Search

The presence of schools ruled by religious orders and congregations in the Basque Country throughout the twentieth century is a known phenomenon. What is less known are the kinds of activities religious practices carried out in these schools. The objective of this collaboration is to analyse this situation, with a focus on two aspects: 1) the religious activities and, 2) the extracurricular religious activities. The first of these were carried out within the schools (liturgical acts, masses, rosaries, etc.). They were the rituals bywhich the student body could live spiritually through the religious teaching linked to catechism, religious education, the gospel or sacred history. The extracurricular activities were related to religious associations which were used for carrying out certain apostolic actions. Many of these activities served to recruit religious vocations or to involve the youth in Catholic Action. In the 1970s, these activities diminished and evolved. As an example of this process, which was extended to the majority of the schools, we have focused on the De La Salle schools in the Basque Country. A historical methodology has been applied to the diverse sources that have been analysed (photographs, archival documentation, etc.). The documentary corpus comes from the files and museums of De La Salle Brothers. We can conclude that during Franco’s regime, under which the teaching of the Catholic religion played an important role, the practice of these activities increased.

The “De La Salle” Brothers enjoy great prestige in Gipuzkoa which is established in the network of schools that they have been creating from the beginning of the 20th century. Among all their education centres it is necessary to emphasize two schools of prestige in San Sebastian city: San Bernardo school (1905-1928) and La Salle San Sebastian school (1946-present). The dedication of both schools to the secondary and commercial education for pupils proceeding from middle and high classes contrasts with the school offer that traditionally distinguishes La Salle, mainly dedicated to the popular classes and the elementary and professional education. Another distinctive element of these schools was the maintenance of some boarding schools that were receiving a few pupils who had diverse geographical and formation origins. In this collaboration we explain the most typical features of those schools, especially in reference to their school offer referred to the secondary education.

The ways of struggle and resistance against the Franco regime presentan enormous variability and the motivations which activate them (political,social, cultural…) are characterized by their great heterogeneity. The educational area receives a special significance in Euskal Herria, from the perspective of the Basque culture and the Basque language, with all its derivations, included the national identity. In this sense, the central hypothesis of our contribution is that the emergence and later development of the movement of the ‘ikastolas’ of the sixties and seventies must be placed in a wide context of popular fight. This transcends the school area in order to penetrate and activate the whole Basque social fabric, where multiple reactive strategies and alternatives the educational pro-Franco model will spread out. For all this, we will have to provide a context for the phenomenon taking into account the social, economic, political and educational reality of the period. We will also count on the existing documentation in several Archives and the direct testimony of some of the main protagonists of the popular movement.

The vocational training in Spain has reached a late formalization in the educational system. This situation is explained by the economical contexts thatevolve from the agricultural sector to the industrial development of certain zones, which are those who have a better network of vocational schools. In this article three levels of analysis are addressed: the first one, related to the politics and educational legislation, in order to notice the process of formalization; the second one, focused on the relevance of the Church on this sector and, the third one is the role played by the Union Organization during the Franco's regime. In this way, the intervention of the different agents who have contributed to the development of the vocational training in Spain remains clear up to the General Law of Education of 1970.

We carried out a review of the best-known questionnaires and catalogues on prejudices regarding immigration that exist in society and we drew up a new questionnaire, with positive and negative scales of prejudices, in order to apply them to secondary school students in the Basque Country. We analysed the responses of almost 1,500 students and thus obtained results for the main prejudices existing amongst the students. Subsequently we examined these, the most consolidated, prejudices and compared them with scientific data, reports and other research, and which have generated debate about these prejudices. As a result of this research, we believe that we have made available to educators, inside and outside the classroom, the basis for drawing up strategies and plans for educational intervention with secondary school students.

En la actualidad la formación profesional en el País Vasco registra uno de los mejores índices de calidad. El tejido empresarial de la provincia ha hecho posible este fenómeno, que comienza en el siglo XIX. En la década de los años setenta del siglo XX, Guipúzcoa alcanzaba la cota más alta de matriculación del alumnado en formación profesional, con una amplia red de centros educativos. En este artículo queremos mostrar el surgimiento de este tipo de centros durante el franquismo, resaltando la importancia de sus agentes promotores: empresas, patronatos o congregaciones religiosas. Se trata de señalar que, más allá del marco legislativo, las demandas sociales y locales actuaron como un elemento dinamizador de la formación profesional.

Hacemos una recopilación de los cuestionarios y los catálogos más conocidos sobre los prejuicios que existen en la sociedad en materia de inmigración y elaboramos un nuevo cuestionario, con escalas positivas y negativas de prejuicios, para aplicarlo al alumnado de secundaria de Euskadi. Analizamos las respuestas de más de 1.000 alumnos y obtenemos los principales prejuicios que existen entre este alumnado. Después examinamos esos prejuicios más consolidados y establecemos un contraste con datos científicos, informes, estudios, etc., que ponen en discusión la solidez de esos prejuicios. Como resultado de este trabajo, creemos que ponemos a disposición de los educadores, dentro y fuera del aula, las bases para elaborar estrategias y planes de inter-vención educativa con el alumnado de secundaria.

Con este trabajo pretendemos dar a conocer qué ocurrió en las Escuelas Normales de Gipuzkoa una vez finalizada la Guerra Civil. Desde sus orígenes a mediados del siglo XIX y hasta la llegada de la II Republica la actitud por parte de la población guipuzcoana hacia estos centros de formación del profesorado no se puede decir que fuera muy favorable. Sin embargo, cuando parecía que los estudios y la profesión del magisterio estaban adquiriendo un cierto prestigio, el inicio del conflicto bélico, supuso una vuelta atrás en materia de formación de maestros y maestras. En este contexto, surge en la localidad de Irun una Escuela Normal de la Iglesia, Nuestra Señora del Juncal, cuyos propietarios son los Hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas o Hermanos de La Salle que, en cierto modo vienen a cubrir las carencias que la Escuela Normal Pública de San Sebastián venía presentando en lo que al género masculino respecta.