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Genus Bailiella Matthew, 1885 Bailiella Matthew, 1885: 124. — Type species: Conocephalites baileyi Hartt in Dawson, 1868, designated by Miller (1889). Tangshiella Hupé, 1953: 194. — Type species: Bailiella ulrichi Resser & Endo, 1937, by original designation (Hupé 1953). DIAGNOSIS. — Cephalon semicircular; fixed cheeks continuous in front of glabella; border furrow extends around cranidium; surface ornamented (based on Resser 1936; Lake 1940, with modifications). REMARKS Hupé (1953) introduced the genus Tangshiella without providing a description or discussion. The type species is Bailiella ulrichi Resser & Endo, 1937. The diagnosis of B. ulrichi matches that of the genus Bailiella; therefore, the genus Tangshiella is here considered to be a synonym of Bailiella. The genus is closely related to Conocoryphe Hawle & Corda, 1847, but differs in having a longer preglabellar area and the absence of furrows (Resser 1936). The taxonomic distinction from Bailiaspis Resser, 1936, is less distinct and presently unsolved (Resser 1936; Álvaro & Vizcaïno 2018). Kim et al. (2002) regarded the genus Bailiella as paraphyletic and did not provide a diagnosis. Clearly, the genus requires revision. Bailiella is here treated as genus separated from related genera., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1063, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["MATTHEW G. F. 1885. - Illustrations of the Fauna of the St. John Group continued: on the Conocoryphea with futher remarks on Paradoxides. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada for the Year 1884 2: 99 - 124. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10764255","DAWSON J. W. 1868. - Acadian Heology. The Geological Structure, Organic remains, and Mineral resources of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. Second Edition. MacMillan and Company, London, 694 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 18064","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","HUPE P. 1953. - Classe des Trilobites, in PIVETEAU J. (ed.), Traite de paleontologie. Tome III. Les forms ultimes d'Invertebres: morphologie et evolution. Onychophores, Arthropodes, Echniodermes, Stomocordes. Mason et Cie, Paris: 44 - 246.","RESSER C. E. & ENDO R. 1937. - Description of the fossils, Part 2, in ENDO R. & RESSER C. E. (eds), The Sinian and Cambrian Formations and Fossils of Southern Manchoukuo. Educational Institute South Manchuria Ry. Co., Mukden: 103 - 301.","RESSER C. E. 1936. - Second contribution to nomenclature of Cambrian trilobites. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 95 (4): 1 - 29. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 24739325","LAKE P. 1940. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part Xii. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 94: 273 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1940.12035665","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","ALVARO J. J. & VIZCAINO D. 2018. - The Furongian break-up (rift / drift) unconformity in the central Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Journal of Iberian Geology 44: 567 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 41513 - 018 - 0066 - 2","KIM D. H., WESTROP S. R. & LANDING E. 2002. - Middle Cambrian (Acadian series) conocoryphid and paradoxidid trilobites from the upper Chamberlain's Brook Formation, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology 76 (5): 822 - 842. https: // doi. org / cgxnvt"]}

Genus Sao Barrande, 1846 Sao Barrande, 1846: 13. — Type species: Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846, by original designation. Monadina – Barrande 1846: 19. Monadella – Barrande 1847: 391. Crithias – Hawle & Corda 1847: 17. Tetracnemis – Hawle & Corda 1847: 17. Goniacanthus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 18. Enneacnemis – Hawle & Corda, 1847: 19. Acanthocnemis – Hawle & Corda 1847: 20. Acanthogramma – Hawle & Corda 1847: 20. Endogramma – Hawle & Corda 1847: 21. Micropyge – Hawle & Corda 1847: 21. Selenosema – Hawle & Corda 1847: 23. Staurogmus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 28. DIAGNOSIS. —Wide cephalic border, strongly convex; glabella with three deep glabellar furrows and one longitudinal furrow; preglabellar field concave without ornamentation; cephalon with densely packed tubercles and small spines; thorax of 17 segments; pygidium short with one segment and one terminal piece (based on Harrington et al. 1959; Laibl et al. 2014, with modifications). REMARKS Barrande (1852b) was the first to describe the different growth stages of Sao. He revised different genera previously introduced by Barrande (1846) and Hawle & Corda (1847). Šnajdr (1958) further described the wide morphological range of ontogenetic stages, which is followed here. For further details see Šnajdr (1958). Richter (1941) made a formal request to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in favour of Sao Barrande, 1846. He argued that the genus Sao Billberg, 1820, was preoccupied by a Stomatopoda, but that the name was not used subsequently. While Monadina Barrande, 1846 was available, Sao was already a well-established name for the trilobite. Richter’s (1941) request was accepted and Sao Barrande, 1846 was given priority.

Meneviella venulosa (Hicks, 1872) (Fig. 10) Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872: 177, pl. 6, figs 1-6. — Salter 1873: 5. — Illing 1915: 426. Erinnys (Harpides) venulosa – Salter 1866a: 285 (?), nomen nudum. Salteria venulosa – Walcott 1884: 31, 32. Erinnys breviceps – Matthew 1899: 91-95, pl. 4, fig. 9. Conocoryphe (Erinnys) venulosa – Grönwall 1902: 94-96, pl. 1, fig. 23. Bailiella venulosa – Howell 1925: 30, 31 (?). Menevia venulosa – Lake 1938: 272, pl. 39, figs 4-9; 1940: 273, 274. — Harrington et al. 1959: O244, fig. 181.10. Menevia cf. venulosa; Kindle & Whittington 1959: fig. 3i (?). Meneviella venulosa – Hutchinson 1962: 108, pl. 16, figs 2-7 (?). — Shaw 1966: 855, pl. 99, fig. 17. — Korobov 1973: 124- 126, pl. 12, fig. 1. — Egorova et al. 1982: 110, pl. 3, fig. 10; pl. 9, fig. 10 (?). — Kindle 1982: pl. 1.2, fig. 7. — Morris & Fortey 1985: pl. 1, fig. 10. — Buchholz 1991: 222, pl. 2, fig. 2; 1997: 251, pl. 20, figs 7, 8. — Rudolph 1994: 197, 198, pl. 22, fig. 8 (?). — Cotton 2001: text.fig. 1A, pl. 3, figs 1-4. — Young et al. 2002:, pl. 4, fig. xiii (?). — Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 37. — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 75, 76, figs 44A-E. — Bushuev & Makarova 2016: 15, 16, pl. 1, fig. 4. Meneviella viatrix Shergold, 1973: 21-25, pl. 10, fig. 1; pl. 11, figs 1-4; pl. 12, figs 1-8. Dasometopus groenlandicus – Babcock 1994: 87, 88, fig. 7.3. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen no. SM A1033, Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom, originally figured in Hicks (1872) and designated as lectotype by Stubblefield (1951), from the Menevian of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium with wide border; glabella two thirds of cranidial length with three pairs of furrows, S1 curves back to occipital furrow axially, S2 and S3 short; occipital furrow arching forward axially; occipital ring with node; fixigena divided by ridges that run out from eye ridges, tapering backwards and spread out to anterior part by splitting into venulose markings, posterior part granulated. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 16 cranidia of Meneviella venulosa (for NFM numbers seeAppendix 1). All specimens range between 10.00 and 16.55 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Meneviella venulosa has a wide middle Cambrian distribution and has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the upper Paradoxides hicksi to Paradoxides davidis zones (Hutchinson, 1962). It has also been reported from western Newfoundland (Tomagnostus fissus and Ptychagnostus atavus bearing Zone 3; Kindle 1982), United States of America in Vermont (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Shaw 1966), Greenland (Ptychagnostus atavus Zone; Babcock 1994), United Kingdom in Wales (Hypagnostus parvifrons to Ptychagnostus punctuosus zones; Thomas et al. 1984; Young et al. 2002) and England (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Illing 1915), Denmark in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Buchholz 1991; Grönwall 1902; Rudolph 1994), Russia in Siberia (Tomagnostus fissus to Paradoxides hicksi zones and Anapolenus henrici Zone; e.g., Egorova et al. 1982) and Australia in Queensland (Ptychagnostus punctuosus and Goniagnostus nathorsti zones; Shergold 1973). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 11.0 mm to 17.0 mm width and from 4.5 mm to 8.0 mm length. They are well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are broken along the dorsal furrow on one side of the glabella. In smaller specimens the venulose markings are less prominent and granulation covers the whole cranidium. Cranidia from stratigraphically lower beds (three cranidia from 10.00 m) have a more prominent granulation than those from stratigraphically higher beds (12 cranidia above 15.73 m). One internal cast has a white surface (NFM F-3655). REMARKS Salter (1866a) first reported Erinnys (Harpides) venulosa as a nomen nudum. He doubted that it could be distinguished from Harpides Beyrich, 1846, but without supporting this view by additional information, e.g. descriptions or figures. Thus, the assignment is questionable and Hicks (1872) is the author who first described the species. Matthew (1899) distinguished Erinnys breviceps from Erinnys venulosa based on the marginal furrow and border of the former, which, according to him, does not border the entire cranidium of E. breviceps. Matthew’s plate 4, fig. 9 (Matthew 1899) illustrates a cranidium attached to the anterior portion of the thorax with a marginal furrow and border surrounding the whole cranidium. Therefore, the illustrated specimen is here assigned to M. venulosa. Howell (1925) repported specimens of Salter’s Erinnys venulosa and named them Bailiella venulosa without providing a description or illustrations. The assignment of his unfigured specimens is questionable. Kindle & Whittington (1959) illustrated one cranidium of Menevia venulosa which does not show the characteristic vein-like markings of the cephalon. Hence, the assignment is questionable. Note that Kindle & Whittington (1959) used Menevia in the figure description and Meneviella in the written text. Hutchinson (1962) described and illustrated different growth stages of M. venulosa, reporting that meraspid specimens (described as younger specimens by Hutchinson (1962)) show a more prominent granulation and less venulose markings than meraspid to holaspid specimens. The assumption that the specimen figured on Hutchinson’s plate 16, figure 2 (Hutchinson 1962), is a young specimen of M. venulosa cannot be assigned with certainty due to the low resolution of the image. Shergold (1973) described the new species Meneviella viatrix. According to the author, it differs from M. venulosa by a smaller size, fewer axial rings, more pygidial segments, and weaker geniculation in the posterior cranidial margin. The body size is a questionable taxonomic characteristic (Müller 1994). In combination with the fewer axial rings, Shergold’s (1973) almost completely articulated specimens may represent a late meraspis stage. Cephala figured by Shergold (1973) are indistinguishable from M. venulosa, especially as no weaker geniculation (diagnostic character introduced by Shergold [1973]) is seen in the posterior cranidial margin. The different number of axial rings may represent a different ontogenetic stage or represent a possible variation within M. venulosa. Shergold (1973) only figured one disarticulated and two slightly deformed pygidia, all three attached to the thorax. The material is preserved and illustrated insufficiently to determine the number of pygidial axial rings. Therefore, M. viatrix is here interpreted to be a synonym of M. venulosa. One cranidium of M. venulosa figured by Egorova et al. (1982: pl. 3, fig. 10) is illustrated insufficiently. Therefore, the assignment is here considered questionable. Babcock (1994) defined the new species Dasometopus groenlandicus. The illustrated fragment in his figure 7.3 shows the vein-like markings of the cephalon characteristic for M. venulosa and was attributed to this species by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). Their suggestion is followed here. A small cranidium with a disarticulated glabella was illustrated as M. venulosa by Rudolph (1994: pl. 22, fig. 8), whose material includes several juvenile cranidida. The illustrated specimen does not show the characteristic vein-like markings of the cephalon. The case is similar to the incomplete cranidium illustrated by Young et al. (2002: pl. 4, fig. xiii). The illustrated specimen does not show the characteristic venulose markings, possibly due to the resolution of the illustration. In both cases, the assignment to M. venulosa is therefore questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1065-1066, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","SALTER J. W. 1873. - A Catalogue of the Collection of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils Contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 204 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / cbo 9780511710827","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","SALTER J. W. 1866 a. - Notes on the sections and fossils. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: 284 - 286. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29381766","WALCOTT C. D. 1884. - On the Cambrian faunas of North America: preliminary studies. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 10: 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38396","MATTHEW G. F. 1899. - Studies on Cambrian Faunas, No. 4 - Fragments of the Cambrian Faunas of Newfoundland. Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 5: 67 - 95. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 10793335","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","HOWELL B. F. 1925. - The faunas of the Cambrian Paradoxides Beds at Manuels, Newfoundland. Bulletins of American Paleontology 11 (43): 1 - 140. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30406756","LAKE P. 1938. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 11. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 91: 249 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1938.12035656","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","KINDLE C. H. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Some stratigraphic problems of the Cow Head area in western Newfoundland. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II 22: 7 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 2164 - 0947.1959. tb 01722. x","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SHAW A. B. 1966. - Paleontology of Northwestern Vermont, Part 11, Fossils from the Middle Cambrian St. Albans Shale. Journal of Paleontology 40 (4): 843 - 858.","KOROBOV M. N. 1973. - Trilobites of the Conocoryphidae family and their importance for the stratigraphy of Cambrian deposits. Transactions of the Academy of Science of the USSR 211: 1 - 176.","EGOROVA L. I., SHABANOV Y. Y., PEGEL T. V., SAVITSKY V. E., SUCHOV S. S. & TCHERNYSHEVA N. E. 1982. - The stratotype area of the Maya Stage (middle Cambrian of the south-eastern Siberian Platform). Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of the USSR, Transactions 8: 1 - 145.","KINDLE C. H. 1982. - The C. H. Kindle Collection: Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobites from the Cow Head Group, western Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Current research Part C 82 (1 C): 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 124681","MORRIS S. F. & FORTEY R. A. 1985. - Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Trilobita in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), Great Britain, London, 183 p.","BUCHHOLZ A. 1991. - Mittelkambrische Geschiebe vom Bornholm- Typ (Hyolithenkalk) mit Opsidiscus rugiensis n. sp. und einer reichen Begleitfauna. Archiv fur Geschiebekunde 1 (3 / 4): 217 - 224.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","YOUNG T. P., GIBBONS W. & MCCARROLL D. 2002. - Geology of the country around Pwllheli. The Stationery Office, London, 151 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","BUSHUEV E. B. & MAKAROVA A. L. 2016. - Middle Cambrian polymerid trilobites of the Chaya Formation from Ust-Mayakaya 366 well (Southeastern Siberian platform). Geology and Mineral Resources of Siberia 3 (27): 11 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.20403 / 2078 - 0575 - 2016 - 3 - 11 - 23","SHERGOLD J. H. 1973. - A new conocoryphid trilobite from the Middle Cambrian of western Queensland. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 126: 19 - 26.","BABCOCK L. E. 1994. - Systematics and phylogenetics of polymeroid trilobites from the Henson Gletscher and Kap Stanton formations (middle Cambrian), North Greenland. Gronlands Geologiske Undersogelse, Bulletin 169: 79 - 127.","STUBBLEFIELD C. J. 1951. - New names for the trilobite genera Menevia Lake and Psilocephalus Salter. Geological Magazine 88 (3): 213 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800069272","THOMAS A. T., OWENS R. M. & RUSHTON A. W. A. 1984. - Trilobites in British stratigraphy. Geological Society of London Special Report 16: 1 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / gj. 3350200210","BEYRICH E. 1846. - Untersuchungen uber Trilobiten: zweites Stuck als Fortsetzung zu der Abhandlung \" Ueber einige bohmische Trilobiten \". G. Reimer, Berlin, 37 p.","MULLER A. H. 1994. - Band II: Invertebraten, Teil 2: Mollusca 2 - Arthropoda 1, 4., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 618 p."]}

