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Medicinal plants are used since the dawn of human civilization for therapeutic purpose. New bioactive natural compounds came into existence due to the extensive use of herbal remedies and therapeutic preparations obtained from medicinal plants. In the review attempt has been made to collect the data on the medicinal and pharmacological properties of Santalum album. Data has been collected using different search engines (google scholar, Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer link, science direct), books, Literature reviews. Santalum album is commercially important plant belong to Santalaceae family. Santulum album commonly known as sandal wood is well known all over the world for its most expensive stem. It has many therapeutic efficacy and used in different ailments. It is Disinfectant in genitourinary and bronchial tracts, diuretic, expectorant and stimulant. Sandalwood is the precious tree cultured in India. S. album is mainly grown for its timber and fragrant oil. Like rosewood and cinnamon wood, it is also an aromatic wood. The powder of wood is used medicinal, culture and religious purpose. Therefor it is used to make perfumes, in cosmetic industry, in pharmaceutical industries and aromatherapy. In pharmacology sandalwood acts as coolant, sedative, astringent. In the present review we discuss the medicinal and pharmacological potential of Santalum album.

Hypertension becomes the main reason behind various deaths. About 20% of the American population is suffering from hypertension and 33% of these Americans are unaware that they are hypertensive. Consequently, hypertension is sometimes known as a silent killer as well. Hypertension is mostly without any symptoms till the destructive consequences of high blood pressure like myocardial infarction, stroke, renal disorders, and visual issues are detected. It's a major risk factor that describes heart attacks and coronary artery disease which sometimes needs coronary artery bypass surgery. High blood pressure is defined as constantly high blood pressure increasing from 140/90 mm HG or even more than this, nowadays it’s a very common problem faced by almost everyone and almost billions of dollars are consumed every year to investigate cardiovascular ailments and may dollars are utilized for their medication as well Because high blood pressure majorly causes cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments. Recently, traditional medicine has managed little to decrease the patient ratio with this dangerous ailment. Natural remedies provide very useful ways to reduce the increasing patient ratio with hypertension. Taking supplements such as magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, CoQ10, potassium, amino acids, taurine, and vitamins C and E have been efficiently utilized in dealing with cardiovascular ailments involving hypertension. The mentioned medicinal plants were effective against blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases. This review highlights the herbs proven scientifically for the treatment of hypertension.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond to insulin normally, resulting in an abnormal increase in blood glucose levels. 90% of diabetes cases in pregnant women are gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is known that fluctuations in the level of glucose and its irregularity led to disturbances in the health of both mother and fetus.The therapeutic strategies and options for the treatment of gestational diabetes are highlighted in this review. We havereviewed medicinal plants used in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Literature review indicates that medicinal plants are effective in treating osteoarthritis and have been clinically and scientifically proven. Natural medicines have been the subject of chemical studies and many plants are the subject of clinical trials. Their results are remarkable and significant. However, scientific exploration for bioactive constituents is becoming increasingly important and their mechanisms of actions to treat GDM are still ongoing.

The study deals with the LM and SEM (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of Datura stramonium L. extract and to evaluate its phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The plant sample collected from different Lahore region was dried under shade. The plant extract was prepared using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Phytochemical screening performed qualitatively for alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Radical scavenging potential of plant extracts was estimated and ethyl acetate extract exhibited maximum percentage scavenging ability of 92.2 ± 0.09. Total antioxidant capacity of different extracts was measured by phosphomolybdate method. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed maximum values of 72.3 ± 0.08% and 79 ± 0.15% with respect to gallic acid. Total phenolic contents were determined through Folin-Ciocalteau method and highest value of 495.2 ± 3.4 was obtained by methanolic extract. DPPH-TLC autography was used for the visual detection of antioxidant compounds in different plant extracts. Antibacterial activity of plant extract was measured by disc diffusion method against microorganisms named Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), and Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteus mirabilis (Gram negative). Because of the vast medicinal importance of D. stramonium L. it would be beneficial to study LM and SEM for correct identification of plant and to determine phytochemicals. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: LM and SEM (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of Datura stramonium L. was studied for the exact identification of plant. To evaluate the biological activities of pharmaceutically important plant. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were determined. D. stramonium L. proved to be medicinally important plant.

