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Anatomy, one of the cornerstone branches of medical education, is one of the rare areas, where the traditional method remains the most efficient education method despite technological developments. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has made it impossible for the traditional method to continue and has enabled the integration of different distance learning methods into anatomy education. The aim of our study is to perform comparative evaluation of three education methods (traditional, asynchronous online, synchronous online) from the students' perspective.In our study, a questionnaire form was sent to Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine students (n = 168) via Google forms. The students were asked to rank the anatomy education types from the most appropriate to the least appropriate in the proposals. The questionnaire consisted of multiple choice and open-ended questions in addition to 15 proposals questioning demographic information, student autonomy, efficiency, and preference.According to the results obtained, the students stated that the most efficient method (in terms of both theoretical "50%" and practical "55.4%") is the traditional method. In addition, when it comes to preference, students who preferred one of the distance online education types (asynchronous or synchronous) for theoretical anatomy constituted the majority (59.5%). The traditional method was rated as the least appropriate in terms of accessing course resources (42.3%).According to our study, while face-to-face education is still indispensable for the practical part of the ideal anatomy education, the theoretical part can be carried out remotely by strengthening it with some activities.

Purpose Traditional anatomy education (TAE) is based on teaching by seeing and touching cadavers/plastic materials that enable three-dimensional thinking, but there was no opportunity like this in distance anatomy education (DAE). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, many trainings planned face-to-face were carried out remotely. In this study, our aim is to evaluate students’ views on the efficiency of DAE, and to increase the efficiency of DAE in the future. Methods The questionnaire used in the study was applied to the first grade students in the Faculty of Medicine, at the Eskisehir Osmangazi University, in 2019–2020. 239 students completed the survey. The questionnaire consisted of the demographic information, that was obtained with voluntary consent, and sections containing suggestions on DAE, and its comparison with distance education of other basic medical science courses. The survey was prepared as a Likert scale (with 1 = totally disagree to 5 = totally agree), on Google forms and sent to the students online. Results 82.4% of the students marked “totally disagree” or “disagree” for the statement of “DAE is more efficient than TAE”. The total percentage of students who marked “totally disagree” or “disagree” for the statement of “I was satisfied with the theoretical education in DAE” was 58.6%, but when it came to practical education the percentage raised to 79.9%. Conclusions According to the results the efficiency of DAE, especially in terms of practice lessons, was found to be lower than TAE. To make DAE a powerful alternative to TAE, future studies should aim to develop a new syllabus for DAE.

Hepatic fibrosis emerges upon exposure of liver to various chemicals and if not treated, it develops various diseases such as cirrhosis and cancer. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a widely used toxi...

Objective: As in many places in the world, surgical practices in the Ottoman Empire as well were performed not by physicians but surgeons. Even it seems that medicine and surgery have been dominated by males from their appearance, the literature shows that the appearances of female physicians and surgeons date back to old times. In this Study, Based on the knowledge achieved on Saliha Hatun, lived in the 17th century and known with the name Kupeli, and on documents available in Uskudar Shari'a Court Records, consent notes of surgical interventions were evaluated in this study. Methods: The consent documents of Saliha Hatun from Uskudar Shari'a Court Records were examined.The transcriptions of selected consent documents of Saliha Hatun were translated into Turkish and assorted. The documents were separately evaluated. Results: Saliha Hatun was hazık in surgery and had a superior position among her peers. The consent forms we examined for the purpose of this study show that there was a female surgeon practicing in the 17th century, and she was performing surgeries and signing consent forms with her patients. The majority of patients visited her for the treatment of hernia. Conclusions: The documents of consent notes, supplied from Court Records, provides evidence of the presence of a female surgeon named Saliha Hatun in the 17th century. The consent forms examined for the purpose of this study show that Saliha Hatun was adept at hernia operations This evidence also shows that Ottoman females had effective roles and positions in these eras.

Calcaneus’un antropometrik değerleri anatomi,ortopedik cerrahinin tanı ve tedavi prosedüründe, kinezyoloji, fizik tedavi verehabilitasyon bölümleri için önemlidir. Biz de bu örnek çalışmayı yaparakantropometrik index oluşumuna katkı sağlayacağımızı düşünmekteyiz. Bu çalışmadacinsiyet ayrımı yapılmadan 73 sağ ve 77 sol olmak üzere toplam 150 adetcalceneus kullanıldı. Calcaneus uzunluğu, calcaneus genişliği, calcaneusyüksekliği gibi ölçümler alınarak calcaneus indeksleri ve calcaneus tipleriortaya kondu. Calcaneus tiplerinin tayini Gupta ve arkadaşlarının daha öncebelirttiği şekilde yapıldı. Sağ calcaneus’un maksimum uzunluğu 75,62±0,55 mm;minimum genişliği 51,23±0,81 mm ve gövde yüksekliği 26,74±0,30 mm olarakhesaplandı. Sol calcaneus’un maksimum uzunluğu 76,72±0,52 mm; minimum genişliği49,91±0,74 mm ve gövde yüksekliği 27,47±0,27 mm olarak hesaplandı.Gerçekleştirdiğimiz çalışmada calcaneus uzunluğu, calcaneus genişliği,calcaneus yüksekliği gibi ölçümler alınarak Türklerin retrospektif olarakcalcaneus indeksleri ve calcaneus tipleri ortaya konmuştur., Anthropometricvalues of calcaneus are important for the anatomy, diagnosis and treatmentprocedure of orthopedic surgeon, kinesiology, physical therapy andrehabilitation departments. We think that we will contribute to anthropometricindex formation by doing this case study. In this study, a total of 150calcaneus, 73 right and 77 left, were used without sex discrimination.Calcaneus length, calcaneus width and calcaneus height were measured andcalcaneus indices and calcaneus types were determined. Calcaneus typing wasdone as previously described by Gupta et al. The maximum length of the rightcalcaneus was 75,62 ± 0,55 mm; the minimum width is 51.23 ± 0.81 mm and thebody height is 26.74 ± 0.30 mm. The maximum length of the left calcaneus was76,72 ± 0,52 mm; the minimum width was calculated as 49.91 ± 0.74 mm and thebody height as 27.47 ± 0.27 mm. In our study, calcaneus length, calcaneus widthand calcaneus height were measured and calcaneus indices and calcaneus typeswere retrospectively analyzed.

WOS: 000379664700004, PubMed: 27089473, Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated in wound healing, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and cell survival. TG2 activity increases following acute and chronic liver injury; however, the role of TG2 in tumors, is controversial. TG2 is a retinoid-inducible enzyme. We investigated the effects of retinyl acetate (RA) on the activity and levels of TG2 during the initiation and promotion stages of liver cancer. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) was used as initiator and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used as promoter in our model of carcinogenesis. Rats were divided into four groups of 24: control, corn oil control, p-DAB + TCDD, and p-DAB + TCDD + RA. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at days 30, 60, 90 and 120. TG2 activity decreased in the p-DAB + TCDD treated group, but TG2 immunostaining scores did not change by days 90 and 120. Neither TG2 enzyme activity nor the immunostaining score of TG2 protein changed in the tissues of the p-DAB + TCDD + RA group by days 90 and 120. TG2 activity was not be ameliorated by RA during the initiation or promotion stages of carcinogen induced liver cancer., Research Foundation of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey [200811016], Our study was supported by Grant no. 200811016 from the Research Foundation of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.