Paradoxides davidis Salter, 1863 (Figs 11; 12) Paradoxides davidis Salter, 1863: 276, unnamed text fig. p. 275;1864a: 234, 235, pl. 12, figs 1-3; 1864b: 1-4, pl. 10, figs 1-8. — Linnarsson 1882: 11-14, pl. 1, figs 14, 15; pl. 2, figs 1-9. — Grönwall 1902: 106-112, pl. 2, figs 3-7. — Cobbold 1911: 287, pl. 24, figs 17a, b, 18. — Illing 1915: 428, pl. 35, figs 9-11 (?). — Lake 1935: 203- 208, pl. 27, figs 1, 2; pl. 28, figs 1-3; pl. 29, figs 1-3. — Hutchinson 1952: 76, 77, pl. 2, figs 6-8; 1962: 115, pl. 19, fig. 10; pls. 20, 21; pl. 22, figs 1-5. — Hupé 1955: fig. 77.1. — Fletcher 1972b: 92, pl. 49, fig. 11; pl. 50, figs 1-6; pl. 51, figs 1, 2. — Bergström & Levi-Setti 1978: 6, 7. Paradoxides davidis brevispinus Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 11, fig. 7c; pl. 9, fig. 5; pl. 10, figs 1-7, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis davidis Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 7, 8, fig. 7a; pl. 2, figs 1-3; pl. 3, figs 1-5; pl. 4, figs 1-11; pl. 5, figs 1-11 (?). — Levi-Setti 2014: pls 150-154, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis intermedius Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 9, 11, pl. 6, figs 1-7. — Levi-Setti 2014: pl. 159, n. syn. Paradoxides davidis trapezopyge Bergström & Levi-Setti, 1978: 8, 9, fig. 7b; pl. 6, fig. 8; pl. 7, figs 1-5; pl. 8, figs 1, 3, 4, 7, 8; pl. 9, figs 1-3. — Whittington 1992: 121, pl. 46. — Levi-Setti 2014: pls 155-158, n. syn. Paradoxides (Paradoxides) davidis davidis – Morris & Fortey 1985: pl. 7, fig. 3, pl. 8, fig. 4 (?). — Martin & Dean 1988: 18, pl. 4, figs 11-17(partim). — Fletcher 2007: 47, figs 8G-I. — Fletcher & Greene 2013: 514, pl. 3, figs 7, 9-11, 14, 15. Plutonides hicksi – Vaněk et al. 1999: 36, pl. 1, figs 1, 2, 5, 6. Paradoxides (P.) davidis – Fletcher 2006: 34, figs 9, 10. — Rees et al. 2014: figs 1.10, 1.11b. HOLOTYPE. — Specimens no. BM 45083 and BM 45084, British Museum, London, United Kingdom by original designation, from the Menevian Group of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales, United Kingdom. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella with S1 curved backwards, S2 curved forward abaxially and backward axially, S3 and S4 absent; frontal lobe more than half of total glabellar length; occipital furrow curves slightly forward axially; librigenal spines and doublure lineated bifurcating and anastomosing, creating a narrow mashed net; thorax with 19 segments; posterior pleural spines extend far beyond pygidium; pygidium with concave posterior margin and axis with one ring (based on Lake 1935; Fletcher 1972b, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 124 cephala, mostly cranidia, some doublures, and seven pygidia of Paradoxides davidis (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). All specimens range between 9.56 and 17.89 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Paradoxides davidis is an important regional biostratigraphical marker of the middle Cambrian (Howell 1925; Lake 1935; Hutchinson 1962), which has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides davidis and Ptychagnostus punctuosus zones (Hutchinson 1962; Fletcher 1972b; Martin & Dean 1988; Whittington 1992; Fletcher 2006, 2007; Fletcher & Greene 2013). It has also been reported from southeastern Canada in Nova Scotia (Hutchinson 1952), United Kingdom in Wales (Paradoxides davidis Zone; Salter 1863, 1864a; Lake 1935; Rees et al. 2014) and England (Cobbold 1911; Illing 1915), Denmark (Grönwall 1902), Sweden (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Linnarsson 1882; Westergård 1953) and the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone; Vaněk et al. 1999). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 38.0 mm to 62.0 mm width and 31.0 mm to 55.0 mm length, while the pygidia range from 7.0 to 9.0 mm width and 10.0 mm to 12.0 mm length. The preservation of the cranidia is very good and the preservation of the pygidia is good, both preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some cranidial internal casts have a groove lining from the frontal margin across the glabella towards the middle to outer margin of the occipital ring. Some cranidia bear a small, macroscopically slightly visible node on the occipital ring. Several specimens are pyritized. The glabella is always the most well-preserved part of the cranidium. The pleural spines are usually broken. When preserved, the posterior pleural spines reach at least twice the pygidial length. Pygidia are shaped trapezoidally. REMARKS According toLake (1935) Paradoxides davidis is closely related to Paradoxides tessini Brongniart, 1822. Pa. tessini has a longer palpebral lobe, a blunter front margin of the glabella, a less backward-curved S1 furrow, 21 thoracic segments and a rounded posterior margin of the pygidium (Lake 1935). Illing (1915) described and figured one doublure and two thoracic fragments of Pa. davidis. The fragment illustrated on pl. 35, fig. 10, only consists of four to possibly five outer pleurae without the axis, whereas the specimen on pl. 35, fig. 11, is overexposed. An assignment of the two specimens to any species is therefore questionable. Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) divided Pa. davidis into four subspecies: Paradoxides davidis davidis, Paradoxides davidis trapezopyge, Paradoxides davidis intermedius and Paradoxides davidis brevispinus. They distinguish them (Pa. davidis davidis, Pa. davidis trapezopyge and Pa. davidis intermedius) by their mean pygidial width ratio, while the fourth, Paradoxides davidis brevispinus, is distinguished by the mean pygidial width ratio, a coarse ornamentation and notably short pleural spines. We here propose, that the identification of this latter subspecies is thus only applicable when the pygidium is attached to the thorax and cephalon. The articulated specimens of Pa. davidis davidis figured by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978: pl. 3, figs 1, 2) have poorly preserved cephala and pygidia; their assignment to any species is here suggested questionable. Pygidial variations identified in Pa. davidis, as described by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978), are herein interpreted as an intraspecific variation. The coarse ornamentation described byBergström & Levi-Setti (1978) is not identified in all specimens assigned to Pa. davidis brevispinus (e.g., Bergström & Levi-Setti 1978: pl. 10, fig. 6), while it is visible on the thorax on their pl. 8, fig. 8, assigned to Pa. davidis trapezopyge. The presence, or absence of ornamentation is therefore here interpreted as either an intraspecific variation or a matter of preservation. The short pleural spines are not as notable as mentioned by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) and are consequently not considered to be a reliable diagnostic characteristic. Based on the here described 123 cranidia and only seven pygidia, none of them attached to the cephalon, we suggest that a division of Pa. davidis into subspecies is not applicable. Pa. davidis davidis figured by Morris & Fortey (1985: pl. 7, fig. 3) is a poorly preserved mould of a cephalon attached to the anterior portion of the thorax, crossed by several cracks. The S2 furrow apparently is aligned parallel to the S1 furrow, which does not match the diagnosis of Pa. davidis. Based on the preservation and the shape of S2 the assignment to this species is questionable. Martin & Dean (1988) assigned their specimens to the subspecies Pa. davidis davidis but included all subspecies introduced by Bergström & Levi-Setti (1978) in their list of synonyms. The juvenile cranidium illustrated by Martin & Dean (1988) on plate 4, figure 4, has four glabellar furrows and eye lobes reaching from S4 to L1. These characteristics do not agree with the diagnosis of Pa. davidis which is characterised by two characteristic glabellar furrows. The specimen is here excluded from the genus. The nearly articulated specimens documented byWhittington (1992) as Pa. davidis trapezopyge match the characteristics of Pa. davidis and are here assigned to the species. Vaněk et al. (1999) discussed and figured specimens assigned to Plutonides hicksi (Salter, 1866b). The illustrated cranidia on plate 1, figures 1, 2 and 6, only have S1 and S2 furrows with the typical shape of those of Pa. davidis; they are here assigned to Pa. davidis. Specimens illustrated by Fletcher (2007) and Fletcher & Greene (2013) assigned to Paradoxides (Paradoxides) davidis davidis show the characteristics of Pa. davidis and are hence assigned to this species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1067-1070, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SALTER J. W. 1863. - On the discovery of Paradoxides in Britain. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 19 (1): 274 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1863.019.01 - 02.28","LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","COBBOLD E. S. 1911. - Trilobites from the Paradoxides beds of Comley (Shropshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 67 (3): 282 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1911.067.01 - 04.12","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","LAKE P. 1935. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 9. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 88: 197 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1935.12035634","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1952. - The stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 263: 1 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 101599","HUPE P. 1955. - Classification des trilobites. Annales de Paleontologie 41: 91 - 345.","FLETCHER T. P. 1972 b. - Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian Trilobite Faunas of the Southwest Avalon, Newfoundland, Part Two, Palaeontology & Bibliography. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 294 p.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1992. - Trilobites. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 145 p.","MORRIS S. F. & FORTEY R. A. 1985. - Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Trilobita in the British Museum (Natural History). Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), Great Britain, London, 183 p.","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","FLETCHER T. P. & GREENE B. A. 2013. - An unusual mid-Cambrian faunule from St. John's Island, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50 (5): 503 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 2012 - 0119","VANEK J., VALICEK J. & VOKAC V. 1999. - Plutonides hicksi (Salter) from the Middle Cambrian of Skryje-Tyrovice are (Czech Republic). Palaeontologia Bohemiae 5 (6): 36 - 38.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","REES A., THOMAS A., LEWIS M., HUGHES H. & TURNER P. 2014. - Cambrian of Sw Wales: towards a united Avalonian Stratigraphy. Memoirs of the Geological Society London 42: 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / m 42.0","HOWELL B. F. 1925. - The faunas of the Cambrian Paradoxides Beds at Manuels, Newfoundland. Bulletins of American Paleontology 11 (43): 1 - 140. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 30406756","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SALTER J. W. 1864 a. - On some new fossils from the Lingula-flags of Wales. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 20: 233 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1864.020.01 - 02.33","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59.","BRONGNIART A. 1822. - Les Trilobites, in BRONGNIART A. & DESMAREST A. - G. (eds), Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et geologiques. F. - G. Levrault, Paris and Strasbourg: 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66799","SALTER J. W. 1866 b. - On the fossils of North Wales, in RAMSAY A. C. & SALTER J. W. (eds), The Geology of North Wales. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London: 239 - 381."]}

