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"June 2005".Project Number: MDRFC Project number M/03/2024 - CRCFE Project number B.250.MDFRC item.Project objectives a) To determine how populations of stream and river organisms are connected at different spatial and temporal scales in the landscape and to identify natural barriers to dispersal for a range of species, using modern genetic techniques. In addition, we wished to be able to predict, for a range of species, the scales at which natural recolonization would be expected in restored sites. b) To predict the impacts of disruption to natural patterns of connectivity, such as altered flow conditions and artificial barriers, on species with a range of dispersal abilities and in different landscape settings. c) To use fish as models to test hypotheses about current dispersal patterns arising from genetic data, by assessing evidence from otoloith microchemistry.

Draculoides piscivultus Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 38–40) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ C1F26CAD-2994-4330-A870-886CB04A9ECC Paradraculoides SCH 095: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: ca. 23.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°48’15.02”S, 116°09’31.87”E, 07 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (WAM T143346) (DNA: 18S, 28S, ITS2). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa H, ca. 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’49.96”S, 116°13’11.86”E, 20 January 2016, troglofauna trap, P. Brooshooft, S. Werner (WAM T143619); 1 ♂, c. 23 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’57.23”S, 116°18’41.42”E, 28 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143357) (DNA: 18S, 28S, ITS2); 1 ♀, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’11.94”S, 116°17’41.03”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143354) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, ITS2). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa H, 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’43”S, 116°11’52”E, 09 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T110843) (DNA: 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’43”S, 116°11’52”E, 09 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T110844); 1 juvenile, Bungaroo, 22.9 km SSE. of Pannawonica, 21°50’48”S, 116°19’35”E, 15 April 2011, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, S. Werner (WAM T114971) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2); 1 ♂, Mesa H, ca. 17 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’54.23”S, 116°11’30.90”E, 27 June 2016, troglo- fauna trap, N. Watson, C. Cole (WAM T133452); 1 ♂, Mesa H, ca. 17 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°46’56.04”S, 116°14’30.77”E, 12 December 2016, troglofauna trap, N. Watson, C. Cole (WAM T133453) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2); 1 ♀, Mesa H, ca. 17 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°46’56.04”S, 116°14’30.77”E, 12 December 2016, troglofauna trap, N. Watson, C. Cole (WAM T133454); 1 juvenile, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’11.94”S, 116°17’41.03”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T133456); 1 ♀, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’14.02”S, 116°17’43.87”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T133458); 1 juvenile, c. 23.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°47’03.76”S, 116°07’52.90”E, 07 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (WAM T143347); 1 ♂, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’14.02”S, 116°17’43.87”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143350); 1 juvenile, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’09.06”S, 116°17’42.48”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143351); 1 ♀, 1 juvenile, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’08.28”S, 116°17’35.42”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143352) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2); 1 ♀, c. 22 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°50’06.91”S, 116°17’36.12”E, 27 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143353) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2); 1 ♀, c. 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°46’23.98”S, 116°12’34.97”E, 29 May 2014, bore scrape, A.E. Leung (WAM T143358); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, ca. 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’49.96”S, 116°13’11.86”E, 20 January 2016, troglofauna trap, P. Brooshooft, S. Werner (WAM T143618); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, ca. 17.7 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’43.37”S, 116°12’52.37”E, 20 January 2016, troglofauna trap, P. Brooshooft, S. Werner (WAM T143621); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, ca. 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’53.33”S, 116°13’21.79”E, 19 January 2016, stygofauna haul net, P. Brooshooft, S. Werner (WAM T143628); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, 17.5 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’43”S, 116°11’52”E, 9 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T144198). Diagnosis. Draculoides piscivultus differs from all other species of Draculoides by the distinct shape of the laterally compressed male flagellum (Figs. 39 D–F, 40A–C); in lateral view, the dorsal margin is broad, rounded and protruding. Additionally, D. piscivultus differs from all other Draculoides in its lack of accessory teeth on the movable finger of the chelicera. Females are most similar to D. bythius and D. cochranus but can be distinguished from the former by D. piscivultus having a larger inner lobe than outer lobe of the spermathecae (they are of equal size in D. bythius) and from the latter by differences in the positions of setae dl1 (more dorsal than D. cochranus) and vm3 (more ventral than D. cochranus). Draculoides piscivultus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides piscivultus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at 12S (Fig. 5) except for and D. eremius. Draculoides piscivultus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. confusus, D. bramstokeri, Draculoides sp. SCH071, Draculoides sp. SCH092, Draculoides sp. SCH037, Draculoides sp. SCH054, Draculoides sp. SCH072, Draculoides sp. SCH081, Draculoides sp. SCH106, Draculoides sp. SCH107, Draculoides sp. SCH016, Draculoides sp. SCH105, and Draculoides sp. SCH110, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2 apical setae on anterior process and 2+2+2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium faintly divided. Anterior sternum with 11 (♂), 14 (♀) setae (including 2 stern- apophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 3 (♂), 4 (♀) smaller teeth between these; membranous area be- tween fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 7 (♂), 5 (♀) setae; G3 composed of 3 (♂), 4 (♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 3 (♂) (♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 6 (♂),(♀) setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 (♂), 7 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 3 (♂) (♀) setae. Movable finger serrula composed of c. 14 (♂), 15 (♀) long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; accessory tooth absent. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 10 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tiba without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.27 (♂), 0.46 (♀) × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 2 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 4: 4; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only). Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with elongated lobes, outer lobe smaller than inner lobe, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 40G); sparsely covered with small pores mainly in lower half; gonopod triangular and distally somewhat bifurcated. Flagellum. Male: In dorsal view moderately laterally compressed (Figs. 38 D–F, 40A–C); in lateral view, dorsal margin strongly rounded with distinctive paired dorsal lobes between dm1 and dm4, distal section narrowed with slightly pointed distal tip; ventral margin evenly rounded; 3.75 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to posterior margin of dorsal lobe; seta dm4 situated posterior to dorsal lobe; dl1 small, between dm4 and dl1; dl3 close to posterior margin; vm2 situated anterior to vm1; vm5 situated anterior to vl1, midway between vm3 and vl2; two pairs of lateral microsetae, near middle, between vm3 and dm1, and three pairs between dl1 and dl3. Female: 3.50 × longer than broad (Figs. 38 D–F, 40D–F); seta dm1 situated in middle of flagellomere II; setae dl1 situated anterior to dm4, dm4 situated at two thirds length of flagellomere III; dl3 situated close to posterior margin, slightly posterior than vl2; vm1 situated level with vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 closer to vm3 than vl2, vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; 1 pair of microsetae posterior to vl1 on flagellomere III, 1 pair of microsetae posterior to dm4, 1 pair of microsetae laterally between dl3 and vl2. Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T143346): Body length 3.52. Propeltidium 0.87/0.48. Chelicera 0.48. Flagellum 0.29/0.08. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.33, femur 0.38, patella 0.38, tibia 0.33, tarsus 0.21, claw 0.06, total excluding claw 1.69. Paratype female (WAM T143619): Body length 3.22. Propeltidium 0.96/0.67. Chelicera 0.81. Flagellum 0.27/0.08. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.40, femur 0.48, patella 0.50, tibia 0.35, tarsus 0.23, claw 0.11, total excluding claw 1.96. Variation. Body length (males) 2.26–3.52 (n = 5). Body length (females) 3.32–3.70 (n= 2). Remarks. Draculoides piscivultus is known from several locations within three areas known as Mesa H, Bungaroo and an unnamed site situated in the western edge of the Hamersley Range, Western Australia (Fig. 1B). The distribution is larger than for most known Draculoides species and there is a relatively large COI (7.8%) divergence within this species, with specimens from southern Bungaroo most geographically and genetically distant, potentially suggesting the presence of a morphologically cryptic species. Comparison of numerous males throughout the species’ range revealed no consistent morphological differences therefore we have retained a single species at this time. The shape of the male flagellum is unusual for Pilbara species and more similar to that of the Cape Range Draculoides. The juvenile specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in many cases, by sequence data (Fig. 1B). Other names. WAM SCH086/SCH095 (Abrams et al., 2019), Helix SCH015/SCH016. Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the appearance of the male flagellum in lateral view, which resembles a fish head (piscis, Latin, fish; vultus, Latin, countenance, face, look, aspect)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 65-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides cochranus (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey, 2018) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/EditNomenclaturalAct/ 84EEEA24-AAD9-402E-B153-6836FBBCF59A Paradraculoides cochranus Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey 2018: 523–528, figs. 10– 12. Draculoides cochranus (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Cochrane and Jewell, 37.7 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°55’55”S, 116°07’43”E, 25–28 November 2008, troglofauna trap, 15 m, J. Cairnes, M. Menz (Biota Environmental Sciences, RNRC083 P5 T1–3) (WAM T 93229) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Cochrane and Jewell, 37.7 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°55’55”S, 116°07’43”E, 13–16 October 2008, troglofauna trap, 15 m, G. Humphreys, M. Menz (Biota Environmental Sciences, RNRC083 P4 T1–3) (WAM T 93197) (DNA: COI, ITS2); 1 ♀, Jewell and Cochrane Bore, site RNRC162, 21°56’02.88”S, 116°08’15.54”E, 17 January 2008, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, RNRC162 P2 T2–1) (WAM T 54136). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Framenau et al. (2018). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides cochranus most closely resembles D. affinis, D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo, especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis, D. eremius and D. gnophicola in the presence of a distally tapered tip (blunt tip in the aforementioned species). It differs from D. kryptus and D. bythius in the anterior position of dm 4 in relation to dl3 (dm4 posterior to dl 3 in D. kryptus and in line with dl 3 in D. bythius). It differs from D. anachoretus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo in the placement of dm4, which is roughly in line with dl1 (dm4 is posterior to dl 1 in D. anachoretus). The female flagellum of D. cochranus differs from all other Draculoides in the short gap between dm4 to dl1 (by the relatively anterior position of dm4). Draculoides cochranus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and ITS2 by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 7. Description. See Framenau et al. (2018). Remarks. Draculoides cochranus is known from the Cochrane and Jewell Bores complex, located in the western Hamersley Range, Western Australia (Fig. 1C)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Framenau, V. W., Hamilton, Z. R., Finston, T., Humphreys, G., Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A. & Harvey, M. S. (2018) Molecular and morphological characterization of new species of hypogean Paradraculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from the arid Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of Arachnology, 46 (3), 507 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / JoA-S- 17 - 101.1","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides minae Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 32–33) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 8688217D-9FA8-4ECD-9A75-98A6651B30EA Draculoides SCH 083: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Middle Robe, Robe Valley, ca. 18 km ESE. of Pannawonica, 22°23’18”S, 116°15’11”E, 13–16 October 2008, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, CWRC281 P4 T2–1) (WAM T138570) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2). Diagnosis. Males are unknown. Females of Draculoides minae differ from all other known Draculoides in their distinctive spermathecae, which have roughly rectangular, non-plicate lobes. Female flagellum is unknown. Draculoides minae can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI, 12S and ITS2 by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3, 5, and 7. Description (adult female). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 15 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 8 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 6 smaller teeth between these; proximal and distal teeth without small lateral teeth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 and G3 composed of 3 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 5 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 7 setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 4 setae. Movable finger serrula composed of ca.15 long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 small accessory tooth present. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 9 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.64 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 2 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2. Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with roughly rectangular, equal-sized lobes, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 33A); sparsely covered with small pores mainly in stalk; gonopod rectangular and slightly elongated. Flagellum. Unknown, collected without flagellum. Dimensions (mm). Holotype female (WAM T138570): Body length 4.88. Propeltidium 1.29/0.65. Chelicera 0.77. Flagellum missing. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.50, femur 0.58, patella 0.62, tibia 0.56, tarsus 0.21, claw 0.13, total excluding claw 2.46. Remarks. Draculoides minae is only known from a single bore in the Middle Robe area (Fig. 1D). Other names. WAM SCH083 (Abrams et al., 2019). Etymology. This species is named for the character Mina Harker in Bram Stoker’s book “Dracula.” Mina was temporarily made a vampire and instrumental in compiling the information to discover Dracula’s plans., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 59-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides mesozeirus Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008 (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 5C2329F5-D63C-4B72-9FEA-26BD41F43A84 Draculoides mesozeirus Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys 2008: 182–183, figs. 10, 25–28; Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Middle Robe (Borehole M 2ERC027, trap 1), 23.5 km E of Pannawonica, 21°41’5”S, 116°32’27”E, March–May 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 63329). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, same data as holotype (WAM T 63330); 1 ♀, Middle Robe, Borehole M 2ERC034, 23.3 km E of Pannawonica, 21°41’4”S, 116°32’21”E, March–May 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 63328). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Harvey et al. (2008); Abrams et al. (2019). Diagnosis. Males are unknown. Draculoides mesozeirus is phylogenetically (Fig. 2) and geographically (Fig. 1D) most closely related to D. carmillae, D. claudiae and D. nosferatu. It differs from D. carmillae in the posterior position of flagellar seta dl 1 in relation to vl1 (dl1 is anterior to vl 1 in D. carmillae). It differs from D. nosferatu in the short, broad shape of the gonopod (elongated, rectangular gonopod in D. nosferatu). It is currently not possible to distinguish D. mesozeirus from D. claudiae on morphology alone because adults of D. claudiae are unknown and juvenile morphology is not distinctive. Draculoides mesozeirus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides mesozeirus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. nosferatu, D. claudiae and D. carmillae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. See Harvey et al. (2008). Remarks. Draculoides mesozeirus is restricted to one of the un-named Middle Robe mesas, located between the mesas inhabited by D. claudiae and D. carmillae, situated east of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Fig. 1D)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides karenbassettae Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 26–28) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 99E6E90D-B530-4853-B1E3-E4BFB9AA908D Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°38’46.01”S, 116°08’19.07”E, 4 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (Phoenix Environmental Sciences, PE:16433) (WAM T143338) (DNA: none). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♂, c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 2140’03.87”S, 116°08’03.65”E, 29 April 2013, bore scrape, E.S. Volschenk (Phoenix Environmental Sciences, PE:7836) (WAM T143334); 1 ♀, c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°38’47.21”S, 116°08’30.95”E, 29 April 2013, 3 May 2013, bore scrape, E.S. Volschenk (WAM T147346); 1 ♀, ca. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°38’47.21”S, 116°08’30.95”E, 29 April 2013 – 3 May 2013, bore scrape, E.S. Volschenk (WAM T143333). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 2 juveniles, c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°38’42.51”S, 116°08’10.62”E, 4 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (WAM T143337); 1 juvenile, c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°37’57.53”S, 116°08’23.91”E, 6 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (WAM T143342); 1 juvenile, c. 19 km WSW. of Pannawonica, 21°38’46.01”S, 116°08’19.07”E, 4 April 2014, bore scrape, J. Clark (WAM T145213). Diagnosis. Draculoides karenbassettae differs from all other Draculoides by the distinctive shape of the male flagellum, particularly in lateral view. The flagellum is laterally compressed and most closely resembles the flagellum of D. piscivultus and D. brooksi in dorsal view but differs from the former in the rounded shape of the upper lobe (rectangular in D. piscivultus) and from the latter by the presence of a dorsal lobe (absent in D. brooksi). It most closely resembles the flagellum of D. piscivultus in lateral view due to the convex dorsal margin and the tapering tip, but differs from D. piscivultus by the concave dorsal margin that lacks the overhanging process found in D. piscivultus and by the posterior position of dm4, which is anterior and on the dorsal slope of the flagellum, below the overhanging process in D. piscivultus. Females differ from all other species of Draculoides by the anterior placement of dm1 with respect to vm2 and vl2 close to the posterior margin of the flagellum. Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium, pedipalps and flagellum darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium faintly divided. Anterior sternum with 12 (♂)(♀) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 7 (♂)(♀) setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 (♂), 4 (♀) smaller teeth between these, 2 (♂), 1 (♀) tiny lateral teeth on proximal finger; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 7 (♂)(♀) setae; G3 composed of 4 (♂)(♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 3 (♂)(♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 (♂), 7 (♀) setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 11 (♂), 9 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 4 (♂)(♀) setae. Movable finger serrula composed of ca.16 (♂), 17 (♀) long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present at two-thirds from base of serrula. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.6 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 2 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 4; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only). Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with equal-sized lobes, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 28G), distally round; plicate; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, circular, distally slightly bifurcate. Flagellum. Male: in dorsal view, strongly laterally compressed (Figs. 26 D–F, 28A–C); in lateral view, dorsal margin strongly convex, tapering to flat posterior region; ventral margin evenly rounded; 3 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 situated approximately midway between dl1 and dl3; dl1 between dl3 and vl1; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated below vm1; vm5 situated slightly above dl1, midway between vl2 and vm3; 1 pair of microsetae near anterior end, and three pairs between vl1 and dl3. Female: 2.5 × longer than broad (Figs. 27 D–F, 28D–F); seta dm1 situated in middle of second flagellomere, slightly anterior to vm2; setae dl1 tiny, situated posterior to vl1, dm4 situated subdistally, equidistant between dl1 and dl3; dl3 situated at posterior margin marginally more posterior than vl2, vm1 situated in line with vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 halfway between vm3 and vl2, left vm3 absent; vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; 1 pair of microsetae baso-laterally on flagellomere III. Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T143338): Body length 3.75. Propeltidium 1.04/0.62. Chelicera 0.62. Flagellum 0.46/0.15. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.50, femur 0.46, patella 0.62, tibia 0.58, tarsus 0.19, claw 0.12, total excluding claw 2.35. Paratype female (WAM T147346): Body length 3.80. Propeltidium 1.21/0.63. Chelicera 0.77. Flagellum 0.19/0.08. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.54, femur 0.62, patella 0.62, tibia 0.52, tarsus 0.29, claw 0.10, total excluding claw 2.58. Variation. Body length (males) 3.37–3.75 (n = 2) (females) 3.51–3.80 (n = 2). Remarks. No sequence data are available designate this new species. Draculoides karenbassettae is known from three locations north of Mesa G in the Robe River Valley, situated in the western edge of the Hamersley Range, Western Australia (Fig. 1B). The juvenile specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality. Other names. WAM SCH040 (Abrams et al., 2019), Phoenix Environmental Sciences DNA05. Etymology. The specific epithet is named in honour of Karen Bassett, in recognition of her commitment to the Western Australian Museum., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 50-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides belalugosii Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 13–15) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ A199BE76-0028-4AD8-AE10-0C75FE3705CC Paradraculoides SCH 077: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Buckland Hills, 45.4 km SSE. of Pannawonica, 22°00’21.19”S, 116°30’52.52”E, 27 October 2014, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander, J. King (Biota Environmental Sciences, BHDD004-20141027 -SC01) (WAM T135952) (DNA: COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Buckland Hills; 47.6 km SSE. of Pannawonica, 22°08’24”S, 116°14’06”E, 26 October–16 December 2014, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, J. King (Biota Environmental Sciences, BHRC120-20141216 - T1-02) (WAM T135954) (DNA: 12S, COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum is distinctive as it is short, broad, and rounded. It most closely resembles Draculoides confusus in lateral profile but differs in the distal position of dm 4 in D. belalugosii (sub-distal in D. confusus) and the close proximity of dl 3 in relation to vl1 (dl3 is distally placed and widely separated from vl 1 in D. confusus). Females differ from all other species of Draculoides by the comparatively short, rounded, unconnected spermathecae of the female genitalia. Draculoides belalugosii can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides belalugosii can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2 +1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2+1+2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia widely separated. Metapeltidium partially divided. Anterior sternum with 13 (♂), 14 (♀) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 (♂)(♀) smaller teeth between these; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 5 (♂), 4 (♀) setae; G3 composed of 5 (♂),4 (♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 4 (♂) (♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 6 (♂), 5 (♀) setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 (♂), 9 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 5 (♂)(♀) setae. Movable finger serrula composed of 16 (♂), 17 (♀) long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present at two-thirds from base of serrula (♂), 1 large and 1 slightly smaller accessory tooth present (♀). Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.42 (♂), 0.55 (♀) × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only). Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with short circular, equal-sized lobes, each pair not connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 15G), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores and numerous tiny folds; gonopod short, roughly rectangular. Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed (Figs. 13 D–F, 15A–C); 1.86 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially; seta dm4 situated close to posterior margin; paired setae dl3 ‘staggered’ with left lower than right; dl3 on posterior margin, level with dm4; vm2 situated slightly posterior to vm1; vm5 situated slightly anterior to vl1, midway between vm3 and vl2; at least 4 pairs of microsetae between vl1 and dl3. Female: 4.25 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated towards posterior end of flagellomere II, level with vm2; setae dl1 small, situated anterior to dm4, dm4 situated at four fifth length of flagellomere III; dl3 situated almost at posterior margin slightly more posterior than vl2, vm1 situated level with vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 closer to vm3 than vl2, vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; 1 pair of microsetae posterior to flagellomere III annulus, 1 pair of microsetae posterior to dl1, 1 pair of microsetae laterally between dl3 and vl2. Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T135952): Body length 2.90. Propeltidium 0.96/0.50. Chelicera 0.6. Flagellum 0.38/0.20. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.35, femur 0.40, patella 0.44, tibia 0.52, tarsus 0.23, claw 0.10, total excluding claw 2.04. Paratype female (WAM T135954): Body length 3.65. Propeltidium 1.00/0.58. Chelicera 0.75. Flagellum 0.16/0.04. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.46, femur 0.67, patella 0.48, tibia 0.40, tarsus 0.21, claw 0.12, total excluding claw 2.35. Remarks. Draculoides belalugosii is known from several locations within an area known as Buckland Hills, situated in the eastern part of the Hamersley Range, Western Australia (Fig. 1E). Draculoides christopherleei also inhabits this area as well as two distinctive lineages (SCH100 and SCH101) which may represent new species but for which we do not have sufficient data to describe at this time. Other names. WAM SCH077 (Abrams et al., 2019), Helix sp. SAL. Etymology. This species is named for actor Bela Lugosi (1882–1956) who played the role of Dracula in the 1931 movie of the same name., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 31-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides gnophicola (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008) (Figs. 1–8, 22–23) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ C8597E44-F7BC-43AA-9DA1-F2D7B9B423DF Paradraculoides gnophicola Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys 2008:188–190, figs. 43–46. Draculoides gnophicola (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Mesa G (Borehole 0159A), 22.4 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’20”S, 116°08’06”E, March–April 2008, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 65763). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa G (Borehole 0014A), 22.4 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’57”S, 116°07’01”E, 21 December 2004, G. Humphreys, M. Greenham (WAM T 63312); 1 ♀, Mesa G (Bore- hole 0057A), 21 December 2004, G. Humphreys, M. Greenham (WAM T 63316). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♂, Mesa G, 23.9 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’57”S, 116°07’00”E, 21 October 2009, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, E. Harris (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEG- DC014AP1 T3-4) (WAM T 99563) (DNA: COI); see Abrams et al. (2019). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides gnophicola most closely resembles D. affinis, D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. cochranus, D. eremius and D. kryptus, especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis by the position of dm4 level with dl3 (dm4 is slightly anterior to dl 3 in D. affinis) and vm1 which is slightly posterior to vm2 (vm1 more posterior to vm 2 in D. affinis), from D. anachoretus and D. cochranus by the posterior position of dm4 (anterior in D. anachoretus and D. cochranus), level with dl3; from D. bythius in the close proximity of dl1 and vl1 (far apart in D. bythius); from D. kryptus by the sub-distal position of vl2 (on distal margin in D. kryptus), and from D. eremius by the raised antero-dorsal region of the flagellum, which is flat in D. eremius. Females of this species differ from all others in the position of flagellar seta dm4, which is much closer to dl1 than any other Draculoides. Draculoides gnophicola can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides gnophicola can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. Adult male (WAM T99563) Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 14 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 smaller teeth between these including 1 tiny lateral tooth on proximal tooth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1);. G2 composed of 7 setae; G3 composed of 3 setae; internal face of chelicera with 3 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 11 setae; G6 and G7 composed of one seta. Movable finger serrula composed of ~18 long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.33 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only). Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed (Figs. 22 D–F, 23A–C); 1.9 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 close to posterior margin, level with dl3; dl1posterior to vl1; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated slightly anterior to vm1; vm5 situated midway between vl2 and vm3; left vm3 slightly posterior to right vm3; one pair of microsetae dorsally, slightly posterior to dm1, six pairs of microsetae between vl1 and dl3. Dimensions (mm). Male (WAM T99563): Body length 3.17. Propeltidium 1.15/0.62. Chelicera 0.73. Flagellum 0.37/0.19. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.50, femur 0.48, patella 0.60, tibia 0.58, tarsus 0.29, claw 0.10. Remarks. Harvey et al. (2008) named this species from several females and juveniles collected from Mesa G (Fig. 1B). Additional specimens, including a male that is described here, have since been collected from the same mesa., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides kryptus (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ D2AD297D-B3AD-4860-B82D-89422FADF8B9 Paradraculoides kryptus Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys 2008: 190–191, figs. 10, 12, 47–53. Draculoides kryptus (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Mesa K (Borehole 1685 trap 1), S of Pannawonica, 21°43′06″S, 116°15′36″E, 12.vii.2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 65801). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♂, Mesa K, Borehole 1721 (trap 3), S of Pannawonica, 21°42’56”S, 116°15’57”E, 12 July 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 65795); 1 male, Mesa K, Borehole 1728 (trap 1), S of Pannawonica, 21°43’01”S, 116°15’53”E, 12 July 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 65796); 2 females (trap 2) same data as holotype (WAM T65802, T65998); 2 ♀, Mesa K, Borehole 1694 (traps 1, 2), S of Pannawonica, 21°43’09”S, 116°15’52”E, 12 July 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T65798, T65997). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Harvey et al. (2008) and Abrams et al. (2019). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides kryptus most closely resembles D. affinis, D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. cochranus, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo, especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis, D. eremius and D. gnophicola in the presence of a distally tapered tip (blunt tip in the aforementioned species). It differs from D. anachoretus, D. bythius D. cochranus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo in the posterior position of dm 4 in relation to dl3 (dm4 anterior to dl 3 in all of the aforementioned species except D. bythius, in which dm4 is in line with dl3). It is currently not possible to differentiate females of this species on morphology alone. Draculoides kryptus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides kryptus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. See Harvey et al. (2008). Remarks. Draculoides kryptus is found in Mesa K situated south of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides christopherleei Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 18–19) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 5AADC536-FD7C-4792-B6B6-CB6BED0D9176 Paradraculoides SCH 080: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: West Pit, ca. 45 km S. of Pannawonica, 21°59’56.5”S, 116°30’35.7”E, 9 October 2012, scrape, 37 m, G.B. Pearson, J.W. Quartermaine (WAM T129676) (DNA: COI from Harms et al., 2018: MH 620848). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: sex indeterminate, partial specimen, cephalothorax only, “West Pit”, ca. 40 km SSE. of Pannawonica, 21°59’30.5”S, 116°30’27.1”E, 20 July–11 September 2012, troglofauna trap, J.W. Quartermaine, G.B. Pearson (Bennelongia, BH045) (WAM T142837) (DNA: COI from Harms et al., 2018: MH 620857); 1 sex indeterminate, partial specimen, cephalothorax only, “East Pit”, ca. 45 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°00’48.0”S, 116°31’52.5”E, 22 June 2012, Scrape, metres, G.B. Pearson, S. R. Bennett (WAM T129677) (DNA: COI, 18S, ITS2); 1 ♂, “East Pit”, ca. 42 km SSE. of Pannawonica, 22°00’34”S, 116°31’10”E, 7 October 2012, troglofauna scrape, - 16m, J.W. Quartermaine, G.B. Pearson (WAM T142838) (DNA: COI from Harms et al., 2018: MH 620858); 1 sex indeterminate, partial specimen, cephalothorax only, “ East Pit ”, ca. 42 km SSE. of Panna- wonica, 22°00’44.5”S, 116°31’23.8”E, 22 June 2012, troglofauna scrape, - 8m, S. R. Bennett, G.B. Pearson (WAM T142839) (DNA: COI from Harms et al., 2018: MH 620859). Diagnosis. Females are unknown. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides christopherleei is distinctive due to its small lateral lobes, very broad stalk and the absence of dl1. Draculoides vinei is the only other Draculoides species lacking dl1 but clearly differs from Draculoides christopherleei in the shape of the male flagellum, which is dorsolaterally compressed in Draculoides vinei and dorsoventrally compressed in Draculoides christopherleei. Draculoides christopherleei can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and ITS2 by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides christopherleei can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adults). Colour. Pale yellow-brown; propeltidium, pedipalps and flagellum somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2+2+2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 12 (♂) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 4 smaller teeth between these; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 5 setae; G3 composed of 6 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 3 setae. movable finger serrula composed of ~16 long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 7 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.27 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergites I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 3; segment XII with small dorsal process (♂ only). Flagellum. Moderately dorsoventrally compressed (Figs. 18 D–F, 19A–C), with small lateral lobes, very broad stalk; in lateral view, dorsal margin very slightly concave with very slight dorsal concavity above vl1 terminating in small distal triangular tip; ventral margin evenly convex with shallow concavity between vm3 and vl2; 2.13 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 anterior to dl3; dl1 absent; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated slightly anterior to vm1; paired vm3 staggered, with right seta below left; vm5 situated slightly posterior to dl1, closer to vm3 than vl2; 6 pairs of microsetae near anterior end, and three pairs between vl1 and vl2. Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T129676): Body length 3.13. Propeltidium 0.88/0.58. Chelicera 0.48. Flagellum 0.33/0.15. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.46, femur 0.44, patella 0.50, tibia 0.42, tarsus 0.25, claw 0.07, total excluding claw 2.14. Remarks. Draculoides christopherleei is known from several locations within the Buckland Hills area, situated in the eastern Hamersley Range, Western Australia (Fig. 1E). The partial specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in some cases, by sequence data (Fig. 1E). Other names. WAM SCH080 (Abrams et al., 2019), Bennelongia B40. Etymology. This species is named for actor Christopher Lee (1922–2015) who played the role of Dracula in the 1958 movie “Horror of Dracula” and the 1970 movie “Count Dracula.”, Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532","Harms, D., Curran, M. K., Klesser, R., Finston, T. L. & Halse, S. A. (2018) Speciation patterns in complex subterranean environments: a case study using short-tailed whipscorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125 (2), 355 - 367. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / biolinnean / bly 102"]}