ObjectIve To investigate the effect of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) treatment after 12 weeks on urodynamic and clinical findings in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Methods A total of 47 patients with PD with neurogenic detrusor overactivity were enrolled in the study. Urodynamic studies before and after 12-week PTNS treatment were performed. International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-V8), and Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form (OAB-q SF) have been assessed before and after PTNS treatment. Results The mean first involuntary detrusor contraction volume (1st IDCV) on standard cystometry was 133.2 ± 48.1 (24-265) mL, whereas it was 237.3 ± 43.1 (145-390) mL after PTNS. The mean maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) on standard cystometry was 202.2 ± 36.5 (115-320) mL, whereas it was 292.1 ± 50.6 (195-395) mL after stimulation. The improvements in the first involuntary detrusor contraction volume and maximum cystometric capacity were statistically significant after stimulation. The mean Pdetmax at first involuntary detrusor contraction, maximal detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity, PdetQmax, Qmax, and post-void residual volume were statistically significant after 12-week stimulation. Mean parametric improvements at 12-week PTNS treatment from baseline included daytime frequency decreased by 5.6 voids daily, urge incontinence decreased by 3.1 episodes daily, urgency episodes decreased by 6.3 episodes daily, nocturia decreased by 2.7 voids, and voided volume improved by a mean of 92.6 mL. The change from baseline on the ICIQ-SF, OABv8, and OAB-q at 12-week PTNS treatment demonstrated statistically significant improvements. Conclusion These results have demonstrated that PTNS improves the lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic parameters in patients with PD. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different disability states in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) as determined by the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and dental-periodontal measures. Subjects and Methods: Eighty patients with MS (64 females and 16 males) were included in this study. Data on MS types, attack frequency, disease duration, EDSS scores and orofacial complaints prior to an MS attack were obtained from medical records. The plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index and number of present teeth were measured during one dental examination for each subject. The MS patients were divided into the following 2 groups based on their EDSS scores: low physical disability (L-DS) and high physical disability (H-DS). Differences in dental parameters between groups of low and high disability were investigated. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.06 ± 10.11 years. Age and disease duration were higher in the H-DS MS group than in the L-DS MS group (p < 0.05). The PI, PD and GI were higher and the number of filled teeth was lower in the H-DS MS group than in the L-DS MS group (p < 0.05). The EDSS scores of the H-DS MS group presented a significant correlation with the number of decayed teeth (r = -0.548, p = 0.005). Orofacial complaints prior to an MS attack were reported by 18 (22.5%) patients. Conclusion: Oral measurements revealed various differences between groups of low and high disability in MS patients. In addition, some maxillofacial-oral complaints prior to an MS attack were observed.

Aims The aim of this study is to determine the sustained therapeutic efficacy and treatment intervals for PTNS in NOAB with MS, offering periodic additional treatments during 1 year in patients who completed an initial course of 12 consecutive weekly sessions. Methods A total of 34 patients enrolled to the PTNS treatment and 21 patients completed the 1 year PTNS treatment with a tapering protocol of 6, 9, and 12 months of therapy, respectively. After 12 weeks of therapy, PTNS was applied at 14 day intervals for 3 months, 21 day intervals for 3 months, and 28 day intervals for 3 months. The patients completed a 3-day voiding diary at 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month. The patients requested to complete validated questionnaires (ICIQ-SF, OAB-V8, OAB-q SF) were carried out within 3-month intervals thereafter during their enrolment in the study. Results A total of 21 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these 5 (23.8%) were men and 16 (76.2%) women. The improvements for all voiding diary parameters were significant in the 6th, 9th, and 12th months when compared with baseline. Mean values between baseline and 12 month parameters suggested that daytime frequency decreased by 5.4 voids daily, urge incontinence decreased by 3.4 episodes daily, urgency episodes decreased by 7.4 episodes daily, nocturia decreased by 2.6 voids, and voided volume improved by a mean of 72.1 cc. Conclusion These results have demonstrated NOAB symptom improvement in MS patients can be achieved with 12 weekly PTNS treatments which show excellent durability over 12 months. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Human body have a complex structure. So, examine this structure require advanced level of engineering tools. In this study, temporale bones obtained from six different person were examined under the pressure of 5000 Pa. Stresses occurred on these bones under the applied pressure were determined using ANSYS Workbench finite element software. Total deformations were seen always on squamous part of the bones. This situation can be important for the clinical relevance of temporal trauma. Keywords: Biomechanics, Finite element method, Temporale bone Oz: Insan vucudu karmasik bir yapiya sahiptir. Bu nedenle bu yapiyi incelemek icin ileri duzeyde muhendislik araclarina gereksinim vardir. Bu calismada, 5000 Pa basincta alti farkli kisiden elde edilen temporal kemikler incelenmistir. Bu basinc altinda kemikler uzerinde meydana gelen gerilmeler, ANSYS Workbench yazilimi ile sonlu elemanlar yontemi kullanilarak belirlenmistir. Toplam deformasyonlar genellikle kemiklerin skuamoz bolgelerinde gorulmustur. Bu durum, temporal travmalarin klinik acidan degerlendirilmesinde onemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyomekanik, Sonlu elemanlar yontemi, Temporal kemik

WOS: 000339910900026, PubMed: 24756331, We evaluated the effects of dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (dppz) Au(III) complex ([Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl) on apoptosis during chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma. 48 male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into six groups; group I (control), group II [Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)], group III ([Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl), group IV [diethylnitrosamine + Phenobabital (DEN + PB)], group V (DEN + PB + [Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl (2nd week)), and group VI (DEN + PB + [Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl (7th week). The rats in groups IV through VI were administrated with DEN in a single dose of intraperitoneal 175 mg/kg. After 2 weeks of DEN administration, these groups of rats were given daily PB in a dose of 500 ppm. In group V, after two weeks of DEN administration, [Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl complex (2 mg/kg) was given once a week by intraperitoneal injection. In the group VI, the rats were given a dose of 2 mg/kg [Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl complex once a week, 7 weeks after DEN administration. At the end of the study, blood and tissue samples were collected from the rats to determine levels of serum AST, ALT, and LDH, and caspase 3, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and DNA fragmentation in liver. AST, ALT, LDH, and Bcl-2 levels were higher in group IV, compared to group I, but caspase 3 and p53 levels were lower. In group V, caspase 3, p53, Bax, and DNA fragmentation levels were higher than those of group IV. Caspase 3 and p53 levels increased in group VI compared with group IV. In conclusion, [Au(dppz)Cl-2]Cl complex induced apoptosis by elevating levels of caspase 3, p53, Bax, and DNA fragmentation., Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Commission [201011044], This study was supported by Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Commission. Contract grants number 201011044.