Clarella venusta (Billings, 1872) (Fig. 16) Anapolenus venustus Billings, 1872: 474-476, fig.11;1874: 73, 74, fig.42. Clarella venusta – Hutchinson 1962: 111, 112, pl. 17, figs 7-10. — Martin & Dean 1988: 19, pl. 1, fig. 13. — Whittington et al. 1997: figs 308.1a, b. — Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 11 (partim). LECTOTYPE. — Specimen GSC No. 284a, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, designated as lectotype by Whittington et al. (1997). From Chapel Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella not reaching anterior margin; L4 short; eye lobes from L1 to S4; pygidium with two pairs of short marginal spines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Three cranidia of Clarella venusta (NFM F-3069; NFM F-3548; NFM F-3657). All specimens range between 16.25 and 16.27 m (Fig. 2) within the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Clarella venusta is rare in the middle Cambrian and only reported from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis zones (Hutchinson 1962; Martin & Dean 1988; Fletcher 2006). DESCRIPTION The cranidium (NFM F-3096) is 22.2 mm in width and 15.8 mm in length. The width of the glabella is 10.3 mm and the length is 10.8 mm. Due to the preservation of NFM F-3548; NFM F-3657 a solid measurment was not possible. The three cranidia are preserved as one disarticulated internal cast and two moulds. REMARKS The cranidium of Clarella venusta is similar to Clarella impar (Hicks, 1872). The palpebral lobes of C. venusta are narrower and curved more sigmoidally than those of C. impar (Cook, 1997). The librigena illustrated by Fletcher (2006: pl. 34, fig. 12) is disarticulated and its suture of the librigena does not match that of C. venusta. It is here excluded from the species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1075, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","COOK A. F. 1997. - Temporary exposure of the Middle Cambrian, Warwickshire, England. Geological Magazine 114 (1): 33 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800043405"]}

Bailiella aequalis (Linnarsson, 1882) (Fig. 8) Conocoryphe aequalis Linnarsson, 1882: 25, 26, pl. 4, figs 12-15. — Grönwall 1902: 92, pl. 1, fig. 22. Conocoryphe (C.) aequalis – Cobbold 1913: 32, pl. 3, figs 18a-c (?). Bailiella aequalis – Westergård 1950: 28, 29, pl. 5, fig. 13; pl. 6, figs 1-3. — Rudolph 1994: 191, pl. 23, figs 6, 7 (?). — Sdzuy 2000: 308, pl. 3, figs 11-15; pl. 7, figs 4-6 (?). Bailiella aff. aequalis – Šnajdr 1958: 166, pl. 35, figs 1-5. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen originally figured by Linnarsson (1882: pl. 14, fig. 12) and designated as lectotype by Westergård (1950). From the Ptychagnostus puntuosus Zone, lower portion, Andrarum, Scania, Sweden. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium width/length ratio of c. 2/1; anterior margin narrow; occipital ring without node; packed coarse granulose ornamentation, grains with flattened to impressed top (based on Linnarsson 1882, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One cranidium of Bailiella aequalis (NFM F-3811). Collected at 5.90 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Bailiella aequalis is a rare middle Cambrian species (Westergård 1950), which is here documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi Zone (Fig. 2). It is also reported from United Kingdom, England (Cobbold 1913), Sweden (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Westergård 1950), Denmark in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone; Rudolph 1994) and Germany (Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidium is 40.0 mm wide and 21.0 mm long. The glabella is 11.0 mm wide and 12.0 mm long. It is very wellpreserved as an internal cast, with an anterior margin that appears to be folded backwards. REMARKS Bailiella aequalis is closely related to Bailiella tenuicincta (Linnarsson, 1879), but differs by a shorter preglabellar area and packed granulose ornamentation. The ornamentation of B.tenuicincta is fine granulose with scattered grains (Linnarsson 1882). According to Linnarsson (1882) B. aequalis lacks a node on the occipital ring, differing from B. tenuicincta in which this node is present (Linnarsson 1879). Cobbold (1913) described B. aequalis based on six cranidia of which one was illustrated. He mentioned that these specimens were collected from a coarse sediment and that fine structures might therefore not be preserved.However,the shape of outline as well as the width/length ratio (c. 1.5/1) of the illustrated incomplete cranidium on his plate 3, figure 18a, does not match B. aequalis. We therefore regard the assignment as questionable. A pygidium illustrated by Rudolph (1994: pl. 23, fig. 7) as B. aequalis is doubtful as no diagnosis is known to us for the pygidium of this species. Sdzuy (2000) described and figured several cranidia of B. aequalis. As he also mentioned the fragment of a fixed cheek on plate 3, figure15, cannot definitely be assigned to the species and hence the assignment is here considered questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1063-1064, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","COBBOLD E. S. 1913. - Two Species of Paradoxides from Neve's Castle (Shropshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 69: 45 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1913.069.01 - 04.05","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","LINNARSSON G. 1879. - Om faunan i kalken med Conocoryphe exsulans (\" Coronatuskalken \"). Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 35: 1 - 31."]}

Jincella ? applanata (Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869) (Fig. 6) Conocoryphe applanata Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869: 53, 54, pl. 2, figs 1, 2, 4, 5. Solenopleura applanata – Reed 1900: 252, 257. — Illing 1915: 432, pl. 37, figs 8, 9. — Nicholas 1915: 463, 464, pl. 39, figs 8, 9 (?). — Lake 1931: 137-139, pl. 17, figs 2-12. — Cobbold & Pocock 1934: 365, pl. 43, fig. 1 (?). Solenopleura cf. applanata – Illing 1915: 433, pl. 37, fig. 10 (?). Parasolenopleura ? applanata – Martin & Dean 1988: 20, 21, pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 3, figs 3, 6, 8, 14, 15. Bailiaspis venusta – Cotton 2001: pl. 4, fig. 7. Parasolenopleura applanata – Young et al. 2002: pl. 4, fig. x. Parasolenopleura cf. applanata – Young et al. 2002: pl. 4, fig. iv. Solenopleura cf. applanata –Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002: 341, figs5d-f. Jincella applanata – Fletcher 2006: pl. 34, fig. 36. Brunswicki (Jincella) applanata – Fletcher 2007: 50, 51, figs 7C- G, K-M, T. Solenopleura ? applanata – Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 82, 83, figs 50 A-I. SYNTYPES. — Specimen BGS 7004 (British Geological Survey, Keyworth, United Kingdom) originally figured by Salter & Hicks (1869), counterpart BGS 7005 figured by Lake (1931) and SM A 271, A 3238 and A 3248 (Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge, United Kingdom). All syntypes were identified by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). From the Menevian of Port-y-rhaw, St. David’s, Wales. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella parabolic, with three pairs of furrows; preglabellar field less wide than the associated anterior border; surface finely granulated with scattered granules (based on Salter & Hicks 1869; Fletcher 2007, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 355 cranidia of Jincella ? applanata (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). Three are attached to the thorax and one has one librigena attached (NFM F-3595). The specimens are well to very well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are pyritized. All specimens range between 4.44 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURENCE. — Jincella ? applanata is documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Tomagnostus fissus, Ptychagnostus atavus, Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis zones (Martin & Dean 1988; Fletcher 2006, 2007). It has also been reported from the United Kingdom in Wales (Salter & Hicks 1869; Nicholas 1915; Young et al. 2002) and England (Tomagnostus fissus to Solenopleura brachymetop zones and Ptychagnostus atavus Zone; Illing 1915; Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002), and from Denmark (Acidusus atavus Zone; Weidner & Nielsen 2014). DESCRIPTION The size of the cranidium ranges from 3.5 mm to 16.0 mm width and from 2.1 mm to 12.0 mm length, while the cranidial shape varies from rounded to trapezoidal. In some rounded shaped cranidia the fixigena in front of the glabella are separated by a shallow depression from each other. Eye ridges are faint and frequently even absent in specimens with preserved ornamentation. Some moulds and occasional internal casts show vein-like markings in front of the eye ridges. One specimen (NFM F-3595) is preserved with an attached librigena, also showing vein-like markings on the cranidium and the librigena. The glabella is always more domed than the cheeks. The posterior pair of glabellar furrows bend down slightly towards the occipital ring. The second pair of furrows only reaches half the length of the posterior ones and parallels these. The anterior pair is shortest and crosses the glabella more horizontally. Some specimens show a small node on the occipital ring. Where preserved, ornamentation consists of more or less densely packed scattered granules on the cephalon, and scattered granules on the thorax. REMARKS Jincella ? applanata was first assigned to the genus Conocoryphe Hawle & Corda, 1847, by Salter & Hicks (1869). Reed (1900) discussed Conocoryphe and concluded that J.? applanata was better assigned to Solenopleura Angelin, 1854. Subsequent authors assigned the species to Parasolenopleura Westergård, 1953 (Martin & Dean 1988; Young et al. 2002), Jincella Šnajdr, 1957 (Álvaro et al. 2004; Fletcher 2006), or Brunswickia (Jincella) Šnajdr, 1957 (Fletcher 2007). Martin & Dean (1988) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014) marked the genus with a question mark, which reflects the uncertainty regarding the generic ranking. As pointed out by Rushton & Berg-Madsen (2002), Fletcher (2007) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014), among other authors, note that the family is in need for a revision. Therefore, the present material is here provisionally assigned to the genus Jincella. Regarding the authorship of the species, it is remarkable that several authors (e.g., Illing 1915; Lake 1931; Fletcher 2007) attribute it to Salter. In Salter & Hicks (1869), a H.H. abbreviation following the description of J.? applanata clarifies that Henry Hicks has written this part. Consequently, the correct authorship must be J.? applanata (Hicks in Salter & Hicks, 1869) as done by Weidner & Nielsen (2014). Illing (1915) figured one juvenile cranidium assigned to J.? applanata. The image on pl. 37, fig. 10, is overexposed and the assignment therefore questionable. Nicholas (1915) presented drawings of two cranidia, both attached to the thorax. In his plate 39, figures 8, 9, the preglabellar area is relatively wide. This is unlike the diagnosis of J.? applanata, therefore the assignment is considered as questionable. Lake (1931) presented drawings of specimens previously figured by Salter & Hicks (1869), Nicholas (1915) and Illing (1915). These drawings show a preglabellar area wider than in the original figures. As Lakes’ (1931) description matches J.? applanata, the wider preglabellar area is here considered to be a matter of uncertainty in the author’s drawings. Cobbold & Pocock (1934) listed measurements of one illustrated specimen. The drawing of the cranidium has a wide preglabellar area and the eyes are situated close to the glabella. This does not match the characteristic short preglabellar area and the range of cranidial outlines known from J.? applanata. Therefore, the specieslevel assignment is questionable. Cotton (2001) figured one cranidium assigned to Bailiaspis venusta Resser, 1937, without presenting a description. However, the figured specimen has eyes and can therefore not be assigned to Bailiaspis, nor to its family Conocoryphidae Angelin, 1854. Instead, it matches J.? applanata and is here assigned to this species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1060-1062, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SALTER J. W. & HICKS H. 1869. - On some fossils from the \" Menevian Group \". The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 25 (1): 51 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1868.024.01 - 02.61","REED F. R. C. 1900. - On the British species of the genus Conocoryphe, Woodwardian Museum Notes, 4. Geological Magazine 7 (6): 250 - 257. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800176885","ILLING V. C. 1915. - The Paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shale. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (1 - 4): 386 - 450. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.17","NICHOLAS T. C. 1915. - Notes on the trilobite fauna of the Middle Cambrian of the St. Tudwal's Peninsula (Carnarvonshire). The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 71 (3): 451 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1915.071.01 - 04.18","LAKE P. 1931. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 6. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 83: 121 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1931.12035616","COBBOLD E. S. & POCOCK R. W. 1934. - The Cambrian area of Rushton (Shropshire). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 223: 305 - 409. https: // doi. org / 10.1098 / rstb. 1934.0008","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","YOUNG T. P., GIBBONS W. & MCCARROLL D. 2002. - Geology of the country around Pwllheli. The Stationery Office, London, 151 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59.","SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","ALVARO J. J., VIZCAINO D., KORDULE V., FATKA O. & PILLOLA G. L. 2004. - Some solenopleurine trilobites from the Languedocian (Late Mid Cambrian) of Western Europe. Geobios 37: 135 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.03.009","RESSER C. E. 1937. - New species of Cambrian trilobites of the family Conocoryphidae. Journal of Paleontology 11 (1): 39 - 42."]}

