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ホルスタイン種新生子牛(呼称A子牛,B子牛)とその親牛(A親牛,B親牛),ならびに子牛の飼育環境(飼槽,床,櫓下,牛床,おかくず,給水器,周囲で飼育されていた牛)から分離した大腸菌株のうち,7薬剤[アンピシリン(ABPC),クロラムフェニコール(CP),クロルテトラサイクリン(CTC),カナマイシン(KM),ストレプトマイシン(SM),ナリジクス酸(NA),スルファジメトキシン(SA)]に対する薬剤感受性試験で,3種以上の薬剤に耐性を示した多剤耐性大腸菌120株(A子牛由来36株,B子牛38株,A親牛6株,B親牛12株,飼育環境28株)について,プラスミドプロファイルおよびパルスフィールドゲル電気泳動(PFGE)法による分子疫学的解析を行い,若葉株間の関連性を検討した.1.供試菌株におけるプラスミドDNA保有率は65%(78株/120株)で,各菌株が保有するプラスミドDNAの種類と数に基づき,プラスミドプロファイルをI型からIX型の9種類に分類できた.このうち,VII型が最も検出率が高く,A子牛,A親牛,飼育環境など広域に分布していた.親子別のプラスミドプロファイル分布状況をみると,A親牛ではVII型の1種類に対し,A子牛ではII,III,VII型の3種類,B親牛でIV型,VI型の2種類に対し,B子牛ではI,III,IV,V型の4種類が確認できた.子牛は親牛よりも多彩なプロファイルを有しており,飼育環境とは異なるプロファイルを示していた.2.プラスミドプロファイルをA,B各親子間で比較すると,A子牛由来である菌株の一部は,プロブァイルの型(VII型)が,A親牛に出来するすべての菌株と一致しており,またB子牛由来である菌株の一部は,プロファイル型(IV型)が,B親牛由来の過半数の菌株と一致していた.一方,子牛房内設備やその近傍で飼育されている成牛や子牛などの環境由来の菌株では,そのプロファイル型がVII型に集中しており,プラスミドプロファイルの分布に偏りが認められた.また,環境由来菌株で大半を占めたVII型は,A子牛由来の一部の菌株とも一致していた.3.PFGE法では供試した120株から49種類の泳動パターンが認められ,A子牛出来の菌株と非京に近縁度の高い菌株が,床,飼槽,おかくず,給水器などの子牛房内設備や,子牛房近傍で飼育されている子牛から分離された.一方,B子牛由来の菌株と近縁関係にある菌株は,今目調査したB親牛,A子牛,A親牛,子牛房内設備のいずれからも分解されなかった.また,A,B各親子間に近縁度の高い菌株は認められなかった., Of all Escherichia coli isolates that were obtained from 2 newborn Holstein calves (designated calf A and B), two cows (designated cow A and B, respectively), and calf-breeding areas (trough, floor, fence, litter bed, sawdust, water trough, Holstein cattle breeding area around < calves C and D, and cows E and F>), a total of 120 multidrug resistant E. coli isolates with resistance toat least 3 out of 7 tested antibiotics [ampicillin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and sulfadimethoxine] were obtained in 2002. Each isolate was tested for clonal relationships by plasmid profile analysis and/or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Plasmids were found in 65% (78/120) of all E. coli isolates tested. A total of 9 different plasmid profiles (i.e., type I-IX) were identified based on the number and size of the plasmids. Type VII was the most widely distributed type in strains from various sources, including calf A, cow A, and calf-breeding areas. The number and type of plasmid profile observed in each Holstein was: calf A, 3 types (II, III, and VII); cow A, one type (VII); calf B, 4 types (I, III, IV, and V); cow B, 2 types (IV and VI). These results show that the calves had more varied profiles than the cows, and that both calves also carried E. coli strains with plasmid profiles that were different from those of the calf-breeding areas. PFGE following restriction digestion with Xbal was performed on 120 of the isolates, because approximately one-third of the isolates did not carry plasmids and could not be typed by plasmid profile analysis. The 120 isolates were divided into 49 PFGE patterns, which showed that some genetically indistinguishable isolates were present in calf A and calf-breeding areas (floor, trough, sawdust, calf C, or calf D), and some genetically closely related isolates were also present in calf A and calf-breeding areas (floor, trough, sawdust, or water trough). Furthermore, none of the indistinguishable or closely related isolates were shared between calf A and cow A, or calf B and cow B, respectively. These results indicate that there may be other environmental sources, besides the calf-breeding areas (floor, trough, sawdust, water trough, calf breeding locations) identified in this study, that are potential sources of multidrug-resistant E. coli infection in newborn Holstein calves., 紀要論文

今回、2組のホルスタイン種親牛(A親牛およびB親牛)の分娩後1日目と7日目と、各子牛(A子牛およびB子牛)の出生後1日目から7日目までに分離した直腸便由来大腸菌252株(A子牛102株、B子牛90株、A親牛30株、B親牛30株)について、ABPC、CP、CTC、KM、SM、NA、およびSAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い、耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの保有状況を調査した。1)供試菌株の69%(173/252株)が薬剤耐性を示した。個体別による耐性菌検出率の平均は、A親牛20%に対してA子牛で61%、一方B親牛80%に対してB子牛90%と、いずれも親牛より子牛で高率に耐性菌が検出された。生後1日目の子牛では、A子牛47%、B子牛93%とすでに高率に耐性が認められ、生後4日目以降に耐性菌検出率がさらに増加した。2)薬剤耐性菌を薬剤別でみてみると、A親牛は4薬剤(ABPC、CTC、SM、およびSA)、B親牛は5薬剤(CP、CTC、SM、NA、およびSA)でのみ耐性菌が検出された。各子牛ではすでに1日目で親牛と同じ薬剤に耐性を示し、産後日数の経過とともに親牛では認められなかった薬剤にも耐性を示した。A子牛では2日目で他の3薬剤(CP、KM、およびNA)に、B子牛では5日目で他の1薬剤(ABPC)に耐性を示す一方、KMへの耐性は生後7日目まで認められなかった。3)薬剤耐性型をみると、A親牛で3剤型だけの2種類、B親牛で単剤型から4剤型までの5種類に対して、A子牛で単剤型から7剤型まで12種類、B子牛で単剤型から5剤型までの12種類と、子牛の薬剤耐性型が親牛よりも明らかに多かった。両子牛とも1日目で各親牛とは異なる耐性型が認められ、生後1日目から3日目までは単剤型が、4日目以降になると多剤耐性型が優勢となった。4)76株の薬剤耐性菌(A親牛6株、A子牛28株、B親牛11株、B子牛31株)について、伝達性Rプラスミドの保有状況を調査した。伝達性Rプラスミド保有菌はいずれも子牛のみから検出され、A子牛では4日目に単剤(ABPC)伝達性1株と3剤(ABPC-CP-CTC)伝達性1株、6日目に単剤(ABPC)伝達性1株が認められた。B子牛では3日目に2剤(CTC-SA)耐性型の1株だけが認められた。本調査を遂行するにあたり、御協力を頂いた沖縄県畜産試験場の各位に深謝いたします。, A total of 252 Escherichia coli isolates were recovered from rectal swabs of two Holstein cows (designated cow A and B) on postpartum days 1 and 7 and the female calf of each (designated calf A and B, respectively) on postnatal days 1-7. Each isolate was tested for susceptibility to 7 antibiotics [ampicillin (ABPC), chloramphenicol (CP), chlortetracycline (CTC), kanamycin (KM), streptomycin (SM), nalidixic acid (NA), and sulfadimethoxine (SA)] and for prevalence of conjugative R-plasmids. The results of these studies are: 1. Resistance to at least one of antibiotics tested was found in 69% (173/252) of the E. coli isolates. The mean frequency of resistant isolates was: cow A, 20%; calf A, 61%; cow B, 80%; and calf B, 90%. These results show that calves are readily infected with resistant bacteria: on postnatal day 1, 47% of the E. coli isolates from calf A and 93% from calf B were antibiotic-resistant. Furthermore, the fraction of isolates that were antibiotic-resistant increased after postnatal day 3. 2. On postpartum day 7, isolates with resistance to only 4 of the antibiotics tested (ABPC, CTC, SM, and SA) were obtained from cow A and to only to 5 of the antibiotics (CP, CTC, SM, NA, and SA) from cow B. On postnatal day 1, both calves already had isolates with the same-antibiotic resistances as the corresponding cow. By postnatal day 2, isolates from calf A were also resistant to the other 3 antibiotics (CP, KM, and NA). Isolates resistant to one of the other antibiotics (ABPC) were found in calf B by postnatal day 5, but no isolate to the remaining antibiotic (KM) was found in calf B by postnatal day 7. 3. A number of antibiotic resistance patterns were found, ranging from isolates resistant to a single antibiotic to isolates resistant to multiple (i. e., 2-7) antibiotics. Isolates from calves had more resistance patterns than those from cows, and no isolates from cows were resistant to more than 4 antibiotics. On postnatal day 1, isolates from both calves already had different resistance patterns than those from the corresponding cow. Isolates with resistance to a single antibiotic were predominant during postnatal day 1-3. However, after postnatal day 3, isolates with resistance to multiple antibiotics were predominant. 4. The prevalence of a conjugative R-plasmid was investigated in 76 of the antibiotic-resistant isolates; 6 from cow A, 28 from calf A, 11 from cow B, and 31 from calf B. Conjugative R plasmid transfer was found in 4 of these isolates: a day 4 postnatal isolate from calf A with resistance to 1 antibiotic (ABPC), a day 6 postnatal isolate from calf A with resistance to 1 antibiotic (ABPC), a day 4 postnatal isolate from calf A with resistance to 3 antibiotics (ABPC-CP-CTC), and a day 3 postnatal isolate from calf B with resistance to 2 antibiotics (CTC-SA)., 紀要論文

動物病院で診療を受けた,受診犬(27頭)及び受診猫(13頭),動物愛護センターで引き取られるか,捕獲された犬(20頭)及び猫(24頭),計84頭から分離された大腸菌776株について,ABPC,CP,CTC,KM,SM,NA,SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。また耐性菌については,伝達性Rプラスミドの検索を行った。7薬剤のいずれかに耐性であった大腸菌は,犬では102株(24.7%),猫では59株(16.3%)であった。犬の耐性菌検出率では,受診犬(24.0%)と捕獲犬(25.5%)がほぼ同率であったが,猫では受診猫26.8%に対し,引取猫10.6%で,前者が高率であった。薬剤別の検出率は,犬ではCTC耐性が17.7%で最高,以下SA,SM,ABPC耐性の順であり,猫ではSA耐性が12.6%で最高,以下ABPC,CTC,SM耐性の順であった。捕獲犬は受診犬に比較して,すべての薬剤において検出率が高かったが,猫では逆にすべての薬剤で受診猫の方が引取猫より高かった。耐性型は,犬では単剤型から6剤型まで23種類(捕獲犬22種類,受診犬10種類),猫では単剤型から7剤型まで9種類(引取猫6種類,受診猫4種類)であった。受診犬は単剤型と2剤型で73%を占めたが,捕獲犬では3剤型以上が60%に達した。猫では,引取猫の過半数が単剤型と2剤型であったのに対し,受診猫は7剤型のみで62%を占めた。耐性菌における伝達性Rプラスミド保有菌の検出率は,犬が6.1%,猫が35.7%であった。猫では殆どが2剤伝達性であったが,犬では単剤伝達性が殆どであった。, Tests for sensitivity to seven drugs were conducted on 776 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from a total of 84 dogs and cats; 27 dogs and 13 cats referred to an animal hospital for treatment (referred group) and 20 dogs and 24 cats taken over or captured by animal protection centers (captured group). In the resistant strains, transferable R plasmid were studied. Resistance to at least one of the 7 drugs was found in 102 (24.7%) of strains obtained from dogs and 59 (16.3%) of strains obtained from cats. The percentage of resistant strains was 24.0% from referred dogs and 25.5% from captured dogs. The corresponding values were 26.8% in referred cats and 10.6% in captured cats. In dogs, the rate of resistance was the highest for CTC (17.7%) followed by SA, SM and ABPC in decreasing order. In cats, the rate of resistance was the highest for SA (12.6%) followed by ABPC, CTC and SM. The rate of drug resistance was higher for each drug in captured dogs than in referred dogs, but higher for each drug in referred cats than in captured cats. As to the range of multiple resistance, 23 combinations ranging from resistance to a single drug to 6 drugs were found in dogs (22 combinations in captured dogs and 10 combinations in referred dogs), whereas 9 combinations ranging from resistance to a single drug to all 7 drugs were found in cats (6 combinations in captured cats and 4 in referred cats). In referred dogs, resistance to 1 or 2 drugs accounted for 73%, whereas resistance to 3 or more drugs accounted for 60% in captured dogs. More than half of the strains from captured cats showed resistance to only 1 or 2 drugs, whereas strains resistant to all 7 drugs accounted for 62% from referred cats. Resistant strains with transferable R plasmid were found in 6.1% of dogs and 35.7% of cats. While 2 drug transfer was mostly found in cats, single drug transfer was mostly found in dogs., 紀要論文

