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Sensory research was carried out in order to investigate the consumer palatability of goat meat. One of traditional Okinawa dish, soup of goat meat was investigated by panel test. The sensory research was conducted by 123 ordinary consumers (male: 83, female: 40). The survey research was carried out based on a questionnaire about taste, aroma, toughness, and greasiness of the meat, where each question was made of five choices. Factors related to profile of the panelists were sex, age, place of origin and preference of the panelists were investigated. In toughness and greasiness, female panelists tended to evaluate the meat more tough and greasy than male panelists (P < 0.05). In toughness, the panelists in age of 21-60 class tended to evaluate the meat more tough than panelists of under 20 (P < 0.05). In aroma and aggregate score, local panelists tended to evaluate the meat stronger smell than visitors (P < 0.05). This survey study reveals preference of the panelists for goat soup is the most important factor to make favor/disfavor decision. This tendency was especially significant in evaluation of aroma, where more local panelists tend to favor the aroma of goat soup., ヤギ汁の食味試験による官能評価を行う目的で、沖縄県内において最も普通に食されている手法で調理したヤギ汁を用いて、食味試験を実施した。食味試験は男性83名、女性40名の計123名を無作為に抽出して実施した。試験は味、香り、硬さ、および脂っこさの項目について5段階評価（最も良い：2、良い：1、普通：0、 悪い：-1、最も悪い：-2）として、試食後に速やかに記入させた。 女性は男性に比べヤギ汁の肉を堅く評価し、さらに脂っこいと評価した（P < 0.05）。またヤギ汁肉に対する硬さは21-60 歳までが他の年代よりも有意に硬いと評価した（P < 0.05）。被験者の出身地では、地元の人が県外の人よりもヤギ汁の匂いおよび総合評価において高く評価した（P < 0.05）。ヤギ汁の経験では、ヤギ汁を好む人が未経験および嫌いとする人に比べ有意に味、香り、硬さ、脂っこさおよび総合評価の全ての項目において高く評価した（P < 0.05）。今回の試験から、ヤギ汁の経験が評価に大きな影響を与えていることが示唆された。これらの結果から、今後、ヤギ肉の消費拡大を検討する場合、ヤギ汁の食経験をいかに拡げていくかが重要であると考えられた。その上で、女性にも食べやすいような調理法の工夫などが必要であろうと考えられる。

This experiment was carried out to examine the seasonal change of several kinds forage grass and wild grass of litter decomposition rate in subtropical native pasture on the grassland ecosystem.The litter of the above-ground used for the experiments is standing dead plants of Bidens pilosa, silver grass, pangolagrass, bahiagrass collected in the previous year. A standing dead plant as litter materials was divided lamina part and stem part, and used three grass species Bidens pilosa, silvergrass, pangolagrass. Litters that range from 4 to 7 grams of each grass put in the litter bag were set in grassland. Setting litter bags in grassland were picked up every other month. There was a significant difference on the average litter decomposition rate of three grasses which are Bidens pilosa, silver grass and pangolagrass though it showed the similar tendency in seasonal changes of the litter decomposition rate of the above-ground. It was quicker decomposition rate than litter decomposition rate of the above-ground of each grass species than that of the stem, though there was one exception in pangola grass species which lamina parts were low value than stem parts from July through September. Litter decomposition rate of the lamina parts of Bidens pilosa and silvergrass were significantly faster than that of stem parts, but was not significant litter decomposition rate between lamina and stem parts of pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between lamina part and the stem parts of which were Bidens pilosa, silvergrass and pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between digestability of used grasses. It is necessary to sufficiently consider for the decomposition rate of the litter, when it constructs the simulation model by carrying out systems analysis, since it significant change in the every season., 本実験では生態システムの中のリターの分解について亜熱帯野草地での数種イネ科牧草と野草の分解速度の季節的変化を調べるために行った．前年度に採取したセンダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラス，バヒアグラスの立ち枯れを地上部リターとし，センダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラスの3草種については葉身部と茎部の部位別リターとして分解試験に供試した．これらを4-7gリターバッグに詰めて放牧地に設置した．そして,1ケ月間隔で回収した．地上部リターの分解速度の季節的推移は3草種とも同様な傾向を示したが，それらの全ての草種平均値間には有意差(p, 紀要論文

In this examination, we studied on the correlation of between the methane discharge of expiration and rumen using cattle fitted with rumen fistula was fed by general breeding method. We corrected gas from expiration and rumen at five times in before feeding, after feeding, after an hour of feeding, after three hours of feeding, and after five hours of feeding. The amount of methane discharge was tended to increase immediately after feeding. And then, the amount of methane discharge was gradual decreased. We observed positive correlation between expiration and rumen for methane discharge., 本試験では、一般的な飼養法で飼育されているフィステルを装着した牛を用いて呼気中へのメタン排出量とルーメン内のメタン生成量の関連性について検討した.呼気およびルーメン内のガスの採取は，給餌直前，給餌直後，給餌後約1時間後，給餌後約3時間後，給餌後約5時間後の計5回行った.両者のメタン量を計測したところ，飼料給餌直後にメタン量が増加し，その後漸減していく傾向が見られた.また，呼気およびルーメン内のメタン量は高い正の相関があることが確認された.

This experiment was carried out to examine the seasonal change of several kinds forage grass and wild grass of litter decomposition rate in subtropical native pasture on the grassland ecosystem.The litter of the above-ground used for the experiments is standing dead plants of Bidens pilosa, silver grass, pangolagrass, bahiagrass collected in the previous year. A standing dead plant as litter materials was divided lamina part and stem part, and used three grass species Bidens pilosa, silvergrass, pangolagrass. Litters that range from 4 to 7 grams of each grass put in the litter bag were set in grassland. Setting litter bags in grassland were picked up every other month. There was a significant difference on the average litter decomposition rate of three grasses which are Bidens pilosa, silver grass and pangolagrass though it showed the similar tendency in seasonal changes of the litter decomposition rate of the above-ground. It was quicker decomposition rate than litter decomposition rate of the above-ground of each grass species than that of the stem, though there was one exception in pangola grass species which lamina parts were low value than stem parts from July through September. Litter decomposition rate of the lamina parts of Bidens pilosa and silvergrass were significantly faster than that of stem parts, but was not significant litter decomposition rate between lamina and stem parts of pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between lamina part and the stem parts of which were Bidens pilosa, silvergrass and pangolagrass. There was positively correlated with difference of litter decomposition rate between digestability of used grasses. It is necessary to sufficiently consider for the decomposition rate of the litter, when it constructs the simulation model by carrying out systems analysis, since it significant change in the every season., 本実験では生態システムの中のリターの分解について亜熱帯野草地での数種イネ科牧草と野草の分解速度の季節的変化を調べるために行った．前年度に採取したセンダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラス，バヒアグラスの立ち枯れを地上部リターとし，センダングサ，ススキ，パンゴラグラスの3草種については葉身部と茎部の部位別リターとして分解試験に供試した．これらを4-7gリターバッグに詰めて放牧地に設置した．そして,1ケ月間隔で回収した．地上部リターの分解速度の季節的推移は3草種とも同様な傾向を示したが，それらの全ての草種平均値間には有意差(p

