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Using data from the 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education (NSECE) Household Survey, this snapshot examines the questions: (1) Why did parents with young children search for a care provider? (2) What percentage of parents found a new care provider? and (3) Why did some parents' searches end without using a new care provider? The findings presented in this snapshot illustrate some of the factors that drive demand for child care for children under age 6, not yet in kindergarten. Findings also describe the challenges that parents face when searching for providers for the first time or when looking for a new provider.

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) has the capability of competing with cotton throughout the season, causing a yield reduction of 34%. Envoke gives another option in a cotton production system for controlling problematic weeds such as morningglories and yellow nutsedge. Two studies were conducted in 2022 at Tillar, Ark., in a Herbert silt loam soil with the objective of evaluating Envoke rates and tank mixtures when applied postemergence in Enlist and XtendFlex cotton systems. Trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Herbicides used included individual and combinations of Envoke at 0.075 and 0.125 oz/ac, Enlist One at 32 oz/ac, Engenia at 12.8 oz/ac, Roundup PowerMax 3 at 30 oz/ac, Dual Magnum at 16 oz/ac, and Warrant at 64 oz/ac. All data were analyzed using JMP Pro 17 and subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey's honestly significant difference (a = 0.05). The higher rate of Envoke generally resulted in greater injury, especially when combined with Roundup PowerMax and either Enlist One or Engenia at 21 days after treatment (DAT) compared to the lower rate. No control of Palmer amaranth was observed by Envoke due to it being an acetolactate synthase-resistant population. Palmer amaranth control was not decreased due to the tank mixture of Envoke with either Enlist One or Engenia. The use of Envoke in a tank mixture with either Enlist One or Engenia will provide an alternative to yellow nutsedge control in both Enlist and XtendFlex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on recent surveys, barnyardgrass [(Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv] and Amazon sprangletop [Diplachne panicoides (J. Presl) Hitchc.] are considered the most problematic grass weeds in Arkansas furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Without the benefit of established flood conditions to assist in controlling weeds, the utilization of residual herbicides throughout the season is required. In 2022, an experiment was conducted in Tillar, Ark., to determine the most effective one-shot rice herbicide tank-mixtures to control barnyardgrass and Amazon sprangletop in furrow-irrigated rice. Herbicide treatments consisted of Rebel EX, Ricebeaux, and Ricestar HT applied alone or in tank-mixture with Command or RiceOne and Ricestar HT + Postscript + Command applied at the 2-leaf rice stage. At 9 days after application (DAA), Ricebeaux in tank-mixture with RiceOne provided greater than 95% visual control of both grass species. By 17 DAA, herbicide efficacy had decreased from most herbicide treatments; however, Ricebeaux in tank-mixture with RiceOne and Ricestar HT + Postscript + Command continued to provide greater than 88% control of barnyardgrass. When applied alone, Rebel EX, Ricebeaux, and Ricestar HT failed to provide greater than 60% control of either grass species at 17 DAA. At the final evaluation, most herbicide treatments continued to decrease in control of both grasses; however, Ricestar HT + Postscript + Command provided 94% control of barnyardgrass and 91% control of Amazon sprangletop at 22 DAA. These data suggest that the use of multiple residual herbicides and modes of action will be beneficial in controlling these problematic grass weeds in furrow-irrigated rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, research was conducted to determine the optimum time to terminate a cover crop while also achieving suffi- cient weed control and optimum corn yield. The test was designed as a randomized complete block with 7 cover crop termination timings: 14 and 7 days prior to planting (DPP), at planting (AP), and 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after planting (DAP). A conventional tillage treatment was added for comparison and was treated with the standard herbicide program used for termination. All termination treatments consisted of glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax 2) applied at 40 oz/ac plus S-metolachlor (Dual II Magnum) at 1.3 pt./ac and atrazine (Aatrex) at 1 qt/ac. A standard postemergence (POST) application was made at the V4 corn stage across all treatments utilizing a premix of S-metolachlor, glyphosate, and mesotrione (Halex GT 2 qt/ac) plus atrazine (Aatrex 1 qt/ac). Pioneer 1197 YHR was planted on 5 April 2021, and a visual weed control assessment was taken 28 DAP. There was no difference in Palmer amaranth or barnyardgrass control when the cover crop was terminated 7 DPP, at planting, and 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAP. Palmer amaranth control ranged from 78% to 90%, while barnyardgrass control ranged from 81% to 91% controlled. The 14 DPP termination timing only provided 50% control of Palmer amaranth and 47% control of barnyardgrass, while the conventional tillage treatment provided the least (37%) control