本研究は, 放牧地空間を有効利用するために, 放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入することによって, 肉生産と果樹生産の両立をはかることを目的としている。昨年放牧牛による食害防御法が確立されたことからその方法であるワイヤーメッシュケージ法を継続して行ない, さらに果樹の生長, 果実の生産に向けて生育状況を把握するとともに効率良く生産をおこなうため, 放牧地の種々の光条件下と地形の違いによる果樹の生育について調査, 検討を行なった。昨年からのワイヤーメッシュケージ法を継続して行ない, グアバとビワのうち枯死していないもの(グアバ96本・ビワ64本)を調査に用いた。供試家畜は, 黒毛和種の成牛4頭と子牛4頭の合計8頭を用いた。グアバ, ビワの両果樹それぞれについて相対照度を測定し, 相対照度が100%&acd;65%の所をH区, 相対照度が65%&acd;35%の所をM区, 相対照度が35%以下となる所をL区と設定し, グアバについてはさらに傾斜角度が約35度の北西斜面の傾斜地をN区と設定した。調査項目は, 放牧牛による果樹の被食率, 麻袋被害率, 果樹の葉数, 果樹の樹高で, 調査期間は6月から12月までで1ヶ月間隔で調査を行なった。ワイヤーメッシュケージを継続して行なったところ, 調査期間全体を通して両果樹とも放牧牛による被食率は0%であった。麻袋被害率についてもほとんど0%であったが調査期間中の平均被害率がグアバ区で7.7%, ビワ区で0.6%と有意な差が認められた。相対照度の調査において, グアバではH区で葉数, 樹高ともに一番高い値を示し, L区で葉数,樹高ともに有意に低い値が認められた。グアバ区では病害虫の発生もみられ生長は思わしくなかった。ビワではL区で葉数, 樹高ともに一番高い値を示した。ビワ区ではわずかではあるが生長が認められた。両果樹について台風による被害がみられた。, We had studied on the introduction of tropical fruit tree in grazing pastute to produce both beef and tropical fruits because of utilization space in grasslands. We reported that several methods were conducted to introduce various tropical fruit trees (papaya, guava, loquat) in grasslands. We established the protection method for fruit trees from grazing cat tle; that was the wire-mesh cage method surrounded tropical tree by the wiremesh cage. So we continued the study to investigate the growth of guava and loquat using this method under various intensity of illuminations and topography. A guava (Psidium guyava L.) and loquat (Eriobtrya japonica Lindley) were transplanted in 1996. Eight heads of Japanese black cattle; four cows and four calves were grazed in grassland. The grasslands with the guava and loquat trees were divided into three plots of intensity of illuminations which were high intensity of 100-65% (H), of midium intensity of 65-35% (M), and of less than 35% (L), and then plotted the northwest-facing slope plot (N) in grasslnad with guava trees. We investigated the ratio of damage of fruit trees and of mulching materials (used linen bags) under the trees by grazing catlle, number of their leaves and height of trees from June to December every month. Tropical fruit trees were not entirely injured by grazing cattle during whole experimental periods by wire-mesh cage method. However, there was a small damage of mulching linen bags in guava area (7.7%) and loquat area (0.6%), it was singnificant at 5% level. The number of leaf and the height of guava were the highest in the high intensity of illumination area, but their values were lower in the less than 35% area. Only guava trees were damaed by insects (larvae of moth). On the contrary the number of leaf and the height of loquat trees showed the highest value in the intensity of illumination of less than 35% area. We found a typhoon da-maged the guava and loquat furuit trees., 紀要論文

沖縄本島内の一養鶏場で産卵鶏の日齢別に採取した糞便由来大腸菌合計826株について, 7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い, また耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの検索も試みた。供試した7薬剤のいずれかに耐性の大腸菌は, 314株(38.0%)であった。日齢別の耐性菌検出率では20日齢が86.9%で最高, 600日齢が8.8%で最低であり, 加齢に伴い低下する傾向を示した。しかし, 500日齢では51.7%を示し, 20日齢に次いで高い値であった。薬剤別ではSA耐性が29.7%で最高, 以下SM, CTC, KM, ABPC耐性などの順であった。各日齢ともSA耐性が1位または2位の検出率を示したが, 200日及び400日齢ではCTC耐性が1位を, また800日齢ではABPC耐性とSA耐性が同率で1位を示すなど, 日齢によって検出順位が異なった。耐性型の種類は, 全体では単剤型から6剤型まで23種類認められたが, 20日齢では16種類, 他の日齢では7種類以下であった。また2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性型が約70%を占め, 特に20日齢では90%が多剤耐性型であり, 6剤型も本日齢のみで検出された。なお200日, 500日及び800日齢でも59&acd;77%が多剤耐性型であった。耐性菌314株における伝達性Rプラスミドの検索では, 60株(19.1%)がRプラスミドを保有していたが, うち47株は500日齢由来であった。300日, 400日及び800日齢ではRプラスミド保有菌が検出されなかった。これら菌株の伝達耐性型は単剤型から4剤型まで見られたが, 49株が単剤伝達型であり, 残りの2&acd;4剤伝達型は20日及び500日齢由来であった。, Fecal samples were collected from laying hens at various ages in a poultry farm in Okinawa Prefecture. A total of 826 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the samples and tested for sensitivity testing to 7 antibiotics. Transmissible R plasmid was investigated in the resistant strains. Three hundred and fourteen strains (38.0%) were resistant to at least one of the 7 antibiotics tested. The prevalence of resistant strains was highest in the 20-day-old group (86.9%) and lowest in the 600-day-old group (8.8%), with a tendency of decrease with age. However, the prevalence was still 51.7% in the 500-day-old group, the second highest after the 20-day-old group. The rate of SA resistance was highest at 29.7%, followed by SM, CTC, KM and ABPC, in that order. SA resistance was the highest or second highest in all age groups, but CTC resistance was the highest in the 200-and 400-day-old groups, and ABPC and SA resistance was high in the 800-day-old group. The order of resistance rate among antibiotics varied slightly with age. Twenty-three resistance patterns were detected ranging from single-agent to 6-agent resistance. Sixteen types were observed in the 20-day-old group and 7 types or less in the other age groups. Multiple resistance type, defined as resistance to 2 or more antibiotics, accounted for approximately 70%. In the 20-day-old group, particularly, 90% were of the multiple resistance type and 6-agent resistance was seen only in this age group. Transmissible R plasmid was investigated in 314 resistant strains. Sixty strains (19.1%) possessed R plasmid, 47 strains of which were from the 500-day-old group. No R plasmid possessing strain was detected in the 300-, 400-or800-day-old group., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧地の立体空間を有効利用するために放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入し, 肉生産と果樹生産を行おうとするものである。本試験において, 食害防御効果を高めるために金網ネットを用いた物理的な方法による熱帯果樹の食害防御法の検討を行った。熱帯果樹にはグアバとビワを用いた。供試家畜は黒毛和種経産牛3頭(平均体重370kg), 未経産牛4頭(生後17&acd;22ヶ月齢)の合計7頭を放牧した。グアバとビワの苗は放牧地に約4m間隔で移植し, 長さ1.5mの支柱を苗の両側に立て, 上からネット袋で苗を被覆し供試牛を放牧した。退牧時にグアバとビワの被食率とネットの被害率を調査した。ネット試験を2回終了した時点でネットを取り外し, 苗の四方に支柱を4本立て, その支柱に金網ネットを張り巡らし固定した。ネット試験と同様に6回の放牧試験を行った。試験期間は7月から1月までの8ヶ月で8回の放牧試験を行った。1日平均果樹被食率はグアバのネット処理区で4.3%, 金網ネット処理区で1.6%, ビワのネット処理区で1.9%, 金網ネット処理区で0.7%と両果樹とも金網ネット処理区の方が低い値を示した。この結果, 金網ネット処理区はネット処理区に比べ有意に低い値を示した。また, グアバとビワにおける被食率の差も検討したが, 有意な差は認められなかった。以上の結果より, 金網ネット処理はネット処理に比べ熱帯果樹食害防御効果の高いことがわかった。, We have studied to produce both beef and tropical fruit due to utilization of spatial space in grassland. In this study we attempted the method of wirenet to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. We cultivated guava and loquat as tropical fruits, and grazed seven Japanese black cattle; three cows of mean weight of 370kg, four heifers of the range from seventeen to twenty-two months. We transplanted guava and loquat at four meter intervals in grassland, and struck the steel pole which was 1.5m in length both sides of a tropical fruit tree. All the tropical fruit trees (guava, loquat) were covered with polyethylene-net bag. We investigated damage of guava and loquat by means of polyethylene-net bag method after grazing. After two times of each experiments used polyethylene-net bag were removed, and added two iron posts both sides of fruit tree. Wire-net was put tightly around four posts of tropical fruit tree. Grazing experiments of the wire-net bag method were conducted eight times from July to January in the following year. The mean ratio of damaged guava per day were shown 4.3% in polyethylene-net bag method and 1.6% in wire-net method. The mean ratio of damaged loquat per day in polyethylene-net bag method and wire-net method were shown 1.9% and 0.7% respectively. As we compared the ratio of damaged fruit tree in polyethylene-net bag method with wire-net method, its ratio was significant low in wire-net method, its ratio was significant low in wire-net method. But the ratio of damaged between guava and loquat were not significant. From the results described above, we found the wire-net method was more effective grazing protecton than the polyethylene-net bag method., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧地の空間を有効利用するために放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入し, 肉生産と果樹生産の両立について検討しようとするものである。本試験においては食害防御効果をさらに高めるために市販のポリネット袋を用いて, 物理的な方法による果樹食害防御の検討を行った。熱帯果樹にはパパヤを用い, 供試家畜には黒毛和種経産牛3頭, 11ヶ月齢の雌牛2頭, 3ヶ月齢の雌牛2頭の計7頭を放牧した。パパヤ苗は放牧地に約4m間隔で移植し, 長さ約1.5mの支柱を苗の両側に1本ずつ立てた。そして, 縦75cm, 横42cmの市販のポリネット袋で苗を被覆した。その後, 供試牛を放牧し, 1日1回パパヤの被食率を調査した。ポリネット試験は第1期10月25日&acd;11月3日(10日間), 第2期11月25日&acd;12月2日(8日間)行った。1日平均被食率は無処理区で16%, ポリネット処理区で3.4%であった。ポリネット処理区における放牧牛による食害の特徴はポリネットの上から葉身を咀嚼するためダメージは少なく枯死に至るほどではなかった。以上の結果より, ポリネット処理区は無処理区に比べ放牧牛によるパパヤの被食が最も低く, 食害防御効果の高いことがわかった。, The purpose of this study is to produce both beef and tropical fruits in same place where we will utilize the spatial space of grassland effectively. In the study we carryied out the polyethylene-net bag method to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. We used papaya (carica papaya L.) as tropical fruit tree, and grazed seven japanese black cattle, that is three cows, two heifers of eleven months age and two heifers of three months age. Papaya transplanted in each four meter intervals, and struck supports which made of iron with 1.5m height in each sides of fruit tree. The size of polyethylene-net bag that was covered tropical fruit tree was seventy-five by forty-two centimeters. We measured ratio of damaged papaya trees every day during experiments. Experiment of the polyethylene-net bag method were conducted two times which were from twenty-fifth of October to third of November and from twenty-fifth of November to 2nd of December. It were shown the mean ratio of damaged fruit trees per day in nontreatment and polyethylene-net bag method were percent of 16 and 3.4 respectively. A characteristics of damaged papaya tree in polyethylene-net bag method did not receive a serious injury because of chewing papaya tree on the polyethylene-net bag. From the results described above, we might conclude that the polyethylene-net bag method was useful to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle., 紀要論文