In this examination, we studied on the correlation of between the methane discharge of expiration and rumen using cattle fitted with rumen fistula was fed by general breeding method. We corrected gas from expiration and rumen at five times in before feeding, after feeding, after an hour of feeding, after three hours of feeding, and after five hours of feeding. The amount of methane discharge was tended to increase immediately after feeding. And then, the amount of methane discharge was gradual decreased. We observed positive correlation between expiration and rumen for methane discharge., 本試験では、一般的な飼養法で飼育されているフィステルを装着した牛を用いて呼気中へのメタン排出量とルーメン内のメタン生成量の関連性について検討した.呼気およびルーメン内のガスの採取は，給餌直前，給餌直後，給餌後約1時間後，給餌後約3時間後，給餌後約5時間後の計5回行った.両者のメタン量を計測したところ，飼料給餌直後にメタン量が増加し，その後漸減していく傾向が見られた.また，呼気およびルーメン内のメタン量は高い正の相関があることが確認された., 紀要論文

This study was conducted to investigated the methods of continuous body temperature determination in grazing Japanese Black cattle. The relationships of body temperature with grazing behavior of cattle and also diurnal change in body temperature were analyzed. Seven Japanese Black cattle, 334 kg of average weight, were grazed on dominant pastue of Paspalum conjugatum Berg and Bidens Pilosa L.var. radiata Scherff. A cow 380 kg of body weight was selected and carried out four times during from january from December. Body temperature of cow was determined in which two thermo-recoder inserted the rectum and vagina. It were found that continuous determination of diurnal temperature of cow under grazing at one minute interval for 24-hour was successful when thermistor was inserted into the vagina of cow. Diurnal changes of vaginal temperature were showed circadian rhythm, being lowest at 10:00 and highest at 20:00. Body temperature of cow increased when the animal lied down and returned to the normal after standing up. It were made known that vaginal temperature of grazing cow has gone up, and gone down in standing., 牛の体温は分娩予知，発情発見，暑熱・寒冷ストレスの評価，疾病の早期発見などの指標として利用価値が高い.しかし，今までの牛の連続体温測定は，ほとんどが牛舎内や環境制御室で行われていた.そこで，本研究では放牧条件下での連続体温測定方法を検討した.実験により得られたデータから体温の日内変動を分析した.同時に環境温度・湿度の測定，行動調査を行い，体温変動との関係も解析した.琉球大学内にある放牧草地に平均体重334kgの黒毛和種7頭を放牧し，そのうちの1頭を用いて行った.放牧条件下で行った1分間隔の24時間連続膣温測定は可能であることがわかった.膣温の日内変動には概日リズムが認められ，いずれの日も午前8時～10時に低く，午前8時～10時に高い値を示した.また，放牧牛の体温は，横臥状態に上昇し，起立時に下降することがわかった., 紀要論文

In Okinawa northern island 3 areas, the existence of the chirping of an Okinawa rail was investigated for 24 consecutive hours once per 1 area in order to presume the activity and number of habitations of an Okinawa rail simply. The chirping (kek song) of the Okinawa rail was checked in B and C area. But the chirping (kek Song) of the Okinawa rail was not able to be checked in A area. In the area where the chirping was checked (B and C area), the chirping was observed 2 times, early morning and night. In the A area, a chirping was not able to be observed in which time zone. From this, in the A area, it was thought that there was no (or very few) activity of an Okinawa rail. In the future, it is necessary to increase the number of times of investigation, and an investigation item (kind of chirping), and to raise the accuracy of population estimation., ヤンバルクイナの生息数や活動について簡易に推定する目的で,沖縄島北部3地域において,ヤンバルクイナの鳴き声の有無を1地域1回24時間連続で調査した｡A地域以外のBおよびC地域においてはヤンバルクイナの鳴き声(kekソング)が確認された｡また,鳴き声が確認された地域においては,早朝と夜間の2回にわたって鳴き声を観察した｡A地域においては,いずれの時間帯においても鳴き声を観察できなかったことから,調査地付近での活動はなかったものと推察された｡今後,調査回数および調査項目(鳴き声の種類)を増やし,個体数や活動の推定精度を上げる必要があろう｡, 紀要論文

In this examination, we studied on the measurement technique of amount of methane discharged from cattle. Instrument for measurement of methane was made from methane sensor (MQ-4), core circuit, and sending circuit. Influence of the temperature and the humidity to the sensor value was considered. It was admitted the interaction of the temperature and the humidity to the sensor value. And we got multiple regression numerical formula; Rs /RO = 1.022905 -0.03702^* Temp(℃) - 0.081^* Hum(%) (R2=0.973). There is a possibility of measurement of concentration of methane more correctly attached the value obtained from numerical formula., 本試験では様々な飼養環境下において，牛が排出するメタンの量を直接計測可能なシステムの開発を行い、ルーメン内に投入し，連続的にルーメン内で生成されるメタン量を計測可能なラジオカプセル法について検討した.今回，供試したメタンセンサーでは，温度および湿度の変化にともない，センサー値が変化することが認められ，これらの関係に重回帰が認められ，より正確な近似式を用いることで，メタンの計測が可能となるものと推察された., 紀要論文

Yonaguni horse which is a breed of the Japanese Native horse is grazed all the year round in the Zoysia tenuifolia Wild dominant grassland in Yonaguni island. The behavioral ecology of the Yonaguni horses under the extensive management is almost unknown. Understanding the grazing behaviour of the Yonaguni horse is important in order to raise them properly. This study was investigated from the viewpoint of grazing behaviour of the Yonaguni horse, especially maintenance behaviour. A mare in 1-year old age (150 kg body weight) and a stallion in 4-year old age (184 kg body weight) was grazed in the subtropical native pasture year-long. Observation of the Yonaguni horse was carried out continuously for 24 hours from six a.m. till six a.m. next day in June 28～30th, and October 26～28th on 2005. The observation mainly investigated grazing behaviour, rest behaviour, moving behaviour, grooming behaviour, eliminative behaviour yawing, snorting and gassing between mare and stallion were investigated. Grazing behaviour of 24 hours of Yonaguni mare and stallion were the longest time, and the value ranged from 830 minutes to 848 minutes. Secondly resting behaviour of mare and stallion were longer, the time was range from 415-490 minutes. Lying on side behaviour time of a stallion was longer than a mare. Grooming behaviour time was range from 50 minutes to 71 minutes. Although grazing behaviour of horses was often observed in early morning, daytime, late afternoon and midnight, it was measured markedly less at two o'clock afternoon. Resting behaviour of horses was well observed under the spesific tree in the grassland. Standing rest behaviour of mare and stallion were observed throughout a day, especially at two o'clock in the daytime. And lying on belly behaviour and lying on side behaviour were intensively observed during hours between nighttime and early morning. Grooming behaviour of mare and stallion were seen throughout a day, and defication behaviour of both horses were ranged from 7 times to 46 times., 与那国島に生息する与那国馬は日本在来馬の一種で，その多くが海岸沿いのコウライシバ優占草地で周年放牧されているが，その行動生態についてはあまり知られていない。与那国馬の放牧行動を把握することは適切な放牧管理を行うためにも重要である。そこで本研究では，野草地における与那国馬の放牧行動，特に維持行動に着目して調査した。与那国島と同様な粗放管理で与那国馬の雄1頭（４歳齢・体重184kg)，雌１頭（１歳齢・体重150kg）を亜熱帯野草地に放牧した。調査は，2005年６月28日～30日までの３日間，10月26日から28日までの３日間の計６日間行い，午前６時から翌日の午前６時までの連続24時間行動観察した。調査項目は，摂取行動(食草，飲水，舐塩）・休息行動・移動・身繕い行動・排泄行動，あくび，スノート，おなら等であった。与那国馬の１日の放牧行動において，食草行動は，もっとも長く，雌馬，雄馬ともに，830～848分の範囲であった。次に休息行動で415～490分の範囲であった。雄馬の横臥位休息は雌馬と比べ有意に長い時間であった。身繕い行動は50～71分の範囲であった。食草行動は，早朝・昼・夕方・深夜に多く観察され，14時には著しく少なかった。休息行動は特定の木の下でよく観察された。立位休息は雌雄ともに１日を通して見られたが特に14時に多く見られた。また伏臥位休息と横臥位休息は，夜から早朝にかけて集中して多く見られた。身繕い行動は，雌雄馬ともに１日を通して見られ，排糞は７～46回の範囲であった。, 紀要論文

