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Social infrastructures such as roads and bridges in Japan are to exceed 50 years after their constructions in 2023. These infrastructures have to be maintained under strict budgets of local governments because local governments maintain them and are facing serious financial difficulties by the downturn of local economies. Moreover, they have to be maintained under scarcity of skillful engineers because of the aging workforce. Comparing mechanical system maintenance, social infrastructure maintenances have some practical interesting characteristics such as maintenance time delay and wide variety of preventive maintenance costs. Maintenance policies with various kinds of factors such as maintenance periods, maintenance time delay, wide variety of preventive maintenance costs and degradation levels, and natural disaster distribution, have to be practically established. In this chapter, considering natural disasters, we form stochastically cumulative damage models and discuss their optimal policies theoretically and numerically. The expected cost rates are obtained and optimal preventive maintenance levels which minimize them are derived. Extended models with a natural disaster and its recovery based on these models could be proposed and be applied to actual social infrastructures.

This study analyses store layout among the many factors that underlie supermarket store design, this; in terms of what to display in a shop and where to place the items. This report examines newly-opened stores and evaluates their interior shop floor layouts, which we then attempt to categorize by various styles. We then consider the interaction between shop floor layout and customer behavior from the perspective of the supermarket as the seller. At this point, we focus on the "store magnets"–the main sections within the shop likely to attract customers into the store., {"references":["Shu n i c h i ATS U M I , St o r e L a y o u t , p p 8 5 - 11 2 Zitsumukyo\nhiku press, 2003.","Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan, Statistics Bureau,\nYearly Amount of Expenditures per Household for City Group, District\nand City with Prefectural Government, Household Expenditure Survey\n2010, 2010.","Shunichi ATSUMI, The Indispensable word 1001 for a Chain Store,\npp117-118, Japan Retailing Center, 2009.","Monthly Food Retailing, 39(11) - 40(5), the Shogyokai Publishing,\n2010-2011.","Chain Store Age, 41(15) - 42(5), DIAMOND Friedman, 2010-2011.","Store Japan Weekly, No.612 - 637, Store Japan, 2010-2011.","Masao Ohta & Yoshiyuki Higuchi, A Study of Supermarket Location\nDistribution in Urban Areas, Innovation and Supply Chain Management ,\nVol.6, No.3, pp.105-111,2012.","Katsutoshi YADA, Path analysis in a supermarket and string analysis\ntechnique, Statistical Mathmatics, Vol.56, No2, pp.199-213, 2008."]}

As a result of traffic congestion caused by sightseeing and shuttle buses using park-and-ride parking lot near sightseeing spot, the waiting time for tourist increases. In this paper, when bus parking lot near sightseeing spot are overcrowded and full, a model for tourists getting off a bus on a congested road and transfer to the sightseeing spot by foot is proposed and verified. A model of getting off a bus on a congested road when the sightseeing parking lot is overcrowded was considered by the case analysis. As a result, effectiveness of the model of getting off a bus on a congested road could be quantitatively verified for times when parking capacity is exceeded and the bus parking lot next to the sightseeing spot is overcrowded., {"references":["Yasuo Asakura, \"An optimal road network design model with traffic\ncongestion and its application,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No. 2,\npp. 157-164, 1985.","Yasuo Asakura, \"Optimal transportation network planning models\nconstrained by user equilibrium,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No. 6,\npp. 1-19, 1988.","Hiroshi Inoue, \"Equilibrium traffic assignment on a network with\ncongested flows,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No. 3, pp. 177-184,\n1986.","Hiroshi Matsui and Tomonori Niwa, \"A mathematical analysis of route\nguidance in the network,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No. 4, pp.\n85-92, 1986.","Felix Caicedo, \"The use of space availability iformation in PARK\nsystems to reduce search times in parking facilities,\" Transportation\nResearch Part C 17, pp. 56-68, 2009.","Peter Bonsall and Ian Palmer, \"Modeling drivers- car parking behavior\nusing data from a travel choice simulator,\" Transportation Research Part\nC 12, pp. 321-347, 2004.","Akira Endo, Yoshiya Nakagawa, Satoshi Ogita and Fumihiko Nakamura,\n\"Evaluation of bus use promotion measures with captive-conscious\nmodal choice models,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers Vol.21 no. 3, pp.\n657-665, 2004.","Hideki Nakamura, Hirokazu Kato, Taisuke Utsumi and Satoru Hirata,\n\"Feasibility study of park and bus-ride system for counterplan of traffic\njam caused by skiers,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No.16, pp.\n949-954, 1999.","Kunihiro Sakamoto, Hisashi Kubota, Kenji Fukushima and Daisuke\nFukumoto, \"Evaluation of traffic simulation and social experiment for\nTDM - park & bus ride and bus-lane transportation demo-project in\nShizuoka City -,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers Vol. 21 no. 3, pp.\n737-744, 2004.\n[10] Takayuki Morikawa, Kuniaki Sakaki and Rikiya Azuma, \"Modeling\nsightseeing travel behavior for evaluation of road network improvement\nin the recreational area,\" Japan Society of Civil Engineers No. 12, pp.\n539-547, 1995.\n[11] Junya Yamazaki and Naoki Takagi, \"Proposal against measures of\ntraffic jam in the Zenkoji Maedachi Honzon Gokaicho in 2009,\"\nArchitectural Institute of Japan, pp. 1171-1172, 2009.\n[12] Shun Watanabe, Ryouzou Nakamura and Hiroshi Watanabe, \"Study on\nthe estimation of traffic planning for sightseeing at the local city -\nforecast of a traffic jam by computer simulations for architectural project\n-,\" Architectural Institute of japan No.403, pp. 97-104, 1989.\n[13] Akira Yuzawa and Hiroshi Suda, \"Feasibility study of park and bus-ride\nsystem for counterplan of traffic jam caused by skiers,\" Japan Society of\nCivil Engineers No.13, pp. 949-955, 1996.\n[14] Akira Yuzawa, \"Transportation demand management for counterplan of\ntraffic congestion caused by skiers - A case study of Yuzawa Town in\nNiigata Prefecture -,\" J. of Snow Eng. of Japan Vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 20-30,\n1997.\n[15] David Pettebone, Peter Newman, Steven R. Lawson, Len Hunt, Chris\nMonz and Jennifer Zwiefka, \"Estimating visitors- travel mode choices\nalong the bear lake road in Rocky Mountain National Park,\" Journal of\nTransportation Geography 19, pp. 1210-1221, 2011.\n[16] Yuki Sakuma, Yoshiyuki Higuchi and Jin Chun, \"Queuing analysis in\ngate of multipurpose parking for tour and shuttle bus,\" Japan Association\nfor Management Systems, pp. 176-177, 2008.\n[17] Yuki Sakuma, Yoshiyuki Higuchi and Jin Chun, \"Discrete simulation in\ngate of multipurpose parking for tour and shuttle bus,\" Japan Association\nfor Management Systems, pp. 74-75, 2009.\n[18] Yuki Sakuma, Yoshiyuki Higuchi and Jin Chun, \"Simulation analysis of\nmultipurpose bus parking for park-and-ride system,\" Japan Society of\nMechanical Engineers, pp. 163-164, 2009."]}