本研究は放牧草地の立体空間を有効利用するために熱帯果樹を植えて肉生産と果樹生産を同時に行おうとするもである。しかし, 放牧牛は草以外に苗木も採食してしまうので果樹の生育に大きなダメージを与え, 枯死に至らしめることもある。本実験は放牧牛による熱帯果樹苗木の食害を牛の嫌がる臭いによって防御した。実験は3段階に分けて行った。第1実験は薬品の食害に対する効果を検討した。薬品は酪酸, アンモニア, トリメチルアミン, プロピオン酸, ブチルメルカプタンの5種類を用い, それぞれを脱脂綿に浸し, 加工ポリ容器に入れ支柱に吊り下げて食害防御効果の高い薬品を選抜した。第2実験は, 第一段階で選抜した薬品(酪酸)の設置方法を検討した。麻袋法, ボトル法, 麻袋法とボトル法の同時設置法(麻袋法+ボトル法)の3方法で選抜した。第3実験は第1,第2段階で最も効果のあった薬品および設置方法を選択し, 選定した薬品の希釈倍率を50倍, 100倍, 200倍の3水準で忌避効果を調べた。薬品選抜試験では酪酸による防御効果が最も高かった。ついで, ブチルメルカプタン, トリメチルアミン, アンモニア, プロピオン酸, 無処理の順であった。薬品設置法の試験では, ボトル法, ボトル法+麻袋法の2処理が同程度の効果を示し, 麻袋法においては食害率が高かった。薬品の希釈倍率では50倍希釈と100倍希釈が同程度の効果を, 200倍希釈はそれらよりも約2倍も高い果樹被食率を示した。以上の結果から100倍希釈の酪酸を脱脂綿に浸してボトル法(ポリ容器)により苗木のすぐそばに設置したほうが食害の防御効果の高いことがわかった。, We studied the production of both beef and tropical fruits in same place to utilize the spatial space in grassland. It occurred that tropical fruit trees in grassland were eaten by grazing cattle, and they will be ceasing to grow soon. In this study we tried to protect the tropical fruit trees from grazing cattle by means of odoriferous materials in grassland. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) which cultivated in pods until 40 to 50cm height in green house transplanted in grassland. Three experiments were conducted. Following experiments on protecting tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle were made : 1. Effects of five kinds of odoriferous materials (butyric acid, ammonia, trimethylamine, propionic acid, butylmercaptan) which put in processed polyethylene resin bottles with absorbent cotton on protecting fruit tree from grazing cattle; 2. Effects of three setting methods (that is, there are method of heap cloth mat soaked butyric acid under the fruit tree, of polyethylene resin bottle, and of heap cloth mat added polyethylene resin bottle) of using butyric acid which was most effective in experiment one on protection fruit tree from grazing cattle; 3. Effects of three concentration levels of diluted 50,100 and 200 times butyric acid solution on protecting fruit tree from grazing cattle. The results obtained were as follows. The most effective odor material which protected tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle was butyric acid, and were higher effect in order of butylmercaptan, trimethylamine, ammonia, propionic acid and no-odor material. In means of setting experiment polyethylene resin bottle method was same effectiveness as heap cloth mat added polyethylene resin bottle method., 紀要論文

沖縄県内の3酪農家で搾乳中の健康な乳用牛(ホルスタイン種),合計78頭の直腸便から分離した大腸菌652株について,7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い,また耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの検索も試みた。供試した7薬剤のいずれか1薬剤に耐性の大腸菌は,全体では68株(10.4%)であった。酪農家別の耐性菌検出率では,C酪農家5.5%,A酪農家8.7%,B酪農家16.5%であった。薬剤別では,CTC耐性菌が9.5%で最も高く,他の薬剤に対する耐性菌は5%未満であったが,NA耐性菌は検出されなかった。3酪農家由来ともCTC耐性菌が最高であったが,B酪農家由来ではSMおよびSA耐性菌も若干高い値を示した。耐性型の種類は単剤型から6剤型まで10種類認められたが,4剤型は検出されなかった。また全体では,2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性型が過半数を占め,特にB酪農家由来では60%以上が多剤耐性型であり,6剤耐性型も本酪農家由来であった。一方,A及びC酪農家由来では60%以上が逆に単剤耐性型であった。耐性菌68株について,伝達性Rプラスミドの検索を行った結果,A酪農家由来の5株のみがRプラスミドを保有していた。この5株の伝達耐性型は,すべてCTC単剤型であった。, The sensitivity to seven antibiotics of 652 Escherichia coli strains isolated from the rectal contents of 78 healthy dairy cows (Holstein) from three dairy farms in Okinawa Prefecture was tested. Transmissible R plasmid was also examined in resistant strains. Sixty-eight E. coli strains (10.4%) were resistant to at least 1 of the 7 tested antibiotics. The resistant strain detection rate was 5.5% in Farm C, 8.7% in Farm A and 16.5% in Farm B. CTC resistance was the most common at 9.5%, resistance to the other antibiotics was less than 5% and NA resistance was not detected. CTC-resistant strains were the most common in all three farms. The proportions of SM-and SA-resistant strains were slightly higher in Farm B. There were 10 resistance patterns ranging from 1-agent to 6-agent resistance. Over half (51.5%) of all the resistant strains were resistant to 2 or more agents, particularly, over 60% of those from Farm B were multi-drug resistant. The six-agent resistant strain was derived from Farm B. In contrast, over 60% of the resistant strains from Farms A and C were resistant to one agent. Transmissible R plasmid was examined in 68 antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. R plasmid was detected only in 5 strains from Farm A, and in all 5 strains the transmissible resistance type was 1-agent type to CTC., 紀要論文

本実験は牛舎内環境下黒毛和種における, 反芻行動と血液成分の相関関係について検討を行った。実験動物は頸静脈カテーテルを装着した黒毛和種成雌4頭を供試した, 実験動物は牛舎内スタンチョンに繋養し, 反芻行動, 採食(咀嚼)行動および血液成分を測定し, 反芻行動および採食行動と血液成分の相関係数を検討した。反芻行動は10 : 00と16 : 00の給餌刺激による影響を認めなかったが, 採食行動は10 : 00と16 : 00に増加を示した。反芻行動は遊離脂肪酸含量と有意な正の相関を示し, 特に反芻回数はCa含量と有意な正の相関を示した。採食行動はグルコース含量, 中性脂肪含量, および酢酸含量と正の相関を示し, 特に咀嚼回数はCa含量, 尿素態窒素含量, アルグミン含量およびA/G比とも有意な正の相関を示した。, The experiments were conducted to study the relationship of rumination and blood compositions under the artificial light in a barn. Ruminating behavior, masticating behavior and blood compositions of animals tested were measured and analyzed. In the feeding at 10 : 00 and 16 : 00,ruminating behavior was not changed during a day, but masticating behavior was increased at feeding of 10 : 00 and 16 : 00. The coefficient of the correlation between ruminating behavior (Number of boli and ruminating time) and free fatty acid was r=0.653 and 0.704 significantly (P, 紀要論文

沖縄県内の3農場で肥育中の肉用牛, 64頭(和種25頭, 外産牛24頭, 乳F_1 15頭)の糞便から分離した大腸菌, 合計610株について薬剤感受性試験を行った。供試した7薬剤のいずれかに耐性であった菌株は, 136株(22.3%)であった。ウシの品種等別にみた耐性菌検出率は, 和種30.6%, 外産牛16.7%, 乳F_1 17.7%であり, 和種が高かった。薬剤別の耐性菌検出率は, 全体ではCTC耐性12.8%, SA耐性10.2%などが高く, 他の薬剤耐性はいずれも5%未満であった。耐性型の種類は単剤型から4剤型まで14種類認められたが, 外産牛では11種類, 和種では9種類, 乳F_1では6種類であった。しかし, 外産牛と乳F_1では単剤型が71&acd;62%を占めたのに対し, 和種では2剤以上に耐性の多剤耐性型が過半数を占めた。耐性菌における伝達性Rプラスミド保有菌の検出率は, 12.7%であった。ウシの品種等別では, 外産牛が20%, 乳F_1が11.5%, 和種が10%であった。またこれらの伝達耐性型はすべて単剤型であった。, Escherichia coli was isolated from 64 head of the beef cattle fattened in 3 farms in Okinawa Prefecture [25 Japanese Blacks, 24 imported steers fattened in Okinawa (imported cattle) and 15 offsprings from Holstein and Japanese Black (F_1 hybrid)]. A total of 610 strains of E. coli (235 from Japanese Blacks, 228 from imported cattle and 147 from F_1 hybrid) were isolated and antibiotic sensitivity tests to ABPC, CP, CTC, KM, SM, NA and SA were performed. Of the 610 isolates, 136 (22.3%) were resistant to one of the antibiotics tested. The antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolation rate was 30.6% in Japanese Blacks, 16.7% in imported cattle and 17.7% in F_1 hybrid. The overall antibiotic resistant rates were 12.8% and 10.2% for CTC and SA, respectively, and less than 5% for the other antibiotics. Fourteen antibiotic resistance patterns, ranging from single-agent to 4-agent resistance were detected : eleven patterns in imported cattle, 9 patterns in Japanese Blacks and 6 patterns in F_1 hybrid. While 62 to 71% of the strains isolated from imported cattle and F_1 hybrid were resistant to a single agent, over 50% of the strains from Japanese Blacks were resistant to 2 or more antibiotics. Transmissible R plasmid were examined in the antibiotic resistant E. coli strains. Of the 126 strains examined, 16 (12.7%) possessed transmissible R plasmids. They were found in 20% of the resistant strains from imported cattle, 11.5% of those from F_1 hybrid and 10% of those from Japanese Blacks. The type of transmissible resistance was all one-agent type., 紀要論文

