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The structure and process of college institutional research is compared with three different ways in which science is conceptualized. It is concluded that, although institutional research has much in common with science, it is distinct because the dynamic nature of institutional research prevents development of a cohesive body of knowledge. (Author/MSE)

This article reviews Mosher's (1968) definitions of (1) passive representation as the numbers of various groups in a public bureaucracy and the degree to which those numbers reflect the distribution of groups in the society and (2) active representation as bureaucrats pressing for the interests of a particular group. These two concepts frame the central research question: Is there a relationship between passive and active representations? Three a priori theories of active representative bureaucracy are tested within an encompassing empirical framework: attitude congruence, communications, and advocacy. Using data gathered from the district offices of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), evidence is presented which suggests that an advocacy process links passive representation to active representation.

Gary J. Tschoepe [a][*] John J. Hindera [b] Abstract State food stamp caseloads have declined dramatically since the adoption of the 1996 welfare reforms. It is likely that the movement [...]