Hyperlipidemia, the most common form of dyslipidemia, is the main source of cardiovascular disorders, characterized by elevated level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in peripheral blood. It is caused by a defect in lipid metabolism in the surface of Apoprotein C-II or a defect in lipoprotein lipase activity as well as reported in genetic, dietary and environmental factors. Several electronic databases were investigated as information sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, MEDLINE and CNKI Scholar. The current review focused on the risk factors of dyslipidemia, synthetic medication with their side effects and different types of medicinal plants having significant potential for the management of hyperlipidemia. The management of hyperlipidemia mostly involves a constant decrease in lipid level using different remedial drugs like statin, fibrate, bile acid sequestrates and niacin. However, this extensive review suggested that the consequences of these drugs are arguable, due to their numerous adverse effects. The selected parts of herb plants are used intact or their extracts containing active phytoconstituents to regulate the lipids in blood level. It was also noted that the Chinese herbal medicine and combination therapy is promising for the lowering of hyperlipidemia. This review intends to provide a scientific base for future endeavors, such as in-depth biological and chemical investigations into previously researched topics.

The use of traditional medicines has tremendously increased over the past few decades. Approximately 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicines for their primary healthcare needs because of their cost effectiveness and efficiency with no or minimal side effects. Zootherapy refers to the use of medicines that are prepared or derived from animals or from their products. The current study documented the folk knowledge related to the practice of various animal-derived products and ethnozoological based drugs used as medicines by the residents of the Cholistan desert of Bahawalpur (Pakistan). In this regard 46 knowledgeable and reliable elderly people, hakims and spiritual healers ranging from 35-60 years of age having knowledge related to zootherapy were included in the current study. A field survey from February 2006 to November 2007 was conducted by interviewing the selected respondents through a structured questionnaire. They provided knowledge regarding the use of animals and their derived products in traditional medicine. The zootherapeutic knowledge was based on both domestic animals as well as wild animals. A total of 20 animal species were included in the study, among which nine animals were domestic while 11 were wild animals. Among selected animals, nine were mammals, four birds, four reptiles and three insects. It was reported that camel was the most commonly used (n = 32 respondents) among mammals while Pigeon (n = 39 respondents), Spiny-tailed lizard (n = 41 respondents) and Indian honey bee (n = 27 respondents) among birds, reptiles and insects, respectively, have significant use for the treatment of different diseases. Based on this communication we could recommend that this type of abandoned knowledge should be considered for the management and conservation of faunistic resources. However, the advantageous role of animals and their products was reported but more extensive research is required to explore the bioactive constituents in the raw material of these animals responsible for their beneficial effects.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children (6 months - 5 years of age) with recurrent pulmonary-pulmonary infections, staying in an outpatient setting. Place and Duration: In the Pediatric Unit-II of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi for one-year duration from November 2019 to November 2020. Methods: It was a descriptive study conducted on children aged 6 months to 5 years. 1000 children were enrolled in the study, and their data were recorded on a previously prepared proforma. Results: Of 1000 cases, 830 (83.0%) children were deficient in vitamin D3 (group I), 112 (11.2%) had vitamin D3 deficiency (group II), which is 94.2%, 57 (5.7 %) had the desired level (group III) and 1 (0.1%) had vitamin D intoxication (group IV). In this age group, more children were 1-3 years old. 236 (23.6%) were ranging from 1 to 2 years, 256 (25.6%) from 2 to 3 years. 602 (60.2%) were males and 398 (39.8%) females. Most of them had bronchiolitis 356 (35.6%), followed by pneumonia 320 (32.0%), otitis media 194 (19.4%), and acute tonsillitis 134 (13.4%). In group I (n = 830), bronchiolitis 352 (42.4%) and pneumonia 296 (35.6%) were more common, and less common was acute tonsillitis 72 (8.6%). In group II (n = 112) 52 (46.42%) had bronchiolitis, 32 (28.5%) had pneumonia, and less commonly had acute tonsillitis (8.9%). In group III (n = 57), the dominant diagnosis was tonsillitis [23 (40.35%)], followed by bronchiolitis [9 (15.7%)]. Conclusions: Children 6 months to 5 years of age with recurrent sino-pulmonary infections ie (bronchiolitis, pneumonia, otitis media and acute tonsillitis) tended to be deficient in serum vitamin D3. It is recommended that vitamin D3 levels be assessed in all children with recurrent respiratory infections. Key words: Vitamin D3 level, sino-pulmonary infections, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, otitis media, acute tonsillitis.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to establish the association between febrile seizures and iron deficiency anemia in children 6 to 36 months of age. Study design: A follow-up case study. Place of study: In the Pediatric Department of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi for one-year duration from November 2019 to November 2020. Patients and Methods: 150 cases (75 for each group, cases and controls) meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Demographics such as age, gender and addresses were recorded, and blood samples were taken from all patients in the patient and control groups for hemoglobin (Hb), mean blood cell volume (MCV), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and plasma ferritin (PF) to determine the incidence of iron deficiency anemia. Results: The mean age of the patients in the group of cases was 21.2 ± 5.7 months, and in the control group it was 19.5 ± 6.8 months. In the group of cases there were 43 (57.3%) men and 32 (42.7%) women, and in the control group there were 39 (52%) men and 36 (48%) women. In the group of cases the mean level of hemoglobin in patients was 10.4 ± 1.4 mg / dl, and in the control group it was 11.1 ± 1.4 mg / dl. In the group of cases, the mean concentration of ferritin in the plasma of patients was 13.7 ± 4.7 ng / dl, and in the control group it was 15.7 ± 4.8 ng / dl. In the case group, 28 (37.3%) patients had iron deficiency anemia, while in the control group 13 (17.3%) patients had iron deficiency anemia. The odd coefficient was found to be 2.84 and was statistically significant. Conclusion: This study shows that iron deficiency anemia is more common in the patient group than in the control group, and there is a strong association between febrile seizures and iron deficiency anemia. Key words: febrile convulsions, iron deficiency anemia, hemoglobin, ferritin