食肉における薬剤耐性大腸菌の汚染状況を知る目的で, 沖縄県内の某と畜場でと殺解体直後の豚枝肉について調査を行った。試料は, 解体直後の6と体の豚枝肉から, 処理工程別に背割後, 洗浄後, 格付け前, 冷蔵庫内の4ヵ所で拭き取り法によって採取した。また, 湯浸け水(脱毛のためにと体を浸漬する湯), 内臓液(内臓摘出時に出てくる液)についても調査した。これらの試料から合計301株の大腸菌を分離し, 7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。供試した大腸菌301株のうち195株(64.8%)が, いずれか1薬剤に耐性であった。枝肉処理の工程別にみた耐性菌の検出率は, 背割後74.1%, 洗浄後53.4%, 格付け前57.9%, 冷蔵庫内65.6%であった。内臓液由来では91.7%が耐性であったが, 湯浸け水からは大腸菌は分離されなかった。薬剤別には, CTC耐性が51.5%, SA耐性が35.5%, SM耐性が29.2%などの順に高く, これら3薬剤に対する耐性菌の検出順位は各試料とも同じであった。耐性型は, 単剤型から7剤型まで46種類認められ, その種類は処理工程が進むほど減少した。また全体では単剤型が29.7%, 3剤型が18.5%, 2剤型が17.4%, 4剤型が16.9%の順であったが, 2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性菌は, 背割後由来で検出率が最も高かった。耐性菌170株のうち9株(5.3%)がRプラスミド保有菌であり, 少なかった。, Immediate post-slaughtering contamination of pork carcasses with drug-resistant Escherichia coli was investigated in a slaughter house in Okinawa Prefecture. A total of 301 strains of E. coli were isolated from dressed pork carcasses. Drug sensitivity testing of these strains to seven antibiotics was performed. Among the 301 strains of E. coli tested, 195 strains (64.8%) exhibited drug resistance. Isolation rates of drug-resistant strains at various stages in processing were 74.1% after halving, 53.4% after cleaning, 57.9% befor grading and 65.6% in refrigeration. Strains isolated from visceral fluid samples were 91.7% drug-resistant. No E. coli was isolated from the hot water used for dehairing. The highest resistance found among the antibiotics tested was to CTC (51.5% of strains), SA (35.5%) and SM (29.2%). This same order of resistance was found in all samples. Forty six patterns of resistance were observed, ranging from single-agent to seven-agent resistance. The number of patterns of resistance decreased as the carcasses advanced through processing. For all strains isolated, 29.7% were resistant to one agent, 17.4% to two agents, 18.5% to three agents and 16.9% to four agents. Strains resistant to more than two agents were most commonly isolated from carcasses after halving. Only nine strains (5.3%) among the 170 drug-resistant strains possessed R plasmids., 紀要論文

沖縄県における家畜糞便由来薬剤耐性大腸菌の検出状況の調査の一環として, 今回はと畜場で解体直後のウシの盲腸内容物由来について調査を行った。ウシの盲腸内容物試料は, 品種等別に外産牛20頭, 黒毛和種5頭, ホルスタイン種5頭, 計30頭から採取し, 黒毛和種については農場で肥育中のウシ10頭の糞便も採取した。これらの試料から合計343株の大腸菌を分離し, 7薬剤に対する薬剤感受性試験を行った。供試した大腸菌343株のうち45株がいずれか1薬剤に耐性であり, その検出率は13.1%と低率であった。ウシの品種等別では, 外産牛が18.8%, 黒毛和種が6.8%, ホルスタイン種が6.7%であり, 外産牛で高かった。薬剤別の耐性菌は, 全体ではSA耐性24株, CTC耐性20株, KM耐性14株などが比較的多かった。外産牛ではSA及びCTC耐性が多く, またホルスタイン種では各薬剤に対する耐性菌が検出されたが, 黒毛和種ではKM及びSA耐性のみであった。耐性型は, 全体では12種類認められたが, 外産牛では単剤型から4剤型まで9種類, 黒毛和種では単剤型のみ2種類, ホルスタイン種では6剤型と7剤型の2種類であつた。耐性菌におけるRプラスミド保有菌は4株あり, すべて外産牛由来であった。, As part of the study of the incidence of drug resistance of Escherichia coli of fecal origin in liverstock, the drug resistance of E. coli isolated from the cecal contents of cattle was studied. Cecal contents were collected at a slaughter house in Okinawa Prefecture during the slaughtering and dressing of 30 beef cattle including 20 imported cattle (imported, then fattened in the Prefecture), five Japanese blacks and five Holsteins. Fecal samples were also collected from 10 Japanese blacks being fattened on a farm. A total of 343 strains of E. coli were isolated from these samples. Drug sensitivity testing of these strains to seven antibiotics was performed. Of the 343 strains, 45 were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with a low isolation rate of 13.1%. The isolation rate of drug-resistant strains was 18.8% in imported cattle, 6.8% in Japanese blacks and 6.7% in Holsteins. The highest rate was found in imported cattle. Resistance to SA, CTC and KM was relatively high, with 24 strains resistant to SA, 20 to CTC and 14 to KM. Many SA-and CTC-resistant strains were isolated from the imported cattle. Strains resistant to all antibiotics tested were isolated from the Holsteins, while only KM- or SA-resistant strains were isolated from the Japanese blacks. Twelve different patterns of resistance were observed in all the strains. Nine patterns of resistance, including one- to four-agent resistance, were detected in imported cattle. Two patterns of single-agent resistance were found in Japanese blacks and two patterns of six-and seven-agent resistance were found in Holsteins. Attempts were made to detect R plasmid in the resistant strains. It was detected in only 4 strains, all isolated from imported cattle., 紀要論文

食鳥肉における薬剤耐性大腸菌の汚染状況を知る目的で,食鳥処理場の工程別に器具類,食鳥肉及び食鳥肉の解体器具類から大腸菌を分離し,ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA, SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。処理器具類由来大腸菌では,80.7%(271/336株)が耐性であった。食鳥肉由来では56.7%(76/134株)が,また解体器具類由来では41.5%(17/41株)が,それぞれ耐性であった。薬剤別の耐性菌検出率は,全体ではCTCが65.0%で最も高く,以下SM, SA, KMの順であった。また処理器具類と食鳥肉由来における耐性菌の検出順位は上記と同じであったが,解体器具類由来ではSA耐性が最も多かった。薬剤耐性型は,単剤耐性型から6剤耐性型まで23種類認められたが,工程が進むに伴ってその種類は減少した。また,耐性菌の84.7%が2剤以上に耐性の多剤耐性であったが,処理器具類由来の77%が3剤耐性型以上であったのに対し,食鳥肉及び解体器具類由来では64&acd;74%が逆に2剤耐性型以下であった。耐性菌におけるRプラスミド保有菌は,30株(9.7%)であり,少なかった。, To assess the contamination of poultry meat by drug resistant E. coli, the organism was isolated from machines and equipment in the processing plant, from poultry carcasses, and from dresing machines and equipment of the carcasses in each step of poultry meat processing. These organisms were tested for sensitivity to ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA, and SA. In the E. coli found on machines and equipment in the processing plant such as the basket for transporting live animals, shackle, picker, abdominal spreader, and eviscerator, durg resistance was found in 271 of 336 strains (80.7%). Samples were taken from the carcasses after plucking, after evisceration, after preliminary cooling, and after final cooling. Drug resistance was seen in 56.7% (76 of 134) of these strains of E. coli. Samples from the dresing machines and equipment of the carcasses such as cutting table, knife, conveyor, and packing box revealed drug resistance in 41.5% (17 of 41) of the strains of E. coli detected. Resistance to CTC was the most common (65.0%) followed by resistance to SM, SA, and KM, in this order, among strains from the carcasses and from the machines and equipment in the procesing plant. Strains resistant to SA, however, were the most frequent finding from the dresing machines and equipment of the carcasses. Twenty three different patterns of resistance were detected. These ranged from resistance to a single drug up to resistance to six drugs. As the stage of poultry meat processing proceeded, however, the variety of patterns decreased. In 84.7% of the resistant strains, multiple drug resistance to more than two drugs was noted. While 77% of strains from the machines and equipment in the processing plant were resistant to more than three drugs, 64-74% of those from the carcasses and the dresing machines and equipment of the carcasses were resistant to less than two drugs. Attempts were made to detect R plasmid in the resistant strains. It was detected in only 30 strains (9.7%), a rather low frequecy., 紀要論文

食肉における薬剤耐性菌の汚染状況を知る目的で,と畜場内の豚枝肉及び枝肉解体器具類から大腸菌群を分離し,ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA, SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。豚枝肉由来のE.coliでは,18株中15株(83.3%)が耐性であったが,解体器具類由来では17株全てが感受性であった。一方E.coli以外の菌株(C.freundii及びK.pneumoniae)では,豚枝肉由来の57株中25株(43.3%)が,また解体器具類由来の133株中36株(27.1%)が,それぞれ耐性であった。薬剤別の耐性菌は,E.coliではCTC及びSA耐性が各86.7%で最も高く,E.coli以外の大腸菌群では豚枝肉及び解体器具類由来でABPC耐性が,それぞれ36.0%と72.2%で最も高かった。耐性型は,E.coliでは単剤耐性型から6剤耐性型まで7種類あったが,2剤耐性型が最多であった。E.coli以外の大腸菌群の耐性型は,豚枝肉由来の全てが単剤型で4種類,解体器具類由来では単剤型から4剤耐性型まで8種類あったが,両者ともABPC単剤型が最も多かった。Rプラスミド保有菌は,豚枝肉由来のE.coli及びK.pneumoniaeから1株ずつ検出され,いずれも単剤伝達型であった。, To assess the contamination of meat by drug-resistant bacteria, coliform bacteria were isolated from dressed pork carcasses, and from pork processing machines and equipment in a slaughterhouse. These bacteria were tested for sensitivity to ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA and SA. Eighteen strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from pork carcasses. Fifteen of these 18 strains (83.3%) were drug-resistant. The samples were taken from 6 carcasses prior to washing, 6 carcasses prior to grading, and 6 carcasses in refrigerated storage. Seventeen strains were found on machines and equipment used for meat processing (table, knife, skinner, and cotton gloves). All 17 strains were sensitive to drugs. There were 57 strains other than E. coli found on the carcasses (such as Citro-bacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae). Twenty five of these 57 (43.9%) exhibited drug resistance. There were 133 different strains found on the machines and equipment, of which 36 (27.1%) were drug-resistant. The E. coli revealed the most frequent resistance to CTC and SA (86.7%, respectively). The C. freundii and K. pneumoniae isolated from pork carcasses and the machines and equipment revealed the highest resistance to ABPC (36.0% and 72.2%, respectively). A review of the patterns of drug resistance revealed that E. coli exhibited seven patterns of drug resistance ranging from single drug to 6-drug resistance. Resistance to two-drug was the most common finding. C. freundii and K. pneumoniae found on the carcasses revealed four different types of single drug resistance. Examples of these two strains found on the machines and equipment exhibited eight patterns of resistance varying from single to 4-drug resistance. ABPC resistance was most frequent in both of these groups. One strain each of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from pork carcasses was found to retain R plasmid. Each showed single drug resistance., 紀要論文