放牧反芻家畜,特に放牧牛の採食,反芻および休息行動について,動物を無拘束で計測する手法について検討した.開発した機器の概要は次の通りである.採食,反芻および休息行動に伴う特異的な顎運動を計測・記録することで,各行動を判別するようにした.すなわち,呼吸ピックアップセンサーと同様な原理で,センサーの伸縮に応じて出力信号が変化するゴムセンサーを上下顎に装着し,顎運動に伴う信号変化を動物に付帯させた記憶メディアへ出力させるものである.開発した機器を黒毛和種成雌ウシに装着し,放牧地内で計測した結果,採食,反芻および休息にともなう特異的な顎運動が計測できた.この顎運動を解析することで,放牧牛の各栄養行動パターンが詳細に検討することが可能となる., Measurement technique of behavior of the eating, ruminating and reposing in the grazing cattle was developed. And measure of such as behavior was studied in the grazing cattle. Each behavior such as eating, ruminating and reposing was clearly measured spent of time at each behavior. From the result, it is suggested that this measurement technique was effective for measurement of behavior of the eating, ruminating and reposing without restriction of ruminants.

動物病院で診療を受けた,受診犬(27頭)及び受診猫(13頭),動物愛護センターで引き取られるか,捕獲された犬(20頭)及び猫(24頭),計84頭から分離された大腸菌776株について,ABPC,CP,CTC,KM,SM,NA,SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。また耐性菌については,伝達性Rプラスミドの検索を行った。7薬剤のいずれかに耐性であった大腸菌は,犬では102株(24.7%),猫では59株(16.3%)であった。犬の耐性菌検出率では,受診犬(24.0%)と捕獲犬(25.5%)がほぼ同率であったが,猫では受診猫26.8%に対し,引取猫10.6%で,前者が高率であった。薬剤別の検出率は,犬ではCTC耐性が17.7%で最高,以下SA,SM,ABPC耐性の順であり,猫ではSA耐性が12.6%で最高,以下ABPC,CTC,SM耐性の順であった。捕獲犬は受診犬に比較して,すべての薬剤において検出率が高かったが,猫では逆にすべての薬剤で受診猫の方が引取猫より高かった。耐性型は,犬では単剤型から6剤型まで23種類(捕獲犬22種類,受診犬10種類),猫では単剤型から7剤型まで9種類(引取猫6種類,受診猫4種類)であった。受診犬は単剤型と2剤型で73%を占めたが,捕獲犬では3剤型以上が60%に達した。猫では,引取猫の過半数が単剤型と2剤型であったのに対し,受診猫は7剤型のみで62%を占めた。耐性菌における伝達性Rプラスミド保有菌の検出率は,犬が6.1%,猫が35.7%であった。猫では殆どが2剤伝達性であったが,犬では単剤伝達性が殆どであった。, Tests for sensitivity to seven drugs were conducted on 776 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from a total of 84 dogs and cats; 27 dogs and 13 cats referred to an animal hospital for treatment (referred group) and 20 dogs and 24 cats taken over or captured by animal protection centers (captured group). In the resistant strains, transferable R plasmid were studied. Resistance to at least one of the 7 drugs was found in 102 (24.7%) of strains obtained from dogs and 59 (16.3%) of strains obtained from cats. The percentage of resistant strains was 24.0% from referred dogs and 25.5% from captured dogs. The corresponding values were 26.8% in referred cats and 10.6% in captured cats. In dogs, the rate of resistance was the highest for CTC (17.7%) followed by SA, SM and ABPC in decreasing order. In cats, the rate of resistance was the highest for SA (12.6%) followed by ABPC, CTC and SM. The rate of drug resistance was higher for each drug in captured dogs than in referred dogs, but higher for each drug in referred cats than in captured cats. As to the range of multiple resistance, 23 combinations ranging from resistance to a single drug to 6 drugs were found in dogs (22 combinations in captured dogs and 10 combinations in referred dogs), whereas 9 combinations ranging from resistance to a single drug to all 7 drugs were found in cats (6 combinations in captured cats and 4 in referred cats). In referred dogs, resistance to 1 or 2 drugs accounted for 73%, whereas resistance to 3 or more drugs accounted for 60% in captured dogs. More than half of the strains from captured cats showed resistance to only 1 or 2 drugs, whereas strains resistant to all 7 drugs accounted for 62% from referred cats. Resistant strains with transferable R plasmid were found in 6.1% of dogs and 35.7% of cats. While 2 drug transfer was mostly found in cats, single drug transfer was mostly found in dogs., 紀要論文

本研究は, 放牧地空間を有効利用するために, 放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入することによって, 肉生産と果樹生産の両立をはかることを目的としている。昨年放牧牛による食害防御法が確立されたことからその方法であるワイヤーメッシュケージ法を継続して行ない, さらに果樹の生長, 果実の生産に向けて生育状況を把握するとともに効率良く生産をおこなうため, 放牧地の種々の光条件下と地形の違いによる果樹の生育について調査, 検討を行なった。昨年からのワイヤーメッシュケージ法を継続して行ない, グアバとビワのうち枯死していないもの(グアバ96本・ビワ64本)を調査に用いた。供試家畜は, 黒毛和種の成牛4頭と子牛4頭の合計8頭を用いた。グアバ, ビワの両果樹それぞれについて相対照度を測定し, 相対照度が100%&acd;65%の所をH区, 相対照度が65%&acd;35%の所をM区, 相対照度が35%以下となる所をL区と設定し, グアバについてはさらに傾斜角度が約35度の北西斜面の傾斜地をN区と設定した。調査項目は, 放牧牛による果樹の被食率, 麻袋被害率, 果樹の葉数, 果樹の樹高で, 調査期間は6月から12月までで1ヶ月間隔で調査を行なった。ワイヤーメッシュケージを継続して行なったところ, 調査期間全体を通して両果樹とも放牧牛による被食率は0%であった。麻袋被害率についてもほとんど0%であったが調査期間中の平均被害率がグアバ区で7.7%, ビワ区で0.6%と有意な差が認められた。相対照度の調査において, グアバではH区で葉数, 樹高ともに一番高い値を示し, L区で葉数,樹高ともに有意に低い値が認められた。グアバ区では病害虫の発生もみられ生長は思わしくなかった。ビワではL区で葉数, 樹高ともに一番高い値を示した。ビワ区ではわずかではあるが生長が認められた。両果樹について台風による被害がみられた。, We had studied on the introduction of tropical fruit tree in grazing pastute to produce both beef and tropical fruits because of utilization space in grasslands. We reported that several methods were conducted to introduce various tropical fruit trees (papaya, guava, loquat) in grasslands. We established the protection method for fruit trees from grazing cat tle; that was the wire-mesh cage method surrounded tropical tree by the wiremesh cage. So we continued the study to investigate the growth of guava and loquat using this method under various intensity of illuminations and topography. A guava (Psidium guyava L.) and loquat (Eriobtrya japonica Lindley) were transplanted in 1996. Eight heads of Japanese black cattle; four cows and four calves were grazed in grassland. The grasslands with the guava and loquat trees were divided into three plots of intensity of illuminations which were high intensity of 100-65% (H), of midium intensity of 65-35% (M), and of less than 35% (L), and then plotted the northwest-facing slope plot (N) in grasslnad with guava trees. We investigated the ratio of damage of fruit trees and of mulching materials (used linen bags) under the trees by grazing catlle, number of their leaves and height of trees from June to December every month. Tropical fruit trees were not entirely injured by grazing cattle during whole experimental periods by wire-mesh cage method. However, there was a small damage of mulching linen bags in guava area (7.7%) and loquat area (0.6%), it was singnificant at 5% level. The number of leaf and the height of guava were the highest in the high intensity of illumination area, but their values were lower in the less than 35% area. Only guava trees were damaed by insects (larvae of moth). On the contrary the number of leaf and the height of loquat trees showed the highest value in the intensity of illumination of less than 35% area. We found a typhoon da-maged the guava and loquat furuit trees., 紀要論文