Hypericum origanifolium leaf extract (HOE) is a medicinal plant extract containing many polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic compounds have high antioxidant potential. Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in the kidney. This study was designed to determine the possible protective effect of HOE on renal I/R injury. Twenty four adult female Wistar albino rats were evaluated in three groups. Group 1 (Control), group 2 (renal I/R injury+Saline), and group 3 (renal I/R injury+HOE 50 mg/kg) were designed to evaluate the effects of HOE in renal I/R injury on histopathological examinations. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities were determined. Plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UAC), SGOT (alanine aminotransferase, ALT), SGPT (serum aspartat aminotransferase, AST) and lactate dehydraogenase (LDH) levels were measured. HOE treatments in renal ischemia-reperfusion decreased MDA in kidney and liver. SOD and CAT activities were increased with HOE treatment in kidney and liver. When all groups were compared histopathologically in kidney, HOE administration improved I/R-induced damages such as hyaline cast, tubular dilatation and parenchymal hemorrhagia. The plasma BUN values were increased in I/R group when compared with control; on the other hand after HOE administration, the BUN values decreased, but not significantly. The Cr, UAC, SGOT, SGPT and LDH levels increased in I/R group, but decreased after HOE administration when compared with I/R group. The findings imply that ROMs play a causal role in I/R-induced renal injury and HOE exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities Key words: Hypericum origanifolium, renal ischemia/reperfusion, rat, antioxidant.

The authors in this article are to explain common carotid artery dissection and anastomosis microsurgical techniques on the rat. KEYWORDS: Rat, Common Carotid Artery, Anastomosis. SICANDA ARTERIA CAROTIS COMMUNIS DISEKSIYON VE ANASTOMOZ TEKNIKLERI (UC-UCA ANASTOMOZ) Ozet: Bu makalede yazarlar, sicanlarda arteria carotis communis diseksiyonu ve anastomozu ile ilgili mikrocerrahi teknikleri hakkinda bilgiler verip, aciklamalar yapmaktadirlar. ANAHTAR KELIMLER: Sican, arteria carotia communis, anastomoz.

Ulcerative colitis is known to cause damage to the liver tissue. Although synthetic and natural substances have been used to prevent liver damage in colitis, little success has been achieved so far. In this study rats were given 120 mg/kg of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in order to induce colitis. Protective effects of lycopene and N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) on oxidative stress and liver damage in colitis were assessed. 91 male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. These rats were divided into 12 groups, each consisting of 7 rats, apart from the control group. 1ml of saline was administrated intraperitoneally (i.p) to the rats in the control group, while all the other groups were given TNBS dissolved in 50% ethanol through the intrarectal tract on the first day of the experiment. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were labeled as TNBS groups. 24 hours after the administration of TNBS, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 were given L-NAME, the ones in groups 7, 8, 9 given 1ml/kg olive oil. The remaining groups (10, 11 and 12) were given 5 mg/kg of lycopene i.p. Histological and biochemical analyses were carried out. In liver, tissue damage parameters like edema, sinusoidal dilatation, necrosis, vacuolization and accumulation of inflammatory cells were observed. Evaluation of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, as well as histopathological findings of the liver tissue, show that lycopene has a protective effect upon liver damage due to colitis, and that lycopene is more beneficial to preventing oxidative stress than are olive oil and L-NAME, a synthetic antioxidant substance

Purpose: We investigated urinary bladder stone, surgical tools, and procedures in urologic sections of textbooks of Abul-Qasim Khalaf Ibn Abbas Alzahrawi (Albucasis) and Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu. In addition, we compared the relation of their textbooks with urologic surgery. Materials and Methods: Al-Tasreef Liman Aajaz Aan Al-Taaleef (Al-Tasreef), a surgery textbook written by Alzahrawi (who lived in Endulus between 930 and 1013) and Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye, written by Sabuncuoglu (who lived in Turkey between 1385 and 1470) were evaluated with regard to urinary bladder stone and surgical instruments. Results: The textbooks give information about urinary bladder stones. They include definitions of diseases, etiologies, and surgical techniques, and describe surgical tools. Cerrahiyyetu'l Haniyye is a colorful miniaturized textbook. Conclusion: The urinary bladder stone section in Cerrahiyyetu'l Haniyye is the translation of Al-Tasreef with some additional information and illustrations. Surgical tools and procedures described by the two physicians have reached to our century. Tools and procedures invented by Alzahrawi come to the present day in similar or developed styles. © 2010, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Objectives: To determine whether vitamin E has protective effects or not on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in diabetic urinary bladder dysfunction, with interrelationships between oxidative stress and apoptosis. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar albino male rats were divided into 4 groups. Group A (n = 8), control; group B (n = 8), diabetic control; group C (n = 8), control + vitamin E; and group D (n = 8), diabetic + vitamin E. Vitamin E was injected 40 mg/kg every other day intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. In the diabetic groups, diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Apoptosis studies were performed using apoptosis detection kit and the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) technique. The levels of glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were detected in hemolysate. Results: It was observed that apoptosis number in urothelial cells of the bladder in diabetic rats increased significantly compared with control and decreased after vitamin E treatment. MDA levels of the diabetic group were significantly higher than those on the control and vitamin E groups. Diabetic + vitamin E group had significantly increased MDA levels compared with control group, although these values were lower than those in the diabetic group. All enzyme activities of the vitamin E group did not differ compared with the control group. In diabetic + vitamin E group, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were similar to controls. Catalase activity of the diabetic + vitamin E group decreased significantly compared with control, although it was higher than that in the diabetic group. Conclusions: Our study revealed that vitamin E decreases apoptosis and may be protective for uroepithelial cells of diabetic bladder. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.

Objectives: The objective of our research was to determine the accuracy and precision of the Cavalieri principle with images obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in estimation of the actual testicular volume in humans. Methods: We performed volume measurements of 42 testes from 21 patients scheduled for bilateral orchiectomy for prostate cancer. We performed volume estimation measurements with ultrasonography (US), Prader's orchidometer (PrOM), and Cavalieri principle MRI (we used views in axial sagittal and planes) before orchiectomy. We measured actual testes volume with the fluid displacement technique after orchiectomy. Differences and correlations between estimated and actual volumes were evaluated. For all patients, we compared right and left testicular volumes independently with these measurements. Results: Mean ± SD actual testicular volume and estimated testicular volumes with US, PrOM, and Cavalieri principle using MRI axial and sagittal images were 15.3 ± 3.3 and 17.7 ± 3.0 cm3, 20.0 ± 3.5 cm3, and 16.0 ± 3.7 and 16.0 ± 3.6 cm3, respectively. Estimated and measured volumes were not different from each other. US and PrOM measured volumes were correlated with the actual volume. However, r-values with Pearson correlation test for estimated volumes measured with the Cavalieri principle with MRI were higher than US and PrOM (r-values were 0.934 and 0.961 vs 0.919 and 0.757, respectively). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that testicular volume measurements with the Cavalieri principle using images obtained from MRI may be considered a complementary method to traditional techniques to estimate the actual testicular volume. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PTNS after 12 weeks, on the urodynamic findings in the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Methods A total of 19 MS patients with NDO were enrolled in the study. Urodynamic studies before and after 12 weeks PTNS were performed. PTNS was applied unilaterally from the medial malleolus and posterior to the edge of the tibia by using charge-compensated 200 µs pulses with a pulse rate of 20 Hz, weekly, during 3 months. The effects of PTNS on urodynamic variables were compared of baseline and after PTNS data in MS patients. Results Mean volume at the first involuntary detrusor contraction (1st IDCV) on standard cystometry was 124.2±37.6 ml, while it was 217.5±66.4 mL after PTNS. Mean maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) on standard cystometry was 199.7±29.3 mL, while it was 266.8±36.9 mL after stimulation. The improvements in the 1st IDCV and MCC were statistically significant after stimulation. Mean Pdetmax at first involuntary detrusor contraction, maximal detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity, detrusor pressure at maximal flow (PdetQmax) and maximal flow rate (Qmax) were statistically significant after PTNS for 12 weeks. Conclusions These results have demonstrated that PTNS is effective to suppress NDO in MS patients after PTNS. Although long-term efficacy of PTNS is known, the findings showed prominent improvements on the clinical and urodynamic outcome, we think that the use of PTNS for DO in MS patients will be promising in clinical practice in the future. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:964–968, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

