Search

The origin of the Egyptian race is a controversial subject and a variety of views have emerged from the theories proposed by Egyptologists based on their studies about ancient Egyptian history. In this review, we will discuss the unique craniofacial characteristics of modern Egyptians based on cephalometric images and compare these characteristics with those of populations that are believed to be the origin of the Egyptian race. Furthermore, we will discuss the effect of genetic variations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) genes on the craniofacial morphology of the Egyptian population and compare it with that of populations with other ancestries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives/hypothesis: Individuals with orofacial clefts often experience respiratory problems because of nasopharyngeal abnormalities. Pharyngeal airway morphology is thought to differ among the various cleft types. We measured three-dimensional (3D) airway volume using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis to evaluate and compare pharyngeal airways in Japanese preschoolers with and without orofacial clefts.Study Design: Retrospective case-control study.Methods: We enrolled 83 subjects (37 boys, 46 girls; mean age = 4.66 ± 0.56 years) with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts and 16 noncleft healthy subjects (seven boys, nine girls; mean age = 5.30 ± 0.52 years) as controls. The subjects were divided into five groups. Four groups were based on the cleft type: isolated cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip and alveolus), unilateral cleft lip and palate, and bilateral cleft lip and palate. The fifth group included the noncleft controls. All subjects were examined with CBCT, and the 3D airway volume was measured. We analyzed group differences statistically using analysis of covariance with the Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison tests for the corrected means.Results: Compared with the noncleft group, each cleft group exhibited significantly decreased total and nasal airway volumes and increased superior and inferior pharyngeal airway volumes. The differences were all statistically significant.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that anatomical differences exist in pharyngeal airway volumes among various cleft groups and in those without a cleft.Level Of Evidence: 3b Laryngoscope, 130:533-540, 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the relationship between mandibular volume and craniofacial morphology in patients with cleft lip and palate using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare these findings with control (noncleft) patients undergoing CBCT for other purposes during the deciduous dentition period. Eighty-four patients were categorized into the unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA) group (n = 25; mean age, 4.60 ± 0.40 years), unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) group (n = 23; mean age, 4.52 ± 0.39 years), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) group (n = 22; mean age, 4.54 ± 0.37 years), and control group without cleft (n = 14; mean age, 5.19 ± 0.52 years). Mandibular volume and craniofacial cephalometric measurements were obtained using CBCT. All measurements were assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison tests. ANCOVA revealed no statistically significant differences in mandibular volume among the groups. SNA° and ANB° were significantly larger in the UCLA and BCLP groups than in the control group. SN-MP° was smallest in the UCLA group. Co-A in the UCLP group was shorter than in the UCLA and BCLP groups. Go-Gn was shortest in the UCLP and BCLP groups compared with the control group. Three-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial morphology using CBCT can provide valuable information on malocclusion and other dentoskeletal problems among patients with CLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare condylar size among different anteroposterior and vertical skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The study included 166 subjects (61 men, mean age: 27.2 ± 7.6 years; 105 women, mean age: 27.4 ± 9.2 years). The anteroposterior skeletal patterns of the subjects were classified into Classes I (−1° ≤ A point–nasion–B point angle [ANB] < 4°), II (ANB ≥ 4°), and III (ANB < −1°). The vertical skeletal patterns were classified into hypodivergent (mandibular plane [MP] ≤ 23°), normodivergent (23° < MP < 30°), and hyperdivergent (MP ≥ 30°) groups. The condylar length, height, and width were examined using CBCT images. Analysis of covariance was used to compare three condylar size measurements among the three anteroposterior groups and the three vertical groups using sex as a covariate. Both left and right sides were examined. Nine groups were further divided according to the anteroposterior and vertical groups, and two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to estimate the composite effect of skeletal patterns in both directions. Sex as a covariate showed statistical significance in most examinations. The condylar height on both sides had statistically different anteroposterior skeletal patterns (P <.001). The condylar width on both sides also had statistically different vertical skeletal patterns (P <.001). After adjusting for sex, the condylar height and width on both sides increased from Class II, Class I, and Class III. The condylar width on both sides increased from the hypodivergent group, the normodivergent group, and the hyperdivergent group. No composite effect of skeletal patterns in both directions was observed. Condylar height and width considerably differed among subjects with different anteroposterior or vertical skeletal patterns. The anteroposterior or vertical skeletal patterns independently affected the condylar size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Orthognathic surgery dramatically changes morphology of the maxillofacial deformity and improves the malocclusion morphologically and functionally. We investigated the influence of orthognathic surgery on genomewide DNA methylation in saliva. Methods: Saliva was obtained from nine patients undergoing orthognathic surgery and two healthy reference individuals before and 3 months after orthognathic surgery. Genomewide DNA methylation profiling of saliva (341,482 CpG dinucleotides) was conducted using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. Results: Comparison between pre‐ and postsurgery saliva samples revealed significant changes in DNA methylation patterns at 2,381 CpG sites (p < 0.01) with suggestive significance. The differentially methylated probe sets were significantly associated with the cancer pathway (p = 2.8 × 10−7; a false discovery rate q‐value = 3.7 × 10−4) and PI3K‐Akt signalling pathway (p = 2.4 × 10−5; a false discovery rate q‐value = 3.1 × 10−2). Conclusion: Pathway enrichment analysis of genes with suggestive significance demonstrated that altered DNA methylation in saliva of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery, possibly as a response to surgical stress or bone injury. Further studies with a large sample size and long‐term observation are needed to validate the phenomena identified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the relationship between three-dimensional mandibular morphology and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene variants in a healthy Japanese population. Materials and Methods: The subjects, who were unrelated Japanese orthodontic patients, consisted of 64 men and 114 women. Using the Taqman genotyping assay, GHR gene rs6184 and rs6180 variants were detected in genomic DNA extracted from saliva. Mandibular volume and length were measured from cone-beam computed tomography images that were analyzed using Analyze image-processing software. The relationship between GHR gene variants and three-dimensional mandibular morphology was statistically examined. Results: Statistical significance for the relationship between the distance between the left and right coronoid processes and rs6180 was noted ( P < .05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the GHR variant rs6180 is associated with the distance between the left and right coronoid process in the Japanese subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]