沖縄本島内の一養鶏場で産卵鶏の日齢別に採取した糞便由来大腸菌合計826株について, 7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い, また耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの検索も試みた。供試した7薬剤のいずれかに耐性の大腸菌は, 314株(38.0%)であった。日齢別の耐性菌検出率では20日齢が86.9%で最高, 600日齢が8.8%で最低であり, 加齢に伴い低下する傾向を示した。しかし, 500日齢では51.7%を示し, 20日齢に次いで高い値であった。薬剤別ではSA耐性が29.7%で最高, 以下SM, CTC, KM, ABPC耐性などの順であった。各日齢ともSA耐性が1位または2位の検出率を示したが, 200日及び400日齢ではCTC耐性が1位を, また800日齢ではABPC耐性とSA耐性が同率で1位を示すなど, 日齢によって検出順位が異なった。耐性型の種類は, 全体では単剤型から6剤型まで23種類認められたが, 20日齢では16種類, 他の日齢では7種類以下であった。また2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性型が約70%を占め, 特に20日齢では90%が多剤耐性型であり, 6剤型も本日齢のみで検出された。なお200日, 500日及び800日齢でも59&acd;77%が多剤耐性型であった。耐性菌314株における伝達性Rプラスミドの検索では, 60株(19.1%)がRプラスミドを保有していたが, うち47株は500日齢由来であった。300日, 400日及び800日齢ではRプラスミド保有菌が検出されなかった。これら菌株の伝達耐性型は単剤型から4剤型まで見られたが, 49株が単剤伝達型であり, 残りの2&acd;4剤伝達型は20日及び500日齢由来であった。, Fecal samples were collected from laying hens at various ages in a poultry farm in Okinawa Prefecture. A total of 826 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the samples and tested for sensitivity testing to 7 antibiotics. Transmissible R plasmid was investigated in the resistant strains. Three hundred and fourteen strains (38.0%) were resistant to at least one of the 7 antibiotics tested. The prevalence of resistant strains was highest in the 20-day-old group (86.9%) and lowest in the 600-day-old group (8.8%), with a tendency of decrease with age. However, the prevalence was still 51.7% in the 500-day-old group, the second highest after the 20-day-old group. The rate of SA resistance was highest at 29.7%, followed by SM, CTC, KM and ABPC, in that order. SA resistance was the highest or second highest in all age groups, but CTC resistance was the highest in the 200-and 400-day-old groups, and ABPC and SA resistance was high in the 800-day-old group. The order of resistance rate among antibiotics varied slightly with age. Twenty-three resistance patterns were detected ranging from single-agent to 6-agent resistance. Sixteen types were observed in the 20-day-old group and 7 types or less in the other age groups. Multiple resistance type, defined as resistance to 2 or more antibiotics, accounted for approximately 70%. In the 20-day-old group, particularly, 90% were of the multiple resistance type and 6-agent resistance was seen only in this age group. Transmissible R plasmid was investigated in 314 resistant strains. Sixty strains (19.1%) possessed R plasmid, 47 strains of which were from the 500-day-old group. No R plasmid possessing strain was detected in the 300-, 400-or800-day-old group., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧地の立体空間を有効利用するために放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入し, 肉生産と果樹生産を行おうとするものである。本試験において, 食害防御効果を高めるために金網ネットを用いた物理的な方法による熱帯果樹の食害防御法の検討を行った。熱帯果樹にはグアバとビワを用いた。供試家畜は黒毛和種経産牛3頭(平均体重370kg), 未経産牛4頭(生後17&acd;22ヶ月齢)の合計7頭を放牧した。グアバとビワの苗は放牧地に約4m間隔で移植し, 長さ1.5mの支柱を苗の両側に立て, 上からネット袋で苗を被覆し供試牛を放牧した。退牧時にグアバとビワの被食率とネットの被害率を調査した。ネット試験を2回終了した時点でネットを取り外し, 苗の四方に支柱を4本立て, その支柱に金網ネットを張り巡らし固定した。ネット試験と同様に6回の放牧試験を行った。試験期間は7月から1月までの8ヶ月で8回の放牧試験を行った。1日平均果樹被食率はグアバのネット処理区で4.3%, 金網ネット処理区で1.6%, ビワのネット処理区で1.9%, 金網ネット処理区で0.7%と両果樹とも金網ネット処理区の方が低い値を示した。この結果, 金網ネット処理区はネット処理区に比べ有意に低い値を示した。また, グアバとビワにおける被食率の差も検討したが, 有意な差は認められなかった。以上の結果より, 金網ネット処理はネット処理に比べ熱帯果樹食害防御効果の高いことがわかった。, We have studied to produce both beef and tropical fruit due to utilization of spatial space in grassland. In this study we attempted the method of wirenet to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. We cultivated guava and loquat as tropical fruits, and grazed seven Japanese black cattle; three cows of mean weight of 370kg, four heifers of the range from seventeen to twenty-two months. We transplanted guava and loquat at four meter intervals in grassland, and struck the steel pole which was 1.5m in length both sides of a tropical fruit tree. All the tropical fruit trees (guava, loquat) were covered with polyethylene-net bag. We investigated damage of guava and loquat by means of polyethylene-net bag method after grazing. After two times of each experiments used polyethylene-net bag were removed, and added two iron posts both sides of fruit tree. Wire-net was put tightly around four posts of tropical fruit tree. Grazing experiments of the wire-net bag method were conducted eight times from July to January in the following year. The mean ratio of damaged guava per day were shown 4.3% in polyethylene-net bag method and 1.6% in wire-net method. The mean ratio of damaged loquat per day in polyethylene-net bag method and wire-net method were shown 1.9% and 0.7% respectively. As we compared the ratio of damaged fruit tree in polyethylene-net bag method with wire-net method, its ratio was significant low in wire-net method, its ratio was significant low in wire-net method. But the ratio of damaged between guava and loquat were not significant. From the results described above, we found the wire-net method was more effective grazing protecton than the polyethylene-net bag method., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧地の空間を有効利用するために放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入し, 肉生産と果樹生産の両立について検討しようとするものである。本試験においては食害防御効果をさらに高めるために市販のポリネット袋を用いて, 物理的な方法による果樹食害防御の検討を行った。熱帯果樹にはパパヤを用い, 供試家畜には黒毛和種経産牛3頭, 11ヶ月齢の雌牛2頭, 3ヶ月齢の雌牛2頭の計7頭を放牧した。パパヤ苗は放牧地に約4m間隔で移植し, 長さ約1.5mの支柱を苗の両側に1本ずつ立てた。そして, 縦75cm, 横42cmの市販のポリネット袋で苗を被覆した。その後, 供試牛を放牧し, 1日1回パパヤの被食率を調査した。ポリネット試験は第1期10月25日&acd;11月3日(10日間), 第2期11月25日&acd;12月2日(8日間)行った。1日平均被食率は無処理区で16%, ポリネット処理区で3.4%であった。ポリネット処理区における放牧牛による食害の特徴はポリネットの上から葉身を咀嚼するためダメージは少なく枯死に至るほどではなかった。以上の結果より, ポリネット処理区は無処理区に比べ放牧牛によるパパヤの被食が最も低く, 食害防御効果の高いことがわかった。, The purpose of this study is to produce both beef and tropical fruits in same place where we will utilize the spatial space of grassland effectively. In the study we carryied out the polyethylene-net bag method to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. We used papaya (carica papaya L.) as tropical fruit tree, and grazed seven japanese black cattle, that is three cows, two heifers of eleven months age and two heifers of three months age. Papaya transplanted in each four meter intervals, and struck supports which made of iron with 1.5m height in each sides of fruit tree. The size of polyethylene-net bag that was covered tropical fruit tree was seventy-five by forty-two centimeters. We measured ratio of damaged papaya trees every day during experiments. Experiment of the polyethylene-net bag method were conducted two times which were from twenty-fifth of October to third of November and from twenty-fifth of November to 2nd of December. It were shown the mean ratio of damaged fruit trees per day in nontreatment and polyethylene-net bag method were percent of 16 and 3.4 respectively. A characteristics of damaged papaya tree in polyethylene-net bag method did not receive a serious injury because of chewing papaya tree on the polyethylene-net bag. From the results described above, we might conclude that the polyethylene-net bag method was useful to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧草地の立体空間を有効利用するために熱帯果樹を植えて肉生産と果樹生産を同時に行おうとするもである。しかし, 放牧牛は草以外に苗木も採食してしまうので果樹の生育に大きなダメージを与え, 枯死に至らしめることもある。本実験は放牧牛による熱帯果樹苗木の食害を牛の嫌がる臭いによって防御した。実験は3段階に分けて行った。第1実験は薬品の食害に対する効果を検討した。薬品は酪酸, アンモニア, トリメチルアミン, プロピオン酸, ブチルメルカプタンの5種類を用い, それぞれを脱脂綿に浸し, 加工ポリ容器に入れ支柱に吊り下げて食害防御効果の高い薬品を選抜した。第2実験は, 第一段階で選抜した薬品(酪酸)の設置方法を検討した。麻袋法, ボトル法, 麻袋法とボトル法の同時設置法(麻袋法+ボトル法)の3方法で選抜した。第3実験は第1,第2段階で最も効果のあった薬品および設置方法を選択し, 選定した薬品の希釈倍率を50倍, 100倍, 200倍の3水準で忌避効果を調べた。薬品選抜試験では酪酸による防御効果が最も高かった。ついで, ブチルメルカプタン, トリメチルアミン, アンモニア, プロピオン酸, 無処理の順であった。薬品設置法の試験では, ボトル法, ボトル法+麻袋法の2処理が同程度の効果を示し, 麻袋法においては食害率が高かった。薬品の希釈倍率では50倍希釈と100倍希釈が同程度の効果を, 200倍希釈はそれらよりも約2倍も高い果樹被食率を示した。以上の結果から100倍希釈の酪酸を脱脂綿に浸してボトル法(ポリ容器)により苗木のすぐそばに設置したほうが食害の防御効果の高いことがわかった。, We studied the production of both beef and tropical fruits in same place to utilize the spatial space in grassland. It occurred that tropical fruit trees in grassland were eaten by grazing cattle, and they will be ceasing to grow soon. In this study we tried to protect the tropical fruit trees from grazing cattle by means of odoriferous materials in grassland. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) which cultivated in pods until 40 to 50cm height in green house transplanted in grassland. Three experiments were conducted. Following experiments on protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle were made : 1. Effects of five kinds of odoriferous materials (butyric acid, ammonia, trimethylamine, propionic acid, butylmercaptan) which put in processed polyethylene resin bottles with absorbent cotton on protecting fruit tree from grazing cattle; 2. Effects of three setting methods (that is, there are method of heap cloth mat soaked butyric acid under the fruit tree, of polyethylene resin bottle, and of heap cloth mat added polyethylene resin bottle) of using butyric acid which was most effective in experiment one on protection fruit tree from grazing cattle; 3. Effects of three concentration levels of diluted 50,100 and 200 times butyric acid solution on protecting fruit tree from grazing cattle. The results obtained were as follows. The most effective odor material which protected tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle was butyric acid, and were higher effect in order of butylmercaptan, trimethylamine, ammonia, propionic acid and no-odor material. In means of setting experiment polyethylene resin bottle method was same effectiveness as heap cloth mat added polyethylene resin bottle method., 紀要論文