Genus Meneviella Stubblefield, 1951 Meneviella Stubblefield, 1951: 213. — Type species: Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872, by monotypy. Erinnys Hicks, 1872: 177. — Type species: Erinnys venulosa Hicks, 1872, by monotypy (Hicks 1872). Salteria – Walcott 1884: 31. Menevia – Lake 1938: 270-272. DIAGNOSIS. — Body elongate; micropygous; cephalon semicircular, wide and convex; fixigena meet in front of glabella; eye ridges at anterior third of glabella, tapering away; pair of librigenal spines; thorax of 25 segments or more with narrowing axis; pygidium small, axis tapering (based on Harrington et al. 1959, with modifications). REMARKS Hicks (1872) first described Erinnys venulosa. The name Erinnys was occupied by Schrank & Schrank (1801) who named a genus of butterflies Erynnis. Walcott (1884) recognized the circumstances and renamed the genus Salteria in honour of Salter. However, Salteria was already in use for another trilobite described by Thomson (1864), which was mentioned by Lake (1938). Lake (1938) gave the name Menevia to the genus, but this name was preoccupied by Schaus (1928). Stubblefield (1951) introduced Meneviella as a new generic name, which is still recognized today., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1065, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["STUBBLEFIELD C. J. 1951. - New names for the trilobite genera Menevia Lake and Psilocephalus Salter. Geological Magazine 88 (3): 213 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800069272","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","WALCOTT C. D. 1884. - On the Cambrian faunas of North America: preliminary studies. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 10: 1 - 75. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38396","LAKE P. 1938. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 11. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 91: 249 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1938.12035656","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","SCHRANK F. & SCHRANK P. 1801. - Vorlaufige Abhandlung. Betrachtungen uber die Verwandlungen der Insekten, die Lehre der Einschachtelung, und die Erzeugung organischer Korper. Fauna Boica - Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere 2: 274 p. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35751042","THOMSON P. W. 1864. - British fossils. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom 11: 1 - 5. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45185852","SCHAUS W. 1928. - 10. Familie Mimallonidae, in SEITZ A. (ed.), Die Grossschmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, 6. Band, Die Amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Alfred Kern Verlag, Stuttgart: 635 - 673. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 56064676"]}

Acontheus inarmatus Hutchinson, 1962 (Fig. 17) Acontheus inarmatus Hutchinson, 1962: 109, pl. 16, figs 8a, b, 9. Acontheus inarmatus minutus Sdzuy, 2000: 307, pl. 3, figs 1-5 (partim). — Geyer 2010: unnamed plate p. 84, fig. 7. — Heuse et al. 2010: fig. 4.16. HOLOTYPE. — Specimen no. GSC No. 12053, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, by original designation, from the Manuels River Formation on the north shore of Highland Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, Canada. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella expands anteriorly up to three times wider than posterior part; faint glabellar furrows; rounded, inflated fixigenae; rounded genal angle; punctuate exoskeleton. MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 14 cranidia of Acontheus inarmatus (for NFM numbers seeAppendix 1). All specimens range between 15.63 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Acontheus inarmatus is a rare middle Cambrian taxon, reported from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides davidis Zone (Hutchinson 1962). It has further been documented from Germany (Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 1.4 mm to 4.1 mm in width and from 1.3 mm to 3.9 mm in length. The cranidia are well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. The glabella is more domed than the cheeks and glabellar furrows are faintly preserved in two specimens (NFM F-3143 and NFM F-3659). The specimens have a smooth to slightly punctuate surface and none has the exoskeleton preserved.Two specimens bear an occipital node (NFM F-3211 and NFM F-3701) and three are pyritized. REMARKS Sdzuy (2000) introduced Acontheus inarmatus minutus based on a smoother exoskeleton than in Hutchinson’s (1962) specimens and a slightly differing occipital ring. Sdzuy (2000) acknowledged that these differences in eight cranidia and one pygidium, may have resulted from poor preservation of his specimens. We also refer to these differences as preservational and the result of intraspecific variation and assign Ac. inarmatus minutus as a synonym. The pygidium figured by Sdzuy (2000: pl. 3, fig. 6) does not match the characteristics of Acontheus and is here excluded from the genus. Geyer (2010) and Heuse et al. (2010) followed Sdzuy (2000) in applying the subspecies and illustrated both one of Sdzuy’s (2000) cranidia. The cranidia show the characteristics of Ac. inarmatus, so the specimens are here assigned to the species., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1076, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","GEYER G. 2010. - Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician of the Franconian Forest, in FATKA O. & BUDIL P. (eds), The 15 th Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group, Abstracts and Excursion Guide. Czech Geological Suvey, Prague: 78 - 92.","HEUSE T., BLUMENSTENGEL H., ELICKI O., GEYER G., HANSCH W., MALETZ J., SARMIENTO G. N. & WEYER D. 2010. - Biostratigraphy - The faunal province of the southern margin of the Rheic Ocean, in LINNEMANN U. & ROMER R. L. (eds), Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia - From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart: 99 - 170."]}

Genus Jincella Šnajdr, 1957 Jincella Šnajdr, 1957: 241. TYPE SPECIES. — Solenopleura prantli Růžička, 1946, by original designation. DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella bluntly conical, not reaching frontal border; three pairs of shallow glabellar furrows; arched preglabellar area; arched cephalic border, widest in front of cranidium; ornamentation covering cranidium except for furrows and palpebral lobes; occipital ring with small node; thorax of 14 segments; pygidium small, with four to five rings on axis (based on Šnajdr 1957, 1958; Álvaro et al. 2004, with modifications). REMARKS The genus Jincella is closely related to the genus Solenopleura Angelin, 1854. Jincella has variously been treated as a junior synonym of Solenopleura (e.g., Rushton & Berg-Madsen 2002), while other authors (e.g., Geyer 1998; Álvaro et al. 2004) separated the two based on the relative convexity of the glabella, fixigenae, anterior border and eye lobes. Ornamentation is another reliable diagnostic characteristic in Jincella, even though this has been questioned by Fletcher (2007), who ranked Jincella as a subgenus to Brunswickia Howell, 1937. Based on the original description of Howell (1937) and images of the specimens assigned to the genus Brunswickia, the shape of the cranidium in Brunswickia is narrower than that of Jincella. We here follow Álvaro et al. (2004) and interpret the presence of ornamentation of Jincella as a diagnostic characteristic. We therefore maintain the separation of Jincella from Brunswickia and Solenopleura and treat the genus as a member of Solenopleuridae, thus following e.g., Harrington et al. (1959), Courtessole (1973), Geyer (1998) and Álvaro et al. (2004)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1060, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","RUZICKA R. 1946. - O nekterych vyznacnych trilobitech skryjskeho kambria. Vestnik Kralovske ceske spolecnosti nauk, Trida Mathematicko- Prirodovedecka: 1 - 26.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","ALVARO J. J., VIZCAINO D., KORDULE V., FATKA O. & PILLOLA G. L. 2004. - Some solenopleurine trilobites from the Languedocian (Late Mid Cambrian) of Western Europe. Geobios 37: 135 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2003.03.009","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","GEYER G. 1998. - Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (4): 374 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 97 - 127","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","HOWELL B. F. 1937. - Cambrian Centropleura vermontensis fauna of northwestern Vermont. Geological Society of America Bulletin 48 (8): 1147 - 1210. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / Gsab- 48 - 1147","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","COURTESSOLE R. 1973. - Le Cambrien moyen de la Montagne Noire: Biostratigraphie. Laboratoire de Geologie CEARN de la Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse, Toulouse, 248 p."]}

Genus Plutonides Hicks, 1895 Plutonides Hicks, 1895: 230, 231. — Type species: Plutonia sedgwickii Hicks, 1871, designated by Whittington et al. (1997). Plutonia Hicks, 1869: 69. — Type species: Plutonia sedgwickii Hicks, 1871, by monotypy. Paradoxides (Mawddachites) Fletcher, 2007: 47. — Type species: Paradoxides hicksii Salter, 1866b, by original designation (Fletcher 2007). DIAGNOSIS. — Surface ornamented; glabella widest at S4 furrow, frontal margin bluntly pointed; S2 to S4 present; palpebral lobes oblique, extending from S1 to S4; posterior section of facial suture sigmoidal; thorax with 19 segments; pygidium with one axial ring (based on Hicks 1869; Whittington et al. 1997, with modifications). REMARKS Plutonia was first described by Hicks (1869) but the name Plutonia was used by Stabile (1864) for a genus of Mollusca. Therefore, Hicks (1895) renamed the genus Plutonides which is still recognized today. Fletcher (2007) introduced the subgenus Paradoxides (Mawddachites) based on ‘ Paradoxides hicksii ’ as type species. His diagnosis only includes Pl. hicksii. Diagnostic characteristics presented by the author included a glabella widest at S4, deep S1 to S4 furrows, palpebral lobes extending from the base of L5 to S1, a pygidium almost circular in outline and an exoskeleton ornamented with fine anastomosing venation or granulation. These characteristics match those given byWhittington et al. (1997) for Plutonides, e.g. the characteristic glabella widening to L4, well defined S2 to S4 furrows, palpebral lobes from L1 or S1 to S4, pygidium subhexagonal and a coarsely granulose surface with meshlike pattern of fine, anastomosing ridges. We therefore interpret Paradoxides (Mawddachites) as a synonym of Plutonides. The distinctly narrow occipital ring and the relatively narrow librigena extending backward into a long curving spine, as mentioned by Fletcher (2007) for Pa. (Mawddachites), are here considered not to be diagnostic. Hicks (1869) already mentioned a close relationship between Plutonides and Paradoxides, but the author still referred to Plutonides as differing by its ornamentation of tubercles, unusual position of the eye suture and straight thoracic pleurae. Fletcher et al. (2005) ranked Plutonides as subgenus of Paradoxides, but this view is not followed here. Plutonides does not have a transglabellar S2 furrow, which is characteristic for Paradoxides. Other diagnostic differences in Plutonides are a shorter palpebral lobe and a bluntly pointed frontal margin compared to a rounded in Paradoxides. They clearly mark the separation of the genus Plutonides from Paradoxides., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1070, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HICKS H. 1895. - On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine 2 (5): 230 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800121193","HICKS H. 1871. - Descriptions of new species of fossils from the Longmynd rocks of St. David's. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 27 (1): 399 - 404. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35591090","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","HICKS H. 1869. - On some recent discoveries of fossils in the Cambrian rocks. Conference Proceedings of the Report of the Thirtyeighth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Norwich 38: 68 - 69. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29388265","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855","SALTER J. W. 1866 b. - On the fossils of North Wales, in RAMSAY A. C. & SALTER J. W. (eds), The Geology of North Wales. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London: 239 - 381.","STABILE J. 1864. - Mollusques terrestres vivants du Piemont. Atti della Societa Italiana si Scienze Naturali 7: 1 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12997","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg"]}