一養豚場において,肥育豚の導入時(I期)から出荷時(V期)までを5期に分け,約1ヵ月毎に直腸ふん便を採取した。これらふん便由来大腸菌,合計651株について,ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA, SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行った。供試大腸菌651株のうち,501株(77.0%)が使用した7薬剤のいずれか1薬剤に耐性であった。時期別にみた耐性菌の検出率は75.0&acd;78.6%の範囲にあり,ほぼ同じであった。薬剤別では,CTC耐性菌が71.1%で最高,以下SAが40.9%, SMが20.3%, KMが10.9%, ABPCとCPが各5.2%であり,NA耐性菌は検出されなかった。各時期ともCTC, SA, SM, KM耐性菌の検出順位は同じであった。耐性型は,全体では単剤耐性型から6剤耐性型まで29種類認められたが,I期とII期に比べてIII期以降では種類が減少した。また,2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性菌が60.7%を占めたが,III期以降では多剤耐性菌が減少し,単剤耐性菌が増加した。特に,IV期とV期においては,CTC単剤耐性菌が顕著に増加した。耐性菌451株について伝達性Rプラスミドの検索を行ったが,そのうち37株(8.2%)がRプラスミド保有菌であった。伝達耐性型は12種類あり,単剤伝達型が5種類(24株),2剤伝達型が3種類(9株),3剤及び4剤伝達型が各2種類(各2株)であった。, In one pig farm, the period between the introduction and shipment of a fattening pig from various districts of Okinawa was divided into 5 stages. The mean body weight was 32kg in stage I (introduction), 49.9kg in stage II, 73.8kg in stage III, 86.5kg in stage IV and 93.4kg in stage V (shipment period). Feces from the rectum were sampled at monthly intervals for bacteriological examination. The 651 strains of E. coli isolated from these samples were tested for sensitivity to ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA and SA. Of the 651 strains, 501 (77.0%) were resistant to 1 of the 7 antibiotics. The rate of detection of resistant bacteria in each stage was between 75.0 and 78.6%. CTC-resistant bacteria were the most common (71.7%) followed by SA-resistant (40.9%), SM-resistant (20.3%), KM-resistant (10.9%) and ABPC- and CP-resistant (5.2% each) strains. No NA-resistant E. coli were detected. In each stage, the order of frequency of detection of strains resistant to CTC, SA, SM, and KM remained the same. Strains resistant to 1 of 6 antibiotics were classified into 29 groups. Compared to stage I and II, the kinds of resistance patterns decreased in after stage III. Initially 60.7% of strains were resistant to more than 2 antibiotics (multi-drug resistance), but after stage III, strains with multi-drug resistance decreased and those resistant to a single antibiotic increased. In stage IV and V, strains resistant to CTC alone were significantly increased. Transmissable R plasmid was found in 37 of 451 strains (8.2%). Twelve types of transmissable resistance were distinguished, 5 to a single antibiotic (24 strains), 3 to 2 antibiotics (9 strains) and 2 each to 3 or 4 antibiotics (2 strains each)., 紀要論文

食鳥肉の薬剤耐性大腸菌による汚染状況を知る目的で,沖縄県内の一食鳥処理場において,処理工程中の3ヵ所(脱羽後 : 34試料,中抜後 : 34試料,解体前 : 48試料)で食鳥と体表面25(cm)^2から,滅菌綿棒を用いて拭き採り法で試料を採取した。これらの試料から301株の大腸菌を分離し,ABPC,CTC,SM,CP,KM,NA,SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行うと共に,耐性菌についてはRプラスミドの検索を行った。供試した大腸菌301株のうち209株(69.4%)が,いずれか1薬剤に耐性であった。耐性菌の検出率は,処理工程の進行に伴って高くなる傾向を示した。薬剤別では,CTC耐性菌が59.5%,SA耐性菌が41.2%と高く,CP及びNA耐性菌は1%未満であった。耐性型は26種類見られ,単剤耐性型が35.4%,3剤耐性型が30.6%,2剤耐性型が20.1%,4剤耐性型が11.5%,5剤耐性型が2.4%であり,2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性菌が2/3を占めた。耐性菌のうちRプラスミド保有菌は,22株(10.6%)であった。伝達耐性型は4種類であり,単剤伝達型(SA,SM,KM)が20株,SM-SA伝達型が2株であった。, In a broiler processing plant in Okinawa Prefecture, samples were obtained from 25(cm)^2 area each of the 34 samples after removal of feathers, 34 samples after evisceration and 48 samples before dressing by wiping method. From these samples, a total of 301 strains of Escherichia coli were isolted and tested for sensitivity to such drugs as ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA and SA. Attempts were made to detect R plasmid in the resistant strains. Resistance to at least one of 7 drugs was found in 209 of 301 strains tested (69.4%). The rate of detection of resistant strains tended to become higher along with the progress of the process of hadling. Strains with resistance to CTC was found in 59.5%, those resistant to SA in 41.2%. Strains with resistance to CP and those resistant to NA were found in less than 1%. The patterns of resistance were classified in 26 types. Resistance to a single drug was found in 35.4%, resistance to 3 drugs in 30.6%, resistance to 2 drugs in 20.1%, resistance to 4 drugs in 11.5% and resistance to 5 drugs in 2.1%. Strains resistant to 2 drugs or more occupied 2/3 of the strains tested. R plasmid was found in 22 of the resistant strains (10.6%). The patterns of transmission of resistance were classified into 4 groups. The pattern of resistance to single drug (SA, SM, KM) was found in 20 strains, and SM-SA transmission pattern in 2 strains., 紀要論文

沖縄県における家畜ふん便由来大腸菌の薬剤耐性状況を知る一環として,今回は,食鳥ふん便由来大腸菌について調査した。試料は,1990年8月,本県の一食鳥処理場へ搬入された食鳥を対象に,3農場の合計96羽から採取した直腸ふん便である。これらのふん便試料から各農場100株ずつの大腸菌を分離し,ABPC,CTC,SM,CP,KM,NA,SAの7薬剤に対する感受性試験を行い,耐性菌についてはRプラスミドの検索を行った。供試した大腸菌300株のうち242株(80.7%)が,いずれか1薬剤に耐性であった。薬剤別では,SA耐性菌が67.3%で最高,次いでCTC耐性菌59.3%,SM耐性菌51.3%などが高く,CP耐性菌は0.3%,NA耐性菌は検出されなかった。耐性菌における耐性型は21種類に分かれ,3剤耐性型が32.2%で最も高く,以下4剤耐性型26.9%,単剤耐性型20.3%,2剤耐性型13.6%,5剤耐性型7.0%の順であり,6剤及び7剤耐性型は検出されなかった。各薬剤に対する耐性菌の検出率及び耐性型の種類には,農場によって若干の違いがみられた。耐性菌242株のうちRプラスミド保有菌は9株(3.7%)であり,意外に少なかった。Rプラスミド保有菌の伝達耐性型は,ABPC(3株),KM(2株),SA(4株)の3種類の単剤型であった。, Rectal feces was sampled from 96 broilers from 3 farms (I : 33,II : 33 and III : 30) brought to a broier processing plant in Okinawa Prefecture, and 100 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from broilers of each farm. These strains were tested for the sensitivity to such drugs as ABPC, CTC, SM, CP, KM, NA and SA. Attempts were made to detect R plasmid in resistant strains. Resistance to at least one of 7 drugs was found in 242 of 300 strains of E. coli (80.7%). Resistance to SA was found most frequently (67.3%), followed by resistance to CTC (59.3%) and resistance to SM (51.3%). Resistance to CP was found only in 0.3% and none showed resistance to NA. The patterns of resistance in resistant strains are classified into 21 types. Resistance to 3 drugs was found most frequently (32.2%), followed by that to 4 drugs (26.9%) and that to a single drug (20.2%). None showed resistance to 6 or 7 drugs. Rate of detection of resistant strains and kind of resistance showed some difference among these farms. Among the 242 resistant strains, R plasmid was found in an unexpectedly low frequency, only in 9 strains (3.7%). Resistance to a single drug, ABPC, KM, or SA, was found in strains with R plasmid., 紀要論文

著者らは, 沖縄における生乳の細菌による汚染状況を知る目的で, まず本島南部のミルカー使用酪農家15戸を選び, それらの工場持込み生乳について, 夏季(1976年7&acd;8月)と秋季(同年11&acd;12月)に調査を行なった。1 夏季60試料, 秋季60試料のRTでは1&acd;5級に分布した。しかし, 夏季試料では3級以上が多かったのに対し, 秋季試料では2級以下が多かった。2 総菌数では, 夏季の全試料が100万/ml以上であり, 食品衛生法の規格(400万/ml以下)に合格したのは20%のみで, 秋季試料でも58%が合格したにすぎなかった。一方, 1,001万を越えた試料が, 夏季では過半数を占め, 秋季では30%あった。3 生菌数は, 20°および35℃培養では夏季10^5&acd;10^7/ml, 秋季10^4&acd;10^7,5℃培養では夏季10^3&acd;10^6,秋季10^1&acd;10^5の範囲にあった。秋季試料の生菌数は, 夏季試料のそれに比べて, 培養温度に関係なく少なかった。4 大腸菌群数は, 夏季10^3&acd;10^6/ml, 秋季10^1&acd;10^5の範囲にあり, 秋季において菌数の少ない試料が多かった。5 RTの級と総菌数あるいは生菌数との関係では, 級が高くなるほどいずれの菌数も増加した。なお, RTで1級の全試料と2級の大多数は, 総菌数400万以下であった。6 今回の調査対象酪農家のうち3戸は, バルククーラーを使用していた。これら酪農家の生乳では, 他酪農家の生乳より総菌数, 20°および35℃培養菌数が少なく, 5℃培養菌数が多くなる傾向を示した。, For the purporse of finding the status of bacterial contamination of raw milk in Okinawa, Japan, the authors made bacteriological examinations of the raw milk to be delivered to a milk processing plant by 15 selected milker-using farms located in southern Okinawa Island in summer (July-August, 1976) and autumn (November-December, 1976). 1. The resazurin tests on 60 summer and 60 autumn samples were distributed in classes 1 to 5. However, the greater part of the tests on the summer samples was distributed in class 3 and higher classes, while the greater part of the tests on the autumn samples was distributed to not higher than class 2. 2. The direct microscopic counts (individual count) of all the summer samples were not less than 1,000,000/ml, only 20% of the samples meeting the standard of the Japanese Food Sanitation Law (not more than 4,000,000/ml), and even of the autumn samples, only 58% met the standard. On the other hand, more than half of the summer samples exceeded the direct microscopic count of 10,000,000/ml, and 30% of the autumn samples exceeded the count. 3. The viable bacterial counts of the summer samples by incubation at 20℃ for 4 days and 35℃ for 2 days were (10)^5-(10)^7/ml, and those of the autumn samples, (10)^4-(10)^7/ml. The psychrotrophic counts of the summer samples by incubation at 5℃ for 10 days were (10)^3-(10)^6/ml, and those of the autumn samples, (10)^1-(10)^5/ml. Thus, the viable bacterial counts of the autumn samples were less, irrespective of the incubation temperature, than those of the summer samples. 4. The coliform counts of the summer samples were (10)^3-(10)^6/ml, and those of the autumn samples, (10)^1-(10)^5/ml, thus, the autumn samples included more samples with less coliform counts. 5. There was such a relationship between the resazurin tests and the direct microscopic or viable bacterial counts that the higher the class, the greater was the bacterial count. All the samples of class 1 by the resazurin test and the majority of the samples of class 2 by the same test were below the direct microscopic count of 4,000,000/ml. 6. Of the farms selected as the subjects of the present study, 3 used the Bulk cooler. The raw milk samples from these farms were less in direct microscopic count, viable bacterial count at 20℃ and that 35℃ than the samples from the other farms, while the former tended to be greater in psychrotrophic count., 紀要論文