of both Palmer amaranth and barnyardgrass. Control of Palmer amaranth and barnyardgrass was increased to 94-99% for all termination timings following the V4 POST application, and no significant differences were observed from 7-21 days following the V4 application. Corn yields were highest (160-81 bu./ac) for 14 DPP, 7 DPP termination timings, and the conventional tillage treatments. Yields from plots where the cover crop was terminated at planting, 7,14, and 28 DAP ranged from 144 to 128 bu./ac. Cover crops terminated at 21 DAP resulted in the lowest yield of the study, only 125 bu./ac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) herbicide systems that contain multiple modes of action and are applied timely are essential in controlling Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Arkansas cotton growers need new and improved methods and chemistry to manage this and other troublesome weeds. Trials were established in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate weed efficacy and crop response following Loyant applications post-directed in cotton. Trials were established at Marianna, Arkansas, in a Loring silt loam soil and at Tillar, Arkansas, in a Herbert silt loam soil. In 2019, PHY 350 W3FE was established at Tillar and DP 1646 B2XF at Marianna; while in 2020, PHY 400 W3FE was established at both locations. The trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All treatments received Brake FX preemergence at 40 oz/ac (fluometuron 33.2 oz/ac + fluridone 6.8 oz/ac) followed by Liberty (glufosinate) at 32 oz/ac plus Dual Magnum (metolachlor) at 21oz/ac at 3-4 leaf cotton. Post-directed herbicides evaluated included Loyant (florpyrauxifen-benzyl) at 5, 8, and 16 oz/ac, Durango (glyphosate) at 32 oz/ac and Roundup PowerMax (glyphosate) at 32 oz/ac. In 2019 and 2020, post-direct applications of Loyant were applied to 8- or 10-node cotton. Palmer amaranth control and epinasty were recorded at 21 days after 10-node post-direct applications at both locations. Loyant provided greater than 89% control of Palmer amaranth, as long as the rate applied was 8 oz/ac or greater. Cotton injury was significant when Loyant was applied at the 8-node growth stage; however, injury was generally reduced when applications were made to 10-node cotton. Yield reductions from all Loyant applications were observed at Marianna in 2019. No significant yield reductions were observed at either location in 2020, with the exception of, Loyant 16 oz/ac applied to 8-node cotton at Marianna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonylurea herbicides have been found effective in controlling glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] in fields planted to corn (Zea mays L.). FullPage™ rice (Oryza sativa L.) was released in 2020 on a limited basis and has been found to provide increased tolerance to imazethapyr and imazamox herbicide. Two experiments were conducted on a silt loam soil in Tillar, Arkansas, in 2020 and 2021 to determine the tolerance of FullPage™ rice to sulfonylurea herbicides applied preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST). Treatments consisted of Resolve Q (rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron) at 1.25 and 0.625 oz/ac, Steadfast Q (nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron) at 1.5 and 0.75 oz/ac, and Accent Q (nicosulfuron) at 0.75 and 0.375 oz/ac. When applied PRE, minimal levels of stunting were observed from most treatments within two weeks after application. When applied POST, crop stunting, chlorosis, leaf malformation, and necrosis were observed with most treatments, with crop stunting being more prevalent throughout the season. In 2020, within 14 days after the POST application (DAPOST), all treatments exhibited varying levels of stunting and chlorosis, with both rates of Steadfast Q resulting in the highest levels of injury. Similarly, by 35 DAPOST, the rates of Steadfast Q continued to exhibit observable levels of stunting. Regardless of the levels of phytotoxicity earlier in the growing season, rice yields were comparable across all treatments when compared to the weed-free check. In 2021, both rates of Resolve Q and Steadfast Q exhibited 8% to 23% stunting at 14 DAPOST. By 45 DAPOST, Steadfast Q at 1.5 oz/ac resulted in a significant delay in heading compared to the weed-free check, in addition to a significant yield reduction. These data suggest that when applied before rice planting or at planting, sulfonylurea herbicides may be beneficial in controlling herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass. Although minimal yield reduction was observed when these herbicides were applied POST, significant levels of phytotoxicity were observed from all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 and 2020, 2 experiments were conducted to determine if Group 15 (chloroacetamide) herbicides could continue to control Palmer amaranth and if control differed by application rate. Chloroacetamide herbicides including Dual Magnum®, Outlook®, Warrant®, and Zidua® SC were applied preemergence (PRE) at various rates to determine the length of residual control of a Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) population with known resistance to metolachlor and a population with no known metolachlor resistance. In the 2019 experiment, only Outlook provided control greater than 90% of metolachlor-resistant Palmer amaranth at 2 weeks after application (WAA) at rates of 12.8 oz/ac and 16 oz/ac. All chloroacetamide treatments provided less