Mobile applications are developed with limited battery resources in mind. To build energy-efficient mobile apps, many support tools have been developed which aid developers during the development and maintenance phases. To understand what is already available and what is still needed to support green Android development, we conducted a systematic mapping study to overview the state of the art and to identify further research opportunities. After applying inclusion/exclusion and quality criteria, we identified tools for detecting/refactoring code smells/energy bugs, and for detecting/migrating third-party libraries in Android applications. The main contributions of this study are: (1) classification of identified tools based on the support they offer to aid green Android development, (2) classification of the identified tools based on techniques used to offer support to developers, and (3) characterization of the identified tools based on the user interface, IDE integration, and availability. The most important finding is that the tools for detecting/migrating third-party libraries in Android development do not provide support to developers to optimize code w.r.t. energy consumption, which merits further research.

AimsPatients admitted to Roker ward (male organic psychiatric ward) should have a decreased anticholinergic burden of medication on discharge compared to admission. This will be demonstrated by a reduced score on the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale on discharge compared to admission. Target: 80%.Where new medicines with anticholinergic burden are prescribed during admission, there should be evidence that the anticholinergic properties of these medications have been considered prior to prescribing (via documentation in care co-ordination reviews or progress notes). Target: 100%MethodElectronic records were searched for all discharges from Roker ward between 1/1/2019 – 31/12/2019. For each record the follwing information was recorded: demographics; primary diagnosis; total ACB score on admission; and total ACB score on discharge. For all new medications started with an ACB score of over zero, records were searched to establish whether there was evidence that the anticholinergic properties of these medications had been considered.Result47 patients were identified who were discharged over the time period in question. 30 patients had no difference in ACB score between admission and discharge; 10 patients had a reduction in ACB score and 5 patients had an increase. A total of 9 new medications with ACB scores over zero had been started during all admissions; there were no occasions where there was documented evidence to show that the anticholinergic burden of these medications had been considered.Conclusion27% of patients had a reduction in their total ACB score during admission; the target was 80%.The reasons for starting medications with an ACB score of greater than 1 were documented in 0% of cases; the target was 100%.As both targets were missed by a significant margin, it was recognised that there were significant areas for improvement. The following plan was therefore implemented: 1.Following discussion with the ward consultant and ward pharmacist, regular prescriber meetings have been set up which involve senior nursing staff, medical staff and pharmacy – anticholinergic burden is calculated for each patient as part of these meetings2.A re-audit is recommended after 6 months.