著者らは1977年以来沖縄県の生乳における細菌の汚染状況を調査してきた。今回はその一環として乳牛の各分房から直接採取した生乳について調査を行ない, 次のような成績を得た。夏季(1980年7&acd;8月)および秋季(11&acd;12月)に採取した延べ780試料におけるRTの成績では0&acd;5級に分布したが, ほとんどの試料(90.6%)は2級以下であった。総菌数は93.1%の試料が5万/ml以下であった。また35℃2日培養による生菌数は, 10^0/ml台から10^4/ml台の範囲にあったが, 多くの試料のそれは10^1&acd;10^3/ml台であった。細胞数は76.0%の試料が49万/ml以下であったが, 100万/ml以上の試料も11.7%みられた。細胞数が100万/ml以上の試料の多くはRTで3&acd;5級を示した。分離菌株の種類ではStaphylococcus(57.1%)が最も多く, 次いでMicrococcus(8.8%), Corynebacterium(5.9%), Acinetobacter(3.8%), Streptococcus(3.1%)の順であったが, これらの出現頻度とRTの級の間に関係はみられなかった。, We have been making surveys to explore the extent of bacterial contamination of raw milk in Okinawa Prefecture since 1977. This report presents the results of bacteriologic examination of raw milk specimens collected directly from individual quarters of the udder of cattle. A total of 780 samples obtained during summer (July-August, 1980) and autumn (November-December, 1980) ranged from class 0 to 5 on resazurin tests, a great majority (90.6%) being found to be class 2 or lower. The direct microscopic bacterial count was less than 50,000/ml in 93.1% of the specimens. The viable bacterial count on a 2-day incubation at 35℃ ranged from, 紀要論文

沖縄県における家畜由来細菌の薬剤耐性の動向を知る目的で, 一養豚場の子豚(日齢によって4期に分け, 各40頭)及び子豚I期, II期の母豚10頭の直腸ふん便から大腸菌を分離した。これらについてAM, CTC, SM, CP, KM及びSAに対する薬剤感受性試験を行うとともに, Rプラスミドの検出を行った。子豚のI期(5&acd;6日齢)98株, II期(14&acd;15日齢)91株, III期(25&acd;29日齢)102株, IV期(51&acd;56日齢)102株, 母豚44株, 合計437株中406株(92.9%)がいずれか1剤に耐性であった。耐性菌の検出率は, 子豚ではI期が83.7%, II期以降が100%と高率であったが, 母豚では65.9%であった。薬剤別の耐性菌の検出率は, SAが86.7%で最高, 次いでCTC83.1%, SM49.4%の順であった。SA耐性菌は, 子豚では日齢が進むほど高く, CTC耐性菌はII期以降急に高くなり, またSM耐性菌はI期で高く, II期以降やや低くなった。母豚では, SM耐性菌が子豚II期以降とほぼ同じであったが, 他はいずれも低率であった。耐性型は, 25種類認められたが, 2剤耐性が33.5%で最高, 以下4剤耐性, 3剤耐性の順であった。耐性型別ではCTC-SA, CTC-SM-SA, AM-CTC-SM-SA耐性型が多かった。耐性菌のうちR^+菌は17.7%であった。このR^+菌の検出率は, 子豚I期が31.7%で最も高く, 日齢が進むほど低くなり, また母豚では6.9%であった。R^+菌の伝達耐性型は, AM及びSAの1剤が多かったが, これらの薬剤を含む4剤型, 5剤型もみられた。なお, 子豚由来大腸菌の薬剤耐性型と母豚由来大腸菌のそれとは関連ずけられなかった。, Escherichia coli isolates from rectal fecal specimens collected from 40 piglets (classified into four stages according to age) and 10 sows nursing stage I-II farrows at a hog farm were studied to explore trends of drug resistance acquired by bacteria in domestic animals in Okinawa Prefecture. The organisms were tested for susceptibility to such drugs as AM, CTC, SM, CP, KM and SA and examined for R plasmids. Of a total of 437 strains of E. coli, i.e. 98 strains from stage I piglets (5-6 days of age), 91 from stage II piglets (14-15 days), 102 from stage III piglets (25-29 days), 102 from stage IV pglets (51-56 days) and 44 from sows; 406 strains (92.9%) were found to be resistant to at least one of these antibiotics. Percentages of the resistant isolates were noticeably high in piglets (83.7% in the stage I and 100% in stage II-IV) whereas the isolates from sows showed a resistance rate of 65.9%. The greatest proportion (86.7%) of the E. coli isolates showed resistance to SA, followed, in order, by CTC (81.3%) and SM (49.4%). The percentage of SA-resistant strains in farrows increased progressively with advancing age, and that of CTC-resistant strains rose sharply from stage II onwards. SM-resistant strains were frequent at stage I and declined slighly as stages II-IV. In sows, SM-resistant organisms were isolated with essentially the same frequency as those in stage II piglets whereas percentages of isolates resistant to the rest of the drugs were low. There were 25 cross resistance patterns with the present series of E. coli isolates from porcine feces. Strains resistant to two drugs were most frequent, 33.5%, followed, in order, by those resistant to four drugs and to three drugs. Most commonly encountered were strains showing resistance to combinations of CTC-SA, CTC-SM-SA, or AM-CTC-SM-SA. Of all the drug-resistant strains studied, 17.7% were positive for R plasmids. The R plasmid positivity rate was highest with the isolates from stage I piglets (31.7%) and diminished with advancing age, being 6.9% with those from sows. Drug resistance via transferable R plasmids was most frequent to AM or SA alone while patterne of resistance to 4 or 5 drugs including either or both of these drugs were also encountered. Interrelation between the drug resistance patterns of the E. coli isolates from farrows and those of isolates from nursing sows remains unclear., 紀要論文

沖縄県における乳牛の潜在性乳房炎に関する調査の一環として, 本島北部地区のAおよびB地域で本乳房炎と判定された93頭の162分房について, 好気性細菌の検査を行ない, 次のような成績を得た。培養に供した162試料のうち159試料(98.1%)で細菌が検出され, これらの試料から合計1,003株の細菌が分離された。分離された菌株ではSta.epidermidis(52.6%)が最も多く, 次いでStrep.(14.1%), Coryne.(10.0%), Sta.aureus(8.0%)の順であり, これら4種類の細菌で全菌株の84.7%を占めた。また, 地域別にみたこれら4種類の細菌の出現順位は, A地域では上記と全く同じであったが, B地域ではCoryne.がほとんど分離されず, Sta.aureusが3位であった。Sta.aureusはCMTによる凝集程度の強い試料ほど分離される頻度が高く, Sta.epidermidisは逆に凝集程度の弱い試料ほど高かった。また, Strep.は凝集程度++++の試料で, Coryne.は+++の試料で, それぞれ分離頻度が最も高かった。, Aerobic bacteria were tested in the milk samples obtained from 162 quarters of 93 cows as a part of the survey for latent mastitis of milk cows in Okinawa Prefecture. A diagnosis of latent mastitis was made in cows in A and B areas of the northern part of this Prefecture. Studies were conducted on quarters milk with a degree of agglutination of +&acd;++++ by California mastitis test and the following results were obtained : Among the 162 samples cultured, bacteria were detected in 159,or 98.1% and a total of 1,003 strains were isolated. Staphylococcus (Sta.) epidermidis was found most frequently, 52.6%; followed by Streptococcus (Strep.), 14.1%; Corynebacterium (Coryne.), 10.0%; and Sta. aureus, 8.0%. These 4 kinds of bacteria constituted 84.7% of the total bacterial strains tested. As to each area, the order of frequency of appearance of these 4 kinds of bacteria was indentical with the A area described above (862 strains), while scarcely and Coryne. was isolated in B area (141 strains) where Sta. aureus occupied the third position. The frequency of isolation of Sta. aureus was higher as the degree of agglutination by CMT was more pronounced. Frequency of isolation of Sta. epidermidis, on the other hand, was higher as the degree of agglutination declined. The frequency of isolation of Strep. was the highest in samples with degree of agglutination of ++++, and that of Coryne. was the highest in those with degree of agglutination of +++., 紀要論文

沖縄本島南部地区(201頭, 780試料)および北部地区(148頭, 575試料)における乳牛の分房乳から分離した大腸菌, 南部地区31株, 北部地区61株, 合計92株を対象にAM, CP, CTC, KM, SMおよびSAの6薬剤を用いて薬剤感受性試験を行うとともに, 耐性菌についてはRプラスミドの検索を行った。分房乳における大腸菌の検出率は, 南部地区2.1%(16試料), 北部地区3.8%(22試料)であり, 意外に低率であった。各薬剤に対する耐性限界値をSAでは200μg/ml, 他の5薬剤では25μg/mlとすると, 全供試菌株がいずれか1剤に耐性であった。薬剤別には両地区ともSA耐性が多かったが, 次いでは南部地区がAM, SM耐性であり, 北部地区がSM, CTC耐性であった。耐性型は, 北部地区ではSA単剤耐性が86.9%を占め, 多剤耐性菌が少なかった。南部地区における耐性型は, SA単剤耐性が38.7%で最も多く, 次いでは5剤耐性の32.3%, 4剤耐性の16.1%であり, 北部地区に比較して多剤耐性菌の出現率が高かった。耐性菌におけるRプラスミドの保有率は, 南部地区41.9%, 北部地区14.8%であり, 前者地区で高率であった。Rプラスミドの伝達耐性型は, 両地区ともSA単剤伝達耐性型が多かったが, 2剤および3剤伝達耐性型も検出された。また, 2剤および3剤伝達耐性型のRプラスミドは, SAをその伝達耐性型の1部にしていた。, E. coli were isolated from milk produced by dairy cows in the southern district (780 samples from 201 cows) and northern district (575 samples from 148 cows) of Okinawa. 31 strains from the southern district and 61 strains from the northern district, a tortal of 92 strains were studied. Along with drug sensitivity tests using AM, CP, CTC, KM, SM, and SA, R plasmid was investigated in drug-resistant strains. The frequency of detection of E. coli in the quarter milk was 2.1% in the southern district (16 samples) and 3.8% in the northern district (22 samples), both unexpectedly low. When the limiting value of resistance against each drug was set at 200μg/ml for SA and 25μg/ml for 5 other drugs, all test bacteria were resistant to one or more drugs. Resistance to SA was most frequently seen in both districts, followed by resistance to AM and SM in the southern district, and resistance to SM and CTC in the northern district. According to the resistance pattern, resistance to SA alone occupied 86.9% in the northern district, with less frequent multiple resistant strains. In the southern district, resistace to SA alone was seen most frequently in 38.7%, followed by resistance to 5 drugs, 32.3% and resistance to 4 drugs in 16.1%. Compared to the northern district, multiple resistant strains were more frequently detected. Prevalence of R plasmid in the resistant bacteria was 41.9% in the southern district and 14.8% in the northern district. The transmitted resistance pattern of R plasmid was most frequently for SA alone in both districts, but transmitted resistance to 2 or 3 drugs was also detected. R plasmid of transmitted resistance to 2&acd;3 drugs contained transmitted resistance to SA in addition., 紀要論文