There are important problems in the therapeutic use o fc loning which increase with the more advanced differentiation of somatic cells. Problems include DNA reprogramming, tissue rejection, and chromatin remodeling. This study presents the first use in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of tooth pulp cells containing progenitor cells that resemble the nonaging embryonic connective tissue in adults. Using tooth pulp cells in SCNT increased the first cleavage rates compared with adult somatic cells, leading to a higher rate of DNA reprogramming and increased production of an identical embryonic stem cells (ESCs) line. ESCs derived from tooth pulp cells using this method were observed to transfer into pancreatic β cells using transmission electron microscopy. These cells were named Osmangazi Turk Identical ESCs since this was the first use in SCNT of tooth pulp cells to demonstrate ad ecrease in glucose levels following administration of these cells. Furthermore, nonidentical ESC perform tissue repair by decreasing glucose levels; however, the renewed tissue was observed to undergo important alterations which affect its future. The prognosis of the therapy of mice with diabetes mellitus using Osmangazi Turk Identical ESC was good, with an 80% therapeutic efficiency. These outcomes are promising for regenerative medicine in the therapy of diabetes mellitus, and clarification of the importance of selecting appropriate adult somatic cells in deriving identical ESC lines is also a significant step.

Aims Lower urinary tract dysfunction is often occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), that is primarily induced by neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) and negatively effect the quality of the patient's life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute effects of posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) on the urodynamic findings in the PD patients with NDO. Methods Thirty-two patients with PD (19 [59.3%] men and 13 [40.6%] women) with NDO were included in the study. Mean age of the patients was 64.2 ± 8.7 years (range 44–78). Urodynamic studies before and during PTNS were performed. Electrical stimulation was applied unilaterally from the medial malleolus and posterior to the edge of the tibia by using charge-compensated 200 µsec pulses with a pulse rate of 20 Hz. Mean first involuntary detrusor (1st IDCV) contractions and means maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) before and during PTNS was compared. Results Mean 1st IDCV on standard cystometry was 145.2 ± 41.1 (55–265) ml, while it was 244.7 ± 51.7 (145–390) ml during PTNS. MCC on standard cystometry was 204.8 ± 40.5 (115–320) ml, while it was 301.2 ± 51.5 (230–395) ml during stimulation. Mean 1st IDC and mean MCC were significantly improved during PTNS. Conclusions These results have demonstrated the objective acute effect of PTNS on urodynamic parameters. PTNS is acutely effective to suppress detrusor overactivity in PD patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:62–67, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Objectives: Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with increased mortality and morbidity rates due to acute renal failure (ARF). Oxidative stress induced with renal I/R injury directly affects glomerular and tubular epithelium through reactive oxygen species. Several studies have been directed to the treatment of renal I/R injury. The aim of this study was to test the attenuation with silymarin (SM) treatment of renal I/R injury-induced morphological changes in the rat kidney. Methods: A total of 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated in four groups. Group I (sham), Group II (renal I/R), Group III (renal I/R injury + SM 50 mg per kg) and Group IV (renal I/R injury + SM 100 mg per kg) were designed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of SM on the morphological changes of renal I/R injury. Renal I/R injury were induced with left renal pedicle occlusion for 45 min followed with reperfusion for 6 h under anesthesia. After induction of I/R injury, left nephrectomies were performed for histopathological examinations. Results: After renal I/R injury, significant tubular dilatation, tubular vacuolization, pelvic inflammation, interstitial inflammation, perirenal adipose infiltration, tubular necrosis and glomerular necrosis (cortical necrosis) were observed. However, even with low dose SM in Group III (50 mg per kg SM), histopathological changes due to I/R injury were prevented. Conclusions: The results of this study have demonstrated that SM significantly prevents renal I/R injury-induced renal tubular changes in the rat. SM in 50 mg/kg was observed to be sufficient to significantly prevent renal tubular necrosis. Further, to our literature knowledge, this is the first specific study to demonstrate the preventive effect of SM on renal I/R injury. © Springer-Verlag 2008.

We postulated that a multi-potential agent such as dexanabinol may prevent the development of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. We tested the effect of dexanabinol (10 mg/kg) on established vasospasm in a rat femoral artery model. Dexanabinol was given as single or repeated doses. On the 7th day after blood application, vessels were prepared for transmission electron microscopy studies, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling staining, and studying vessel morphology including luminal area and wall thickness. Application of blood to femoral artery caused a significant narrowing of luminal area (p0.05) and decreased radial wall thickness significantly compared to hemorrhage (p

In this study, we describe and adapt the relevant methods of computed tomography (CT) and stereology to estimate renal cell carcinoma (RCC) volume and volume ratio and compare the RCC volume estimations with the tumor stage. The study included 126 (82 men, 44 women) patients with RCC. The patients were evaluated by CT. The volume and volume ratio of the entire RCC was estimated by the following formula of Cavalierie’s principles. According to TNM (tumor, nodes, metastasis) classification, there were 56 (44.4%), 30 (23.8%), and 40 (31.7%) cases in the stage T1, T2, T3, respectively. The results of the volume measurements which obtained from the Cavalier method were assessed according to the stages and were found as 125.52 ± 102.18 (25–394) cm 3 ,a s 346.25 ± 112.55 (181–545) cm 3 and 694.88 ± 405.46 (142–1546) cm 3 in stage T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The volume ratios between the stages were compared statistically and a significant difference were found between the stage T1 and stage T2, stage T2 and the stage T3 and stage T1 and stage T3, respectively. The average tumor volume ratios was foun da s28.44% ± 14.37% (8.69%–61.26%), 55.42%± 12.73% (25.78%–73.86%), and 72.48%± 17.15% (48.80%–97.15%) in stage T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The present evaluation of RCC volume can be done on any complete set of CT images, where plane scan distance an dm agnif ication factor is known, which already take place on to CT images.