Due to high demand, many cloud data centers have been developed across the world, consuming a large amount of energy. Making cloud datacenters energy efficient has become essential. Energy consumption of data centers can be minimized by designing energy-efficient hardware, software, and infrastructure. In this paper, we aim at giving an overview of software techniques, affected stakeholders, performance features, datasets, and tools used to make cloud data centers energy-efficient. To achieve this goal, we conducted a systematic mapping study using five online databases. After applying inclusion/exclusion and quality criteria, we selected 58 publications for further analysis. Our results indicate that all publications are solution and validation type of publications. We did not find publications containing evaluations in industry. We found that workload scheduling is the most frequently proposed technique used to improve cloud datacenters’ energy efficiency. We found that not considering violations of service level agreements mostly affects end-users of cloud data centers. When analyzing how suggested solutions are validated, we identified the need to develop a standardized set of performance measures to benchmark software techniques proposed to make cloud data centers greener.

In mobile devices, the battery is a limited resource and mobile apps are designed with this constraint in mind. To speed up development, app developers often use third-party libraries. Researchers have found that third-party libraries for ads and billing excessively use mobile resources. Other often used third-party libraries such as Android third-party HTTP libraries have received less attention from research regarding energy consumption. To fill this gap, we investigated whether popular Android third-party HTTP libraries vary in energy consumption. In addition, we checked whether there is a correlation between performance and energy consumption. To achieve this goal, we performed a controlled experiment. We created 45 different versions of a custom app and explored the energy consumption and performance of eight popular Android third-party HTTP libraries in five typical use cases. We found that there is a significant variance of energy consumption between the selected Android third-party HTTP libraries. We assume that the energy drivers are related to the internal structure of the Android third-party HTTP libraries, in particular to the handling of asynchronous tasks and the creation of multiple threads in the background. We did not find significant correlation between performance and energy consumption in most of the versions. Our results will help app developers make better choices when selecting Android third-party HTTP libraries.

Hypertension is persistent elevation in blood pressure for 3-4 weeks. Estimated global prevalence of hypertension suggested that by the Year 2025 (29%) of adult worldwide are suffering from hypertension (1.56 billion). Hypertension complications are hemorrhage, atherosclerosis, renal artery stenosis, angina pectoris end organ damage, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction and retinopathy. Along with other drug class Calcium channel blocker are also used for the treatment of hypertension. In this study the possible action of the n-hexane leaves fraction of the Androsace foliosa on isolated rabbit aorta was examined. Antihypertensive activity was examined in the existence of standard agonist like phenylephrine and antagonist like Verapamil. Phenylephrine (PE 1μM) high K

Energy consumption of mobile apps is receiving a lot of attention from researchers. Recent studies indicate that energy consumption of mobile devices could be lowered by improving the quality of mobile apps. Frequent refactoring is one way of achieving this goal. We explore the performance and energy impact of several common code refactorings in Android apps. Experimental results indicate that some code smell refactorings positively impact the energy consumption of Android apps. Refactoring of the code smells 'Duplicated code' and 'Type checking' reduce energy consumption by up to 10.8%. Significant reduction in energy consumption, however, does not seem to be directly related to the increase or decrease of execution time. In addition, the energy impact over permutations of code smell refactorings in the selected Android apps was small. When analyzing the order in which refactorings were made across code smell types, it turned out that some permutations resulted in a reduction and some in an increase of energy consumption for the analyzed apps.