沖縄県内の3酪農家で搾乳中の健康な乳用牛(ホルスタイン種),合計78頭の直腸便から分離した大腸菌652株について,7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い,また耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの検索も試みた。供試した7薬剤のいずれか1薬剤に耐性の大腸菌は,全体では68株(10.4%)であった。酪農家別の耐性菌検出率では,C酪農家5.5%,A酪農家8.7%,B酪農家16.5%であった。薬剤別では,CTC耐性菌が9.5%で最も高く,他の薬剤に対する耐性菌は5%未満であったが,NA耐性菌は検出されなかった。3酪農家由来ともCTC耐性菌が最高であったが,B酪農家由来ではSMおよびSA耐性菌も若干高い値を示した。耐性型の種類は単剤型から6剤型まで10種類認められたが,4剤型は検出されなかった。また全体では,2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性型が過半数を占め,特にB酪農家由来では60%以上が多剤耐性型であり,6剤耐性型も本酪農家由来であった。一方,A及びC酪農家由来では60%以上が逆に単剤耐性型であった。耐性菌68株について,伝達性Rプラスミドの検索を行った結果,A酪農家由来の5株のみがRプラスミドを保有していた。この5株の伝達耐性型は,すべてCTC単剤型であった。, The sensitivity to seven antibiotics of 652 Escherichia coli strains isolated from the rectal contents of 78 healthy dairy cows (Holstein) from three dairy farms in Okinawa Prefecture was tested. Transmissible R plasmid was also examined in resistant strains. Sixty-eight E. coli strains (10.4%) were resistant to at least 1 of the 7 tested antibiotics. The resistant strain detection rate was 5.5% in Farm C, 8.7% in Farm A and 16.5% in Farm B. CTC resistance was the most common at 9.5%, resistance to the other antibiotics was less than 5% and NA resistance was not detected. CTC-resistant strains were the most common in all three farms. The proportions of SM-and SA-resistant strains were slightly higher in Farm B. There were 10 resistance patterns ranging from 1-agent to 6-agent resistance. Over half (51.5%) of all the resistant strains were resistant to 2 or more agents, particularly, over 60% of those from Farm B were multi-drug resistant. The six-agent resistant strain was derived from Farm B. In contrast, over 60% of the resistant strains from Farms A and C were resistant to one agent. Transmissible R plasmid was examined in 68 antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. R plasmid was detected only in 5 strains from Farm A, and in all 5 strains the transmissible resistance type was 1-agent type to CTC., 紀要論文