KARBON TETRAKLORUR UYGULANMIS SICAN KARACIĞERINDE LIKOPEN VE KATESININ KORUYUCU ETKILERININ FRAKTAL BOYUTUNUN SAPTANMASI Ozet : Amacimiz karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis sican karacigerinde likopen ve katesinin koruyucu etkilerinin fraktal boyut hesaplamasi kullanilarak ortaya konmasidir. Fraktal boyut nesnenin yogunlugunu ve karmasikligini olcer. Sicanlar; sivi yag, likopen, katesin, karbon tetraklorur + likopen, karbon tetraklorur + katesin ve karbon tetraklorur olmak uzere alti gruba ayrildi. Doku ornekleri 21. gun sonunda elde edildi. Karaciger dokusundaki harabiyet, hematoksilen ve eozin boyama ile degerlendirildi. Hepatosit bolgeleri isik mikroskobu altinda kucuk karelere ayrildi. Sonra en az bir nukleusun bir kareyle kesistigi alan sayildi. Fraktal boyut ln(N(n))/ln(2 n ) formulle hesaplandi. Ozellikle, fraktal boyut degerleri acisindan kontrol ve katesin ile tedavi edilen gruplar arasinda bir fark yoktu. Ama likopen degerleri kontrol ve katesin uygulanan sicanlarda daha yuksek bulundu. Karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis sicanlarda fraktal boyut dusuktu. Karbon tetraklorur uygulanmis gruba gore karbon tetraklorur + likopen ve karbon tetraklorur + katesin gruplarinda fraktal boyutta artis gozlendi. Bulgular hepatosit miktarindaki azalmain, fraktal boyutun azalmaya neden olacagini gostermistir. Diger taraftan, karbon tetraklorur hepatositlerin az olmasi nedeniyle fraktal boyutu azaltmistir. Katesin ve likopen uygulanan gruplarda yuksek hepatosit miktarina bagli olarak fraktal boyutta artis goruldu. Bu calisma fraktal boyut kullanilarak tip ve matematigi birlestirmektedir. Bu hesaplamalar dogrultusunda, antioksidan maddelerin toksisite ve koruyucu etkisi tespit edilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler : CCl4, likopen, katesin, fraktal boyut THE DETECTION OF FRACTAL DIMENSION WITH PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF LYCOPENE AND CATECHIN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-TREATED RAT'S LIVER Abstract : Our aim is to investigate the detection of fractal dimension (Box-counting dimensions) with protective effects of lycopene and catechin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rat's liver. Fractal dimension measure intensity and complexity of subject. The rats were divided into six groups as liquid oil, lycopene, catechin, carbon tetrachloride plus lycopene, carbon tetrachloride plus catechin and carbon tetrachloride. The tissue samples were obtained at end of 2Ist day. The liver tissue distortions were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The regions of hepatocyte were separated into small square under light microscopy. Then, counted at least one nucleus with intersection of one square. Fractal dimension were determined by using this formula; ln(N(n))/ln(2 n ). Notably, there was no differences between control and catechin-treated rats on fractal dimension values. But, lycopene values was bigger than control and catechin administrated rats. In carbon tetrachloride-treated rat, fractal dimension is less. It was increased in lycopene plus carbon tetrachloride and cate­chin plus carbon tetrachloride with compare to carbon tetrachloride group. The findings confirmed, if hepatocyte is less, fractal dimension will decrease On other hand, carbon tetrachloride decreased fractal dimension due to less hepatocyte. It was increased in fractal dimension due to high hepatocyte in catechin and lycopene treated rats, because of their protective effects. This study is combination of medicine and mathematics, as fractal dimension. It was calculated, toxicity and protective effects of antioxidant materials could be determined in this way. Key words: : CCl4, Lycopene, catechin, Fractal dimension

The aim of this study is to determine the sustained therapeutic efficacy and treatment intervals for PTNS in NOAB with MS, offering periodic additional treatments during 1 year in patients who completed an initial course of 12 consecutive weekly sessions.A total of 34 patients enrolled to the PTNS treatment and 21 patients completed the 1 year PTNS treatment with a tapering protocol of 6, 9, and 12 months of therapy, respectively. After 12 weeks of therapy, PTNS was applied at 14 day intervals for 3 months, 21 day intervals for 3 months, and 28 day intervals for 3 months. The patients completed a 3-day voiding diary at 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month. The patients requested to complete validated questionnaires (ICIQ-SF, OAB-V8, OAB-q SF) were carried out within 3-month intervals thereafter during their enrolment in the study.A total of 21 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these 5 (23.8%) were men and 16 (76.2%) women. The improvements for all voiding diary parameters were significant in the 6th, 9th, and 12th months when compared with baseline. Mean values between baseline and 12 month parameters suggested that daytime frequency decreased by 5.4 voids daily, urge incontinence decreased by 3.4 episodes daily, urgency episodes decreased by 7.4 episodes daily, nocturia decreased by 2.6 voids, and voided volume improved by a mean of 72.1 cc.These results have demonstrated NOAB symptom improvement in MS patients can be achieved with 12 weekly PTNS treatments which show excellent durability over 12 months. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:104-110, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Qadi registers are important documents for Ottoman medical history research. “Sharia Court Records (Ser'iyye Sicilleri)” are notebooks that include the records that qadis kept with regard to their decisions and deeds. These registers are the only authentic sources from which to acquire information on rural life, away from the center of the town, and to understand the daily practices of the Ottoman society. The objective of this study is to provide evidence for the fact that the concept of informed consent on medical interventions, and hence the written consent documents arranged between patients and physicians, dates back to older times in our history when compared to the Western world. DESIGN AND SETTING: A large number of Ser'iyye (Sharia Court) record originals have been surveyed. The consent form registered as A-40. 221a in Ser'iyye (Sharia Court) Records found in Bursa has been presented here as the earliest consent document found by the authors. Transcription of the original document has been performed and analyzed. The aforementioned consent form dates back to 26/Dhu al-Qi'dah/933 (August 24, 1524). METHODS: The original version of the referenced consent document is the earliest consent document presented so far to the best of the authors' knowledge; it was found in Bursa Ser'iyye Records and evaluated accordingly. RESULTS: Based on the document, it is argued that the history of consent forms dates back about 500 years. CONCLUSION: Obtaining consent in scientific research from human beings was considered to have originated from the Nuremberg Code (1949). However, with this study, it has been shown that the concept of informed consent was already present in the Ottoman Period, during the 16th century, and that the original consent document dates back to 1524, pertaining to a surgical intervention.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene therapy on pancreas tissue rejection in a heterotopic pancreas transplantation model. Background: Modulation of inflammatory responses by anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) has been suggested to minimize organ rejection. In this context, modulation of cytokines using gene therapy could be a new therapeutic modality in preventing organ rejection. Methods: The study was performed using male inbred Wistar rats as recipients and Sprague-Dawley rats as donors. 24 h before transplantation, groups of rats, named IL-10 (n = 20) and green fluorescent protein (GFP, n = 20), were injected with viral vectors Ad5CMVhIL10 or Ad5CMVGFP. Sham-operated rats (n = 20) underwent saline injection only before transplantation. The pancreatic tissue from each of these donor rats was subsequently transplanted into the corresponding groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic recipient rats. Recipients were thus transfected with either IL-10 (n = 20), GFP-only carrying viral vectors (n = 20) or no viral vectors (normal saline, n = 20). A selected number of animals from each recipient group (n = 5) was sacrificed at weekly intervals for 3 weeks and some were further followed up to 12 weeks before sacrifice. Histological assessment of the pancreatic tissue was made based on rejection and GFP expression. Blood glucose levels were checked daily in all groups until sacrifice. Upon sacrifice, serum cytokine and insulin levels were measured. Histopathological correlations between blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels and serum IL-10 levels were made. Results: IL-10 gene therapy significantly attenuated pancreas rejection compared to controls, provided more normal blood glucose levels and elevated plasma insulin levels. Upon assumed natural deactivation of transferred viruses after 4 weeks, differences between groups in terms of rejection, blood glucose and insulin levels disappeared. Conclusion: These findings suggest that IL-10 gene therapy significantly reduced pancreas rejection.

