission power in MgO-based nano-pillar spin torque oscillators (STOs) was systematically investigated. A maximum emission power of over 2.5 μW was obtained around 300 nm in diameter, which is the largest reported to date among the out-of-plane precession STOs. By analyzing physical quantities, precession cone angle of the free-layer magnetization was evaluated. In the diameter range below 300 nm, the increase in power was mainly due to the increase of the injected current. The power decrease above 300 nm is possibly attributed to the decrease in the averaged precession cone angle, suggesting spatial phase difference of magnetization precession. This study provides the method for estimating the optimum STO diameter, which is of great importance in practical use.

Spin-torque induced magnetization dynamics in a magnetoresistive nanopillar with a conically magnetized free layer and an in-plane magnetized reference layer is theoretically studied. Two modes are observed for zero-bias-field self-oscillation, the occurrence of which depends on applied current density: one is the in-plane oscillation mode at small current density and the other is the out-of-plane oscillation mode at large current density. The mechanism for the appearance of these oscillation modes are explained, and the critical current densities of the modes are presented.

The microwave-assisted switching (MAS) of magnetization in a perpendicularly magnetized circular disk is studied based on the macrospin model in a rotating frame. The analytical expression for the critical frequency of MAS is derived by analyzing the presence of a quasiperiodic mode. The critical frequency is expressed as a function of the radio frequency (rf) field H rf and the effective anisotropy field . For a small rf field such that , the critical frequency is approximately equal to .

Microwave-assisted switching of magnetization in a perpendicularly magnetized disk was theoretically studied and special attention was paid to the effect of a damping constant on the switching field. We found that there exists a critical damping constant above which the switching field suddenly increases. We derived an analytical expression of the critical damping constant and showed that it decreases with increasing frequency of the microwave field, while it increases with increasing amplitude of the microwave field and the effective anisotropy field.

Seven new ajmaline type alkaloids, alstiphyllanines I-O (1-7) were isolated from the leaves of Alstonia macrophylla together with six related alkaloids (8-13). Structures and stereochemistry of 1-7 were fully elucidated and characterized by 2D NMR analysis. A series of alstiphyllanines I-O (1-7) as well as the known ajmaline type alkaloids (8-13) showed that they relaxed phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions against rat aortic ring. Among them, vincamedine (10) showed potent vasorelaxant activity, which may be mediated through inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCs) and/or receptor-operated Ca(2+) channels (ROCs) as well as partially mediated the NO release from endothelial cells. The presence of substituents at both N-1 and C-17 may be important to show vasorelaxation activity.