Draculoides nosferatu Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 36–37) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 51471C86-8899-4E6A-B0DB-8F9F369C05F6 Draculoides SCH 061: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Robe Valley, ca. 27 km ESE. of Pan- nawonica, 21°44’27.72”S, 116°33’24.81”E, 6/06/2015, 8/08/2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (WAM T138516) (DNA: COI, 18S, 28S, ITS2). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 juvenile, Robe Valley, ca. 27 km ESE. of Pannawonica, 21°44’31.19”S, 116°33’41.85”E, 6 June–8 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (WAM T138518) (DNA: COI, 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Robe Valley, ca. 27 km ESE. of Pannawonica, 21°44’37.56”S, 116°33’49.11”E, 6 June–8 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (WAM T138519) (DNA: COI, 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Robe Valley ca. 27 km ESE. of Pannawonica, 21°44’31.19”S, 116°33’41.85”E, 6 June–8 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (WAM T139921). Diagnosis. Males are unknown and the flagellum is missing from the only available female. Draculoides nosferatu is the only Draculoides species known that does not have a guard tooth on the movable finger of the chelicera. Draculoides nosferatu can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides nosferatu can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. claudiae, D. carmillae and D. mesozeirus, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adult female). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 14 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 5 smaller teeth between these, proximal and distal teeth without small lateral teeth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 6 setae; G3 composed of 4 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 7 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 2 setae. Movable finger serrula composed of ca. 18 long lamellae, guard tooth absent; 3 accessory teeth present, most distal large, most proximal tiny. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 9 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.36 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II:? (damaged) macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2. Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with short, equal-sized lobes, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 37A), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, rectangular, distally slightly bifurcate. Flagellum. Collected without flagellum. Dimensions (mm). Holotype female (WAM T138516): Body length 3.56. Propeltidium 1.21/0.62. Chelicera 0.69. Flagellum broken. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.46, femur 0.50, patella 0.54, tibia 0.44, tarsus 0.27, claw 0.10, total excluding claw 2.21. Remarks. Draculoides nosferatu is known from three locations within the most southern mesa of the Middle Robe mesas (Fig. 1D). The phylogeny suggests that D. nosferatu ’ s closest relatives are the other species from the Middle Robe area including D. minae, D. claudiae, D. carmillae and D. mesozeirus (Fig. 2 Clade H). The juvenile specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in many cases, by sequence data. Other names. WAM SCH061 (Abrams et al., 2019). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the seminal 1922 German horror film “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror,” and relates to the species living in the dark., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides bythius (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ F6E7300F-381C-4DF5-8B96-DAE9B7D1F46A Paradraculoides bythius Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys 2008: 187–188, figs. 1–3, 10, 36–42. Draculoides bythius (Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Mesa B (Borehole 0016, trap 3), 37.9 km W of Pannawonica, 21°39’49”S, 115°57’2”E, 1 June 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 63364). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, same data as holotype (WAM T 63365); 1 ♂, Mesa B, Bore- hole 0014 (trap 3), 37.9 km W of Pannawonica, 21°39’58”S, 115°57’27”E, March–May 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 65759); 2 ♀, Mesa B, Borehole 0021 (trap 2), 38.1 km W of Pannawonica, 21°39’3”S, 115°57’2”E, March–May 2005, M. Greenham, D. Kamien and L. Mould (WAM T 63340, T 66070). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Harvey et al. (2008); Abrams et al. (2019). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides bythius most closely resembles D. affinis, D. anachoretus, D. cochranus, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo, especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis, D. eremius and D. gnophicola in the presence of a distally tapered end (blunt end in the aforementioned species). It differs from D. anachoretus, D. cochranus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo in the position of dm4 being in line with dl3, dm4 is anterior to dl 3 in the aforementioned species. It differs from D. kryptus in the anterior position of dm 4 in relation to dl3 (dm4 posterior to dl 3 in D. kryptus). Females of this species differ from all other females by the position of microsetae between the two most anterior flagellomere of the flagellum. Draculoides bythius can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 5. Draculoides bythius can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for Draculoides anachoretus, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. See Harvey et al. (2008). Remarks. Draculoides bythius is found in Mesas B and C situated west of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Fig. 1A)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 35-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides eremius (Abrams and Harvey, 2015) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 262FA90F-8570-45F7-9EF8-9324DEC2E22A Paradraculoides eremius Abrams and Harvey 2015: 133–136, figs. 1–4. Draculoides eremius (Abrams and Harvey): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Bungaroo, 35.4 km SE. of Pannawonica, 21°56’37”S, 116°26’26”E, 15 April 2011, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, S. Werner (WAM T114968). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Bungaroo, 34.8 km SE. of Pannawonica, 2156’07”S, 11626’54”E, 15 April 2011, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, and S. Werner (WAM T114972); 1 ♂, Bungaroo, 35.3 km SE. of Pannawonica, 21°56’37”S, 116°26’39”E, 15 April 2011, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, S. Werner (WAM T114969). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Abrams and Harvey (2015). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides eremius most closely resembles D. affinis and D. gnophicola, particularly in the distally rounded end of the flagellum, which is tapering in most other similar described Draculoides species (D. anachoretus, D. cochranus, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo). Draculoides eremius differs from D. bythius and D. gnophicola in the distal placement of dm4 on the margin of the flagellum (dm4 is sub-distal and anterior to dl 3 in D. affinis and slightly sub-distal in and D. gnophicola). Females of this species differ from all other females by the rectangular-shaped backward folding genital gonopod. Draculoides eremius can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides eremius can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at 12S (Fig. 5) except for D. piscivultus. Draculoides eremius can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. See Abrams and Harvey (2015). Remarks. Draculoides eremius has only been found in the Bungaroo valley, situated south-east of Pannawonica in the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Fig. 1E)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M. & Harvey, M. S. (2015) A new troglobitic schizomid (Hubbardiidae: Paradraculoides) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 30 (2), 132 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0312 - 3162.30 (2). 2015.132 - 136","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides affinis (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey, 2018) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ A9243824-BE1B-4906-88DB-DA80434FF7EF Paradraculoides affinis Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey 2018: 514–521, figs. 3–5. Draculoides affinis (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Cane and Upper Cane [River], 60.6 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°11’32”S, 116°16’31”E, 25–28 November 2008, troglofauna trap, 20 m, J. Cairnes, M. Menz (Biota Environmental Sciences, UCRC040 P5 T2–3) (WAM T 93211) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Cardo Bore North, 55.7 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°08’24”S, 116°14’06”E, 15–21 August 2008, troglofauna trap, 15 m, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, CBRC091 P3 T1–2) (WAM T 93141); 1 ♀, Upper Cane, 60.6 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°11’32”S, 116°16’31”E, 7–10 July 2009, troglofauna trap, 30 m, J. Cairnes, D. Keirle (Biota Environmental Sciences, UCRC040 P8 T3–5) (WAM T 98702) (DNA: COI). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Framenau et al. (2018). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides affinis most closely resembles D. bythius, D. cochranus, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from bythius, D. cochranus, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. noctigrassator and D. warramboo in its blunt, rounded distal end which is tapered in all of the aforementioned species. Its blunt distal end is similar to that of D. eremius and D. gnophicola but it differs from the former by the subdistal position of vl2 (vl2 at edge of flagellum in D. eremius) and it differs from the latter in the anterior position of vm 5 in relation to vl1 (vm5 is posterior to vl 1 in D. gnophicola). Females differ from all other species of Draculoides by the comparatively wide separation of both setae vm3. Draculoides affinis can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and 12S by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figs. 3 and 5. Draculoides affinis can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. celatus, D. obrutus and Draculoides sp. SCH100, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 minibarcode. Description. See Framenau et al. (2018). Remarks. Draculoides affinis is known only from subterranean habitats in a small area of the Pilbara (Fig. 1C)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Framenau, V. W., Hamilton, Z. R., Finston, T., Humphreys, G., Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A. & Harvey, M. S. (2018) Molecular and morphological characterization of new species of hypogean Paradraculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from the arid Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of Arachnology, 46 (3), 507 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / JoA-S- 17 - 101.1","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides akashae Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–3, 5–8, 9–10) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ CE271767-E9F1-4713-9C1B-735CC5078E7E Paradraculoides SCH 098: Abrams et al. (2019) MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa J, ca. 14.9 km SW. of Panna- wonica, 21°44’26”S, 116°13’33”E, 1–2 December 2008, habitat trap, P. Hoffman and S. McCulloch (Biota Environmental Sciences, RC 08MEJ0076P2 T3-3) (WAM T 96159). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Mesa J, ca. 13 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’15”S, 116°13’33”E, 01–02 December 2008, habitat trap, P. Hoffman and S. McCulloch (Biota Environmental Sciences, J0928P2 T1-5) (WAM T96166); 1 ♀, Mesa J, ca. 13.2 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°44’18”S, 116°15’00”E, 01–02 December 2008, habitat trap, P. Hoffman and S. McCulloch (Biota Environmental Sciences, J 0867P2 T3-1) (WAM T 96167). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 2 juveniles, Mesa J, ca. 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, site MEJ007P1 T1-2, 21°44’26”S, 116°13’33”E, 10 July 2008, habitat trap, J. Alexander (WAM T 92209) (DNA: ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa J, ca. 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, site MEJ0866P1 T2-1, 21°44’15”S, 116°15’00”E, 9 July 2008, habitat trap, J. Alexander (WAM T 92212) (DNA: 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa J, 14 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’45”S, 116°13’36”E, 22 October 2009, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, E. Harris (WAM T 99567) (DNA: 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa J, 14.2 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’50”S, 116°13’33”E, 22 October 2009, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, E. Harris (WAM T 99569) (DNA: 12S,18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa J, 14.1 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°43’48”S, 116°13’37”E, 22 October 2009, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, E. Harris (WAM T 99570) (DNA: 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’02”S, 116°11’48”E, 9 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T110840); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’02”S, 116°11’48”E, 9 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T110841); 1 juvenile, Mesa H, 18 km SW. of Pannawonica, 21°45’02”S, 116°11’48”E, 9 November 2010, troglofauna trap, J. Cairnes, V. Cartledge (WAM T144197). Diagnosis. Males are unknown. Females are morphologically indistinguishable from other species of Draculoides. Draculoides akashae can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at 12S by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 5. Draculoides akashae can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei and D. piscivultus, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adults). Colour. Pale yellow-brown; propeltidium somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2+1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2+2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 13 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 7 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 4 smaller teeth between these; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 6 setae, G3 composed of 5 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 8 setae; G6 with one seta, G7 composed of 4 setae. Movable finger serrula composed of 18 long lamellae, blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large and 1 tiny accessory tooth present. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 7 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.50 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2; segment XII with tiny dorsal process. Female genitalia. Two pairs of elongate spermathecae with outer lobes smaller and narrower than inner lobes, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 10D), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, distally slightly bifurcate. Flagellum. Male: unknown. Female: 4.25 × longer than broad; seta dm1 situated slightly more posterior to vm2; setae dl1 small, situated close to vl1, dm4 situated midway between vl1 and dl3; dl3 situated almost at posterior margin slightly more posterior than vl2, vm1 situated slightly more posterior than vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 halfway between vm3 and vl2, vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; 1 pair of microsetae baso-laterally on flagellomere III. Dimensions (mm). Holotype female (WAM T96159): Body length 3.89. Propeltidium 1.00/0.63. Chelicera 0.73. Flagellum 0.4/0.19. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.52, femur 0.52, patella 0.58, tibia 0.50, tarsus 0.17, claw 0.09, total excluding claw 2.37. Paratype female (WAM T96166): Body length 4.42. Propeltidium 1.27/0.79. Chelicera 0.69. Flagellum 0.17/0.05. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.48, femur 0.54, patella 0.58, tibia 0.54, tarsus 0.25, claw 0.13, total excluding claw 2.51. Variation. Anterior sternum number of setae 13–15, including sternapophysial setae (n=3 incl. holotype). Body length (females) 3.89–4.09 (n = 3). Remarks. Draculoides akashae is only known from Mesas H and J, situated in the Robe Valley, Western Australia (Fig. 1B). The juvenile specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in many cases, by sequence data (Fig. 1B). Draculoides akashae co-occurs with D. piscivultus at Mesa H. Females of D. akashae and D. piscivultus have very similar genitalia and flagellums but D. akashae’s spermathecae are more plicate, more uniformly broad and have a smaller stalk than those of D. piscivultus, and the flagellum differs in ventral view with vl1 equidistant from vm3 and vm5 (vl1 is closer to vm3 than to vm 5 in D. piscivultus). Additionally, while these species co-occur in the same landform (Mesa H) and the females have subtle morphological differences, they are distantly related phylogenetically, and were placed in two distinct clades (D. akashae: Clade G, D. piscivultus: Clade L). Other names. WAM SCH098 (Abrams et al., 2019), Helix code SCH011. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the fictional character Akasha, queen of the vampires in Anne Rice’s book “Queen of the damned.”, Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides warramboo Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 41–43) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 0F78A790-1ECF-48A6-A182-66A885A5DE45 Paradraculoides SCH 057: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Warramboo Robe Valley ca. 50 km W. of Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S, 115°50’18.10”E, 6 June 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scD) (WAM T139912). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Warramboo, Robe Valley, ca. 50km W Pannawon- ica, 21°39’7.92”S 115°50’22.01”E, 6 June –7 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3811-20150807 - T1-01) (WAM T138501); 1 ♂, Warramboo, ca. 50km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 06 June –07 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790-20150807 - T1-01) (WAM T138499). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 51.4 km WSW Pannawonica, 21°39’45”S 115°49’33”E, 25 July–08 September 2005, troglofauna trap, G. Humphreys (WAM T 66234) (DNA: 12S, COI: Harvey et al., 2008); 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 6 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 sc) (WAM T138500); 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°40’37.46”S 115°50’19.34”E, 06 June –07 August 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC4400-20150807 - T1-02) (WAM T138503); 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.1”E, 06 June –30 September 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790-20150930 - T1-01) (WAM T138553) (DNA: COI, 28S, 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Tod Bore, 59 km W Pannawonica, 21°41’59.11”S 115°50’0.96”E, 06 August–01 October 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, TO- BRC0023-20151001 - T1-01) (WAM T138571) (DNA: COI, 28S, 18S, ITS2); 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.10”E, 06 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scB) (WAM T139910); 1 juvenile, Warramboo, 50 km W Pannawonica, 21°38’54.88”S 115°50’18.10”E, 06 June 2015, troglofauna scrape, J. Alexander (Biota Environmental Sciences, MEARC3790.20150606 - 01 scC) (WAM T139911). Diagnosis. The shape of the male flagellum of Draculoides warramboo most closely resembles D. affinis, D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. cochranus, D. gnophicola, D. eremius, D. kryptus and D. mckechnieorum especially in the presence of a broad base. It differs from D. affinis, D. eremius, D. gnophicola and D. kryptus by the sub-distal placement of dm4 (close to distal margin in D. affinis, D. eremius, D. gnophicola and D. kryptus), from D. anachoretus and D. bythius by the close proximity of dl1 and vl1 (far apart in D. anachoretus a nd D. bythius), from D. cochranus by the anterior position of vm3, close to vm1 and vm2 (vm3 is situated in the middle of the flagellum of D. cochranus, midway between vm5 and vm1) and from D. mckechnieorum by the more anterior position of dm4 which is not level with dl3 as in D. mckechnieorum. Female flagellum is unknown. Draculoides warramboo can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides warramboo can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D.anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum,, D. immortalis, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adults). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 2 +1 apical setae in a triangular formation on anterior process and 2 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 12 (♂) (♀) setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 (♂), 7 (♀) setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 4 (♂), 4 (♀) smaller teeth between these and 1 lateral tooth on proximal large tooth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 composed of 6 (♂), 8 (♀) setae; G3 composed of 5 (♂) (♀) setae; internal face of chelicera with 3 (♂), 5 (♀) short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 8 setae (G5A) each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 (♂), 9 (♀) setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 4 (♂) (♀) setae. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 8 (♂), 7 (♀) stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.7 (♂) × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–IX: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column): 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2 (♂), 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 4: 4 (♀); segment XII without small dorsal process. Female genitalia. Two pairs of spermathecae with outer lobe sub-equal to inner lobe, each pair connected basally before connection with bursa (Fig. 43D), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, distally bifurcate. Flagellum. Male: Dorsoventrally compressed 2 × longer than broad (Figs. 41 D–F, 43A–C); seta dm1 situated dorso-medially, slightly closer to anterior margin; seta dm4 situated close to posterior margin; dl1 between dl3 and vl1 but much closer to vl1; dl3 on posterior margin; vm2 situated slightly above vm1; vm5 situated on approximately same level as dl1, closer to vl2 than to vm5; at least three pairs of microsetae between vl1 and dl3. Female flagellum unknown, specimen collected without flagellum. Dimensions (mm). Holotype male (WAM T139912): Body length 3.51. Propeltidium 1.10/0.42. Chelicera 0.69. Flagellum 0.38/0.19. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.54, femur 0.48, patella 0.48, tibia 0.42, tarsus 0.19, claw 0.13, total excluding claw 2.25. Paratype female (WAM T138501): Body length 4.76. Propeltidium 1.56/0.83. Chelicera 0.96. Flagellum missing. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.75, femur 0.52, patella 0.67, tibia 0.65, tarsus 0.35, claw 0.10, total excluding claw 2.94. Variation. Body length (males) 3.46–3.51 (n = 2). Remarks. Draculoides warramboo is known from several locations within two areas known as Warramboo and Tod Bore (Fig. 1A). Warramboo is not a discrete mesa but appears to be the western extension of pisolitic geology from Mesa A (Harvey et al., 2008), despite this, molecular data suggest no gene flow occurring between Warramboo and Mesa A (Fig. 2). Juveniles were sequenced by Harvey et al. (2008) but not named due to a lack of adult specimens. The specimens listed above are associated with this species by locality and, in two cases, by sequence data (Fig. 1A). Other names. WAM SCH057 (Abrams et al., 2019). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality, Warramboo. It is to be treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 70-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532","Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026"]}