Genus Agraulos Hawle & Corda, 1847 Agraulos Hawle & Corda, 1847: 26, 27. — Type species: Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846, designated by Miller (1889). Arion Barrande, 1846: 12, 13. — Type species: Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846, by monotypy (Barrande 1846). Arionides – Barrande 1847: 391. Herse Hawle & Corda, 1847: 19. — Type species: Herse neubergii Hawle & Corda, 1847, by monotypy (Hawle & Corda 1847). Arionellus – Barrande 1852b: 404. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium parabolic and domed; exoskeleton thick; glabella domed, equal-sided to trapezoidal; preglabellar field long; thorax of 16 segments (based onLake 1932; Harrington et al. 1959; Fletcher 2017, with modifications). REMARKS The genus was first described by Barrande (1846) as Arion. As the name Arion was occupied by a genus of gastropods, Hawle & Corda (1847) renamed the trilobite Arion to Agraulos. Barrande (1847) corrected his mistake and renamed the genus to Arionides. Barrande (1852b) re-renamed the genus to Arionellus, as in his opinion Arionides might still be challenged by other authors. He rejected Agraulos Hawle & Corda (1847) as he found the name too similar to Agraulis, a genus of butterflies. Nevertheless, Pompeckj (1896) and Lake (1932) stated that a similarity of names, i.e. Agraulos and Agraulis, was not an adequate reason to reject the name given by Hawle & Corda (1947). Therefore, Agraulos is now the name established for this genus. Lake (1932) mentioned that Hawle & Corda (1847) described juvenile forms of Agraulos as the new genus Herse. The genus Agraulos is closely related to Skreiaspis Růžička, 1946, but differs by a longer preglabellar field (Harrington et al. 1959). Agraulos is here included in the family Agraulidae Howell, 1937, following e.g., Harrington et al. (1959), Martin & Dean (1988), Jell & Adrain (2002), Bentley & Jago (2004) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014). The limiting of Agraulidae to a subfamily of the family Solenopleuridae Angelin, 1854, as proposed by Fletcher (2017), is not followed herein. This latter author suggested that the same characters that support Agraulidae, as defined by Bentley & Jago (2004), are also seen in Parasolenopleura aculeata (Angelin, 1851), the reference species of the Solenopleuridae.However, the Solenopleuridae has a deep occipital furrow and a narrow border (Harrington et al. 1959), which differ from a weakly to effaced occipital furrow and presence of a preglabellar field, as characteristically seen in the Agraulidae (Harrington et al. 1959; Bentley & Jago 2004)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1055-1056, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","BARRANDE J. 1847. - Uber das Hypostoma und Epistoma, zwei analoge, aber verschiedene Organe der Trilobiten. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde 1847: 385 - 399. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 36376006","BARRANDE J. 1852 b. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Texte. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 1 - 935. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 57395510","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2017. - Agraulos ceticephalus and other Cambrian Trilobites in the subfamily Agraulinae from Bohemia, Newfoundland and Wales. Papers in Palaeontology 3 (2): 175 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1071","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","LAKE P. 1932. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 7. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 84: 149 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1932.12035620","RUZICKA R. 1946. - O nekterych vyznacnych trilobitech skryjskeho kambria. Vestnik Kralovske ceske spolecnosti nauk, Trida Mathematicko- Prirodovedecka: 1 - 26.","HOWELL B. F. 1937. - Cambrian Centropleura vermontensis fauna of northwestern Vermont. Geological Society of America Bulletin 48 (8): 1147 - 1210. https: // doi. org / 10.1130 / Gsab- 48 - 1147","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","JELL P. A. & ADRAIN J. M. 2002. - Available generic names for trilobites. Memoirs-Queensland Museum 48 (2): 331 - 552. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 52968716","BENTLEY C. J. & JAGO J. B. 2004. - Wuaniid trilobites of Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 30: 179 - 191.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","ANGELIN N. P. 1854. - Palaeontologia Scandinavica, Pars II: Crustacea Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 92 p.","ANGELIN N. P. 1851. - Palaeontologia Svecica, Pars I: Iconographia Crustaceorum Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 24 p."]}

Bailiella tenuicincta (Linnarsson, 1879) (Fig. 9) Conocoryphe tenuicincta Linnarsson, 1879: 18, 19, pl. 2, figs 23-25. Bailiella tenuicincta – Westergård 1950: 26, 27, pl. 5, figs 6a-d, 7a, b, 8a, b, 9 (?). — Hutchinson 1962: 105, 106, pl. 15, figs. 3, 4a- d. — Rudolph 1990: 19, text-fig. 4; 1994: 192, 193, pl. 23, fig. 3 (?). — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 74, fig. 43B. Bailiella aff. B. tenuicincta – Martin & Dean 1988: 19, pl. 2, figs 7, 12. Bailiella cf. tenuicincta – Chirivella Martorell et al. 2015: 177, figs 4A-I; p. 179, figs 5A, B. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen no. SGU 4524, Swedish Geological Survey (Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning), Uppsala, Sweden, originally figured in Linnarsson (1879) and designated as lectotype by Westergård (1950). From the Exsulans Limestone Bed, Tomagnostus gibbus Zone, Gislöv, on the shore 1 km south of Brantevik, Scania, Sweden. DIAGNOSIS. — Anterior margin narrow; glabella with three pairs of shallow to faint furrows; occipital ring with node; dense fine granulose ornamentation with scattered small granules (based on Linnarsson 1879, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Four cranidia of Bailiella tenuicincta (NFM F-2972; NFM F-3168; NFM F-3169; NFM F-3200). All specimens range between 8.52 and 16.67 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Bailiella tenuicincta is a rare middle Cambrian taxon, documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Paradoxides hicksi and Paradoxides davidis Zones (Hutchinson 1962; Martin & Dean 1988). The taxon also occurs in Sweden (Ptychagnostus (Triplagn.) gibbus Zone; Westergård 1950, 1953), Bornholm in Denmark, (Ptychagnostus (Triplagn.) gibbus Zone; Westergård 1950; Agnostus atavus Zone; Weidner & Nielsen, 2014) and Spain (upper Badulesia tenera to lower Badulesia granieri zones; Chirivella Martorell et al. 2015). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 7.0 mm to 34.0 mm in width and 4.4 mm to 18.0 mm in length, while the glabella varies from 2.5 to 10.0 mm in width and 2.8 to 10.5 mm in length. All specimens are well to very well-preserved internal casts. One specimen (NFM F-2972) has two to three pairs of faint glabellar furrows. Posterior pair is aligned towards the occipital ring. REMARKS The species is closely related to B. aequalis as discussed above. According to Weidner & Nielsen (2014) the stratigraphic range of B. tenuicincta is similar to that of Bailiella impressa (Linnarsson, 1879), from which it differs in having an evenly convex cranidium and shallow axial and border furrows. Westergård (1950) figured three cranidia and one pygidium. Granulation of the pygidium (Westergård 1950: pl. 5, fig. 9) corresponds to that of the cranidia and is therefore assigned to the species, but this assignment is here considered questionable. A cranidium illustrated by Rudolph (1990: 19, text-fig. 4) may correspond to B. tenuicincta, but the resolution of the image is too low to evaluate the assignment and is therefore questionable., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1064-1065, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["LINNARSSON G. 1879. - Om faunan i kalken med Conocoryphe exsulans (\" Coronatuskalken \"). Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 35: 1 - 31.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32.","HUTCHINSON R. D. 1962. - Cambrian stratigraphy and trilobite faunas of southeastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 88 (1): 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.4095 / 123902","RUDOLPH F. 1990. - Bestimmungshilfen fur Geschiebesammler, 8. Trilobiten der Familie Conocoryphidae aus dem Exulans-Kalk. Geschiebekunde Aktuell 6 (1): 17 - 19.","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","CHIRIVELLA MARTORELL J. B., LINAN E., AHLBERG P. & GOZALO R. 2015. - A blind trilobite with Baltic affinities from Cambrian Series 3 of the Iberian Chains, Spain, and its stratigraphical and paleobiogeographical significance. GFF 137 (3): 175 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11035897.2015.1061593","WESTERGARD A. H. 1953. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 3. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 526 (2): 1 - 59."]}

Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846 (Fig. 7) Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846: 13. — Roemer 1876: pl. 1, figs 8a- e. — Woodward 1905: fig. 1. — Wurm 1928: 38, pl. 5, figs 11a, b; 1928: 38, figs 12a, b. — Whittington 1957: 937-940, pl. 115, figs 21, 22; pl. 116, figs 14-21; 1988: 591, 592, figs 13A-D; pl. 53, figs 5-7; 1992: pl. 35, figs A-I; pl. 36, figs A-D; pl. 37. — Šnajdr 1958: 205-214, figs 44.1-27, 45; pl. 42, figs 1-35; pl. 44, figs 1-25; pl. 45, figs 1-24 (see this work for further synonyms prior to 1958); 1990: 102, unnamed fig. p. 37; unnamed fig. upper right corner p. 45; unnamed fig. p. 103. — Harrington et al. 1959: figs 88A- I, 204.13a, b. — Horný & Bastl 1970: pl. 4, fig. 4. — Gil Cid 1982: 23, 24, figs 2a-e; pl. 1, figs 3-5. — Fatka 1990: unnamed fig. p. 16, unnamed fig. p. 17; 2011: figs 17.1-5, 7. — König 1992: pl. 1, fig. 3. — Gozalo et al. 1994: 48. — Sdzuy 2000: 310, pl. 5, figs 7-12. — Geyer 2010: 84, figs 12, 13. — Laibl 2012: 19-22, figs 6, 7; pl. 1, figs A-L; pl. 2, figs A-L; pl. 3, figs A-L; pl. 4, figs A-H; pl. 5, figs A-J; pl. 6, figs A-H; 2017: figs 4E-G. — Laibl et al. 2014: 297-302, figs 4A-L, 5A-L, 6A-F, 8A-F. — Fatka et al. 2015: fig. 4E. Sao aff. hirsuta – Gozalo et al. 1994: 48-50, pl. 1, figs 2-6; pl. 2, figs 1-5. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen NM L 12525 (former Br-184 from the SBNM collection Barrande), National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, originally figured by Barrande (1852a) and designated as the lectotype by Šnajdr (1958). From the Buchava Formation, Skreyje Member, Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone from Skryje- Týřovice Basin, Bohemia, Czech Republic DIAGNOSIS. — As for the genus (Šnajdr 1958; Laibl et al. 2014). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One cranidium of Sao hirsuta (NFM F-3420).Collected at 15.68 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — This is the first report of Sao hirsuta from eastern Newfoundland, Canada, where it is documented from the Paradoxides davidis Zone (Fig. 2). Elsewhere, the species is known from Europe where it was documented from the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone; e.g., Šnajdr 1958), Spain (Gil Cid 1982; Gozalo et al. 1994), and Germany (Wurm 1928; Sdzuy 2000). DESCRIPTION The cranidium is 7.9 mm wide and 5.4 mm long. The glabella is 3.0 mm wide and 3.3 mm long. It is well-preserved as an internal cast and partly covered with sediment. The longitudinal glabellar furrow is not straight axially but slightly tending to the left posterior end of the glabella. REMARKS The ontogenetic development of the genus Sao and its species Sao hirsuta is well known (Warburg 1925). According to Šnajdr (1990), S. hirsuta has 22 synonyms which is one of the largest number of synonyms. For detailed list of synonyms, discussion and description of the species see Šnajdr (1958). This work follows his conclusions except for the works mentioned and added above. Sao hirsuta is common in the Czech Republic (e.g., Šnajdr 1958)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1062-1063, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","ROEMER F. 1876. - Lethaea palaeozoica. Atlas. E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 62 p.","WOODWARD H. 1905. - Further Note on Cyclus Johnsoni, from the Coal-Measures near Dudley, Part 3. Geological Magazine 2 (11): 490 - 492. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 001675680012847 x","WURM A. 1928. - Ueber eine neue mittelcambrische Fauna aus dem bayrischen Frankenwald und ihre Bedeutung fur die Stratigraphie des alteren Palaozoikums. (Conocoryphe-Schichten von Lippertsgrun). Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Palaontologie 59: 31 - 47.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1957. - Ontogeny of Elliptocephala, Paradoxides, Sao, Blainia and Triarthrus (Trilobita). Journal of Paleontology 31 (5): 934 - 946.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","HARRINGTON H. J., HENNINGSMOEN G., HOWELL B. F., JAANUSSON V., LOCHMAN- BALK C., MOORE R. C., POULSEN C., RASETTI F., RICHTER E., RICHTER R., SCHMIDT H., SDUZY K., STRUVE W., STORMER L., STUBBLEFIELD C. J., TRIPP R., WELLER J. M. & WHITTINGTON H. B. 1959. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paeontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1. The Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 560 p.","HORNY R. & BASTL F. 1970. - Type Specimens of Fossils in the National Museum Prague, Volume 1, Trilobita. Museum of National History, Prague, 354 p.","GIL CID M. D. 1982. - Los Solenopleuropsidae del Cambrico Medio de Zafra (Badajoz). Boletin Geologico y Minero 93 (1): 19 - 25.","FATKA O. 1990. - Das Kambrium von Skryje und Tyrovice, in WIEDER W. K. (ed). Klassissche Fundtsellen der Palaontologie. Band 2: 23. Fundgebiete und Aufschlusse in Danemark, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Osterreich, Schweiz und Tschechoslowakei. Goldschenk-Verlag Korb, Germany: 12 - 17.","KONIG W. 1992. - Trilobiten aus Bohmen. Arbeitskreis Palaontologie, Hannover 20 (4): 77 - 83.","GOZALO R., LINAN E. & ALVARO J. J. 1994. - Trilobites de la Subfamilia Solenopleurapsinae Thoral, 1947 del Cambrico Medio de la Unidad de Alconera (Zona de Ossa-Morena, So de Espana). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Seccion Geologica 89: 43 - 54.","SDZUY K. 2000. - Das Kambrium des Frankenwaldes, 3. Lippertsgruner Schichten und ihre Fauna. Senckenbergiana lethaea 79 (2): 301 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 03043644","GEYER G. 2010. - Cambrian and lowermost Ordovician of the Franconian Forest, in FATKA O. & BUDIL P. (eds), The 15 th Field Conference of the Cambrian Stage Subdivision Working Group, Abstracts and Excursion Guide. Czech Geological Suvey, Prague: 78 - 92.","LAIBL L. 2012. - Revize ontogeneze trilobita Sao hirsuta Barrande, 1846 z kambria Cr. Unpublished thesis, Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Prague, 61 p.","LAIBL L., FATKA O., CRONIER C. & BUDIL P. 2014. - Early ontogeny of the Cambrian trilobite Sao hirsuta from the Skryje-Tyrovice Basin, Barrandian area, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences 89 (2): 293 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1438","FATKA O., BUDIL P., CRONIER C., CUVELIER J., LAIBL L., OUDOIRE T., POLECHOVA M. & FATKOVA L. 2015. - Cambrian fossils from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic) housed in the Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Lille. Carnets de geologie 15 (9): 89 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.4267 / 2042 / 56878","LINNARSSON G. 1882. - De undre Paradoxideslagren vid Andrarum. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 54: 1 - 48.","BARRANDE J. 1852 a. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Planches. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 49 pls. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47135930","WARBURG E. 1925. - The trilobites of the Leptaena Limestones in Dalarne. Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala 17: 1 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800105886","SNAJDR M. 1990. - Bohemian Trilobites. Geological Survey, Prague, 265 p."]}