食肉類の低温細菌による汚染状況の調査を行なうとともに, それら食肉類から分離される本細菌の性質を知る目的で, 新鮮肉および冷凍肉から5℃10日または20℃4日培養で分離された1,434株について, 同定を試み, 次いで培養温度を異にした場合の増殖試験を行ない, 次のような成績を得た。新鮮肉の5℃分離537株ではAlcaligenes-Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacteriumなどのグラム陰性桿菌が79%を占めた。同20℃分離614株では, グラム陽性の桿菌および球菌が約70%を占めたが, Flavobacteriumも18%あった。冷凍肉の5℃および20℃分離株, 計283株では, 分離した温度に関係なくPseudomonasが60%以上を占めた。4種培養温度での増殖試験において, 新鮮肉の5℃分離株では17%が0℃培養で増殖できなかったが, これらはMicrococcus, Flavobacterium, Yeastなどに多かった。また同5℃分離株の65%は35℃培養で増殖できなかった。一方, 新鮮肉の20℃分離株では, 70%が5℃培養で, また40%が0℃培養で増殖した。他方, 冷凍肉の5℃および20℃分離株では, ほとんどすべての菌株が0℃培養で増殖でき, しかも大多数の菌株が良好な増殖を示した。しかし, 35℃培養では大多数の菌株が, 逆に増殖できなかった。20℃4日培養で分離された菌株は, 冷凍肉由来のすべてと新鮮肉由来の70%が低温細菌に包含されることから, 本培養法は特に比較的長期間冷凍または冷蔵保存された食品類において, 低温細菌の迅速な検出法として応用できると思われる。, A total of 1,434 strains isolated by incubation at 5℃ for 10 days or at 20℃ for 4 days from fresh meat (veal, beef and pork; 151 samples in all) immediately upon dressing at slaughterhouse and frozen meat (veal which had been preserved at -10℃ for approximately 4 weeks; 29 samples) were identified and tested their growth abilities at 0℃ for 14 days, 5℃ for 10 days, 20℃ for 4 days and 35℃ for 2 days incubation respectively. The results obtained are summerized as follows : Gram-negative bacilli such as Alcaligenes-Achromobacter, pseudomonas and Flavobacterium accounted for 79% of the 537 strains isolated at 5℃ incubation from fresh meat. Approximately 70% of the 614 strains isolated at 20℃ incubation from the same type of source were gram-positive bacilli and cocci while Flavobacterium accounted for about 18%. By contrast, Pseudomonas constituted over 60% of all organisms (136 strains isolated at 5℃, 147 strains isolated at 20℃) from frozen meat, irrespective of incubation temperature. In the growth test at differnt incubation temperatures, of the 537 strains isolated at 5℃ incubation from fresh meat, 17% failed to grow at 0℃ and these were frequently of the genera Micrococcus and Flavobacterium or yeast. Sixty-five percent of the same population was unable to grow at 35℃. Of the 614 strains isolated at 20℃ incubation from fresh meat, 70% was able to grow at 5℃, 40% at 0℃. Of the 283 strains isolated at 5℃ and 20℃ incubation from frozen meat, practically all strains proved to be capable of growth at 0℃, mostly satisfactorily, but the majority failed to grow at 35℃. It would follow from these finding that incubation at 20℃ for 4 days is applicable as a rapid method for detection of psychrotrophic bacteria in samples of foodstuff preserved frozen or refrigerated over a relatively extend period such as the frozen meat used in this study., 紀要論文

沖縄県における乳牛の潜在性乳房炎の発生状況を知る目的で, 本島南部地区(1980年, 同一地域を夏季と秋季に, 延べ201頭, 780試料)および北部地区(1981年, 2地域の計148頭, 575試料)の搾乳中のウシから分房ごとに採取した試料について, 調査を行なった。CMTで凝集程度が十以上を陽性とすると, 分房別では南部地区29.7%, 北部地区28.3%, 頭数別ではそれぞれ61.2%と63.5%であり, 両地区に大きな違いはなかった。また, 南部地区における夏季と秋季の陽性率は, 分房別および頭数別ともにほぼ同じであった。しかし, 北部地区の陽性率では地域によって大きく異なり, A地域は分房別で33.8%, 頭数別で72.8%であったのに対し, B地域はそれぞれ16.0%と42.2%であった。なお, これらの陽性率は, 南部地区および北部地区ともに酪農家によって大きく異なった。陽性牛では, 1分房または2分房陽性のものが多く, これら両者で78.9&acd;82.9%を占め, 4分房とも陽性のウシは少なかった。CMTによる凝集程度とブリード法による細胞数との関係では, 凝集程度が強いほど細胞数は増加し, 凝集+で平均細胞数は50万/mlを越えた。しかし, この+では, 過半数の試料が細胞数49万/ml以下であった。CMTと細菌数またはpHとの関係では, 凝集程度が強いほど細菌数の多い試料が多く, また凝集程度が強い試料ではpH6.7以上のものが多かった。, For the purporse of knowing the conditions of developing latent mastitis of dairy cattle in Okinawa Prefecture, the authors made an investigation of samples obtained from each quarter of the udder of dairy cattle in the Southern district (780 samples, a total of 201 cows in the summer and autumn seasons in the same district, 1980) and the Northern district (575 samples, 148 cows, a total of two areas, 1981). Assuming that agglutination above plus one by the modified method of CMT is defined as a positive, the Southern district showed 29.7% and the Northern district 28.3% classified by the quarter; the corresponding figures in terms of the number of cattle was 61.2% and 63.5%, respectively. Thus there was seen no great difference between the two districts. The positive rate in the summer and autumn seasons in the Southern district was almost the same for both the quarter and the number of cattle. However, the positive rate in the Northern district varied greatly with the area. A area had 33.8% by quarter and 72.8% by the number of cattle, whereas B area had 16.0% and 42.2%, respectively. Dairy cattle that were positive were mostly positive in one or two quarters, occupying 78.9%-82.9%. Dairy cattle showing positive in all of the quarters were very few. The relationship between agglutination degree by the modified CMT and the number of cells according to the Breed method was as follows : The greater the degree of the agglutination, the greater the number of cells, and the average number of cells with plus one agglutination exceeded 500,000/ml of cell number. However, with this plus one agglutination, the majoirity of the samples had below 490,000/ml of cell number., 紀要論文

本試験は野草地を蹄耕法で放牧地化し低コスト肉牛生産の可能性と問題点を探ぐることをねらいとした。約5ヘクタールの野草地を3牧区に分け平均体重350kgの黒毛和種去勢牛3頭を輪換放牧し放牧牛の食草行動を観察した。また, 数種野草の化学成分や乾物消化率を測定した。野草地におけるエネルギーの流れも調べた。その結果, 沖縄にはいまだ第2次大戦後の不発弾が数多く残っているため大型機械や火入れによる草地造成はひじょうに危険で牛による蹄耕法のほうが安全性や環境保全, 低コストなどの点でもっとも適した方法であると思われた。放牧牛の食草行動から有用な野草と思われるのはいくつかあったがその中でもハイアワユキセンダングサやノアサガオは他の野草と比べ嗜好性, 栄養価, 乾物消化率が著しく高く有望と思われた。野草の嗜好性順位は粗蛋白含量と正の相関, 粗繊維含量と負の相関関係が認められた。試験期間中の体重1kg当たりの採食量は1.8&acd;3.9%であった。乾物消化率は著しく低く35&acd;46%の範囲であった。日増体量は最高値0.88kgを示し, 平均値0.52kgであった。野草地における光エネルギー利用効率は植物蓄積エネルギーと可消化エネルギーの段階で低かった。その結果, 増体蓄積エネルギーはオーチャードグラスやバヒアグラスより低い値であった。以上のことより野草地における光エネルギー利用効率の低い箇所とその原因が推察された。これらの点を改良すれば野草地放牧での低コスト肉牛生産は可能であると思われる。, This study was conducted to find prospects and the problem for low-cost beef cattle production utilizing native grasslands by hoof cultivation. The native grasslands of five hectare was divied into three paddocks and grazed by three Japanese Black steers of average weight of 350kg. We observed eating behaviour of grazing cattle, and measured chemical composition and dry matter disappearance of some wild grasses. Energy flow was investigated in native grasslands. It will be very dangerous to establish grasslands by driving large-sized machine or burning because of the possibility of explosion of unexploded bombs in soil or surface after the Second World War. We would rather recommend hoof cultivation by cattle is fit for the method from point of safety, enviromental conseravation and cost. There were many useful wild grasses as the result of eating behaviour, especially both Miscanthus sinensis Anderss and Bidens pilosa L. f. decumbens Scherff were higher palatability, nutritive value and dry matter digestibility. The steers prefered wild grass which has higher crude protein contents and lower crude fiber contents in plant. Herbage intake per body weight kilogram during experimental periods were the range of 1.8-3.9%. Dry matter digestibility were a marked low, ranging from 35-46%. Daily gain was shown maximum value of 0.88kg and average of 0.52kg. A marked low efficiency of utilization of solar energy on native grasslands were shown in plant fixed energy and digestible energy, resulting in lower retainde energy for growth compared with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). From the facts described above, we found the place and reason efficiency of untilization of solar energy were low on native grasslands. Should we improve efficiency of utilization of energy, low-cost beef cattle production would be possible., 紀要論文

著者らは, 沖縄県における生乳の細菌による汚染状況を調査中であるが, 今回は, バルク酪農家とユニット酪農家とに分け, それらの工場生乳および酪農家で段階別に採取した生乳について, 調査を行なった。工場生乳のRTは, バルク酪農家の46試料すべてが2級以下であったが, ユニット酪農家の181試料では2級以下が27%であった。総菌数は, バルク酪農家の試料では91%が400万以下であったのに対し, ユニット酪農家の試料では80%が逆に400万以上であった。また生菌数は, 20℃および35℃培養では10^4&acd;10^8,5℃培養では10^2&acd;10^7,大腸菌群数では10^2&acd;10^6の範囲にあったが, バルク酪農家の試料はユニット酪農家のそれに比べて, いずれの細菌数も少なかった。なお, 細胞数は51万以上の試料が62%もあり, 特にこのような試料はバルク酪農家に多かった。一方, 酪農家で段階別に採取した試料のRTは, 乳房乳では1&acd;2級が, バケット乳, 冷却前乳および冷却乳では2&acd;3級が多かった。総菌数, 3種培養菌数および大腸菌群数は, 一般に後段階ほど増加したが, 各細菌数の増加率はバケット乳で最も高かった。また, 冷却乳の各細菌数は, 冷却前乳のそれに比べて増加したが, 増加率はバルク酪農家よりユニット酪農家の方で高かった。なお, RTの級と各細菌数との関係は, 級が高いほど細菌数も多かった。, Although the authors' survey of the status of bacterial contamination of raw milk in Okinawa, Japan, is still under way, an investigation has recently been made for contamination of the raw milk delivered to the processing plant by the dairy farms. and of the mammary milk, bucket milk, milk before cooling, and cooled milk at the farms, by classifying the farms into those using the bulk cooler and those using the unit cooler, and the following have been found : The resazurin test of raw milk delivered to the plant showed that 46 samples delivered by the farms using the bulk cooler were all classed as class 2 or below, while only 27% of 181 samples delivered by the farms using the unit cooler were classed as such. The direct microscopic count was not more than 4,000,000/ml in 91% of the samples delivered by the farms using the bulk cooler, while conversely 80% of the samples delivered by the farms using the unit cooler were found to contain not less than 4,000,000/ml. In all of these samples, the viable bacterial count was (10)^2&acd;(10)^7/ml by incubation at 5℃, and (10)^4&acd;(10)^8/ml by incubation at 20℃ and 35℃, and the coliform count, (10)^2&acd;(10)^6/ml, however, the number of either bacteria in the samples delivered by the farms using the bulk cooler was smaller than that in the samples delivered by the farms using the unit cooler. The resazurin test of the samples collected at the dairy farms showed that many samples of mammary milk were classed as 1 or 2 class, while many samples of bucket milk, milk before cooling and cooled milk were classed as 2 or 3 class. The direct microscopic count, the viable bacterial counts by the three different ways of incubation and the coliform count were greater at the later stages, however, the ratios of increase in the numbers of bacteria were greatest in the bucket milk. The ratio of increase in the number of bacteria in the cooled milk to that in the milk before cooling was higher in the samples from the farms using the unit cooler than in those from the farms using the bulk cooler. There was such a relationship between the classes by the resazurin test and the numbers of bacteria that the higher the class, the greater were the numbers of bacteria., 紀要論文