Genus Draculoides Harvey, 1992 Draculoides Harvey 1992: 82; Harvey and Humphreys, 1995: 183–184; Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995: 69; Harvey, 2001: 171–172; Harvey, 2003: 108; Harvey et al., 2008: 176–177. Paradraculoides Harvey, Berry, Edward & Humphreys 2008: 185. Synonymised by Abrams et al., 2019 Type species. Draculoides: Schizomus vinei Harvey, 1988, by original designation. Paradraculoides: Paradraculoides kryptus Harvey, Berry, Edward and Humphreys, 2008, by original designation. Diagnosis. Pedipalpal trochanter without mesal spur. Movable cheliceral finger with 0‒2 accessory teeth. Female genitalia with or without gonopod, and with 4 anteriorly directed ducts, sometimes subdivided, and sometimes connected basally before connection with bursa. Tergite II with 2‒3 setae. Male flagellum laterally or dorsally compressed. Description. Body with acuminate setae. Anterior process of propeltidium usually with pair of setae followed by single seta (sometimes with 3 setae in a row or with pair of setae only); corneate eyes and eye spots absent; metapeltidium divided. Pedipalp not sexually dimorphic and without armature; trochanteral mesal spur absent; male pedipalps not dimorphic. Moveable cheliceral finger with 0‒2 accessory teeth and guard tooth at end of serrula. An- terodorsal margin of femur IV produced at about 90 o angle. Abdominal tergite II with two or three macrosetae; male abdomen not elongated; male with or without small development of posterodorsal process on abdominal segment XII. Male flagellum laterally or dorsally compressed; female flagellum with three articles. Spermathecae consisting of two pairs of uniramous lobes, without nodules, gonopod present in most species, but absent in D. vinei. Remarks. The multi-gene molecular analysis presented by Clouse et al. (2017) recovered a monophyletic clade comprising Draculoides + Paradraculoides, which was sister to a variety of other Australasian taxa including Bamazomus, Orientzomus Cokendolpher and Tsurusaki, 1994, Ovozomus Harvey, 2001, and some species of Apozomus. Species of Draculoides differ from these genera by the lack of a measl spur on the pedipalpal trochanter., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Harvey, M. S. (1992) The Schizomida (Chelicerata) of Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6 (1), 77 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 9920077","Harvey, M. S. & Humphreys, W. F. (1995) Notes on the genus Draculoides Harvey (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with the description of a new troglobitic species. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 52, 183 - 189.","Reddell, J. R. & Cokendolpher, J. C. (1995) Catalogue, bibliography, and generic revision of the order Schizomida (Arachnida). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs, 4, 1 - 170.","Harvey, M. S. (2001) New cave-dwelling schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 64, 171 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0313 - 122 x. 64.2001.171 - 185","Harvey, M. S. (2003) Catalogue of the smaller arachnid orders of the world: Amblypygi, Uropygi, Schizomida, Palpigradi, Ricinulei and Solifugae. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 385 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643090071","Harvey, M. S., Berry, O., Edward, K. L. & Humphreys, G. (2008) Molecular and morphological systematics of hypogean schizomids (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) in semi-arid Australia. Invertebrate Systematics, 22 (2), 167 - 194. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 07026","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532","Clouse, R. M., Branstetter, M. G., Buenavente, P., Crowley, L. M., Czekanski-Moir, J., Emmanuel, M., General, D. E. M., Giribet, G., Harvey, M. S., Janies, D. A., Mohagan, A. B. & Mohagan, D. P. (2017) First global molecular phylogeny and biogeographical analysis of two arachnid orders (Schizomida and Uropygi) supports a tropical Pangean origin and mid-Cretaceous diversification. Journal of Biogeography, 44 (11), 2660 - 2672. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jbi. 13076"]}