本実験は牛舎内環境下黒毛和種における, 反芻行動と血液成分の相関関係について検討を行った。実験動物は頸静脈カテーテルを装着した黒毛和種成雌4頭を供試した, 実験動物は牛舎内スタンチョンに繋養し, 反芻行動, 採食(咀嚼)行動および血液成分を測定し, 反芻行動および採食行動と血液成分の相関係数を検討した。反芻行動は10 : 00と16 : 00の給餌刺激による影響を認めなかったが, 採食行動は10 : 00と16 : 00に増加を示した。反芻行動は遊離脂肪酸含量と有意な正の相関を示し, 特に反芻回数はCa含量と有意な正の相関を示した。採食行動はグルコース含量, 中性脂肪含量, および酢酸含量と正の相関を示し, 特に咀嚼回数はCa含量, 尿素態窒素含量, アルグミン含量およびA/G比とも有意な正の相関を示した。, The experiments were conducted to study the relationship of rumination and blood compositions under the artificial light in a barn. Ruminating behavior, masticating behavior and blood compositions of animals tested were measured and analyzed. In the feeding at 10 : 00 and 16 : 00,ruminating behavior was not changed during a day, but masticating behavior was increased at feeding of 10 : 00 and 16 : 00. The coefficient of the correlation between ruminating behavior (Number of boli and ruminating time) and free fatty acid was r=0.653 and 0.704 significantly (P, 紀要論文

沖縄県内の3農場で肥育中の肉用牛, 64頭(和種25頭, 外産牛24頭, 乳F_1 15頭)の糞便から分離した大腸菌, 合計610株について薬剤感受性試験を行った。供試した7薬剤のいずれかに耐性であった菌株は, 136株(22.3%)であった。ウシの品種等別にみた耐性菌検出率は, 和種30.6%, 外産牛16.7%, 乳F_1 17.7%であり, 和種が高かった。薬剤別の耐性菌検出率は, 全体ではCTC耐性12.8%, SA耐性10.2%などが高く, 他の薬剤耐性はいずれも5%未満であった。耐性型の種類は単剤型から4剤型まで14種類認められたが, 外産牛では11種類, 和種では9種類, 乳F_1では6種類であった。しかし, 外産牛と乳F_1では単剤型が71&acd;62%を占めたのに対し, 和種では2剤以上に耐性の多剤耐性型が過半数を占めた。耐性菌における伝達性Rプラスミド保有菌の検出率は, 12.7%であった。ウシの品種等別では, 外産牛が20%, 乳F_1が11.5%, 和種が10%であった。またこれらの伝達耐性型はすべて単剤型であった。, Escherichia coli was isolated from 64 head of the beef cattle fattened in 3 farms in Okinawa Prefecture [25 Japanese Blacks, 24 imported steers fattened in Okinawa (imported cattle) and 15 offsprings from Holstein and Japanese Black (F_1 hybrid)]. A total of 610 strains of E. coli (235 from Japanese Blacks, 228 from imported cattle and 147 from F_1 hybrid) were isolated and antibiotic sensitivity tests to ABPC, CP, CTC, KM, SM, NA and SA were performed. Of the 610 isolates, 136 (22.3%) were resistant to one of the antibiotics tested. The antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolation rate was 30.6% in Japanese Blacks, 16.7% in imported cattle and 17.7% in F_1 hybrid. The overall antibiotic resistant rates were 12.8% and 10.2% for CTC and SA, respectively, and less than 5% for the other antibiotics. Fourteen antibiotic resistance patterns, ranging from single-agent to 4-agent resistance were detected : eleven patterns in imported cattle, 9 patterns in Japanese Blacks and 6 patterns in F_1 hybrid. While 62 to 71% of the strains isolated from imported cattle and F_1 hybrid were resistant to a single agent, over 50% of the strains from Japanese Blacks were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics. Transmissible R plasmid were examined in the antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. Of the 126 strains examined, 16 (12.7%) possessed transmissible R plasmids. They were found in 20% of the resistant strains from imported cattle, 11.5% of those from F_1 hybrid and 10% of those from Japanese Blacks. The type of transmissible resistance was all one-agent type., 紀要論文

沖縄県における家畜糞便由来薬剤耐性大腸菌の検出状況の調査の一環として, 今回はと畜場で解体直後のウシの盲腸内容物由来について調査を行った。ウシの盲腸内容物試料は, 品種等別に外産牛20頭, 黒毛和種5頭, ホルスタイン種5頭, 計30頭から採取し, 黒毛和種については農場で肥育中のウシ10頭の糞便も採取した。これらの試料から合計343株の大腸菌を分離し, 7薬剤に対する薬剤感受性試験を行った。供試した大腸菌343株のうち45株がいずれか1薬剤に耐性であり, その検出率は13.1%と低率であった。ウシの品種等別では, 外産牛が18.8%, 黒毛和種が6.8%, ホルスタイン種が6.7%であり, 外産牛で高かった。薬剤別の耐性菌は, 全体ではSA耐性24株, CTC耐性20株, KM耐性14株などが比較的多かった。外産牛ではSA及びCTC耐性が多く, またホルスタイン種では各薬剤に対する耐性菌が検出されたが, 黒毛和種ではKM及びSA耐性のみであった。耐性型は, 全体では12種類認められたが, 外産牛では単剤型から4剤型まで9種類, 黒毛和種では単剤型のみ2種類, ホルスタイン種では6剤型と7剤型の2種類であつた。耐性菌におけるRプラスミド保有菌は4株あり, すべて外産牛由来であった。, As part of the study of the incidence of drug resistance of Escherichia coli of fecal origin in liverstock, the drug resistance of E. coli isolated from the cecal contents of cattle was studied. Cecal contents were collected at a slaughter house in Okinawa Prefecture during the slaughtering and dressing of 30 beef cattle including 20 imported cattle (imported, then fattened in the Prefecture), five Japanese blacks and five Holsteins. Fecal samples were also collected from 10 Japanese blacks being fattened on a farm. A total of 343 strains of E. coli were isolated from these samples. Drug sensitivity testing of these strains to seven antibiotics was performed. Of the 343 strains, 45 were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with a low isolation rate of 13.1%. The isolation rate of drug-resistant strains was 18.8% in imported cattle, 6.8% in Japanese blacks and 6.7% in Holsteins. The highest rate was found in imported cattle. Resistance to SA, CTC and KM was relatively high, with 24 strains resistant to SA, 20 to CTC and 14 to KM. Many SA-and CTC-resistant strains were isolated from the imported cattle. Strains resistant to all antibiotics tested were isolated from the Holsteins, while only KM- or SA-resistant strains were isolated from the Japanese blacks. Twelve different patterns of resistance were observed in all the strains. Nine patterns of resistance, including one- to four-agent resistance, were detected in imported cattle. Two patterns of single-agent resistance were found in Japanese blacks and two patterns of six-and seven-agent resistance were found in Holsteins. Attempts were made to detect R plasmid in the resistant strains. It was detected in only 4 strains, all isolated from imported cattle., 紀要論文