著者らは, これまで本県における生乳の細菌学的品質を検査してきたが, 今回はその一環として, 乳用牛群改良推進事業に参加している酪農家の乳牛から得られた生乳について, RTを行なうとともに総菌数および細胞数を測定し, さらにCMTによる乳房炎乳の検出を試みた。17酪農家の乳牛(6&acd;48頭)を対象に1&acd;3回検査を行ない, 得られた延べ881試料のRTでは, 0&acd;5級に分布したが, 大多数の試料(86.2%)は2級以下であった。総菌数では818試料(92.8%)が1ml当り400万以下であり, うち690試料は100万以下であった。乳牛の飼養規模別に, 総菌数が400万以下を示した試料の出現率をみると, 14頭以下の小規模酪農家(4戸)では79.0%, 15&acd;29頭の中規模酪農家(11戸)では94.8%, 30頭以上の大規模酪農家(2戸)では90.4%であった。また, 4戸の試料について季節別に400万以下の試料の出現率をみると, 初夏(5&acd;6月)が83.6%, 夏季(7&acd;9月)が78.7%, 秋季(10&acd;12月)が100%であった。一方, CMTで凝集の程度が十&acd;〓を示し, 乳房炎乳を疑わせた試料数は97(11.0%)であり, 意外に少なかった。この乳房炎乳の出現率は, 小規模酪農家で9.7%, 中規模酪農家で11.9%, 大規模酪農家で7.8%であり, ほぼ同じ出現率であった。CMTによる凝集の程度と細胞数の関係では, 凝集程度の強いほど細胞数が増加し, 十程度で平均細胞数は1ml当り50万を越えた。また, CMTの凝集程度とRTの級または総菌数との関係は, いずれも明確でなかった。, As a part of studies on bacteriological quality of raw milk in Okinawa Island, this survey was carried out with the resazurin test (RT), bacterial and udder cell enumerations and California Mastitis Test (CMT) for mastitis, on raw milk samples from cattle of dairy farmers participating in the Dairy Cattle Herd Improvement Promotion Project. Each of the cows in seventeen farms (6 to 48 cows/farm) was examined on three occasions, with a total of 881 milk samples. By RT, the samples ranged from classes 0 to 5,a great majority (759 samples, or 86.2%) being found to be of class 2 or lower. The direct microscopic bacterial count was less than 4,000,000/ml in 818 samples (92.8%), of which 690 showed values of less than 1,000,000/ml. Seventy-nine per cent of the samples studied from small-size farms (4) maintaining 14 or less numbers of cows showed direct microscopic bacterial counts of less than 4,000,000/ml. Corresponding rates of the samples from middle-size farms (11) with 15 to 29 cows and those from large-size farms (2) with 30 or more cows were 94.8% and 90.4%, respectively. Screening by CMT revealed an unexpectedly low incidence (97 samples, or 11.0%) of suspected mastitis, showing one-to four-plus reaction. The incidence was 9.7% in the group of small-size farms, 11.9% in the group of middle-size farms and 7.8% in that of large-size farms, respectively. As for interrelation of the CMT and the number of cells present in milk, the udder cell count increased progressively with increasing intensity of agglutination in the CMT; samples giving a one-plus reactions showed udder cell counts of more than 500,000/ml. There was no obvious correlation between the degree of agglutination in the CMT and the class in the RT or the direct microscopic bacterial count., 紀要論文

新鮮肉および冷凍肉から分離された低温細菌, 合計1,434株について, 蛋白分解能および脂肪(トリブチリン, バター脂肪)分解能を5℃, 20℃, 35℃の3種培養温度で検討し, 次のような成績を得た。3種培養温度を通して蛋白分解能を示した菌株は, 新鮮肉由来株の21.1%, 冷凍肉由来株の10.6%であった。Genus別の陽性率ではFlavobacteriumが最も高く, 次いでMicrococcus, Streptococcus, PseudomonasまたはBacillusの順であった。これらのうちグラム陰性桿菌は5℃および20℃培養で分解した菌株が多く, グラム陽性の桿菌および球菌は20℃および35℃培養で分解した菌株が多かった。トリブチリン分解陽性の菌株は, 新鮮肉由来株で29.5%, 冷凍肉由来株で9.2%であったが, バター脂肪分解陽性の菌株はそれぞれ78.4%と70.3%であり, いずれもバター脂肪分解陽性率が高かった。AcinetobacterおよびAlcaligenes-Achromobacterのほとんどすべての菌株は, 由来に関係なく両脂肪を分解した。これらの多くは5℃・20℃で, または3種培養温度でともに分解能を示した。, A total of 1,434 strains isolated by incubation at 5℃ for 10 days or at 20℃ for 4 days from fresh meat and frozen meat were proteolytic or lipolytic (tributyrin and butter fat) activity at three different incubation temperatures. Proteolytic activity was demonstrable with 21.1% of the 1,151 strains isolated from fresh meat and with 10.6% of the 283 strains isolated from frozen meat. Among these organisms with proteolytic activity Flavobacterium was most frequent, followed, in order, by Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas or Bacillus. Most of gram-negative bacilli showed proteolytic activity at 5℃ and 20℃ incubation, and, most of gram-positive bacilli and cocci showed at 20℃ and 35℃. Lipolytic activity for tributyrin was shown by relatively samll fractions of the organisms, i. e. 29.5% of all strains from fresh meat and 9.2% of those from frozen meat, whereas the corresponding ratios of organisms capable of degrading butter fat were prominent, 78.4% and 70.3% respectively. The Acinetobacter and Alcaligenes-Achromobacter strains virtually all displayed lipolytic activity in both fat-containing media, mostly at both 5℃ and 20℃ or at all three different incubation temperatures, irrespective of sources of isolation., 紀要論文

本研究は, 放牧地の立体空間を有効利用するために, 放牧草地生態系へ熱帯果樹を導入して, 肉生産と果樹生産の両立を行おうとするものである。今回は, ワイヤーメッシュケージ法を用いて果樹食害防御の検討を行った。供試した熱帯果樹はグアバとビワである。供試家畜は, 経産牛3頭(平均体重357kg), 雄子牛3頭(10カ月齢, 平均体重238kg), 未経産牛2頭, 雄牛1頭の合計9頭で, グアバ, ビワを囲むワイヤーメッシュケージは, 鉄材を用いて1m(縦)×1m(横)×1.5m(高さ)の大きさの枠を作り, この枠に網目15cm×15cm, 大きさ1.5m×1.0mの網を園芸ロープで固定して作った。ケージは脚を地下30cmの深さに埋め込んで固定した。供試牛を数日間放牧し, 退牧時にグアバ, ビワそれぞれの被食率, ネット被害率を調査した。試験期間は8月から1月までの6カ月間で, 各果樹とも6回の放牧試験を行った。ワイヤーメッシュケージ法を用いたところ試験期間全体を通して両果樹とも被食率は0%であり,ケージ自体の被害率も常に0%であった。以上のことからワイヤーメッシュケージ法は熱帯果樹の食害を防御する方法として最良であった。, We have studied to produce both beef and tropical fruits due to utilization of spatial space in grassland. In this study we used wire-mesh cage method to protect tropical fruit tree from grazing cattle. We cultivated guava (Psidium guyava L.) and loquat (Eriobtrya japonica Lindley) as tropical fruits, and grazed nine Japanese black cattle; three cows of mean weight of 357kg, three steers of mean weight of 238kg, two heifer calves and bull. The wire-mesh cage which was made of frame 1 by 1 by 1.5 meter of steel pole and was then put around the frame except the top with wire-mesh of 15 by 15 centimeter were located in grassland to knock it in underground at thirty centimeter depth to protect tropical fruit trees from grazing cattle. We measured the damaged ratio of guava and loquat and of wiremesh cage after grazing. Grazing experiments of the wife-mesh cage method were conducted six times from August to January in the following year. It was wire-mesh cage method that neither guava nor loquat received damage entirely from grazing cattle during experiments. Wire-mesh cage was so tough to rub it by cattle. From the results described above, we recognized that wire-mesh cage method was the most effective grazing protection in these studies., 紀要論文

沖縄県内のヤギ飼養農家22戸, 73頭の糞便由来大腸菌合計822株について, 7薬剤に対する感受性試験を, また耐性菌については伝達性Rプラスミドの検索も行った。これらの成績を給与飼料別(野草のみと野草+穀類), 地域別(北部と南部)に比較した。7薬剤のいずれかに耐性の大腸菌は, 全体では147株(17.9%)であった。給与飼料別の検出率では野草のみが17.2%, 野草+穀類が18.7%でほぼ同率であった。しかし, 野草のみでは北部31.8%, 南部5.7%で, 前者が高率であったのに対し, 野草+穀類では北部17.8%, 南部19.2%でほぼ同じであった。薬剤別ではCTC耐性が11.3%で最高, 以下SA, ABPC, SM, KM, CP耐性の順であり, NA耐性は検出されなかった。野草のみでは, CTC耐性が両地域とも1位の検出率を示したが, 野草+穀類では, 北部でCTC耐性が1位を, 南部でABPC耐性とSA耐性が同率1位を示すなど, 若干異なった。耐性型の種類は, 全体では5剤型を除く単剤型から6剤型まで17種類認められた。野草のみでは北部6種類, 南部8種類, 野草+穀類ではそれぞれ3種類と6種類であり, いずれも南部が多かった。また6剤型は南部の野草+穀類でのみ検出された。野草+穀類では2剤以上の薬剤に耐性の多剤耐性型が大多数を占め, 特に南部の全株が多剤耐性型であったが, 野草のみでは50&acd;56%が逆に単剤型であった。耐性菌147株のうち, 17株(11.6%)が伝達性Rプラスミドを保有し, 野草のみ9株(北部8株, 南部1株), 野草+穀類8株(南部のみ)であった。これら菌株の伝達耐性型は, 野草のみの9株がCTC単剤伝達性, 野草+穀類では5株がSM単剤伝達性, 3株がSM-SA2剤伝達性であった。, We performed sensitivity tests to seven antibiotics on a total of 822 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the feces of 73 goats from 22 goat farms in Okinawa prefecture. Transmissible R-plasmids were also examined in antibiotic-resistant strains. These results were compared by type of feed (grass only, or mixed feed of grass and concentrated feed) and by district (south or north). A total of 147 strains (17.9%) were resistant to at least one of the seven antibiotics. The detection rates of resistant strains were similar in the grass only group (17.2%) and the mixed feed group (18.7%). However, in the grass only group, the resistance rate was higher in the northern district (31.8%) than in the southern district (5.7%); while in the mixed feed group, the rates in the northern (17.8%) and southern districts (19.2%) were similar. The detection rate of CTC resistance was highest (11.3%), followed by SA, ABPC, SM, KM and CP resistance, with no NA resistance. In the grass only group, the detection rate of CTC resistance was the highest in both the northern and southern districts, whereas in the mixed feed group, CTC resistance was the highest in the northern district, but ABP^4C resistance and SA resistance were the highest in the southern district; showing some difference. Seventeen patterns of resistance were observed, ranging from single-drug to 6-drug resistance, except 5-drug resistance. Six-drug resistance was observed only in the mixed feed group in the southern district. The predominant resistance pattern in the mixed feed group was multiple resistance to 2 or more antibiotics; particulaly, all the resistant strains in the southern district were multiple resistant strains. In contrast, 50 to 56% of the resistant strains in the grass only group showed single-drug resistance. Seventeen of 147 resistant strains (11.6%) caried R-plasmids. Nine strains were isolated from the grass only group (8 strains in the north and 1 strain in the south). The transmissible resistance types were CTC only in 9 strains in the grass only group; SM only in 5 strains and SM-SA in 3 strains in the mixed feed group., 紀要論文