Draculoides obrutus (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey, 2018) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 388D323E-E217-4DDC-81C6-6D4B0DCA6B08 Paradraculoides obrutus Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey 2018: 530–532, figs. 15–16. Draculoides obrutus (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey 2018): Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Kens Bore, site KBRC023, 22°03’42.7”S, 116°11’44.29”E, 17 January 2008, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, KBRC023 P2 T2–1) (WAM T 54175) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Paratype. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♀, Kens Bore, 47.2 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°02’43”S, 116°11’03”E, 12–15 September 2009, troglofauna trap, 20 m, D. Kamien (Biota Environmental Sciences, KBRC096 P7 T2–1) (WAM T 98320) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Diagnosis. Males are unknown, and females cannot be differentiated from other species of Draculoides using morphological criteria. Draculoides obrutus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides obrutus can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. affinis, D. celatus, and Draculoides sp. SCH100, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description. See Framenau et al. (2018). Remarks. This species is only known from two localities at Kens Bore, Western Australia (Fig. 1C)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Framenau, V. W., Hamilton, Z. R., Finston, T., Humphreys, G., Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A. & Harvey, M. S. (2018) Molecular and morphological characterization of new species of hypogean Paradraculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from the arid Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of Arachnology, 46 (3), 507 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / JoA-S- 17 - 101.1","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides immortalis Abrams and Harvey, n. sp. (Figs. 1–8, 24–25) Zoobank Code: http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 4E183B9C-D352-4805-82DA-60C5B9EFA783 Paradraculoides SCH 058: Abrams et al. 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype female. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: “Budgiebore”, Robe Valley, ca. 48 km W. of Pannawonica, 21°33’31.4”S, 115°51’54.52”E, 6 June 2015, troglofauna trap, J. Alexander, P. Brooshooft (Biota Environmental Sciences, Budgiebore-20150604-06) (WAM T138476) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Diagnosis. Males are unknown. Females of this species can be distinguished from all other species of Draculoides by the distinctive form of the spermathecae in which the inner lobe is noticeably smaller and narrower than the outer lobe. In all other Draculoides, the spermathecal lobes are roughly the same size or the inner lobes are larger than the outer lobes. In D. vinei the inner lobe is slightly smaller than the outer lobe but it can be easily distinguished from D. immortalis by the absence of a gonopod and the spermathecal lobes are connected basally before connection with the bursa in the former species while the gonopod is present and the spermathecal lobes are not connected in the latter. Draculoides immortalis can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI by the 50bp mini-barcode shown in Figure 3. Draculoides immortalis can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at ITS2 (Fig. 7) except for D. anachoretus, D. bythius, D. eremius, D. gnophicola, D. kryptus, D. mckechnieorum, D. warramboo, D. belalugosii, D. christopherleei, D. piscivultus and D. akashae, which are not distinguishable using the ITS2 mini-barcode. Description (adult female). Colour. Yellow-brown; propeltidium and pedipalps somewhat darker. Cephalothorax. Propeltidium with 3 apical setae in a row on anterior process and 1 + 2 + 2 setae; eye spots absent. Mesopeltidia separated. Metapeltidium divided. Anterior sternum with 13 setae (including 2 sternapophysial setae); posterior sternum triangular with 6 setae. Chelicera. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 6 smaller teeth between these, proximal tooth with 1 small lateral tooth and distal tooth without small lateral teeth; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); G2 and G3 composed of 5 setae; internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); brush at base of fixed finger composed of 7 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 setae; G6 with one seta; G7 composed of 4 setae. Movable finger serrula composed of 18 long lamellae, small blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present at two-thirds from base of serrula. Fixed finger with 2 large teeth plus 6 smaller teeth between these; basal tooth with 1 small lateral tooth and distal tooth without small lateral teeth; brush at base of fixed finger composed of 7 setae (G5A), each densely pilose in distal half and G5B composed of 10 setae; membranous area between fixed and movable fingers with 3 large, lanceolate, terminally pilose setae (G1); internal face of chelicera with 5 short whip-like setae (G4); movable finger serrula composed of 18 long lamellae, small blunt guard tooth present subdistally; 1 large accessory tooth present at two-thirds from base of serrula. G2 and G3 composed of 5 setae; G7 composed of 4 setae. Pedipalp. Without apophyses; trochanter with sharply produced ventro-distal extension, ventral margin with ca. 10 stout setae, without mesal spur; tarsus and tibia without spines; tarsal spur present; claw 0.5 × length of tarsus. Legs. Tarsus I with 6 segments; baso-dorsal margin of femur IV produced at about a 90° angle. Abdomen. Chaetotaxy of tergite I: 2 macrosetae + 4 microsetae (microsetae diagonal), tergite II: 3 macrosetae + 6 microsetae (microsetae in column), tergites III–IX: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 2: 3. Female genitalia. Two pairs of elongate spermathecae with outer lobe larger than inner lobe, each pair not connected basally (Fig. 25D), distally round and smooth; sparsely covered with small pores; gonopod short, roughly triangular-shaped. Flagellum. 5 × longer than broad (Figs. 24 D–F, 25A–C); seta dm1 situated close to posterior end of flagellomere II, posterior to vm2; setae dl1 situated anterior to dm4, dm4 situated midway between dl1 and dl3; dl3 situated almost at posterior margin, slightly more posterior than vl2, vm1 situated slightly posterior to vm2, vm3 situated closer to vm1 than to vm5, vm5 midway between vm3 and vl2, vl1 situated posterior to vm3 and anterior to dl1; one pair of microsetae at anterior end of flagellomere III, one pair of microsetae laterally between dl3 and vl2. Dimensions (mm). Holotype female (WAM T138476): Body length 3.99. Propeltidium 0.48/031. Chelicera 0.96. Flagellum 0.4/0.08. Pedipalp: trochanter 0.62, femur 0.71, patella 0.73, tibia 0.60, tarsus 0.31, claw 0.15, total excluding claw 2.96. Remarks. Draculoides immortalis is known from a single location ‘Budgiebore’ north of Mesa A situated in the Robe Valley, Western Australia (Fig.1A). Other names. WAM SCH058 (Abrams et al., 2019). Etymology. The specific epithet is an adjective referring to the immortal nature of vampires (Latin, immortal)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Draculoides trinity (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey, 2018) (Figs. 1–8) http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ D4DE9D6E-BC9C-44EA-850C-7E07DB3EC381 Paradraculoides trinity Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey 2018: 532–536, figs. 17–19. Draculoides trinity (Framenau, Hamilton, Finston, Humphreys, Abrams, Huey and Harvey): Abrams et al., 2019 MPE 106532: 8, fig. 2. Material examined. Holotype male. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: Trinity Bore, 79.6 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°21’45”S, 116°19’13”E, 15–21 August 2008, troglofauna trap, 30 m, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, TBRC036 P3 T3–4) (WAM T 92510) (DNA: COI, ITS2). Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: 1 ♂, Trinity Bore, 79 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°21’35”S, 116°19’54”E, 15–21 August 2008, troglofauna trap, 45 m, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, TBRC023 P3 T3–1) (WAM T 92511) (DNA: COI, ITS2); 1 ♀, Trinity Bore, 79 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°21’35”S, 116°19’54”E, 15–21 August 2008, troglofauna trap, 15 m, J. Alexander, T. Sachse (Biota Environmental Sciences, TBRC023 P3 T1–1) (WAM T 92515) (DNA: COI); 1 ♀, Trinity Bore, 77.8 km S. of Pannawonica, 22°20’59”S, 116°20’17”E, 7–10 July 2009, troglofauna trap, 20 m, J. Cairnes, D. Keirle (Biota Environmental Sciences, TBRC161 P8 T2–4) (WAM T 98704) (DNA: COI). Other material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: See Framenau et al. (2018). Diagnosis. Draculoides trinity differs from all other species of Draculoides by the distinct shape of the male flagellum; in dorsal view the base is widest rendering the shape like the blunt tip of an arrow. The female flagellum and internal genitalia can currently not be distinguished with certainty from that of D. catho (but see respective diagnoses for all other species). Draculoides trinity can be diagnosed from all other Draculoides species that were sequenced at COI and ITS2 by the 50bp mini-barcodes shown in Figures 3 and 7. Description. See Framenau et al. (2018). Remarks. Draculoides trinity is only known from Trinity Bore, Western Australia (Fig. 1C)., Published as part of Abrams, Kym M., Huey, Joel A., Hillyer, Mia J., Didham, Raphael K. & Harvey, Mark S., 2020, A systematic revision of Draculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Part I: the Western Pilbara, pp. 1-75 in Zootaxa 4864 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4864.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4416849, {"references":["Framenau, V. W., Hamilton, Z. R., Finston, T., Humphreys, G., Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A. & Harvey, M. S. (2018) Molecular and morphological characterization of new species of hypogean Paradraculoides (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from the arid Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of Arachnology, 46 (3), 507 - 537. https: // doi. org / 10.1636 / JoA-S- 17 - 101.1","Abrams, K. M., Huey, J. A., Hillyer, M. J., Humphreys, W. F., Didham, R. K. & Harvey, M. S. (2019) Too hot to handle: Tertiary aridification drives multiple independent incursions of Schizomida (Hubbardiidae) into hypogean environments. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 139, 106532. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.106532"]}