Genus Acontheus Angelin, 1851 Acontheus Angelin, 1851: 5. — Type species: Acontheus acutangulus Angelin, 1851, by original designation. Aneucanthus – Angelin 1851: X. Aneuacanthus – Barrande 1857: 17. DIAGNOSIS. — Cranidium with narrow margin; glabella expands anteriorly, extends to anterior margin; pygidium subelliptical; pygidial axis of three or four axial rings, not reaching pygidial margin; wide pleural furrows extend to border with marked posterior deflection (based on Angelin 1851; Jago et al. 2012, with modifications). REMARKS Angelin (1851) first described the genus Acontheus and renamed it in the same publication. He introduced the name Aneucanthus for the genus, but as this was preoccupied by the name of a snake, he renamed the trilobite Aconthias. Barrande (1857) used Aneuacanthus for the genus, which was also used by Lindström in the second edition of Angelin’s (1851) work that was revised and published asAngelin (1878). We suggest that Aneuacanthus was incorrectly spelled as Barrande (1857) used the name without any further discussion or explanation. According to Westergård (1950: 8) Acontheus can be distinguished from Aconthias and therefore the original name Acontheus is used herein., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1075-1076, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["ANGELIN N. P. 1851. - Palaeontologia Svecica, Pars I: Iconographia Crustaceorum Formationis Transitionis. Weigel, Leipzig and Lund, 24 p.","BARRANDE J. 1857. - Parallele entre les depots siluriens de Boheme et de Scandinavie. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft 5 (9): 1 - 67.","JAGO J. B., BENTLEY C. J. & COOPER R. A. 2012. - A Cambrian Series 3 (Guzhangian) fauna with Centropleura from Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 42: 15 - 35.","WESTERGARD A. H. 1950. - Non-agnostidean trilobites of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden 2. Sveriges Geologiska Undersokning, Ser. C 511 (9): 1 - 32."]}