WOS: 000340579000006, PubMed: 25177164, Testicular torsion results with the damage of the testis and it is a surgical emergency. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a low-molecular-weight antioxidant and potent inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of PDTC to testicular torsion-detorsion (T/D) injury. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups. A sham operation was performed in group I. In group II, torsion is performed 2 hours by 720 degree extravaginally testis. In group III, 4 h reperfusion of the testis was performed after 2 h of testicular torsion. In group IV, after performing the same surgical procedures as in group III, PDTC (100 mg/kg, intravenous's) was administered before 30 min of detorsion. The testes tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) level was evaluated. Histological evaluations were performed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Testicular tissue MDA levels were the highest in the T/D groups compared with treatment group. Administration of PDTC prevented a further increase in MDA levels. Significant decrease occurred in CAT and SOD levels in treatment group compared with the control group. The rats in the treatment group had normal testicular architecture. The results suggest that PDTC can be a potential protective agent for preventing the biochemical and histological changes related to oxidative stress in testicular injury caused by testis torsion.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetes. A commercial herbal formulated extract, which consists of 13 herbal extract (F13), is also described to have a potential antidiabetic action. The aim of this study was to determine the comparative effects of acarbose and F13 on type 2 diabetic rats. Three to five weeks after induction of diabetes by single dose systemic administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide (STZ-NA), diabetic rats were treated with acarbose and F13 for two weeks. After the treatment period, the blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride, cholesterol and nitric oxide synthases (NOS)levels, as well as liver and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined. Renal filtration changes were determined by measuring urine creatinine, plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance. Histological analyses were also performed in liver and kidney. The rats in diabetic groups had significantly higher blood glucose levels than control groups. Induction of diabetes was confirmed by histological analyses of liver and kidney tissues. High blood glucose level in diabetic rats results in peroxidative reactions in lipids, thus MDA levels were increased in diabetic control while acarbose and F13 treatment reduced MDA production. Also, increased SOD levels were found in STZ-NA diabetic rat liver. Both acarbose and F13 treatment, however, showed similar improving effects on diabetic complication in diabetes. Our results, therefore, support the validity of this herbal extract on the management of diabetes as well as diabetes-induced liver and renal complications. Key words: Acarbose, type 2 diabetes mellitus, free radicals, herbal preparation, histology, rats.

This study was conducted to determine whether there is a relationship between hand preference and the site of cranial venous return. Magnetic resonance angiography was used for the determination of the site of dominance of cranial venous return.Forty-seven right-handed and 45 left-handed subjects participated in the study conducted at the Sevgi Hospital in Ankara, Turkey between 1996 and 2000. The site of cranial venous return was determined by calibration of the superior jugular bulbus and named as right (R), left (L) and right-left (R-L). Calibrations of superior jugular bulbus were analyzed by one way variance analyses.There were statistically significant differences when analyzing the hand preference and calibration in the subjects with a venous return from the left, than from the right and right-left. The site of venous return (R, L, R-L) and venous calibration were analyzed by student t-test and were not statistically significant.The venous return was from the left in right-handed subjects and from the right in left-handed subjects. Correlation`s of hand preference and age and sex could not be made. For both-sided venous return, ambidexterity could not be determined.

Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Our purpose was to determine the effects of N-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) and an extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) (SrB) leaves on renal function in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats. Rats were divided into seven groups. Three of these groups were controls. Diabetes was induced by STZ-NA in the other four. Diabetic rats were treated with SrB (200 mg/kg), L-NNA (100 mg/kg), or SrB + L-NNA for 15 days after 5-8 weeks of diabetes. At the end of the experiments, urine and blood samples were collected from the rats, and kidney tissue samples were collected with the animals under ether anesthesia. Renal filtration changes were determined by measuring urine pH, urine volume, and serum and urine creatinine. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was measured in kidney homogenates. Alterations in kidney ultrastructure were determined by electron microscopy, and histological changes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. No statistical differences were observed in urine creatinine or creatinine clearance. Even so, we observed higher NOS activity in SrB-treated diabetic rats. SrB-treated diabetic rats had less mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization in thin kidney sections than other diabetic groups. The control groups showed normal histological structure, whereas in the diabetic groups, membrane thickening, tubular epithelial cells, and cellular degeneration were observed. Thus, SrB has beneficial effects on diabetes compared with l-NNA. Our results support the validity of SrB for the management of diabetes as well as diabetes-induced renal disorders.

Comert, Ayhan/0000-0002-9309-838X WOS: 000289632400007 PubMed: 20871999 Purpose The surgical anatomy of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and artery on the dorsal aspect of the hand is important in design of neurocutaneous flaps for reconstructive surgery and serves as a donor site for nerve grafts. In this study, the course, location, and diameter of the dorsal branches of the ulnar nerve and artery were studied from anatomical and reconstructive perspectives. Methods Upper limbs of 14 (7 left and 7 right) and 22 formalin-preserved adult cadavers (15 left and 7 right) were dissected in two different centers. Results The diameters of the ulnar nerve, artery, and their dorsal branches were measured at selected reference points. The distances to specific anatomical landmarks were also measured, during their courses from the proximal forearm towards the middle phalanges of the 4th and 5th fingers. Conclusions Our data may facilitate the design of neurocutaneous flaps nourished from the dorsal branches of the ulnar nerve and artery, and may aid in the harvesting of nerve grafts from the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, and provide a safe surgical approach to the dorsum of the hand.

To demonstrate hemispheric asymmetry in patients with schizophrenia using a cheap, simple stereologic method on the basis of standard CT scans of the brain.To demonstrate hemispheric asymmetry, standard CT scans of 30 schizophrenic patients (14 males, 16 females) were compared with 39 (13 male, 26 female) control subjects at Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey in 2005. Brain volumes were investigated by using a cheap, simple stereologic method, namely, Cavalieri.In patients with schizophrenia, we found that as age increases, right and left hemisphere volumes decrease. However, in the control group there was no relationship found between age and hemisphere volumes. In the control group, the left hemisphere was significantly bigger in males compared to females. There was a significant difference in both right and left hemisphere volumes between the control group and the schizophrenic group. In the schizophrenic group, a significant difference was observed in right hemisphere volumes between genders (p=0.002), while there was no difference in the control group. There was a difference in left hemisphere volumes between genders in both groups. Right and left hemispheric volumes of the schizophrenic group were smaller than those of control group.Cerebral asymmetry is an arguable subject for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The method that we used in this study will be useful in estimating hemispheric volumes.

To evaluate the protective effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and metallothioneins on excess nitric oxide toxicity in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis.In this study, 70 rats were assigned to 7 groups of controls, and colitis was induced with 120 mg/kg TNBS, 35 mg/kg L-NAME, and 1 and 2 mg/kg metallothionein 1 (MT1) and metallothionein 2 (MT2), respectively. A day after the administration of TNBS, L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 were given intraperitoneally for 3 days to the experimental groups. After the administration of TNBS, dissections of the rats in the L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 groups were performed at 3-day periods under ether anesthesia, and whole blood, bone marrow and colon were obtained.On the third day, red and white blood cell values were increased, while platelet and bone marrow granule cells decreased in the L-NAME- and TNBS-induced group. On the third day, all the blood values increased in MT1 (1 and 2 mg/kg) and MT2 (1 and 2 mg/kg) in the TNBS-administered groups. Histologic findings were macroscopic score, ulcer, loss of mucous cells, crypt abscess, inflammatory cyst, mucosa atrophy, edema, vascular dilatation and induced nitric oxide synthetase, which increased in the descending colon in the colitis rats, while it was decreased rats given L-NAME, MT1 and MT2 administration.The results suggest that MT1 and MT2 are more effective in protecting against the toxic effects of excess nitric oxide as compared with L-NAME in the colitis rats.