Teyl heuretes sp. nov. (Figs 2, 4–16) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 38CC7541-19AD-444F-A99D-0DC200A3E73C Teyl ‘MYG027’ Castalanelli et al., 2014: 380. Type material. AUSTRALIA: Western Australia: male holotype, Hamersley Range, Weeli Wolli Creek region, Area C, site 09-9E (IBRA _ PIL), 22°55’31”S, 119°02’16”E, pitfall trap, 15 June 2008, P. Bolton, J. Puglisi (WAM T91918). Other material examined. Australia: Western Australia: 1 male, Angelo River (IBRA _ PIL), 23°19’36”S, 118°43’51”E, pitfall trap, 20 June–1 July 2011, C. Trainor (WAM T115978); 1 male, Wonmunna, ca. 73 km heading 291° NW. from Newman (IBRA _ PIL), 23°07’16”S, 119°03’48”E, wide creek, wet pitfall trap, 20 May–22 June 2011, P.R. Langlands (WAM T 112357); 1 juvenile, Southern Flank, 72 km NW. of Newman (IBRA _ PIL), 23°00’10”S, 119°08’20”E, dug from burrow, 14 April 2011, R. Teale, M. Greenham (WAM T113601). Diagnosis. Males of Teyl heuretes can be distinguished from T. damsonoides by the presence of a reflexed embolus (Figs 14–16; cf. Main 1983, fig. 51); from T. harveyi, T. vancouveri, and T. walkeri by the length of the embolus, which is much longer relative to the width of the bulb (Figs 14–16; cf. Main 1985, fig. 24; Main 2004, figs 8, 19); and from T. luculentus and T. yeni by the absence of conspicuous macrosetae on metatarsus I (Fig. 11; cf. Main 1975, fig. 2C; Main 2004, fig. 35). Females are unknown. Description. Holotype male (Figs 4–16): Total length 13.9. Carapace 5.2 long, 4.4 wide. Abdomen 6.9 long, 3.7 wide. Carapace (Fig. 4) oval, tan-brown with darker brown markings along furrows, sparse downy setation and rows of darker scattered black setae on pars cephalica and pars thoracica; lateral margins with evenly-spaced fringe of anteriorly curved, porrect black setae, longest posteriorly; fovea straight. Eye group (Fig. 7) rectangular, 0.5 × as long as wide, PLE–PLE/ALE–ALE ratio 1.0; AME separated by less than their own diameter; PME separated by 4.7 × their own diameter; PME and PLE almost contiguous. Maxillae each with field of ca. 50 cuspules confined to inner ‘heel’ and proximal corner (Fig. 8); labium without cuspules. Abdomen (Fig. 5) elongate-oval, dark grey-brown in dorsal view and paler beige-brown laterally and ventrally, with irregular beigebrown mottling on posterior dorsal half. Legs (Figs 11–13) tan-brown, with light scopulae on tarsi I–II and distal half of metatarsi I–II; tibia I marginally excavate distally, with row of 3 large and 1 smaller ventral macrosetae (most obvious in retrolateral view; Fig. 13), plus 2 retrolateral and 6 prolateral macrosetae (Figs 12, 13); metatarsus I ventrally excavate and slightly concave proximally, with pair of short distal macrosetae (Fig. 11); tarsus I without macrosetae. Leg I: femur 4.8; patella 2.8; tibia 3.6; metatarsus 3.7; tarsus 2.3; total 17.1. Leg I femur–tarsus/carapace length ratio 3.3. Pedipalpal tibia (Figs 14–16) 2.6 × longer than wide, with numerous porrect black macrosetae. Cymbium (Figs 14–16) setose, with distal scopula. Bulb (Figs 14–16) sub-spherical and unmodified, with reflexed embolus protruding pro-proximally. Embolus (Figs 14–16) elongate, ca. 2.0 × length of bulb, strongly curved at base but otherwise relatively straight and posteriorly directed, with thinly tapering tip. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Greek heuretes (finder, inventor, discoverer; see Brown 1956), in reference to the species with the most northern distribution of the genus (Fig. 1), and for Keiran John (Jack) Devery, the maternal grandfather of the first author, who spent his life improving himself and learning new skills to discover the world around him. Distribution and remarks. Teyl heuretes (formerly known informally by WAM identification code ‘MYG027’; see Castalanelli et al. 2014) is an apparently rare species known only from the southern Pilbara bioregion, from the eastern end of the Hamersley Range, north-west of Newman (Figs 1, 2). A number of additional juvenile specimens have also been recorded from this general area (see below; Fig. 2); however, without sequence data it cannot be confirmed if they are conspecific (albeit likely, especially within the vicinity of Wonmunna and Mudlark). Little is known of the biology of this species, other than that adult males have been collected from pitfall traps in June and July.

Family Nemesiidae Simon, 1889 Tribe Anamini Simon, 1889 Anamae Simon, 1889: 178. Type genus Aname L. Koch, 1873. Remarks. The tribe Anamini is an unambiguously monophyletic assemblage of nine genera, characterized by a strongly developed posterior maxillary heel bearing a field of cuspules (Fig. 8), in combination with an absence of tarsal claw tufts, and two rows of teeth on the paired claws (both family-level characters; see Raven 1985; Harvey et al. 2018). The burrows of these spiders are almost exclusively open, and often include a secondary escape shaft which branches off from the burrow proper (hence the other commonly applied name of ���wishbone��� spiders; see Main 1993). The tribe is distributed Australia-wide, and the Australian fauna is remarkably diverse, with 100���200 new species (and likely many more) still to be described (Castalanelli et al. 2014; Harvey et al. 2018; MSH, MGR, JAH, unpublished data)., Published as part of Huey, Joel A., Rix, Michael G., Wilson, Jeremy D., Hillyer, Mia J. & Harvey, Mark S., 2019, Open-holed trapdoor spiders of the genus Teyl (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae Anamini) from Western Australia's Pilbara bioregion: a new species and expanded phylogenetic assessment, pp. 349-362 in Zootaxa 4674 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4674.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3460192, {"references":["Simon, E. (1889) Arachnides. In: Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (decembre 1887 - avril 1888). 4 e Memoire. Annales de la Soci e t e Entomologique de France, Series 6, 9, 169 - 220.","Koch, L. (1873) Die Arachniden Australiens, Nach der Natur Beschrieben und Abgebildet. Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg, 718 pp.","Raven, R. J. (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 182, 1 - 180.","Harvey, M. S., Hillyer, M. J., Main, B. Y., Moulds, T. A., Raven, R. J., Rix, M. G., Vink, C. J. & Huey, J. A. (2018) Phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian open-holed trapdoor spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae: Anaminae): multilocus molecular analyses resolve the generic classification of a highly diverse fauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184, 407 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 111","Main, B. Y. (1993) From flood avoidance to foraging: adaptive shifts in trapdoor spider behaviour. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 33, 599 - 606.","Castalanelli, M. A., Teale, R., Rix, M. G., Kennington, W. J. & Harvey, M. S. (2014) Barcoding of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) in the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia reveals a highly diverse biota. Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 375 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13058"]}

Genus Teyl Main, 1975 Teyl Main, 1975: 74. Type species by original designation Teyl luculentus Main, 1975. Merredinia Main, 1983: 931. Type species by original designation Merredinia damsonoides Main, 1983 (synonymised by Harvey et al., 2018: 436). Pseudoteyl Main, 1985: 753. Type species by original designation Pseudoteyl vancouveri Main, 1985 (synonymised by Harvey et al., 2018: 437). Diagnosis. Most species of Teyl and Namea can be distinguished from all other Anamini by the presence of a reflexed embolus arising on the lateral or proximal side of the pedipalpal bulb (Figs 14���16), combined with the absence of a megaspur on the male leg I tibia (Figs 11���13). However, a number of species of both Teyl (e.g., T. damsonoides) and Namea (e.g., N. callemonda Raven, 1984, N. dahmsi Raven, 1984) have a presumably autapomorphic morphology whereby the embolus is not reflexed, but rather positioned distally on the bulb; these species can be distinguished from similar Anamini by the absence of a leg I megaspur on males, or by the absence of incrassate tarsi on the leg I of males. Similarly, a number of species of Namea (e.g. N. calcaria Raven, 1984, N. dicalcaria Raven 1984) have macrosetae on the male leg I tibia which are produced into a megaspur-like structure; these species can be distinguished from all other Anamini, except species of Teyloides Main, 1985, by the presence of a reflexed embolus; and from Teyloides by the absence of coiled spermathecae in females. The diagnostic separation of Teyl and Namea is currently problematic, due largely to the absence of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Namea, and the presence of a number of confounding diagnostic characters at the generic level (an issue discussed in detail by Raven 1984). At present, Teyl includes all of those species which occur in western and southern Australia, outside of the subtropical and tropical mesic zone of eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales. Whether Namea, as currently circumscribed (sensu Raven 1984), represents one or more genera, and how it differs morphologically from Teyl s.s., is currently the subject of ongoing research. Distribution. Species of Teyl occur throughout the semi-arid and arid zones of southern Australia, from Western Australia (Fig. 1) east to southern South Australia and western Victoria. The genus reaches its highest diversity in south-western Western Australia, although a relatively few species can be found as far north as the Murchison, Gascoyne and Pilbara bioregions in the western-central arid zone (Figs 1, 2). Included species. The genus Teyl includes seven described species, one of which is newly described in this study. Numerous undescribed species are also known from throughout western and southern Australia., Published as part of Huey, Joel A., Rix, Michael G., Wilson, Jeremy D., Hillyer, Mia J. & Harvey, Mark S., 2019, Open-holed trapdoor spiders of the genus Teyl (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae Anamini) from Western Australia's Pilbara bioregion: a new species and expanded phylogenetic assessment, pp. 349-362 in Zootaxa 4674 (3) on pages 356-357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4674.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3460192, {"references":["Main, B. Y. (1975) The citrine spider: a new genus of trapdoor spider (Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae). The Western Australian Naturalist, 13, 73 - 78.","Main, B. Y. (1983) Further studies on the systematics of Australian Diplurinae (Chelicerata: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae): two new genera from south western Australia. Journal of Natural History, 15, 923 - 949. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938300770731","Harvey, M. S., Hillyer, M. J., Main, B. Y., Moulds, T. A., Raven, R. J., Rix, M. G., Vink, C. J. & Huey, J. A. (2018) Phylogenetic relationships of the Australasian open-holed trapdoor spiders (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae: Anaminae): multilocus molecular analyses resolve the generic classification of a highly diverse fauna. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184, 407 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlx 111","Main, B. Y. (1985) Further studies on Australian Diplurinae: a review of the genera of the Teylini (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Dipluridae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 33, 743 - 759. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9850743","Raven, R. J. (1984) A new diplurid genus from eastern Australia and a related Aname species (Diplurinae: Dipluridae: Araneae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series, 96, 1 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 096"]}