than 75% control of this population 4 WAA. In the trial conducted in 2020, all chloroacetamide applications provided greater than 90% control of Palmer amaranth with no known metolachlor resistance, excluding either application rate of Warrant 2 WAA. Dual Magnum at 32 oz/ac, Outlook 16 oz/ac, and Zidua at any rate, provided greater than 70% 4 WAA. The highest rate of Zidua (5 oz/ac) provided the most control (85%) in the study by 4 WAA. Chloroacetamide herbicides are not as effective in controlling Palmer amaranth populations with known resistance to metolachlor. Results indicated that Outlook provided the best control to a resistant population at 2 WAA, but control was significantly reduced at the later evaluations. Control of the non-metolachlor-resistant biotype was consistent with all chloroacetamide herbicides, depending on rate, except Warrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, a weed control study was conducted at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Lonn Man Cotton Research Station near Marianna, Ark., on a Calloway silt loam soil to determine adequate weed control from a full season approach in Enlist® E3 soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The objective of this trial was to evaluate herbicide combinations for burndown control of large Canadian horseweed (Conyza canadensis) commonly called Marestail as well as other winter annuals. Enlist soybean were planted 15 days after burndown herbicide applications and additional herbicide programs were evaluated to determine efficacy on Marestail, Palmer amaranth, and other problematic weeds. Results indicated that herbicide programs containing Elevore® at 1 oz/ac provided the best control of Marestail, with the combination of Enlist One® 32 oz/ac and Durango® 32 oz/ac providing 90% control of Marestail and other winter annual weeds. Gramoxone® 40 oz/ac plus Verdict® 5 oz/ac provided only 73% control of Marestail but controlled Palmer amaranth 98% at the time of planting. Herbicide combinations at planting (PRE) consisted of either Trivence® 8 oz/ac plus 40 oz/ac Gramoxone or Boundary® 32 oz/ac plus 40 oz/ac Gramoxone. There was no difference in residual control of Palmer amaranth with any PRE 14 days after application (DAA). However, Marestail control was higher (>92%) where combinations of Gramoxone plus Trivence were applied compared to <75% with combinations of Gramoxone plus Boundary. This was likely due to the increased control with Elevore treatments before PRE applications. All other winter or summer annual weeds were controlled effectively following early postemergence (POST) applications, regardless of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) has gained popularity over the last two years in Arkansas. The objective of this research was to determine the most effective herbicide program for season-long weed control in furrow-irrigated rice. Experiments were conducted at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture's Lon Mann Cotton Research Station in Marianna, Arkansas during the 2019 growing season. Several herbicide programs were evaluated, all of which contained Command (clomazone) preemergence (PRE) alone and in combination with other herbicide modes of action, followed by two postemergence (POST) applications of various herbicide combinations. Results indicate that applications of Command plus Sharpen PRE may provide the best broad spectrum weed control when Palmer amaranth is present. Multiple residuals applied PRE increased grass control, however later applications of Clincher combinations provided the highest control of troublesome grasses such as goosegrass. Multiple applications of Loyant at 6 to 8 oz/ac or Stam plus Grandstand provided the best control of Palmer amaranth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional (non-GMO) corn production has significantly increased in portions of Arkansas. These conventional hybrids do not contain the Roundup Ready trait, and thus, they are at risk from off-target movement of Roundup (glyphosate) from surrounding crops. Arkansas corn growers can benefit from growing conventional corn hybrids if the impact from off-target movement of Roundup can be understood and minimalized. Trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 to evaluate the crop response following low rates of Roundup PowerMax applied to a conventional corn hybrid. In 2019, one trial was established with Gateway 7157 conventional hybrid at Tillar, Arkansas in a Hebert silt loam soil. In 2020, trials were established with the same hybrid at Tillar, Arkansas, in a Hebert silt loam soil, Marianna, Arkansas in a Loring Silt loam soil, and Fayetteville, Arkansas in a Captina silt loam soil. Trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Due to uniformity of data across location and years, data were pooled, and means were separated using Tukey-Kramer grouping for treatment least squares means at a = 0.05. All treatments received Aatrex at 64 oz/ac plus Dual II Magnum at 16 oz/ac applied preemergence followed by a Roundup PowerMax treatment at either stage V2 or V6 corn (Barber et al., 2020). Roundup PowerMax rates ranged from 0.32 oz/ac (1/100X) to 6.4 (1/5X) at each stage. Visual corn injury 14 days after V2 applications was highest, with Roundup at 6.4 oz/ac causing 91% and lowest with Roundup at 0.32 oz/ac causing 4%. Stage V2 corn injury increased as the herbicide rate increased, which was expected. Visual corn injury from V2 applications continued 14 days after V6 applications