Agraulos ceticephalus (Barrande, 1846) (Figs 4; 5) Arion ceticephalus Barrande, 1846: 12, 13; 1852b: 405-412. Agraulos ceticephalus – Hawle & Corda 1847: 27; 1848: 143. — Miller 1889: 527. — Pompeckj 1896: 548, pl. 17, figs 12, 13. — Grönwall 1902: 158, 159, pl. 4, fig. 25. — Lorenz 1906: unnamed text fig. p. 67 upper right corner. — Walcott 1913: pl. 15, figs 1, 1a, b. — Wurm 1925: 87, 88, pl. 3, figs 16, 17. — Roch 1930: 132 (?). — Thoral 1935: 50, 51, pl. 3, fig. 12. — Prantl 1952: 262, 263, unnamed fig. p. 264. — Hupé 1953: fig. 120.1; 1955: fig. 96.2. — Šnajdr 1958: 174-177, fig. 37; pl. 36, figs 1-13; 1990: 106, unnamed fig. p. 107. — Horný & Bastl 1970: pl. 4, fig. 9. — Fletcher 1972b: pl. 69, figs 3, 4, 5a-c, 6, pl. 70, figs 1a, b, 2; 2006: pl. 34, fig. 35.; 2017: 11-19, figs 5G-I, 6A-P, 7A-S, 8A-E, H-L, 16B, J, L (partim). — Whittington 1988: 594, text-fig. 14, pl. 55, figs 2, 4, 5, 8, 9; 1992: pls 7, 51. — Fatka 1990: unnamed fig. p. 13 upper right corner; 2011: fig. 17.6. — Müller 1994: 529, fig. 619. — Rudolph 1994: 217, pl. 24, fig. 5. — Cotton 2001: pl. 2, figs 4, 5. — Fletcher et al. 2005: 330, 331, figs 11.1-7. — Fatka et al. 2015: figs 4C, G. Arionellus ceticephalus – Barrande 1852a: pl. 10, figs 6, 8-21; pl. 11, fig. 7 (partim). — de Verneuil & Barrande 1860: 526, 527, pl. 6, figs 13-17. — Gürich 1908: 19, pl. 5, fig. 2. Arionellus longicephalus Hicks, 1872: 176, pl. 5, figs 20-26. Agraulos longicephalus – Lake 1932: 157-159, pl. 20, figs 2, 7, 10. — Sdzuy 1961: 620-622, figs 32, 33. — Fletcher 1972b: pl. 68, figs 5a-d, 7-11; pl. 69, figs 1, 2; 2006: pl. 34, fig. 34; 2017: figs 22A, B. — Courtessole 1973: 138-140, pl. 10, figs 5, 6, 8-10; pl. 16, figs 12, 13. — Martin & Dean 1988: 21, 22, pl. 3, figs 10, 12, 13 (partim). — Rees et al. 2014: figs 1.8g, h. — Weidner & Nielsen 2014: 47, 48, figs 41A-F; 2015: 5-7, figs 3, 4A-L. Agraulos longicephalus longicephalus – Liñan & Gozalo 1986: 78, pl. 35, figs 11-14; pl. 36, figs 4, 5 (partim). Agraulos longicephalus brevilimbarus – Liñan & Gozalo 1986: 78, 79, pl. 35, figs 6-12; pl. 37, figs 1-8. Agraulos (A.) ceticephalus – Schoenemann & Clarkson 2011: figs 5H, I. Agraulos affinis – Fletcher 2017: fig. 11F. Agraulos lewisi Fletcher, 2017: 19-21, figs 3A-C, 8F, G (partim), n. syn. Agraulos socialis – Fletcher 2017: 23-27, figs 5J-L, 12A, K-Q, 13I- K, M, N, 14D, G, H, J, 16A, C. Agraulos 1 – Fletcher 2017: figs 13D, E, 14A, 16F. Agraulos 2 – Fletcher 2017: figs 14I, 15A-C, 16E (partim). Skreiaspis punctatissimus – Fletcher 2017: figs 18S, U, W. LECTOTYPE. — Specimen NM L 12581 (former ČC 345, No. 85 from SBNM collection Barrande), National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, originally figured by Barrande (1852a) and designated as the lectotype by Šnajdr (1958). From the Buchava Formation, Skreyje Member, Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone from Skryje-Týřovice Basin, Bohemia, Czech Republic. DIAGNOSIS. — Portion in front of cranidium domed; front of glabella rounded to truncate; eyes distant at anterior half of glabella; pair of eye ridges expands from front of glabella towards eye lobes (based on Miller 1889; Fletcher 2017, with modifications). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 537 cranidia of Agraulos ceticephalus (for NFM numbers see Appendix 1). 24 specimens are attached to the thorax and seven have at least one librigena attached. The specimens are well to very well-preserved as internal casts and moulds. Some are pyritized and in a few the exoskeleton is preserved. All specimens range between 1.94 and 9.11 m (Fig. 2) of the Manuels River Formation, type locality, Conception Bay South, Newfoundland, Canada. OCCURRENCE. — Agraulos ceticephalus is a common middle Cambrian trilobite and has been documented from southeastern Canada, eastern Newfoundland, in the Tomagnostus fissus to Ptychagnostus atavus zones (Fletcher et al. 2005), Ptychagnostus atavus to Hypagnostus parvifrons zones (Fletcher 2017), and Paradoxides hicksi Zone (Fig. 2). It has also been reported from the United Kingdom in Wales (Hypagnostus parvifrons zone; Rees et al. 2014), Denmark (Acidusus atavus zone; Weidner & Nielsen 2014, 2015), in Bornholm (Ptychagnostus punctuosus zone; Rudolph 1994), France (Thoral 1935), Germany (Wurm 1925), the Czech Republic (Eccaparadoxides pusillus zone; e.g., Šnajdr 1990; Fletcher et al. 2005), and Spain (Pardailhania and Solenopleuropsis zones; Liñan & Gozalo 1986). DESCRIPTION The cranidia range from 3.0 mm to 16.0 mm in width and from 2.0 mm to 11.0 mm in length. The shape of the glabella varies from slightly trapezoidal to more equal-sided, with a rounded to truncate front. Three to four pairs of glabellar furrows are preserved mainly in larger-sized specimens.In small-sized specimens, the glabella is steeply domed, while it is flatter in largesized specimens.Nevertheless, the glabella is always more domed than the cheeks.Eye ridges, if preserved, initiate near the front of the glabella and connect with the eye lobes in a horizontal line, some line in a backwards angle towards the sides. The occipital ring points backwards roughly triangularly and the length of the spine varies with size. Some moulds of cephala connected to the thorax spare spines to nodes on up to five axial segments. These and an ornamentation are usually preserved on moulds. Several cephala show up to three variably pronounced grooves. One of these reaches from the front of the glabella to the anterior margin.The other two are developed towards the sides, varying in position. The front of the cranidium is highly domed but a lateral view and microscope measurements indicate that this is an optical illusion and it is still rather flattened domed. REMARKS Agraulos ceticephalus and Agraulos longicephalus are closely related species (e.g., Hicks 1872; Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961; Weidner & Nielsen 2015) and both show a wide range of intraspecific variations, e.g. regarding the front of glabella or size and projection of the occipital spine (Barrande 1852b; Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961). Barrande (1852b) documented ontogenetic changes in Ag. ceticephalus. He emphasized an increase in depth of the occipital furrow and dorsal furrows, less domed genal regions, and an increase in the thickness of exoskeletons in adult forms. The latter was also identified in Ag. longicephalus by Lake (1932). Accordingly, the development of glabellar, axial and other furrows as well as the occipital ring are not considered to be reliable diagnostic characteristics. Also, specimens with a preserved exoskeleton may show morphological details not identified in internal casts (Lake 1932; Sdzuy 1961). Despite the numerous descriptions and discussions about differences between Ag. ceticephalus and Ag. longicephalus, differentiation is hence questionable and this work agrees with Weidner & Nielsen (2014) that the genus Agraulos requires revision. Barrande (1852a) illustrated several specimens of Ag. ceticephalus. The articulated specimens figured by the author on pl. 10, figs 1-5, and the cranidium on pl. 10, fig. 7, do not show the characteristic long preglabellar area of the genus Agraulos and are here excluded from Ag. ceticephalus, and even the genus. An enrolled specimen illustrated in lateral view of Barrande (1852a: pl. 10, fig. 21) shows no diagnostic characteristics and assignment to Agraulos is questionable. Hicks (1872) first described Ag. longicephalus based on a longer form and a more domed genal region than seen in Ag. ceticephalus. However, all cranidia figured by Hicks (1872), some attached to the thorax, are deformed, some elongated, and others compressed in length, as already mentioned by Fletcher (2017). The longer form of the cephalon is here interpreted as a result of tectonic deformation and the more domed genal region may also represent a preservational artefact. All seven type specimens illustrated byHicks (1872) are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Roch (1930) also referred to the similarity of Ag. ceticephalus and Ag.longicephalus. He compared specimens from Morocco and Algeria to Ag. ceticephalus from the type locality in Central Europe. Nevertheless, the assignment of the material to Ag. ceticephalus is questionable as no illustrations were presented byRoch (1930) and no information given regarding the number of studied specimens. Lake (1932) also discussed the morphological differentiation of Ag. longicephalus and Ag. ceticephalus. According toLake (1932) Ag. longicephalus has an occipital ring ending in a triangular point and a more truncate glabella.However, Sdzuy (1961) suggested that the form of the occipital spine, or occipital node, is a variable characteristic and unsuited to define Agraulos. We here follow this latter view and interpret the more truncate glabella to fall within the intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus. The presented specimens are here assigned to this latter species. Sdzuy (1961) described a variable shape of the occipital ring of Ag.longicephalus, stating the shape as non-diagnostic. He followed Lake (1932) in that Ag.longicephalus is closely allied to Ag. ceticephalus but that the glabella of Ag. longicephalus is slightly more narrowed towards the front,and mentioned a more domed genal region. We rather suggest that the domed genal region of Ag. longicephalus results from preservational bias and that the narrowed front of the glabella ranges within the intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus. Hence, all cranidia illustrated by Sdzuy (1961) are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Cranidia assigned to Ag.longicephalus byFletcher (1972b) andCourtessole (1973) also show the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species. Liñan & Gozalo (1986) described two subspecies of Ag. longicephalus based on a more extended, respectively narrower preglabellar area compared to the border. These variations are also interpreted here as an intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus and both subspecies are considered to be synonyms of the latter species. This interpretation includes cranidia, some attached to the thorax, illustrated by Liñan & Gozalo (1986: pl. 35, figs 11-14, pl. 36, fig. 4, pl. 36, fig. 5), whereas cranidia illustrated by the authors in plate 36, figs 1-3, do not show the long preglabellar field typical for Agraulos and are here excluded from the species and even the genus.Specimens documented by Martin & Dean (1988) as Ag. longicephalus are here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus, except for pl. 3, figs 9 and 11. These images display the same cranidium devoid of a wide preglabellar field and are therefore atypical for Agraulos. Fletcher (2006) displayed Ag.ceticephalus and Ag.longicephalus. The two cranidia figured by the author have distant eyes and a rounded to truncate glabella; the cranidium illustrated on pl. 34, fig. 34, is here assigned to Ag. ceticephalus. Specimens presented by Rees et al. (2014) and Weidner & Nielsen (2014, 2015) as Ag. longicephalus show the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and are hence assigned to this species. Fletcher (2017) described and illustrated several species of Agraulos. The cranidium illustrated in fig. 11F was assigned to Agraulos affinis Billings, 1872, by Fletcher (2017), but the specimen has eyes distant to the glabella. This character disagrees with the diagnosis of Ag. affinis, in which eyes are located close to the glabella. Instead, the position of the eyes matches that seen in Ag. ceticephalus and the specimen is here assigned to this species. Specimens illustrated in fig. 9A-C as Ag. ceticephalus, on the other hand, display cranidia too deformed to determine the species. Specimens figured by Fletcher (2017: figs 9D-I) as Agraulos lewisi Fletcher, 2017 are also too poorly preserved to be assigned specifically. Figures 3A and 8F of Fletcher (2017) reillustrated the same articulate and distorted specimen figured previously by Lake (1932: pl. 20, fig. 3). Fletcher (2017) edited the images using Photoshop (Fletcher 2017: figs 3B, C, 8G). The figures 3C and 8G show the same image. The single specimen illustrated in figs 3A-C and 8F, G as Ag. lewisi clearly shows the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus. The diagnosis of Ag. lewisi presented by Fletcher (2017) is not unique to the species, and characteristics as a “librigenal spine extending back to the posterior end of the third thoracic pleura” and “prominent stout median spines on the succeeding five rings” (Fletcher 2017) cannot be applied to the illustrations. Another characteristic, i.e. the “sharply pointed occipital spine”, is undiagnostic as discussed above. Consequently, Ag. lewisi is here interpreted to be a synonym of Ag. ceticephalus. Cranidia attributed byFletcher (2017) to Ag.longicephalus and illustrated in figs 22A, B show eye ridges characteristic of Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species. Fletcher’s (2007: figs 5J-L, 12A, K-Q, 13I-K, M, N, 14D, G, H, J, 16A, C) display cranidia, or cranidia attached to the thorax, and were attributed by the author to Agraulos socialis Billings, 1872. Nevertheless, these illustrated specimens morphologically agree with Ag. ceticephalus and are here assigned to this species.A new species, Agraulos 1 Fletcher, 2017, was introduced without a formal diagnosis or description. Fletcher (2017) only states that the “new species status is marked by the less trapezoidal aspect of the cranium with a longish occipital spine significantly different from associated similar-sized ceticephalus cranidia”. These differences are here interpreted as intraspecific variations of Ag. ceticephalus. Therefore, the cranidia illustrated by Fletcher (2017: figs 13D, E, 14A, 16F) match the characteristics of Ag. ceticephalus and Agraulos 1 is here interpreted as synonym of Ag. ceticephalus. Fletcher (2017) also described the new species Agraulos 2 (Fletcher 2017: figs 14I, 15A-C, 16E) which is here also interpreted as an intraspecific variation of Ag. ceticephalus, while cranidia illustrated in figures 15D, E are too poorly preserved to be assigned to any species. Fletcher (2017) described Skreiaspis punctatissimus as a new species and illustrated several specimens.Cranidia illustrated in figures 18S, U and W do not show the short preglabellar field characteristic for Skreiaspis, but rather match Ag. ceticephalus., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on pages 1056-1058, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","BARRANDE J. 1852 b. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Texte. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 1 - 935. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 57395510","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","MILLER S. A. 1889. - North American Geology and Paleontology for the Use of Amateurs, Students, and Scientists. Western Methodist book concern, Cincinnati, Ohio, 793 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 28778","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","GRONWALL K. A. 1902. - Bornholms Paradoxideslag og deres fauna. Danmarks geologiske Undersogelse, II Raekke 13 (1): 1 - 230.","LORENZ T. 1906. - Beitrage zur Geologie und Palaeontologie von Ostasien unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Provinz Schantung in China: II. Palaeontologischer - Teil. Zeitschrift der Deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 58 (1): 53 - 108. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 43913940","WALCOTT C. D. 1913. - The Cambrian faunas of China, in Walcott C. D. (ed.), Research in China vol. 3. Carnegie Institution Publication 54 (3): 3 - 277.","WURM A. 1925. - Ueber ein Vorkommen von Mittelcambrium (Paradoxidesschichten) im bayrischen Frankenwald bei Wildenstein sudlich Presseck. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geognosie Geologie und Palaontologie 52 (1): 71 - 93.","ROCH E. 1930. - Etudes geologiques dans la region Meridionale du Maroc occidental. Protat Freres imprimeurs, Macon, 542 p.","THORAL M. 1935. - Contribution a l'etude paleontologique de l'Ordovicien inferieur de la Montagne Noire et revision sommaire de la faune cambrienne de la Montagne Noire. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universite de Paris, Montpellier, 362 p.","PRANTL F. 1952. - Zivot ceskych pramori. Prirodovedecke Vydavatelstvi, Praze, 390 p.","HUPE P. 1953. - Classe des Trilobites, in PIVETEAU J. (ed.), Traite de paleontologie. Tome III. Les forms ultimes d'Invertebres: morphologie et evolution. Onychophores, Arthropodes, Echniodermes, Stomocordes. Mason et Cie, Paris: 44 - 246.","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","HORNY R. & BASTL F. 1970. - Type Specimens of Fossils in the National Museum Prague, Volume 1, Trilobita. Museum of National History, Prague, 354 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 1972 b. - Geology and Lower to Middle Cambrian Trilobite Faunas of the Southwest Avalon, Newfoundland, Part Two, Palaeontology & Bibliography. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 294 p.","WHITTINGTON H. B. 1988. - Hypostomes and ventral cephalic sutures in Cambrian trilobites. Palaeontology 31 (3): 577 - 609. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 49775869","FATKA O. 1990. - Das Kambrium von Skryje und Tyrovice, in WIEDER W. K. (ed). Klassissche Fundtsellen der Palaontologie. Band 2: 23. Fundgebiete und Aufschlusse in Danemark, Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Osterreich, Schweiz und Tschechoslowakei. Goldschenk-Verlag Korb, Germany: 12 - 17.","MULLER A. H. 1994. - Band II: Invertebraten, Teil 2: Mollusca 2 - Arthropoda 1, 4., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 618 p.","RUDOLPH F. 1994. - Die Trilobiten der mittelkambrischen Geschiebe: Systematik, Morphologie und Okologie. Verlag Frank Rudolph, Wankendorf, 309 p.","COTTON T. J. 2001. - The phylogeny and systematics of blind Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites. Palaeontology 44 (1): 167 - 207. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00176","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg","FATKA O., BUDIL P., CRONIER C., CUVELIER J., LAIBL L., OUDOIRE T., POLECHOVA M. & FATKOVA L. 2015. - Cambrian fossils from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic) housed in the Musee d'Histoire naturelle de Lille. Carnets de geologie 15 (9): 89 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.4267 / 2042 / 56878","BARRANDE J. 1852 a. - Systeme silurien du Centre de la Boheme. 1 ere Partie: Planches. Crustaces: Trilobites. Recherches paleontologiques 1: 49 pls. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 47135930","DE VERNEUIL M. M. & BARRANDE J. 1860. - Description des fossiles. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 17 (2): 526 - 554. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 54397903","GURICH G. 1908. - Leitfossilien, ein Hilfsbuch zum Bestimmen von Versteinerungen bei geologischen Arbeiten in der Sammlung und im Felde; erste Lieferung: Kambrium und Silur. Berlin, 95 p. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 084200 a 0","HICKS H. 1872. - On some undescribed fossils from the Menevian Group. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 28 (1): 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1872.028.01 - 02.17","LAKE P. 1932. - Monograph of the British Cambrian Trilobites, Part 7. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London 84: 149 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02693445.1932.12035620","SDZUY K. 1961. - Das Kambrium Spaniens, Teil II: Trilobiten. 1 Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 7: 503 - 594.","COURTESSOLE R. 1973. - Le Cambrien moyen de la Montagne Noire: Biostratigraphie. Laboratoire de Geologie CEARN de la Faculte des Sciences de Toulouse, Toulouse, 248 p.","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","REES A., THOMAS A., LEWIS M., HUGHES H. & TURNER P. 2014. - Cambrian of Sw Wales: towards a united Avalonian Stratigraphy. Memoirs of the Geological Society London 42: 1 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / m 42.0","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2014. - A highly diverse trilobite fauna with Avalonian affinities from the middle Cambrian Acidusus atavus Zone (Drumian Stage) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 23 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2012.740080","LINAN E. & GOZALO R. 1986. - Trilobites del Cambrico inferior y medo de murero (Cordillera Iberica). Memorias del Museo Paleontologico de la Universidad de Zaragoza 2: 1 - 104.","SCHOENEMANN B. & CLARKSON E. N. K. 2011. - The eyes of Bohemian Trilobites. Geologicke vyzkumy na Morave a ve Slezsku 18 (1): 45 - 50.","FLETCHER T. P. 2017. - Agraulos ceticephalus and other Cambrian Trilobites in the subfamily Agraulinae from Bohemia, Newfoundland and Wales. Papers in Palaeontology 3 (2): 175 - 217. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / spp 2.1071","WEIDNER T. & NIELSEN A. T. 2015. - Agraulos longicephalus and Proampyx? depressus (Trilobita) from the Middle Cambrian of Bornholm, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 63: 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.37570 / bgsd- 2015 - 63 - 01","SNAJDR M. 1990. - Bohemian Trilobites. Geological Survey, Prague, 265 p.","FLETCHER T. P. 2006. - Bedrock Geology of the Cape St. Mary's Peninsula, Southwest Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland (includes parts of Nts map sheets 1 M / 1, 1 N / 4, 1 L / 16 and 1 K 13). Report, 06 - 02. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, St. John's, 117 p.","BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855"]}

