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The current work seeks to contribute as a continuation of evolutionary-based studies investigating the effects of social transgressions on human behavior. Our evolved capacity for social connections is predicated on reciprocal trust within a relationship. In ancestral conditions, violating that trust could have adverse implications on a betrayer, as well as the victim who was betrayed. By looking beyond forgiveness or social estrangements, this study focuses on our willingness to help the offender after a betrayal has taken place. Our main predictions were that future altruism would more likely be offered by the victim if the harm-doer was kin, if the betrayal did not occur publicly, and if the betrayal was relatively minor. To test these hypotheses, we randomly presented 449 participants with betrayal scenarios that varied in relatedness (kin or non-kin), publicity (public or private), and severity of betrayal (major or minor). We found that only the severity of the betrayal and whether the betrayal was public or private had a significant effect on social reciprocity intended helping behavior. Additionally, certain dispositional predictors of the Light and Dark Triad played a significant role on whether the victim would extend a helping hand after being betrayed by the same person., Author(s): Miriana K. Ruel [sup.1] , Amelia R. De'Jesús [sup.1] , Michele Cristo [sup.1] , Kelly Nolan [sup.1] , Stephanie A. Stewart-Hill [sup.2] , Ann Marie DeBonis [sup.1] , Alec [...]

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among individuals with severe mental illness is considerably higher than in the general population, contributing to the 15-20-year shorter life expectancy of this client population. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, complex psychosocial program to reduce metabolic syndrome. Members of both the intervention (n = 78) and control (n = 31) group were psychiatric outpatients with severe/persistent mental illness struggling with one or more symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Beyond the default elements of similar programs such as diet and exercise, the intervention covered medication use, sleep hygiene, stress management, as well as addressing spiritual needs, mindfulness, addictions, and self-care. Assessment of metabolic indicators were completed at baseline, at the end of the 11-week intervention, and 6 months post-intervention. The trajectory of change over time was significantly more favorable in the treatment than in the control group in terms of waist circumference (p = 0.013, [eta].sup.2 = 0.093) and a positive trend emerged in relation to blood glucose level (p = 0.082, [eta].sup.2 = 0.057). However, no statistically reliable difference was observed between the intervention and the control group regarding the other outcome variables (body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride level, serum HDL cholesterol level, overall metabolic syndrome severity). These findings suggest that to produce more robust benefits, psychosocial interventions targeting the metabolic health of individuals with complex mental health needs should be either longer in duration if resources permit or narrower in focus (diet and exercise mainly) if resources are scarce., Author(s): Barna Konkolÿ Thege [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Talia Emmanuel [sup.1] , Stephanie Hill [sup.2] , Laurie Wells [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.440060.6, 0000 0004 0459 5734, Waypoint Research [...]

Awake quiescence immediately after encoding is conducive to episodic memory consolidation. Retrieval can render episodic memories labile again, but reconsolidation can modify and restrengthen them. It remained unknown whether awake quiescence after retrieval supports episodic memory reconsolidation. We sought to examine this question via an object-location memory paradigm. We failed to probe the effect of quiescence on reconsolidation, but we did observe an unforeseen "delayed" effect of quiescence on consolidation. Our findings reveal that the beneficial effect of quiescence on episodic memory consolidation is not restricted to immediately following encoding but can be achieved at a delayed stage and even following a period of task engagement.

In August 2019, a mass shooter in the United States posted a violent manifesto to the anonymous forum 8chan prior to his attack. This was the third such incident that year and afterwards hosting and security services conceded to calls to drop 8chan as a client, pushing 8chan to the margins of the accessible internet. This article examines the deplatforming of 8chan as a public relations crisis, contributing to understanding 'governance by shock' (Ananny and Gillespie 2016) by examining who is shocked and their power to turn shock into online regulation. Online platforms and media attention created opportunities to study how the deplatforming was justified, drawing on the theoretical framework of economies of worth (Boltanski and Thevenot 2006) and controversy mapping methods. The examination finds: (1) that this case of deplatforming indicates the openness of infrastructure-as-a-service companies to external challenges over content, rather than hegemonic control. (2) That regulatory gaps, including the broadness of U.S. free speech laws, made these companies, rather than legal processes, the relevant authority. (3) That framing responsibility as following the law – as Cloudflare attempted to do – misunderstands the importance of normative principles, voluntary measures, and contestation in governing online content, underselling the value of policy-making at other levels. The success of the campaign to deplatform 8chan affirms the significance of PR crises in the regulation of online content, rewarding deplatforming as a political tactic for civil society groups and online networks pushing for governance in regulatory gaps. However, the significance of normative enforcement in this case underlines the difficulties of this semi-voluntary style of governance. While normative opposition to violence contributed to 8chan's deplatforming, other normative oppositions contribute to deplatforming vulnerable users, as in the moral panics that drive the deplatforming of sexual content (Tiidenberg 2021) and feed suspicion over the ideological application of deplatforming. The ambivalence of PR crises as a strategy for influencing platform governance underlines the need for clarity in policy-making at multiple levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in the role of student agency within schools, as well as the need for effective professional learning, supports further investigation into initiatives aiming to develop meaningful and sustainable student involvement in school improvement approaches. This article explores the role of student leadership in professional learning approaches that aim to improve learning through collaborative reflection on teaching practice. It provides a review of literature that investigates student involvement in professional learning, specifically through the development of student voice and the inclusion of students as co-researchers in school improvement initiatives. Following this, the article draws on the findings from a case study that examined the role of a Student Learning Community (SLC) in professional learning and presents an overview of current practice where students are involved in a research approach to professional learning called a Best Practice review. The insights drawn from the case study and practice example, both situated in a secondary school in England, offer considerations for educators wishing to explore and/or introduce student leadership approaches to professional learning, as well as recommendations for further study into the role of students as agents in school improvement initiatives.