Bacteria present in probiotics, particularly the common Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium microbes, have been found to induce anti-cancer action by enhancing cancer cell apoptosis and protecting against oxidative stress. Probiotics supplements also decrease the cancer-producing microorganism Fusobacterium. Studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota modifies the effect of chemo/radiation therapy. Gut microbes not only enhance the action of chemotherapy drugs but also reduce the side effects of these medications. Additionally, gut microbes reduce immunotherapy toxicity, in particular, the presence of Bacteroidetes or Bifidobacterium decreases the development of colitis by ipilimumab therapy. Probiotics supplements containing Bifidobacterium also reduce chemotherapy-induced mucositis and radiation-induced diarrhea. This review focused on elucidating the mechanism behind the anti-cancer action of Bifidobacterium species. Available studies have revealed Bifidobacterium species decrease cancer cell proliferation via the inhibition of growth factor signaling as well as inducing mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Bifidobacterium species reduce the adverse effects of chemo/immuno/radiation therapy by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines. Further clinical studies are needed to identify the powerful and suitable Bifidobacterium strain for the development of adjuvant therapy to support chemo/immuno/radiation therapy.

This research paper describes the development, optimization and in vitro characterization of chemically cross-linked pectin–polyvinyl alcohol-co-poly(2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) semi-interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel [pectin–PVA-co-poly(AMPS) semi-IPN hydrogel] for controlled delivery of model drug tramadol HCl. Response surface methodology based on 32 factorial design was used for optimization and investigating the effect of independent factors: polymer-blend ratio (pectin:PVA = X 1) and monomer (AMPS = X 2) concentration on the dependent variables, swelling ratio (q 18th), percent drug release (R 18th, %), time required for 80 % drug release (t 80 %, h), drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE, %) and drug loaded contents (DLC, mg/g) in pectin-PVA-co-poly(AMPS) gels prepared by free radical polymerization. The optimized semi-IPN gel (FPP-10) showed controlled in vitro drug release (R 18th) of 56.34 % in 18 h, t 80 % of 30 h, and DEE of 23.40 %. These semi-IPN hydrogels were also characterized through SEM, FTIR, sol–gel analysis, swelling studies and drug release characteristics. Therefore, this newly synthesized polymeric network could be a potential polymeric system for controlled drug delivery of tramadol HCl for prolonged drug release.

Psoralea corylifolia is a well-known medicinal plant, traditionally used against several diseased conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of P. corylifolia seeds. Non/less-polar fraction of methanolic seed extract was subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS ) for phytochemical analysis. A total of fourteen compounds were identified which include aromatic, sesquiterpenes, furocoumarins, sterols, fatty acid and their methyl esters. The predominant compounds were epoxycaryophyllene ( 3 ), isopsoralen ( 6 ), psoralen ( 7 ) and bakuchiol ( 9 ). Identification of these compounds was also strongly supported by Kovat’s Retention Indices. Furthermore, the n -hexane soluble fraction showed significant antimicrobial activity against several bacterial strains. P. corylifolia seeds represented a unique chemical composition with considerable antimicrobial activity which not only validates their traditional medicinal uses but also indicates their potential as a source of natural antimicrobial compounds.

A new natural and synthetic polymeric blend to form interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels was synthesized utilizing sodium alginate and PVA as polymers by free radical polymerization employing 2-Acylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid as monomer (AMPS) and tramadol HCl as model drug through 32 level full factorial design to evaluate the impact of selected independent factors i.e. polymer (sodium alginate) and monomer (AMPS) contents on swelling index at 18th hour, percent drug release at 18th hour, time required for 80% drug release and drug entrapment efficiency as dependent variables. FTIR, SEM, sol-gel analysis, equilibrium swelling studies and in-vitro release kinetics were performedfor in-vitro characterization of formulated IPN hydrogels. In-vitro studies carried out at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4 revealed pH independent swelling and drug release from polymeric IPN, providing controlled drug release for an extended period of time with improved entrapment efficiency, thereby concluding that this polymeric blend may be a promising system for the prolonged drug delivery.