We examined the preventive effect of human recombinant erythropoietin (HrEPO) on nitric oxide (NO)-mediated toxicity to neurons and cysteine protease release into cytoplasm, which is attributed to neuronal death in brain ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery in two sets of rat. The first set was used to monitor NO concentration and cathepsin activity, while the second was used for histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin, and TUNEL staining. A group in both set was administered human recombinant erythropoietin (HrEPO). NO content, cathepsins B and L activity increased significantly in the post-ischemic cerebral tissue (p < 0.05). HrEPO treatment reduced NO concentration and cathepsin activity to control level (p > 0.05). A significant increase in the number of necrotic and apoptotic neurons was observed in the post-ischemic cerebral cortex (p < 0.05). HrEPO treatment was markedly lowered both of these (p < 0.05). It is concluded that HrEPO prevents neuronal death by protecting neuronal liposomes from NO-mediated toxicity and suppressing the release of cathepsins. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Purpose: The aim of this study to evaluate the hippocampal, frontal and thalamic lobe functions in the early stage of the juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) by magnetic resonance proton spectroscopy (MRS). Method: Fourteen patients with juvenile absence epilepsy with typical absence seizures and 10 healthy volunteer controls were included in this study. The diagnosis of the patients was in accordance with EEG findings and seizure semiology. All patients had minimum twice EEG recordings and all had typical 3-Hz generalized spike and slow-wave discharges at least on one EEG. All patients had bilateral MRS of frontal, thalamic and hippocampal regions and NAA, NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, NAA/Cho + Cr levels were detected. Results: The mean age was 14.9 ± 2.05 and 14.5 ± 1.7 of the JAE patients and control subjects, respectively. Mean seizure onset duration were 2.3 ± 0.9 years. In patient group the frontal, thalamic and hippocampal NAA/Cr ratios were 1.65, 1.78, 1.47 in right and 1.75, 1.90, 1.42 in left, respectively. While in the control group NAA/Cr ratios were 1.64, 2.42, 1.57 in right and 1.83, 2.44, 1.47 in left, respectively. There weren't any difference in frontal and hippocampal regions, but the bilateral thalamic NAA, NAA/Cr ratios of the patients were significantly lower than control group even in early stages of the disease. Conclusion: The observed reductions in NAA levels and NAA/Cr ratios of bilateral thalamic regions are consistent with epilepsy related excitoxicity as a possible underlying mechanism even in early stage of JAE. However, we believe that to generalize the results of our study a prospective multicenter study is required. © 2009 European Paediatric Neurology Society.

There are evidences that proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) and calcitonin may be involved in cardiovascular function. Therefore, we studied effects of rat PAMP and human PAMP as well as rat calcitonin and salmon calcitonin on coronary perfusion pressure, heart rate and contractile force.Isolated rat hearts were perfused under constant flow condition and rat PAMP (1.10 and 100 nM), human PAMP (1,10 and 100 nM), rat calcitonin (10.100 and 1000 nM) or salmon calcitonin (10.100 and 1000 nM) were infused to the hearts. Coronary perfusion pressure, heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure and +dP/dtmax were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc tests.Rat PAMP (1.10 and 100 nM) did not alter perfusion pressure. However, it increased heart rate from 257.83+/-23.89 to 282+/-24.98 beats/min (p0.001), from 259.83+/-25.05 to 289.8+/-19.5 beats/min (p0.001) and from 249.66+/-19.19 to 280.50+/-25.26 beats/min (p0.001) for 1.10 and 100 nM, respectively. Rat PAMP decreased left ventricular developed pressure from 90.5+/-18.5 to 79+/-15.3 mmHg (p0.05), from 88.00+/-10.12 to 73.00+/-12.38 mmHg (p0.05) and from 79.83+/-8.98 to 64.83+/-10.12 mmHg (p0.05) for 1.10 and 100 nM, respectively. The peptide also decreased +dP/dtmax from 3710.5+/-370.6 to 3223.8+/-261.1 mmHg s-1 (p0.001), from 3683.16+/-327.27 to 3040.6+/-423.8 mmHg s-1 (p0.01) and from 3746.16+/-315.76 to 3009.83+/-204.64 mmHg s-1 (p0.001) for 1.10 and 100 nM, respectively. Rat calcitonin (10.100 and 1000 nM) did not change perfusion pressure but it decreased heart rate from 269.16+/-22.6 to 253.6+/-22.84 beats/min (p0.05), from 263.8+/-27.3 to 247.00+/-36.63 beats/min (p0.05) and from 285.0+/-32.4 to 264.00+/-39.83 beats/min (p0.01) for 10.100 and 1000 nM, respectively. Rat calcitonin did not significantly affect left ventricular developed pressure. Human PAMP or salmon calcitonin did not change perfusion pressure, heart rate and left ventricular developed pressure.We conclude that rat PAMP may induce positive chronotropic and negative inotropic effect while rat calcitonin may produce a negative chronotropic effect. Human PAMP or salmon calcitonin could not alter perfusion pressure, heart rate and contractility in isolated, perfused rat hearts.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PTNS after 12 weeks, on the urodynamic findings in the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO).A total of 19 MS patients with NDO were enrolled in the study. Urodynamic studies before and after 12 weeks PTNS were performed. PTNS was applied unilaterally from the medial malleolus and posterior to the edge of the tibia by using charge-compensated 200 micros pulses with a pulse rate of 20 Hz, weekly, during 3 months. The effects of PTNS on urodynamic variables were compared of baseline and after PTNS data in MS patients.Mean volume at the first involuntary detrusor contraction (1st IDCV) on standard cystometry was 124.2+/-37.6 ml, while it was 217.5+/-66.4 mL after PTNS. Mean maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) on standard cystometry was 199.7+/-29.3 mL, while it was 266.8+/-36.9 mL after stimulation. The improvements in the 1st IDCV and MCC were statistically significant after stimulation. Mean P(detmax) at first involuntary detrusor contraction, maximal detrusor pressure at maximum cystometric capacity, detrusor pressure at maximal flow (P(detQmax)) and maximal flow rate (Q(max)) were statistically significant after PTNS for 12 weeks.These results have demonstrated that PTNS is effective to suppress NDO in MS patients after PTNS. Although long-term efficacy of PTNS is known, the findings showed prominent improvements on the clinical and urodynamic outcome, we think that the use of PTNS for DO in MS patients will be promising in clinical practice in the future.