in a similar trend with Roundup applied at 6.4 and 3.2 oz/ac to V2 corn causing the highest injury at 72% and 53%, respectively. These two rates also caused the highest injury when sprayed at V6. Overall injury was higher when Roundup was applied at V2 vs. V6 growth stage. Roundup applied at 6.4 and 3.2 oz/ac rates to V2 corn caused the highest yield reduction, with corn yielding 21 and 68 bu./ac, respectively. Corn yields were not reduced from Roundup rates 1.6 oz/ac or lower for any growth stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continued spread of herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth throughout Arkansas, cotton weed control continues to be challenging. New technologies such as Enlist™ and XtendFlex™ cotton traits provide opportunity for the use of auxin-based herbicide programs, but some Palmer amaranth resistance to these herbicides has been recently discovered in Kansas. Loyant (florpyrauxifen-benzyl) is a new auxin herbicide labeled in rice and is effective in controlling a range of weed species including Palmer amaranth. Two trials were conducted in 2017 at the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture's Lonn Mann Cotton Research Station in Marianna and the Rohwer Research Station in Rohwer, Arkansas and in 2018 at Marianna and Tillar, Arkansas, to determine if Loyant could fit in a post-direct program for control of problem weeds in cotton at a layby timing and to determine the rate of Loyant necessary to achieve this control. Cotton injury observed from post-directed applications of Loyant was minimal through both years of research. In 2018, Loyant at 8 oz/ac plus Durango (glyphosate) at 32 oz/ac plus Diuron at 32 oz/ac provided 98% or greater control of Palmer amaranth and barnyard grass at both locations in addition to exceptional yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loyant™ with Rinskor™ active is a new synthetic auxin herbicide that provides broad spectrum control of most broadleaf, sedge, and aquatic weed species with additional activity on barnyardgrass. A study was conducted in 2018 at the University of Arkansas Pine Bluff-Lonoke farm to determine effectiveness of Loyant on barnyardgrass following single or multiple residual applications. Treatments in this experiment consisted of Command or Obey applied pre-emergence (PRE); Command, Obey, or Ricebeaux® applied early post-emergence (EPOST); and Loyant applied pre-flood. The PRE applications of Command and Obey provided similar control (>80%) of barnyardgrass 14 days after treatment (DAT). Treatments containing EPOST applications were necessary to maintain control 15 DAT with Command followed by (fb) Ricebeaux providing greater than 90% of both barnyardgrass and broadleaf signalgrass. The addition of Loyant pre-flood provided an increase in control as long as an EPOST application was made in addition to either Command or Obey applied PRE. All programs provided greater than 95% control, except for the two pass system of Obey fb Loyant. The two-pass program of Obey fb Loyant yielded less (125 bu./ac) than the three-pass-system of Obey fb Command fb Loyant program which provided the highest yield (157 bu./ac). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, Arkansas rice producers utilize multiple herbicides throughout the growing season to combat problematic weeds. An experiment was conducted on a silt loam soil in Tillar, Arkansas to evaluate the effectiveness of applying multiple rates of Loyant alone or in combination with commonly applied graminicides. At 20 days after treatment (DAT), Loyant 16 oz/ac + Clincher 31 oz/ac provided the most effective control of hemp sesbania, barnyardgrass, and rice flatsedge, with 99%, 98%, and 99% control, respectively. A positive trend was observed throughout the growing season as the rate of Loyant increased when applied alone or in tank-mixture with the graminicides. By 42 DAT, reduction in barnyardgrass control was observed from all treatments. It can be determined by these data that the most effective combination to control the present weeds is Loyant at 16 oz/ac + Clincher at 31 oz/ac. Regardless of the graminicide, these data suggest that applying Loyant at 16 oz/ac aided in controlling the weeds commonly found in Arkansas rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is often grown in close proximity to other row-crops such as corn, soybean, grain sorghum, and cotton. These production systems increase the risk of off-target herbicide drift on late-season rice. Research was conducted on the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture's Rohwer Research Station (RRS) in Rohwer Ark. in 2016 and 2017. Glyphosate at 0.113 lb ai/acre, glufosinate at 0.053 lb ai/acre, paraquat at 0.0625 lb ai/acre, and sodium chlorate at 0.6 lb ai/acre were all evaluated for rice injury and yield reduction. In 2016 glyphosate caused up to 22% stunting and less than 4% necrosis, while glufosinate caused less than 5% stunting and up to 12% necrosis. In 2017 glyphosate caused less than 5% visual injury, while glufosinate caused up to 25% stunting and 72% necrosis. In both years, glyphosate and glufosinate delayed headed from 30 to 99% and decreased rice yield from 20 to 99%, when applied at boot and 50% heading timings. Paraquat and sodium chlorate applications caused up to 20% stunting and 90% necrosis. Paraquat and sodium chlorate reduced rice yield numerically, but no statistical reduction was noted in late-season rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]