Antichiropus literulus Car, n. sp. (Figs 21 A–G, 25) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1356FE51-A508-4637-A324-9A138E975374 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (badly damaged, lacking posterior segments), 29 km NNW of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDR7, 22°32’39”S, 120°47’57”E, 10 September 2005 – 14 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (WAM T144608). Paratypes: 1 male (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T137471); 1 male, 2 females (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T146716). Diagnosis. Gonopod: A. literulus Car, n. sp. is a minute species, similar in that regard to A. filiolus Car, n. sp. (Fig 14) but the former can be recognised by its distinctive L-shaped main femoral process. Description. Male holotype: Body, ca. 10 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1.5 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar widths. Colour unknown, specimen bleached (Fig 21A); leg colour bleached. No paranota (Fig 21B.). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, relatively square. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, flat. Head smooth, with no sculpturing; frons smooth, with some setae; face moderately narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 1.5x width of socket. Antennae of moderate length, reaching to ring 2, antennomeres not obviously clavate. Collum ca. 0.75x length of head (in lateral view) (Fig21A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) more robust and much shorter than femorite; prefemur (PF) considerably shorter than femorite, slightly setose with noticeable lip; femorite (F) 2/3 length of acropodite, slender at base, thickening suddenly one-third along its length; main femoral process (MFP) 1/4 femorite length, relatively broad, pointed with distinct ‘elbow’ (L-shaped) and a translucent flange in anterior view; prolongation of femorite (prof) 1/2 length of femorite, narrow, curved, pointed; solenomere (S) broadest in the proximal half; solenomere tip slender, narrow, rounded; solenomere process (sp1) bifurcate; second solenomere process (sp2) tiny, pointed, triangular, halfway along solenomere (Figs 21 C–G). Female: Similar to male, but broader (ca. 2 mm dorsally) and stouter (lateral view): legs shorter (WAM T13771). Distribution. This species has been collected only from a single locality near Balfour Downs Homestead (Fig 25). Etymology. Antichiropus literulus is named for its L-shaped main femoral process (Latin, noun, literula, diminutive form of the letter L)., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154

Antichiropus cristatus Car, n. sp. (Figs 9 A–G, 11) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC0460D3-1048-43D6-89FB-DCDC2B8D75B5 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (damaged), 11.5 km SSE. of Wheelara Hill, site BDR509, 23°28’00”S, 120°10’34”E, 6 September 2005 – 22 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T146704). Paratypes: 3 male, 2 females, 1 juvenile, 11.5 km SSE. of Wheelara Hill, site BDR509, 23°28’00”S, 120°10’34”E, 6 September 2005 – 22 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T124640). Other material examined. Australia: Western Australia: 1 male, Orebody 35, ca. 8 km W of Newman, site 6–P7, 23°24’06.38”S, 119°34’28,18”E, 12 March–18 May 2010, pitfall trap, slope with spinifex J. Gollan (WAM T104778, GenBank accession number COI, MK 735861). Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus cristatus Car, n. sp. is most similar to A. spathion Car, n. sp. (Fig 37) and A. procerus Car, n. sp. (Fig 29) but is easily distinguished from the latter two species by its distinctively shaped, asymmetrical main femoral process and translucent leaf-shaped prolongation of the femorite. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 20 mm long; midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) chestnut brown overall, paler ventrally (Fig 9A); leg colour as for body, paler at insertions into body. No paranota (Fig 9B). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, heart- shaped, moderately setose. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, small, flat. Head smooth, without noticeable sculpturing; frons smooth, sparsely setose; face narrow, cardines and stipes visible when viewed face-on, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae of moderate length, reaching ring 2, antennomeres of similar size and shape and relatively slender. Collum ca. 0.75x head length (in lateral view) (Fig 9A). Gonopod short, reaching ring 6; coxa (C) more robust and shorter than femorite with slight ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) considerably shorter than femorite, setose, pronounced lip; femorite (F) ca. 2/3 of acropodite length in situ, upright, broadening slightly towards the apex; main femoral process (MFP) ca. 1/4 solenomere length), roughly triangular with a translucent flange attached to the asymmetrical point; second femoral process (fp1) absent; prolongation of femorite apex (prof) broad, leaf-shaped, translucent at tip, ca. 1/6 solenomere length; solenomere (S) moderately long, forming an open circle/loop, narrower than femorite, of similar thickness along its length, slightly broader mid-length, then narrowing to expand slightly again into an asymmetrically shaped tip; solenomere process 1 (sp1) small, narrow, near tip; solenomere process 2 (sp2) small, short point near tip; third solenomere process (sp3) large, triangular point near tip; fourth solenomere process (sp4) abutting onto sp3 (Figs 9C–G). Female: Similar but slightly broader and stouter with shorter, more slender legs (WAM T124640). Distribution. This species is known from only one site within range of Wheelara Hill, in the Pilbara region (Fig 11). Etymology. The main femoral process of this species has a translucent flange at its tip, resembling a crest (Latin, adjective, cristatus, crested).

Antichiropus vindicatus Car, n. sp. (Figs 40 A–F, 41) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 535FB477-5E89-4BD6-A63A-CABCB96B43BB Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (damaged) 36 km NW. of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDRN11, 22°30’59”S, 120°39’34”E, 11 September 2005 – 16 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T146791). Paratypes: 2 males, 1 juvenile (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T124599); 1 male (damaged, posterior segments missing), 23 km NNW. of Balfour Downs Homestead, Pilbara Biological Survey site BDRN05, 22°36’12”S, 120°47’00”E, 10 September 2005 – 14 May 2006 ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T124622). Diagnosis. The gonopods of A. vindicatus Car, n. sp. and A. procerus Car, n. sp. (Fig 29) are very similar to each other but may be separated from each other by the shape of the prolongation of the femorite: A. procerus has a triangular, pointed curved structure whereas that of A. vindicatus is large, broad, irregularly-shaped with a blunt tip. The solenomere tip of A. vindicatus has only one well-developed pointed process just behind the tip: A. procerus has a relatively broader, more leaf-like solenomere tip, also carrying a process, but the well-developed process just behind the tip is branched with two distinct points. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 15 mm long (hind segments missing); midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) pale brown overall, possibly bleached (Fig 40A); leg colour as for body. No paranota on posterior rings, barely visible on anterior (Fig 40B.). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, mushroom shaped. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, flat. Head smooth, without noticeable sculpturing; frons relatively short, face relatively narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae slender, short, reaching to posterior edge of collum, not obviously clavate, terminal antennal segment only slightly broader than remaining segments. Collum 1x as long as head, triangular (in lateral view) (Fig 40A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching posterior edge of ring 5; coxa (C) robust,>1/2 length of femorite with no obvious ridge; prefemur (PF) shorter than femorite with pronounced lip; femorite (F) ca. 2/3 of acropodite length in situ, long, slightly curved (in lateral view), much broader than solenomere, narrowest at base, broadening to base of solenomere where it narrows; main femoral process (MFP) ca. 1/4 solenomere length, irregularly shaped, flattened with a sharp point; prolongation of femorite (prof) large, broad, triangular, translucent, slightly curved, coming to a point, ca. 1/3 solenomere length; solenomere (S) broader mid length; moderately long reaching down to middle of femorite, more slender at base and close to apex; solenomere tip relatively broad and flattened; solenomere process 1 (sp1) minute spine near tip; solenomere process 2 (sp2) at point at which solenomere tip flattens out, two-pronged pointed process (Figs 40 C–F). Female: Unknown. Distribution. This species was found in the Balfour Downs region of the Pilbara (Fig 41). Etymology. The specimens in this species were initially thought to belong to Antichiropus procerus Car, n. sp., but, because they had a different distribution from A. procerus, doubts were raised as to whether they were not, in fact, a separate species. On closer examination, those doubts were justified (Latin, adverb, vindicatus, justified)., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154

Antichiropus rupinus Car, n. sp. (Figs 31 A–E, 33) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 42A3B2D6-4381-44FD-BDDB-A736A64D882C Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male, Karijini National Park, near Ranger’s Station, 22°34’17”S, 118°22’41”E, 14 March 2015, in leaf litter, R. Teale and M. Harvey, et al. (WAM T135512). Paratype: 1 male (damaged), Karijini National Park, ca. 21 km SW of Dale’s Gorge, alt. 700 m, site MAM1, 22°34’16”S, 118°22’37”E, 16 March 2015, dry pitfall trap, M. Hillyer, et al. (WAM T135581, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735770; 28S, MK 735828; COIII, MK 735949). Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus rupinus Car, n. sp. is easily separated from all other Pilbara species because, instead of a prolongation of femorite on the gonopod, this species has 6 small teeth. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 15 mm long; midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with indistinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) dark brown, paler ventrally (Fig 31A): leg colour, mid brown. No paranota (Fig 31B). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, rounded. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, small, ovoid, flat. Head smooth without noticeable sculpturing; frons sparsely setose; face narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae short, reaching to collum, robust, segments 5 and 6 only slightly broader than remainder, short. Collum 1x length of head (in lateral view) (Fig 31A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) more robust than femorite, 1/2 femorite length with pronounced ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) similar length to coxa, setose, prefemoral lip pronounced; femorite (F) 2/3 acropodite length, upright, slender for proximal half, then broadening slightly to narrow again at solenomere base; main femoral process (MFP) small, upright, pointed (fig); second femoral process (fp1) slender, curved, near femorite apex; prolongation of femorite (prof) represented by 6+ small teeth; solenomere(S) more slender than femorite, C-shaped, narrowing near tip, then broadening to a flattened tip; solenomere process 1 (sp1) near solenomere tip, very slender, curved, pointed (Figs 31 C–E). Female: Unknown. Distribution. To date, this species has been found only in the Karijini National Park in the Pilbara region (Fig 33). Etymology. This species is named for the fact that it was found near one of the gorges in the Karijini National Park (Latin, noun, rupina, rocky chasm)., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154

Antichiropus sloanae Car, n. sp. (Figs 36 A–G, 41) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EBE680D4-91DF-4E75-B5C8-6015477BBE09 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (badly damaged), ca. 90 km NE of Newman, 22°28’44.1”S, 119°56’31.7”E, 16 February 2012, hand foraging, M.K. Curran (WAM T144612). Other material examined. Australia: Western Australia: 1 juvenile, Christmas Creek, 110 km N. of Newman, 22°22’44.9”S, 119°49’06.77”E, 23 March–12 April 2011, pit trap in leaf litter, S. Danti and S. Callan (WAM T 111856, GenBank accession number COI, MK 735877); 1 juvenile, Christmas Creek, 110 km N. of Newman, 22°23’35.79”S, 119°46’46.84”E, 11 April 2011, leaf litter sifting, S. Danti and S. Callan (WAM T113481, GenBank accession number COI, MK 735879); 1 juvenile (damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T 121032, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735762; 28S, MK 735822; COI, MK 735888; COIII, MK 735943; CytB, MK 735994); 1 juvenile, 100 km N. of Newman, 22°23’47.95”S, 119°46’36.00”E, 11 April 2011, leaf litter sifting, S. Danti and S. Callan (WAM T124140, GenBank accession number COI, MK 735890) Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus sloanae Car, n. sp. is most similar to A. simmonsi Car, n. sp. (Fig 35) but differs mainly in the shape of the main femoral process. That of A. sloanae.curves smoothly upward to meet the femorite (medial and lateral views) while that of A. simmonsi has a large protuberance at its base. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 15 mm long, smooth; midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with shallow, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) dark chestnut brown (Fig 36A): leg colour, chestnut, lighter near body. No paranota (Fig 36B). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella damaged. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, small, circular, flat. Head smooth without noticeable sculpturing; frons smooth; face broad, maximum width ca. 5x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 1x width of socket. Antennae short, reaching to collum, moderately robust, segments of similar length and width. Collum ca. 0.6x length of head (lateral view) (Fig 36A.). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) robust, broader than femorite and 1/2 femorite length, with pronounced ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) much shorter than femorite, setose, slight prefemoral lip; femorite (F) 2/3 acropodite length, upright, of similar width along its length to the main femoral process (MFP); (main femoral process 1/4 length of solenomere relatively broad, leaf-shaped with asymmetrical point; second femoral process (fp1) absent; prolongation of femorite (prof) broad, pointed triangular; solenomere (S), moderately long, forming an open loop, slender, widest at mid length, tapering to leaf-like tip with an asymmetrical point; solenomere process 1 (sp1) minute, pointed at tip; second solenomere process (sp2) near solenomere tip, small, square base with two sharp points (Figs 36 C–G). Female: unknown. Distribution. There is only a single adult specimen known, from an area north-west of the town of Newman (Fig 41). Etymology. This species is named for Nadia Sloan who studies Antichiropus millipedes., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154