平成13年度～平成14年度科学研究費補助金(基盤研究C(2))研究成果報告書, 研究概要：「亜熱帯における島嶼型アグロフォレストリーシステムに関する研究」の一環として下記の通りの成果を得た。本研究の実験現場は，今なお，大戦時の不発弾が多数存在するため機械による造成はひじょうに危険である。そのため蹄耕法(不耕起造成)により野草地を利用している。しかし，自生する野草は放牧牛にとって嗜好性が悪く，また，栄養価や再生力も劣るため改善する必要がある。その改善策として，短草型牧草であるセントオーガスチングラス(St.Augustine grass)の導入を試みた。方法は，(1)過放牧後(草高約5cm)(2)火入れ後(3)裸地(地際除草)の区画に30×40cmのセントオーガスチングラス張芝を植え，積算優占度，草量の推移を調査した。その結果，セントオーガスチングラスの積算優占度は，火入れ区において常に70％を維持していたのに対して，裸地区・過放牧区においては低く，20％であった。乾物重は火入れ区，裸地区，過放牧区の順に多かった。火入れ区以外は雑草の占める割合が高かった。以上のことから，火入れ後に張芝を植える方法が，雑草の侵入を防ぎ，セントオーガスチングラスの生育に良い効果をもたらすことがわかった。今後はセントオーガスチングラスの生育を長期間調査し，その牧草の導入が野草地の造成を可能にすることができるかどうかを調べる必要がある。また，アヒルと食肉鶏を利用したウコン畑の雑草防除を比較行動学的に調べた結果，両家禽ともウコンより雑草を好んで採食するため除草作業の一役を担うことがわかった。しかし，アヒルでは休息行動が多くみられ，踏み倒し行動による雑草防除，一方，食肉鶏では，探査行動が多く，つつきによる防除が認められた。, 要約（欧文）:As the part of the research on islands type agroforestry systems in subtropics, it was possible to obtain the result along the following. The experiment station place of this research still, many unexploded bomb in World War II is scattered at present too, and therefore, it is very dangerous to establish grassland by big plough machine. This experiment station was developed by ploughless farming in the grassland in order to avoid this danger. The wild grass which grows there and naturally the preference is not good for grazing cattle, and it is necessary that they are improved in the low benefit in also comparing nutritive value and regrowth of the grass in the pasture. As the improvement, it was tried that St. Augustine grass of the short weed type pasture was introduced to this native pasture. Three introductions methods of St. Augustine grass for sodding are as follows. 1: sodding after over-grazing, 2: sodding after firing, 3: sodding after mowing on ground, were done in the native pasture. As the result, the value of St. Augustine grass SDR2 was about 20% in sodding after overgrazing and sodding after mowing on ground, while was always maintained 70% in firing method. The weight of St. Augustine grass was heavy in order of sodding after firing, sodding after mowing on ground, planting after overgrazing. The proportion which the weed occupied was high for the other sodding methods except for the sodding after firing. From the above fact, the method for sodding St. Augustine grass after the firing prevented the invasion of the weed well, and it was proven that the good effect was also brought about more and more for the growth of St. Augustine grass. The growth of Augustine grass will be investigated in future and in the long term, and it is necessary to examine whether that the introduction of the pasture enables the construction of the native pasture is possible. As the result of the research of the weed control of the curcuma field using the behavior of duck and chicken with part of agroforestry systems, it was proven that the weed was also liked from the curcuma in both. From this fact, that the role of herbicidal work in the curcuma field was done by also changing to the human in duck and chicken, both, cleared. However, it was mainly remarkably observed of the rest behavior than the duck in the curcuma field eating the weed, it was realized that the herbicidal behavior was the stamping down by webbed feet. But, it was indicated that here was the herbicidal ability than the duck, since the chicken comes in comparison with the duck with exploratory behavior, and since there are remarkably many actions., 未公開：P.4以降（別刷論文のため）

平成7年度～平成9年度科学研究費補助金(基盤研究C(2))研究成果報告書, 研究概要：本研究は放牧地空間を有効利用するために，放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入し，肉生産と果樹生産の生産システムを確立しようとするものである。しかし，移植した熱帯果樹を放牧牛が摂食するため，まず，食害防御対策を行わなければならない。その対策として，今までに，いくつかの方法を遂行した。(1)数種薬品を使って臭覚による食害防御法(忌避行動)。(2)市販のネット袋(キュウリ袋)で果樹を覆うポリネット法による食害防御。(3)支柱を立てその上から金網ネットで果樹を覆う金網ネット法による食害防御。(4)ワイヤーメッシュケージ法による食害防御。(1)の方法は薬品による忌避効果の持続性が短かった。(2)の方法はビニル製で柔らかいためその上から葉をかじられた。(3)の方法は金網ネットを支える支柱が牛によって折り曲げられ，果樹の生長を阻害した。いずれにしも，これらの方法は，果樹被食率が高く，また，果樹の生育を阻害するため効果的ではなかった。これらの欠点を全て考慮に入れて考え出したのがワイヤーメッシュケージ法である。この方法は1m(縦)×1m(横)×1.5m(高さ)の鉄材の枠に網目15×15cmのワイヤーメッシュを張り巡らして作ったワイヤーメッシュケージで熱帯果樹を囲み放牧牛による摂食を防ぐ方法である。1995年に移植したグァバ93本とビワ50本を試験に用いた。家畜は黒毛和種雌牛5頭(平均体重 357kg)，雄子牛3頭(平均体重238kg)の8頭を放牧した。その結果，果樹食害防御の方法として行ったワイヤーメッシュケージ法によるグァバ区，ビワ区における放牧牛の果樹被食率は，1996～1997年の全試験期間を通して，0％であった。また，ワイヤーメッシュケージの被害率も0％であった。しかし，マルチ効果をねらった麻袋の被害率はグァバ区で8.7％，ビワ区で2.3％であった。今回おこなったワイヤーメッシュケージ法による熱帯果樹食害防御方法は，低コストで，しかも,長期間にわたりひじょうに効果の高いことがわかった。, 要約（欧文）:This study was conducted to produce both beef and tropical fruits due to utilization of spatial space in native grasslands. But we found that transplanted tropical fruit tree (papaya, guava, loquat) were eaten by grazing cattle. We would have to take any measures against such probrems. We had studied four measures to prevent tropical fruits tree from grazing cattle. Following measures on protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing Japanese black cattle were made : 1. Effects of odoriferous materials on protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle ; 2. Effects of polyethylen-net bag method on protecting tropical fruit tree from frazing cattle ; 3. Effects of wire-net method on protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle ; 4. Effects of wire-mesh cage method protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. In experiment of any odoriferous materials (butyric acid, ammonia, trimethylamine, propionic acid, butylmercaptan) the effect of them were not for long time because of volatilizing in a short time after setting. In second experiments many tropical fruit tree leaves covered with polyethylen-net bag were bitten by grazing cattle. In third experiment striken the steel poles in underground to stand wire-net were fallen by grazing cattle. However in fourth experiment wire-mesh cage method protected ropical fruit tree entirely from grazing cattle during long experimental periods. the most effective grazing protection in four experiments. We recognized that wire-mesh cage method was the most effective proection from grzing cattle, 未公開：P.5以降（別刷論文のため）