Underwater robotics has been the center of attention for a long time due to diverse multi-disciplinary applications that it addresses. Conventionally, the detection and navigation has been governed by the SONAR based systems. While, SONAR offers unmatched capability for long range operation, its performance is compromised for detection of short range objects. In this regard, an alternate solution based on image processing appears promising in short range applications. Stereo-vision based systems are now regularly deployed for surface applications with huge success. However, the underwater deployment of these stereo-vision based systems is still an open problem. In the current work, we present an underwater autonomous platform, navigated by stereo-vision based algorithm. Initially, we demonstrate the distinct edge that the stereo-vision enjoys over SONAR in terms of its low cost, small size and low energy requirements. We present a working prototype of a Semi-Autonomous Sub-Aquatic Robot for Surveillance using Stereo-vision (SARSTION). SARSTION provides 6 degrees of freedom, using propellers, 4 for horizontal motion and 2 for vertical motion and is administered by an elaborate control system based on various positional feedback sensors. The main contribution of the current work is in the design of a novel simplistic navigational algorithm. The two acquired images from a front looking stereo-camera are used to compute a depth map whose intensity represents the relative distance of an object from the camera. The intensities are then equated to compute the relative physical distances of different objects from the camera. This information coupled with the approximations of relative object sizes and the data from the positional feedback sensors are then used to carefully alter the yaw of the mechanical assembly to maneuver the robot. The camera can also be used to provide live feed, depending upon its usage. We present some promising results illustrating the successful operation of the robot in a controlled reservoir.

To evaluate the biological markers that are commonly assessed in breast cancer to estimate a patient's response to endocrine therapy and their prognosis for better clinical outcomes.The retrospective study was conducted at Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Oncology and comprised record of early breast cancer patients who gave positive diagnostic tests for hormone receptors status i.e. immunohistochemical test and were treated during 2007-2013. Data of oestrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression status was analysed. SPSS 12 was used for statistical analysis.Overall record of 345 patients was studied of whom 149(43%) were identified to have positive hormone receptor status.. The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 86 years with 97(65%) in 25-50 years, 46(30.8%) 51-75 years and 6(4.08%)in 76-100 years. Besides, 76(51%) patients had carcinoma of right breast; 86(58%) were diagnosed as Stage III, 55(37%) Stage II and 8(5.3%) Stage IV. Those diagnosed with oestrogen receptor (positive status) were 16(10.7%), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 over-expression 13(8.7%), oestrogen/progesterone hormone receptor positivity (or luminal A) 76(51%) and 35(23.4%) patients were positive for all the three receptors.About half of the patients were diagnosed with a positive hormone status and it was observed that in most of the cases disease was metastasised to distant organs.

The case of Afghan refugees in Pakistan is one of the most protracted refugee situations in the world. Formally assisted by the UNHCR and the Pakistani government, in the form of the provincial Commissionerate for Afghan Refugees and the Ministry for States and Frontier Regions (SAFRON), the lives of these refugees and migrant Afghans in Pakistan are shaped by how they are "seen" in the Pakistani "imaginaire". This chapter seeks to understand the legal and social identity of the Afghan diaspora living in Pakistan. The rights of minorities are often the weakest link in the complex equation of citizenship and entitlement in nation states. It can be argued that the state interface with them as refugees or asylum seekers and later as citizens, and the society's interaction with them directly after integration or through public discourse on refugees and asylum seekers, provide insights into the ethos of citizenship and democracy. Keywords: Afghan diaspora; Pakistan; provincial Commissionerate for Afghan Refugees; SAFRON; UNHCR

Supervised learning is the process of data mining for deducing rules from training datasets. A broad array of supervised learning algorithms exists, every one of them with its own advantages and drawbacks. There are some basic issues that affect the accuracy of classifier while solving a supervised learning problem, like bias-variance tradeoff, dimensionality of input space, and noise in the input data space. All these problems affect the accuracy of classifier and are the reason that there is no global optimal method for classification. There is not any generalized improvement method that can increase the accuracy of any classifier while addressing all the problems stated above. This paper proposes a global optimization ensemble model for classification methods (GMC) that can improve the overall accuracy for supervised learning problems. The experimental results on various public datasets showed that the proposed model improved the accuracy of the classification models from 1% to 30% depending upon the algorithm complexity.