Antichiropus georginae Car, n. sp. (Figs 16, 17 A–F) ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 648B7C31-211A-48CE-95B8-5BF7A02E2BBA Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (damaged), 26 km WNW of Mt Berry, site WYE08, 22°25’31.1”S, 116°12’55.1”E, May 2004, ethylene glycol pitfall traps, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T145175). Paratypes: 1 female, collected with holotype (WAM T76076) 33.4 km SW. of); 1 male (badly damaged), 2 female, Mt Stuart Station, NE of the homestead, site WYE11, 22°24’29”S, 116°22’18”E, 26 November 2003 – 2 May 2004, ethylene glycol pitfall traps, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T75680). Other material examined. Australia: Western Australia: 1 male (damaged), Barlee Range Nature Reserve, site BR7, 23°22’45”S, 115°52’50”E, 11–14 June 1994, dry pitfall traps, P.G. Kendrick and G.W. Kendrick (WAM T71989); 1 male (badly damaged), Mt Stuart station, E of the homestead, site WYE10, 22°25’48”S, 116°16’47”E, 26 November 2003 – 2 May 2004, ethylene glycol pitfall traps, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T76144); 1 female (damaged), Pilbara Biological Survey site WYE 10, Mt Stuart Station, E. of homestead, 22°25’48”S, 116°16’47”E, 26 November 2003 – 2 May 2004, wet pitfall trap, CALM staff (Pilbara Biological Survey) (WAM T76157). Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus georginae Car, n. sp. is very similar in appearance to A. uvulus Car, n. sp. (Fig 38): A. georginae has, however, a small pointed process at the base of the main femoral process (anterior view) lacking in A. uvulus. The main femoral process is nearly half the length of the solenomere on the A. georginae gonopod but only 1/3 of solenomere length in A. uvulus. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 25 mm long; midbody ring ca. 2 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) chestnut brown, cream ventrally (Fig 17A): leg colour, pale yellow-brown with chestnut brown tips. No paranota (Fig 17B). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella square. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody, small, ovoid, flat. Head smooth without noticeable sculpturing; frons smooth with few setae; face narrow, cardines visible when viewed face-on, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae short, reaching to collum, antennal segments of similar length and width. Collum slightly shorter than head (in lateral view) (Fig 17A). Gonopod short, reaching ring 6; coxa (C) slightly broader than femorite, with slight ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) much shorter than femorite, setose, prefemoral lip pronounced; femorite (F) 2/3 acropodite length, upright, slightly thicker at apex; main femoral process (MFP) curved in the same orientation as solenomere, at least 2/3 femorite length, slightly broader at distal end, bird beak shaped with distinct asymmetrical point; second femoral process (fp1), small pointed process at base of the MFP, when viewed posteriory; second femoral process (fp1) absent; prolongation of femorite (prof) represented only by a transparent flange; femorite ending in a slight curve at distal end; solenomere (S) relatively short, broad and bulbous at base, dipping towards femorite, then forming an L-shape, narrowing to a distinct ‘waist’ near distal end, before terminating in a pincer-like structure; solenomere process (sp1) at solenomere tip, very small, upright pointed,; second solenomere process (sp2) near solenomere tip, relatively broad, pointed, leaf-shaped, forming pincer-like structure with solenomere tip (Figs 17 C–F). Female: Similar to the male, but generally more robust with shorter legs (WAM T75680). Distribution. This species is known from a small area of the Pilbara, mainly Mt Stuart Station (Fig 17). Etymology. This species is named for Georgina Lambert, a dedicated volunteer in the Arachnology section of the Western Australian Museum.

Genus Antichiropus Attems, 1911 Antichiropus Attems 1911: 168. Type species. Antichiropus variabilis Attems, 1911, by subsequent designation of Brölemann (1916). Diagnosis. Car et al. (2013) suggested that the genus Antichiropus is most similar to the genus Notodesmus Chamberlin, 1920 and to several other undescribed genera that occur in Queensland and Victoria, but that Antichiropus may readily be distinguished by a unique combination of four gonopodal features. Firstly, the solenomere is remarkably long in Antichiropus: it is generally as long as the femorite and coiled into a complete circle, or more, in nearly all species. Secondly, all species of Antichiropus carry a large pointed process arising close to the femorite tip (known as the main femoral process). Thirdly, the sperm canal bends at a right angle at the tip of the femorite before extending into the solenomere. The fourth feature stated that Antichiropus species carry one process, namely the solenomere process 1 (sp1) in the apical third of the solenomere. There are, however, two species described below, A. julianneae Car, n. sp. and A. pendiculus Car, n. sp., from the Pilbara region of Western Australia that have proved to be the exceptions as they each lack this process, but the authors believe that these species conform to the generic definition in all other features and should be retained in Antichiropus., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154, {"references":["Attems, C. A. G. (1911) Myriapoda exkl. Scolopendridae. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest- Australiens. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 147 - 204.","Brolemann, H. W. (1916) Essai de classification des Polydesmiens (Myriapodes). Annales de la Societe de France, 84, 523 - 608.","Car, C. A., Wojcieszek, J. M. & Harvey, M. S. (2013) The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 1: redefinition of the genus and redescriptions of existing species. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 28, 83 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.18195 / issn. 0312 - 3162.28 (2). 2013.083 - 118","Chamberlin, R. V. (1920) The Myriapoda of the Australian Region.. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 64, 1 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a 026334"]}

Antichiropus nicholasi Car, n. sp. (Figs 23 A–F, 25) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 829D9F49-CCAB-48C2-A1D1-4E93EF206D25 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male, 33.5 km SW. of Marble Bar, site MBE03, 21°25’35.00”S, 119°33’11”E, 12 October 2005 – 4 May 2006, ethylene glycol pitfall, CALM Pilbara Survey (WAM T144599). Paratypes: 1 female (badly damaged), collected with holotype (WAM T124594); 3 males (badly damaged), 3 females, collected with holotype (WAM T146718). Diagnosis. Gonopod: Antichiropus nicholasi Car, n. sp. is unmistakeable: it has a short squat femorite, carrying three distinctively shaped femoral processes. It also lacks a prolongation of the femorite. The undulating horizontally-held solenomere carries two processes. Antichiropus apricus Car, n. sp. (Fig 6) occurs in the same area, but it cannot be mistaken for A. nicholasi as A. apricus. has a broad femorite with a well-developed prolongation and a relatively broad solenomere. This species may be considered superficially similar to A. verutus Car, n. sp. (Fig 39) but the former is readily separated from the latter by its distinctive femoral processes and femorite shape. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 15 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1 mm wide, with distinct, smooth waist, prozonite and metazonite of similar width. Slight striations on dorsal and lateral body surfaces. Colour (in alcohol) generally very dark brown overall (holotype is paler–either bleached or newly moulted) paler ventrally (Fig 23A.); leg colour as for body. No paranota on posterior rings (Fig 23B). Sternal cones on ring 5, sternal lamella broad, square, setose on free edge. Leg coxal processes absent. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, flat. Head smooth, without noticeable sculpturing; frons smooth, with few setae; face narrow, maximum width ca. 3x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 2x width of socket. Antennae short, reaching to collum, clavate, antennomeres of similar width. Collum 1x length of head (in lateral view) (Fig 23A). Gonopod of medium length, reaching ring 5; coxa (C) much more robust and of similar length to the femorite; prefemur (PF) slightly shorter than femorite and setose, pronounced lip; femorite (F) ca. 1/3 of acropodite length in situ, squat and curved; main femoral process (MFP) short (to ca. 1/4 solenomere length), pointed and held at right angles to the femorite; prolongation of femorite absent; second femoral process (fp1) distinctive, ca. 1/2 femorite length, pointed tip made trapezoid due to translucent membrane attached to it, tip facing downwards towards coxa; third femoral process (fp2) broad, triangular, curved, pointed; solenomere (S) relatively short, forming L–shape, much narrower than femorite, ribbon-like, narrowing along length to the narrow, rounded tip; solenomere process 1 (sp1) and second solenomere process (sp2) (not shown in Fig); two slender, pointed processes, halfway along solenomere length, held in parallel with solenomere (Figs 23 C–F). Female: Much stouter than the male with more slender, shorter legs (WAM T124594). Distribution. This species has been found only in the vicinity of the town of Marble Bar in the Pilbara (Fig 25). Etymology. This species is named for the senior author’s son, Nicholas Car., Published as part of Car, Catherine A., Harvey, Mark S., Hillyer, Mia J. & Huey, Joel A., 2019, The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 3: species of the Pilbara bioregion of Western Australia, pp. 1-71 in Zootaxa 4617 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3248154

Antichiropus apricus Car, n. sp. (Figs 6 A–F, 11) ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5D6A7C33-0161-4102-AC10-8D747AEE9F91 Type material examined. Australia: Western Australia: holotype male (damaged), Marble Bar, Iron Clad Hotel, 21°10’21”S, 119°44’43”E, 22 January 2012, hand collected from verandah, P. Bolton (Sulphur Springs MB59) (WAM T144590). Paratypes: 1 male, collected with holotype) (WAM T120063, GenBank accession number COI, MK 735886); 11 males (damaged), 3 females, Marble Bar, Iron Clad Hotel, 21°10’21”S, 119°44’43”E, 22 January 2012, hand collected from verandah, P. Bolton (Sulphur Springs MB59 ( WAM T146701). Other material examined. Australia: Western Australia: 2 males, collected with holotype ( WAM T120061); 1 male, collected with holotype ( WAM T120062); 1 male, collected with holotype (WAM T125295, GenBank accession number 12S, MK 735769; 28S, MK 735827; COI, MK 735892; COIII, MK 735948; CytB, MK 735997); 1 female (damaged), 150 km W of Marble Bar, 21°05’53”S, 119°11’10”E, 25 January 2012, hand collected riverine area, P. Bolton (Sulphur Springs site 2-134) (WAM T125297). Diagnosis. This species is recognised by its broad, squat, slightly bulbous femorite. Several other species have broad femorites but only one other species, A. verutus Car, n. sp. (Fig 39) has a short, broad femorite. The latter has a distinctive, horizontally orientated main femoral process (MFP) which A. apricus Car, n. sp. does not. Description. Male holotype: Body ca. 17 mm long; midbody ring ca. 1 mm wide, with shallow, smooth waist, metazonite and prozonite of similar width. Colour (in alcohol) uniform dark chestnut brown, slightly paler ventrally (Fig 6A): leg colour dark chestnut brown, paler coxae. No paranota (Fig 6B). Sternites without obvious processes/tubercles, sternal lamella broad, short, rectangular. Leg coxal processes absent but for slight protuberances on leg pair 2. Anterior spiracles at midbody small, ovoid, flat. Head smooth without noticeable sculpturing; frons almost devoid of setae; face broad, punctate, maximum width ca. 5x the distance between antennal sockets; sockets separated by ca. 1.5x width of socket. Antennae of moderate length, reaching to ring 2, relatively robust, slightly clavate. Collum ca. 0.6x as long as head (lateral view) (Fig 6A). Gonopod short, reaching anterior edge of ring 6; coxa (C) shorter and more robust than femorite, with distinct ridge on anterior surface; prefemur (PF) much shorter than femorite, pronounced lip, setose where it joins coxa; femorite (F) 2/3 acropodite length, stout, widest at midpoint, narrower towards apex; main femoral process (MFP) moderately long, ca. 1/4 solenomere length, asymmetrically pointed; second femoral process (fp1) absent; prolongation of femorite (prof), broad, triangular, pointed; solenomere (S) relatively short, forming open loop, thinner than femorite, generally of similar thickness along length but slightly thicker mid-length; solenomere tip curved, broad, flattened, roundly pointed end; solenomere process (sp1) at solenomere tip, small, double-pointed (Figs 6 C–F). Female: Similar in colour and general appearance to male but body stouter (ca. 1.5 mm wide) and legs relatively shorter (WAM T120063). Intraspecific variation in femorite shape. The gonopod femorites of all but one examined specimen fit the description given above. One specimen (WAM T120063) however, has a femorite of similar width along its length, narrowing to apex: it conforms to the species’ description in all other aspects of its gonopodal morphology. Distribution. This species has been found only at the hotel in Marble Bar, one of the hottest places in Western Australia (Australian Bureau of Meteorology 2018) (Fig 11). Etymology. This millipede species survives at Marble Bar, where conditions are semi-arid and extremely hot. The name reflects the species’ living conditions (Latin, adjective, apricus, exposed to the sun).