暖地型牧草と混植したトールフェスクの生育に対し刈取間隔のちがいがどのように影響するかを明らかにしようとした。1979年4月から同年10月までトールフェスクとダリスグラス及びトールフェスクとバヒアグラスを組み合わせ, それぞれ2草種を1978年秋, 10cm間隔に交互混植して2週間及び4週間間隔の2処理の刈取を行なった。各刈取時期ごとに乾物重, 茎数, 分げつ発生数, 分げつ枯死数, 枯死株数, 群落内部の相対照度, 非構造性炭水化物(TNC), 根重を調べた。その結果, トールフェスクの場合, 2週間刈取区は4週間刈取区と比べ試験期間中の収量, 各時期における乾物増加量, 茎数, TNC含有率, 根重が少なかった。しかし, 分げつ発生数は6月に, 分げつ枯死発生数は7月中下旬に著しく高まった。試験期間中, 2週間刈取区の分げつ枯死数は発生数より著しく多かった。そのため枯死株が増加した。バヒアグラス混植区のトールフェスクの収量, 分げつ発生数はダリスグラス混植区のそれよりも両刈取区において高かった。しかしながら, 分げつの枯死数も著しく多かった。群落内地表面の相対照度は2週間刈取区のほうが4週間刈取区より高かった。以上の事より2週間刈取区のトールフェスクの生長速度の低下は分げつ枯死数の増加と7月以降の刈株のTNC含有率の低下によるものと考えられる。また, ダリスグラス混植区に比ベバヒアグラス混植区でのトールフェスクの枯死株が多かったが, これは, 分げつの枯死発生が7月中下旬から9月下旬にかけて多発した事による。本実験での4月から10月にかけての2週間刈取という頻繁な刈取は, 暖地型牧草と混植されたトールフェスクの生育, 特に, 分げつ及びそれに伴う株の枯死に大きく影響すること, また, 混在する暖地型牧草の草種のちがいにも影響される事が明らかとなった。, We studied the effect of cutting frequency on growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) mixed with tropical grasses. Tall fescue were mutually planted at 10cm intervals with dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), respectively, in autumn 1978,and they were treated by 2-week cutting and 4-week cutting intervals from April to October in 1979. Dry matter yields, number of tillers, tiller appearance, dead tillers, relative light intensity, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC), and root weights were examined following each cutting treatments. For tall fescue with 2-week cutting intervals yields, rate of growth, number of tillers, TNC contents and root weights, were lower than those with 4-week cutting intervals, but number of tiller appearance and dead tillers of tall fescue with 2-week cutting intervals increased remarkably in June and the middle and latter part of July. During experimental periods number of dead tillers for tall fescue was more a marked increase than of tiller appearance, resulting in many stubbles death of tall fescue. In tall fescue mixed with bahiagrass dry matter yields, number of tiller appearance and number of dead tillers were higher than those mixed with dallisgrass in each cutting treatments. Relative light intensity within pasture which was cut 2 weeks intervals was higher than that which was cut 4 weeks intervals. It appears that 2 weeks cutting caused lower growth rate of tall fescue than other, as a result of increase in number of tillers death and decrease in TNC content of stubbles after July. Number of stubbles death of tall fescue mixed with bahiagrass were more than those of tall fescue mixed with dallisgrass, which was due to the death of tillers from the middle and latter part of July to the end of September. Therefore, we found that 2-week cutting intervals affected the growth, especially death of tillers, of tall fescue mixed with tropical grasses., 紀要論文

本試験は野草地を蹄耕法で放牧地化し低コスト肉牛生産の可能性と問題点を探ぐることをねらいとした。約5ヘクタールの野草地を3牧区に分け平均体重350kgの黒毛和種去勢牛3頭を輪換放牧し放牧牛の食草行動を観察した。また, 数種野草の化学成分や乾物消化率を測定した。野草地におけるエネルギーの流れも調べた。その結果, 沖縄にはいまだ第2次大戦後の不発弾が数多く残っているため大型機械や火入れによる草地造成はひじょうに危険で牛による蹄耕法のほうが安全性や環境保全, 低コストなどの点でもっとも適した方法であると思われた。放牧牛の食草行動から有用な野草と思われるのはいくつかあったがその中でもハイアワユキセンダングサやノアサガオは他の野草と比べ嗜好性, 栄養価, 乾物消化率が著しく高く有望と思われた。野草の嗜好性順位は粗蛋白含量と正の相関, 粗繊維含量と負の相関関係が認められた。試験期間中の体重1kg当たりの採食量は1.8&acd;3.9%であった。乾物消化率は著しく低く35&acd;46%の範囲であった。日増体量は最高値0.88kgを示し, 平均値0.52kgであった。野草地における光エネルギー利用効率は植物蓄積エネルギーと可消化エネルギーの段階で低かった。その結果, 増体蓄積エネルギーはオーチャードグラスやバヒアグラスより低い値であった。以上のことより野草地における光エネルギー利用効率の低い箇所とその原因が推察された。これらの点を改良すれば野草地放牧での低コスト肉牛生産は可能であると思われる。, This study was conducted to find prospects and the problem for low-cost beef cattle production utilizing native grasslands by hoof cultivation. The native grasslands of five hectare was divied into three paddocks and grazed by three Japanese Black steers of average weight of 350kg. We observed eating behaviour of grazing cattle, and measured chemical composition and dry matter disappearance of some wild grasses. Energy flow was investigated in native grasslands. It will be very dangerous to establish grasslands by driving large-sized machine or burning because of the possibility of explosion of unexploded bombs in soil or surface after the Second World War. We would rather recommend hoof cultivation by cattle is fit for the method from point of safety, enviromental conseravation and cost. There were many useful wild grasses as the result of eating behaviour, especially both Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Bidens pilosa L. f. decumbens Scherff were higher palatability, nutritive value and dry matter digestibility. The steers prefered wild grass which has higher crude protein contents and lower crude fiber contents in plant. Herbage intake per body weight kilogram during experimental periods were the range of 1.8-3.9%. Dry matter digestibility were a marked low, ranging from 35-46%. Daily gain was shown maximum value of 0.88kg and average of 0.52kg. A marked low efficiency of utilization of solar energy on native grasslands were shown in plant fixed energy and digestible energy, resulting in lower retainde energy for growth compared with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). From the facts described above, we found the place and reason efficiency of untilization of solar energy were low on native grasslands. Should we improve efficiency of utilization of energy, low-cost beef cattle production would be possible., 紀要論文

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of graded level of concentrate 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% on the tempertuer and pH in rumen fluid, fauna and fatty acids composition of rumen protozoa in goats under feeding of wild grass. Ruminal tempertur remained high up to 50% level of concentrate ratio. Ruminal pH decreased up to 50% concentrate ratio. Total protozoa number was increased with feeding of concentrate level. Correlation of total protozoa number and Entodinum number was higher in positive. Content of palmitic acids and oleic acids of rumen porotozoa were increased with concentrate ratio. Corerlation of content of oleic acids and Epidinium number was higher in positive. These results suggest that fermentation of feed in the rumen is activates with increase of concentrate ratio. Moreone, it seems that the increase of the total number of protozoa ascribes to the number of Entodinum species and the increase of oleic acids content is due to the increase of Epidinium species., 紀要論文