Genus Clarella Howell, 1933 Clarella Howell, 1933: 219. — Type species: Anapolenus venustus Billings, 1872, designated as lectotype by Howell (1933). DIAGNOSIS. — Glabella with great forward expansion anterior of S1; palpebral lobes slightly sigmoidal, reaching almost genal angle; thorax with 15 segments; pygidium without border, up to four pairs of marginal spines; short axis with one to two axial rings (based on Howell 1933; Whittington et al. 1997, with modifications). REMARKS Clarella is distinguished from Anapolenus Salter, 1864a by sigmoidally shaped palpebral lobes that almost reach the genal angle. The palpebral lobes of Anapolenus curve in a uniform arc, reaching the genal angle. The pygidium of Clarella lacks a border, while that of Anapolenus is bordered (Howell 1933; Whittington et al. 1997)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1075, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["HOWELL B. F. 1933. - The classification of the trilobite Subfamily, Centropleurinae. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening 8 (3): 215 - 219.","BILLINGS E. 1872. - On some fossils from the primordial rocks of Newfoundland. Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science 6: 465 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 38279","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","SALTER J. W. 1864 a. - On some new fossils from the Lingula-flags of Wales. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 20: 233 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.1144 / gsl. jgs. 1864.020.01 - 02.33"]}

Genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822 Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822: 8. — Type species: Entomostracites paradoxissimus Wahlenberg, 1821, by subsequent designation by Poulsen (1956). DIAGNOSIS. — Rounded anterior margin, S2 transglabellar, S3 and S4 short; palpebral lobe short, from S1 to S3; anterior and posterior section of facial suture moderately to strongly divergent; thorax with 19-21 segments; pleural spines progressively directed more strongly backwards, hindmost pairs of pleural spines increase in length, ending behind pygidial margin; pygidium small, subcircular to quadrat (based on Whittington et al. 1997; Fletcher et al. 2005, with modifications). REMARKS The genus Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822, and the family Paradoxididae Hawle & Corda, 1847, need comprehensive revision, as pointed out by e.g., Sdzuy (1967), Geyer (1998), Geyer & Landing (2001), Kim et al. (2002) and Żylińska & Masiak (2007). According to Żylińska & Masiak (2007), the main problem within Paradoxides are different characters for subdividing the species, such as subdivisions based on holaspid forms, in contrast to ontogenetic differences in protaspid and holaspid forms. Šnajdr (1958) mentioned a wide range in opinions (e.g., Pompeckj 1896; Raymond 1914) regarding the ontogenetic development of Czech Paradoxides. As discussed by Whittington et al. (1997), many specimens assigned to Paradoxides are too poorly preserved to be determined confidently, leading to several species being based on poorly preserved material (Šnajdr 1958; Geyer 1998). According to Geyer & Landing (2001) there are more than 100 species and subspecies of Paradoxides sensu lato. Šnajdr (1958) classified Paradoxides Brongniart, 1822; Hydrocephalus Barrande, 1846; Eccaparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957; and Acadoparadoxides Šnajdr, 1957, as genera of the Paradoxididae. Several authors followed this subdivision and included other genera as, for example, Plutonides Hicks, 1895 (e.g., Martinsson 1974; Whittington et al. 1997; Kim et al. 2002; Dean 2005; Rushton & Weidner 2007; Rushton et al. 2016). Others ranked clades as Hydrocephalus, Eccaparadoxides, Acadoparadoxides, and Plutonides as subgenera of Paradoxides (e.g., Solov’ev 1981; Martin & Dean 1988; Geyer 1998; Geyer & Landing 2001; Fletcher et al. 2005; Żylińska & Masiak 2007) and introduced new clades such as Paradoxides (Mawddachites) Fletcher, 2007 (Fletcher 2007). Kim et al. (2002) mentioned that diagnostic characteristics of (sub)genera differ substantially among authors. Here we apply the subdivision established by Whittington et al. (1997) following Šnajdr (1958)., Published as part of Unger, Tanja, Hildenbrand, Anne, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang & Austermann, Gregor, 2022, Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of polymerid trilobites of the Manuels River Formation (Drumian, middle Cambrian), Newfoundland, Canada, pp. 1051-1087 in Geodiversitas 44 (33) on page 1067, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a33, http://zenodo.org/record/7477657, {"references":["BRONGNIART A. 1822. - Les Trilobites, in BRONGNIART A. & DESMAREST A. - G. (eds), Histoire naturelle des crustaces fossiles, sous les rapports zoologiques et geologiques. F. - G. Levrault, Paris and Strasbourg: 1 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 66799","WAHLENBERG G. 1821. - Petrificata Telluris Svecanae Examinata. Nova Acta Regiae Soceitatis Scientarium Upsaliensis 8: 1 - 116. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2560273","POULSEN C. 1956. - Proposed use of the plenary powers to secure the availability of the generic names \" Olenus \" Dalman, [1827], and \" Paradoxides \" Brongniard, 1822 (Class Trilobita) for use in the sense which these names are customarily employed. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 12 (1): 3 - 13. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12157848","WHITTINGTON H. B., CHATTERTON B. D. E., SPEYER S. E., FORTEY R. A., OWENS R. M., CHANG W. T., DEAN W. T., JELL P. A., LAURIE J. R., PALMER A. R., REPINA L. N., RUSHTON A. W. A., SHERGOLD J. H., CLARKSON E. N. K., WILMONT N. V. & KELLY S. R. A., 1997. - Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Arthropoda 1, Trilobita, Revised. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Boulder, Colorado, and Lawrence, Kansas, 530 p.","FLETCHER T. P., THEOKRITOFF G., LORD G. S. & ZEOLI G. 2005. - The early paradoxidid harlani trilobite fauna of Massachusetts and its correlatives in Newfoundland, Morocco, and Spain. Journal of Paleontology 79 (2): 312 - 336. https: // doi. org / bdcjsg","HAWLE I. & CORDA A. J. C. 1847. - Prodrom einer Monographie der bohmischen Trilobiten. J. G. Calve'sche Buchhandlung, Prague, 176 p. (Reprinted in 1848 in Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Bohmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 5 (2): 117 - 292). https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 45618120","SDZUY K. 1967. - Trilobites del Cambrico medio de Asturias. Trabajos de geologia 1: 77 - 134.","GEYER G. 1998. - Intercontinental, trilobite-based correlation of the Moroccan early Middle Cambrian. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35 (4): 374 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 97 - 127","GEYER G. & LANDING E. 2001. - Middle Cambrian of Avalonian Massachusetts: stratigraphy and correlation of the Braintree trilobites. Journal of Paleontology 75 (1): 116 - 135. https: // doi. org / b 93 qww","KIM D. H., WESTROP S. R. & LANDING E. 2002. - Middle Cambrian (Acadian series) conocoryphid and paradoxidid trilobites from the upper Chamberlain's Brook Formation, Newfoundland and New Brunswick. Journal of Paleontology 76 (5): 822 - 842. https: // doi. org / cgxnvt","SNAJDR M. 1958. - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho kambria. Rozpravy Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 24: 1 - 280.","POMPECKJ J. F. 1896. - Das Kambrium von Tejrovic und Skrej in Bohmen. Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt 94: 498 - 614. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35578547","RAYMOND P. E. 1914. - Notes on the ontogeny of Paradoxides, with the description of a new species from Braintree. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 58 (4): 225 - 244. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 5473357","BARRANDE J. 1846. - Notice preliminaire sur le systeme silurien et les Trilobites de Boheme. Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 96 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9142","SNAJDR M. 1957. - O novych trilobitech z ceskeho kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu geologickeho 32: 235 - 244.","HICKS H. 1895. - On the genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian rocks of St. David's. Geological Magazine 2 (5): 230 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0016756800121193","MARTINSSON A. 1974. - The Cambrian of Norden, in HOL- LAND C. H. (ed.), Cambrian of the British Isles, Norden, and Spitzbergen. John Wiley & Sons, London, New York, Sydney, Toronto: 185 - 283.","DEAN W. T. 2005. - Trilobites from the Cal Tepe Formation (Cambrian), Near Seydisehir, Central Taurides, southwestern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14 (1): 1 - 71.","RUSHTON A. W. A. & WEIDNER T. 2007. - The Middle Cambrian paradoxidid trilobite Hydrocephalus from Jamtland, central Sweden. Acta Geologica Polonica 57 (4): 391 - 401.","RUSHTON A. W. A., WEIDNER T. & EBBESTAD J. O. R. 2016. - Paradoxidid trilobites from a mid-Cambrian (Series 3, stage 5) limestone concretion from Jamtland, central Sweden. Bulletin of Geosciences 91 (3): 515 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.3140 / bull. geosci. 1606","MARTIN F. & DEAN W. T. 1988. - Middle and upper Cambrian acritarch and trilobite zonation at Manuels River and Random Island, eastern Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 381 (1): 1 - 91.","FLETCHER T. P. 2007. - Correlating the zones of ' Paradoxides hicksii ' and ' Paradoxides davidis ' in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33: 35 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701586855"]}

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Agnostoid trilobites from the type locality of the middle Cambrian (Series 3, Drumian) Manuels River Formation, Newfoundland, Canada, are described systematically. The fauna consists of 1408 specimens, collected bed-by-bed. The taxa are assigned to the suborders Agnostina and Eodiscina, families Peronopsidae, Ptychagnostidae, Condylopygidae and Eodiscidae, genera Peronopsis Hawle and Corda, 1847, Hypagnostus Jaekel, 1909, Ptychagnostus Jaekel, 1909, Tomagnostus Howell, 1935, Pleuroctenium Hawle and Corda, 1847, and Eodiscus Hartt in Walcott, 1884, and the species Peronopsis fallax (Linnarsson, 1869), Peronopsis scutalis (Hicks, 1872), Hypagnostus parvifrons (Linnarsson, 1869), Ptychagnostus punctuosus (Angelin, 1851), Ptychagnostus affinis (Brøgger, 1879), Ptychagnostus atavus (Tullberg, 1880), Tomagnostus fissus (Lundgren in Linnarsson, 1879), Tomagnostus perrugatus (Grönwall, 1902), Pleuroctenium granulatum (Barrande, 1846) and Eodiscus punctatus (Salter, 1864b). The faunal assemblage is subdivided from base to top into five interval zones, viz. Peronopsis scutalis, Tomagnostus fissus, Ptychagnostus atavus, Ptychagnostus affinis and Ptychagnostus punctuosus zones. The Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone can be compared regionally and globally. The entire fauna is comparable to that of Baltica and Greenland, which suggests geographic proximity during the middle Cambrian. Pleuroctenium granulatum is endemic to Avalonia and Baltica.

Lasers become more and more powerful and compact. This raises laser induced damage issues in optical components, especially in nonlinear crystals. This thesis deals with nanosecond laser damage investigations in nonlinear crystals used for frequency conversion (KTP, KDP LBO) and electro-optic applications (RTP, KDP). First, due to nonlinear and anisotropic effects of the crystals, the development of a metrology dedicated to laser damage studies of crystals was necessary. This metrology was then applied to the study of KTP and RTP isomorphous crystals, and LBO crystals. The influence of many parameters on the laser damage resistance, such as wavelength, polarization and crystal orientation, was studied allowing a better understanding of the laser damage phenomena in these crystals. Moreover, laser induced damage characterization was realized on these crystals with a high number of shots and in the real operating conditions, showing that the laser damage threshold of the component depends on its use. For example, the coexistence of multiple wavelengths inside the crystal takes a great part in the damage phenomena., L'émergence de lasers de plus en plus puissants et compacts et le développement de leurs applications engendrent des problèmes de tenue au flux des composants optiques et tout particulièrement des cristaux non linéaires. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse s'attache à l'étude de l'endommagement laser en régime nanoseconde dans les cristaux non linéaires utilisés principalement pour la conversion de fréquence (KTP, KDP, LBO) et les applications électro-optiques (RTP, KDP). Les effets spécifiques aux cristaux liés à leur anisotropie et leurs non linéarités ont imposé le développement d'une métrologie de l'endommagement laser adaptée. Cette métrologie a ensuite été appliquée à l'étude détaillée des cristaux isomorphes de KTP et RTP, et du cristal de LBO. L'influence sur leur tenue au flux laser de multiples paramètres, tels que la longueur d'onde d'irradiation, la polarisation, la direction de coupe du cristal, a pu être étudiée permettant de mieux comprendre les mécanismes responsables de l'endommagement laser dans ces cristaux. L'importance de la caractérisation de la tenue au flux laser de ces cristaux sous irradiation multiple et dans leurs conditions fonctionnelles d'utilisation a été mise en évidence. Par exemple, la coexistence de plusieurs longueurs d'onde au sein du matériau modifie de façon importante la tenue au flux laser du composant

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