To determine on protective role of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester L-NAME, and insulin on the liver in streptozotocin STZ induced diabetic rats.This study was performed in the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey in 2007. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups. These were untreated, diabetic control, STZ+insulin, STZ+L-NAME and STZ+insulin+L-NAME induced groups. The STZ was intraperitonally injected into 3 groups, and includes insulin, L-NAME, and their joint administrations as protective agents. The blood glucose and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined. The tissue samples were obtained at the end of the fourth week. The liver tissue distortions were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining.The serum glucose level was significantly higher in diabetic control (p=0.000), than the untreated group. Nitric oxide level was significantly lower in STZ+L-NAME (p=0.000) than the untreated group. The focal pseudo lobular structures without vena centralis increased portal fibrillary necrosis, and bile duct stenosis with coagulation necrosis of the peripheral hepatocytes were more observed in diabetic group than the protective agent groups. In addition, insulin, and L-NAME lead to hepatocyte regeneration; and minimal mononuclear cell infiltration was noted.NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhibits NO level in STZ+L-NAME induced group. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester either alone, or with insulin combination significantly attenuates the liver morphological disarrangements in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for treatment of the patients with category IIIB chronic non-bacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Methods: A total of 89 patients with therapy-resistant pelvic pain were randomized to receive either nerve stimulation (n = 45) or sham treatment (n = 44). The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and visual analogue scale were used to assess treatment success after 12 weeks of intervention. Objective success was defined as a minimum 50% decrease in the mean scores. A decrease of over 25% to below 50% was considered to be a partial response. Results: An objective response was observed with the pain and symptom scores after 12 weeks of PTNS in 18 (40%) and 30 (66.6%) of the patients, whereas a partial response was observed in 27 (60%) and 15 (33.3%) of the patients, respectively. Mean symptom scores and visual analogue scale scores for pain and urgency were significantly changed from 23.6 ± 6.3 at baseline to 10.2 ± 3.6, 7.6 ± 0.8 at baseline to 4.3 ± 0.6, 5.7 ± 0.8 at baseline to 3.4 ± 0.7, respectively. Scores for the symptoms, urgency and pain were not changed with sham treatment. Conclusions: These results have demonstrated that percutaneous PTNS may relieve pain in the patients with category IIIB chronic non-bacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Background/Objective: Significant corpus callosum (CC) atrophy has been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the size and the area of the CC with the Osiris method. The correlation between the CC measurements and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores in AD patients was also investigated. Methods: The results of the topographic measurements included the cross-sectional area of entire CC, body, rostral portion of the genu and splenium from a midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging section. The results of the topographic measurements of CC on MRI with the Osiris method were compared between AD (n = 29) and control subjects (n = 27). Results: In AD patients the mean value of the splenium was 9.2 ± 1.5 mm, the width of the CC body was 3.9 ± 0.2 mm, the rostral portion of the genu was 7.9 ± 0.2 mm, and the total CC area was 47.2 ± 0.9 mm2. In the control group the mean values were 12.2 ± 2.1 mm, 5.9 ± 0.2 mm, 11.2 ± 0.2 mm and 56.1 ± 0.6 mm2, respectively. Significant reduction was detected in the splenium, the CC body and the rostral part of the genu and CC area in AD patients. The MMSE score was 18.9 ± 4.5 in the AD patients and 29.1 ± 0.9 in the control subjects. A significant positive correlation between the MMSE scores and each CC measurement was seen in the AD patients. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that callosal atrophy in AD may suggest the severity of the disease. The Osiris method for CC measurements may be used as an easy and reliable technique to assess the severity of the disease.

Objectives Measurement of tumor response to chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is problematic because of non-spherical tumor growth patterns and difficulty in choosing target lesion. In this study, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of tumor volume measurement for evaluating chemotherapy response. Methods Fifty-seven MPM patients were included. Chemotherapy responses were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) using volumetric method, World Health Organization (WHO), and modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST). The tumor volume was measured using the Cavalieri principle of stereological approaches. Results According to the volumetric method, median survival was 10.0 months for progressive disease (PD), 14.0 months for stable disease (SD) and 16.0 months for objective response (OR). According to the WHO method, median survival was 11.3, 14.0, and 13.0 months, respectively. For modified RECIST, median survival was 10.0, 14.0, and 14.0 months, respectively. The correspondence between the WHO and modified RECIST methods was substantial ( K = 0.66), as was that between the volumetric and WHO methods ( K = 0.64); however the correspondence between the volumetric and modified RECIST methods was only moderate ( K = 0.52). Conclusions The most suitable chemotherapy response measurement technique is the volumetric method because of non-spherical tumor growth patterns in MPM. However, larger studies should be performed to better establish the suitability of this method. We recommend our method for determining the chemotherapy response in mesothelioma cases. However, modified RECIST criteria can also be applied due to favourable prediction of survival, ease of application, and moderate correspondence with the volumetric method.

To determine the protective effects of a fungal metabolite of demethoxyviridine (DMV) and its derivative, 1-alpha-hydroxy-DMV in the livers of 2-month-old male Spraque-Dawley rats treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 2-acetylaminflourene (2-AAF).This study was performed in the Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey from May 2006. Animals were divided into 10 groups. Those were the control, olive oil, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMV, 1-alpha-hydroxy-DMV, DEN, 2-AAF, DEN+2-AAF, DEN+2-AAF+DMV, and DEN+2-AAF+1-alpha-hydroxy-DMV-treated animal groups. The liver microsomes were prepared from rats and the levels of expression of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzymes were determined with western blot technique. The liver tissue slides were evaluated histopathologically with hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemically for Harvey-retrovirus associated DNA sequences (Ha-Ras), glutathione S- transferase (GST-p), and connexion-32 (Cx32) proteins.Notably, there were no appreciable differences in CYP1A2 level among control, olive oil, and DMSO-treated animals. The CYP1A2 level was significantly decreased in 2-AAF, DEN+2-AAF, DEN, DEN+2-AAF+DMV, DEN+2-AAF+1-alpha-hydroxy-DMV, 1-alpha-hydroxy-DMV, and DMV-treated animals as compared to the control. Most prenoplastic focus was found in DEN+2-AAF treated group.Demethoxyviridine and 1-alpha-hidroksi-DMV had protective effect in the livers of DEN, 2-AAF and DEN+2-AAF induced rats.

Radial nerve is closely in contact with the bone in sulcus nervi radialis (SNR). Location of SNR shows ethnic differences. Radial nerve is a big problem in humerus fractures and its surgery. In this study, we aimed to examine if humerus fractures of this region increases the probability of radial nerve injury.Total length of humerus and the distance of SNR to proximal and distal anatomical points were measured on 57 human dry cadaver bones. The mean values of these data were calculated. The 58 cases of treated humerus fractures in our orthopedics department, whose radiological film techniques were available, were involved in the study and their measurements were made at the same anatomic reference points, retrospectively. Proximal and distal safe zones to total length ratios of both groups were determined. The ratios of the cases were compared with the confidence intervals of dry bones. Location of the fracture line according to SNR and the relationship between radial nerve injury and this location were evaluated.Sulcus nervi radialis region was located at the middle of humerus. Of 24 cases which had radial nerve injury, only nine cases had fracture of SNR region. Of the 34 cases which had no radial nerve injury, 16 had fracture of SNR region.As a result; radial nerve injury rate was 37.5% for the fractures of SNR region and it was higher compared to other studies. We concluded that the fractures of SNR region do not increase the risk of radial nerve injury.