Mobiilirakendused, mis ei tühjenda akut, saavad tavaliselt head kasutajahinnangud. Mobiilirakenduste energiatõhusaks muutmiseks on avaldatud mitmeid refaktoreerimis- suuniseid ja tööriistu, mis aitavad rakenduse koodi optimeerida. Neid suuniseid ei saa aga seoses energiatõhususega üldistada, sest kõigi kontekstide kohta ei ole piisavalt energiaga seotud andmeid. Olemasolevad energiatõhususe parandamise tööriistad/profiilid on enamasti prototüübid, mis kohalduvad ainult väikese alamhulga energiaga seotud probleemide suhtes. Lisaks käsitlevad olemasolevad suunised ja tööriistad energiaprobleeme peamiselt a posteriori ehk tagantjärele, kui need on juba lähtekoodi sees. Android rakenduse koodi saab põhijoontes jagada kaheks osaks: kohandatud kood ja korduvkasutatav kood. Kohandatud kood on igal rakendusel ainulaadne. Korduvkasutatav kood hõlmab kolmandate poolte teeke, mis on rakendustesse lisatud arendusprotessi kiirendamiseks. Alustuseks hindame mitmete lähtekoodi halbade lõhnade refaktoreerimiste energiatarbimist Androidi rakendustes. Seejärel teeme empiirilise uuringu Androidi rakendustes kasutatavate kolmandate osapoolte võrguteekide energiamõju kohta. Pakume üldisi kontekstilisi suuniseid, mida võiks rakenduste arendamisel kasutada. Lisaks teeme süstemaatilise kirjanduse ülevaate, et teha kindlaks ja uurida nüüdisaegseid tugitööriistu, mis on rohelise Androidi arendamiseks saadaval. Selle uuringu ja varem läbi viidud katsete põhjal toome esile riistvarapõhiste energiamõõtmiste jäädvustamise ja taasesitamise probleemid. Arendame tugitööriista ARENA, mis võib aidata koguda energiaandmeid ja analüüsida Androidi rakenduste energiatarbimist. Viimasena töötame välja tugitööriista REHAB, et soovitada arendajatele energiatõhusaid kolmanda osapoole võrguteeke, Mobile apps that do not drain the battery usually get good user ratings. To make mobile apps energy efficient many refactoring guidelines and tools are published that help optimize the app code. However, these guidelines cannot be generalized w.r.t energy efficiency, as there is not enough energy-related data for every context. Existing energy enhancement tools/profilers are mostly prototypes applicable to only a small subset of energy-related problems. In addition, the existing guidelines and tools mostly address the energy issues a posteriori, i.e., once they have already been introduced into the code. Android app code can be roughly divided into two parts: the custom code and the reusable code. Custom code is unique to each app. Reusable code includes third-party libraries that are included in apps to speed up the development process. We start by evaluating the energy consumption of various code smell refactorings in native Android apps. Then we conduct an empirical study on the energy impact of third-party network libraries used in Android apps. We provide generalized contextual guidelines that could be used during app development Further, we conduct a systematic literature review to identify and study the current state of the art support tools available to aid green Android development. Based on this study and the experiments we conducted before, we highlight the problems in capturing and reproducing hardware-based energy measurements. We develop the support tool ‘ARENA’ that could help gather energy data and analyze the energy consumption of Android apps. Last, we develop the support tool ‘REHAB’ to recommend energy efficient third-party network libraries to developers., https://www.ester.ee/record=b5471740