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Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs), a large family of natural products, possess numerous pharmaceutically significant bioactivities. However, many native microbial producers of NRPs are not cultivable or have low production yields making mass production infeasible. The recombinant production of natural products in a surrogate host has emerged as a strategy to overcome these limitations. De novo recombinant production of the NRP antibiotic valinomycin in an engineered Escherichia coli host strain was established with the necessary biosynthetic pathway constituents from Streptomyces tsusimaensis. In the present study, the initially modest valinomycin yields could be significantly increased from 0.3 up to 2.4 mg L⁻¹ by switching from a batch to an enzyme-based fed-batch mode in shake flasks. A subsequent design of experiment-driven optimization of parallel fed-batch cultivations in 24-well plates with online monitoring of dissolved oxygen and pH led to valinomycin yields up to 6.4 mg L⁻¹. Finally, repeated glucose polymer feeding to enzyme-based high cell density cultivations in shake flasks resulted in cell densities of OD₆₀₀>50 and a valinomycin titer of appr. 10 mg L⁻¹. This represents a 33-fold improvement compared to the initial batch cultivations and is the highest concentration of a nonribosomal peptide which has been produced in E. coli without feeding of specific precursors so far to our knowledge. Also, such a small-scale optimization under fed-batch conditions may be generally applicable for the development and scale-up of natural product production processes in E. coli.

: Marine cultures are an important source of novel substances and enzymes. As efforts to isolate strains from (deep) sea environments increase, the demand for methodology platforms to cultivate these organisms is also rising. Due to the high salt concentration and the shear sensitivity exhibited by some heterotrophic microalgae, single-use systems originally designed for the cultivation of mammalian cell lines can be a valuable alternative. Using the cultivation of the heterotrophic marine microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii as an example, this chapter makes suggestions for experimental design, for improving process development by integrating parallel experiments, and for scaling-up and scaling-down methodologies. It describes how to identify suitable single-use systems and how to integrate a two-layer system with perfluordecalin to improve the gas transfer in deep-well plates. The process is also scaled up in several single-use systems. We also describe challenges in the process development to achieve sufficient oxygen transfer, monitoring, and control, and we discuss limitations such as corrosion, long-term stability, and leachables in single-use systems. Finally, we demonstrate a method for cheap, fast, and consistent process development for marine microorganisms.

A simple method for plasmid minipreps in closed 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes using a cultivation medium with internal substrate delivery (EnBase(®)) in combination with a two-phase perfluorodecalin (PFD) system supplying additional oxygen to the E. coli culture is described. The procedure can simply be performed on a thermoshaker using only 50 μL cultivation volume. Twenty and twenty-five percent higher cell densities and plasmid concentration, respectively, were obtained with the additional oxygen delivery system when compared to cultures without PFD. Compared to standard 2 mL LB cultures ninefold higher cell densities and eightfold higher plasmid concentrations were achieved for the smaller culture volume. The μL-scale cultures can be directly utilized in further plasmid purification without any centrifugation step or the subsequent removal of the supernatant. This simplifies the routine procedure considerably. Furthermore, the new method is very robust considering the time of cultivation. Highest plasmid concentrations were already obtained after only 6 h of cultivation, but the plasmid concentration remained high (87 % of the maximum) even until 8 h of cultivation. Aside from the advantage of this method for the daily routine, we believe that it could also be applied to automated high-throughput processes.

The dissolved oxygen concentration is a crucial parameter in aerobic bioprocesses due to the low solubility of oxygen in water. The present study describes a new method for determining the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in shaken-culture systems based on the sodium sulfite method in combination with an electrochemical oxygen sensor. The method replaces the laborious titration of the remaining sulfite by an on-line detection of the end point of the reaction. This method is a two-step procedure that can be applied in arbitrary flasks that do not allow the insertion of electrodes. The method does not therefore depend on the type of vessel in which the OTR is detected. The concept is demonstrated by determination of the OTR for standard baffled 1-L shake flasks and for opaque Ultra Yield™ flasks. Under typical shaking conditions, k(L) a values in the standard baffled flasks reached values up to 220 h(-1) , whereas the k(L) a values of the Ultra Yield flasks were significantly higher (up to 422 h(-1) )., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Long-term survival after surgical treatment is possible in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) extending in the right atrium. Different surgical techniques for the treatment of patients with RCC extending into the vena cava have been advocated, depending on the proximal extent of the tumor. We present and propose an algorithm regarding the operative strategy depending on the extent of tumor growth.