* Context.--According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer's Cancer Staging Manual, 7th edition, TNM classification, tumor deposit (TD)-positive colorectal cancers (CRCs) are classified as N1c. The effects of radiotherapy and the effects of the updated American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition TNM N1c classification for patients with TD-positive CRC are unclear. Objective.--To investigate outcomes of radiotherapy in patients with resected TD-positive CRC. Design.--Resected TD-positive CRCs diagnosed from 2010 to 2014 were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were investigated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. Results.--We included 2712 qualified CRC patients, who either underwent adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 187; 6.9%) or received no radiotherapy (n = 2525; 93.1%). Univariate Cox proportional models showed improved CSS among all CRC patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy (CSS hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95) and among rectal cancer patients when separated by location (hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.83), although these associations were attenuated in multivariable-adjusted models. There was improved OS among rectal cancer patients (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99). In subgroup analyses, radiotherapy was not associated with OS or CSS in either metastatic or nonmetastatic CRC patients. Instead, N1c category (versus N0) was associated with a worse OS (hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.31-1.57) but was not associated with CSS. Conclusions.--Radiotherapy did not independently improve OS among TD-positive CRC patients. In this study, classifying TD positivity as N1c was associated with worse OS than classifying TD positivity as N0. The findings seem to challenge the benefits of radiotherapy and the new N1c classification of TD for TD-positive CRC patients. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2018;142:721-729; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0099-OA), In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women, and a leading cause of cancer death. (1,2) The American Joint [...]

Current US statistics indicate that 1 in 68 children is diagnosed with an autistic spectrum disorder (Centers for Disease Control (2014) Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years--autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 Sites, United States, 2010. "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" ("MMWR")). The lived experience of parents with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is important to know since quantitative studies have indicated that higher rates of mental disorders exist in this population as compared to parents of typically developing children (Yirmiya and Shaked (2005) Psychiatric disorders in parents of children with autism: a meta-analysis. "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry" 46: 69-83). This study was a meta-synthesis of the qualitative literature in this area embedded within a systematic review. A comprehensive search and review yielded 14 studies. A total of six major themes were identified: (a) emotional stress and strain; (b) adaptation; (c) impact on the family; (d) services; (e) stigmatization; and (f) appreciating the little things. Implications of these results are discussed.

The authors examined 62 court cases occurring in 2009 from the LexisNexis database regarding students, ages 3-21 years, with various forms of autism spectrum disorder and violations to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. They analyzed procedural and substantive violations to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the provision of a Free Appropriate Public Education. In addition, they compared results with earlier studies that have indicated an increase in cases overall and a trend from parents prevailing in earlier studies to school districts prevailing overall in recent years. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)

This article analyzes governance interventions designed by Facebook and Sidewalk Labs to address concerns about content governance and privacy, respectively. Using a comparative approach, we analyze how Sidewalk Lab's proposed data trust for the Quayside Project--a smart city project in Toronto--and Facebook's Oversight Board--an independent panel that makes content moderation decisions--are adapted from legal mechanisms that reflect what Luhmann describes as system trust. We also interrogate the use of intermediaries to shore up the trustworthiness of the companies with the public expert and lay publics. This article echoes existing research on the use of democratic models in attempts at technology governance strategies undertaken by companies and goes further to show how legal mechanisms of trusts and courts are being added to the repertoire of corporate tools for building trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]