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The efficient testing and validation of the high-voltage (HV) insulation of small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC) packages presents numerous challenges when trying to achieve faster and more accurate processes. The complex behavior these packages when submerged in diverse physical media with varying densities requires a detailed analysis to understand the factors influencing their behavior. We propose a systematic and scalable mathematical model based on trapezoidal motion patterns and a deterministic analysis of hydrodynamic forces to predict SOIC package misalignment during automated high-voltage testing in a dielectric fluid. Our model incorporates factors known to cause misalignment during the maneuvering of packages, such as surface tension forces, sloshing, cavity formation, surface waves, and bubbles during the insertion, extraction, and displacement of devices while optimizing test speed for minimum testing time. Our model was validated via a full-factorial statistical experiment for different SOIC package sizes on a pick-and-place (PNP) machine with preprogrammed software and a zero-insertion force socket immersed in different dielectric fluids under controlled thermal conditions. Results indicate the model achieves 99.64% reliability with a margin of error of less than 4.78%. Our research deepens the knowledge and understanding of the physical and hydrodynamic factors that impact the automated testing processes of high-voltage insulator SOIC packages of different sizes for different dielectric fluids. It enables improved testing times and higher reliability than traditional trial-and-error methods for high-voltage SOIC packages, leading to more efficient and accurate processes in the electronics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient testing and validation of the high-voltage (HV) insulation of small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC) packages presents numerous challenges when trying to achieve faster and more accurate processes. The complex behavior these packages when submerged in diverse physical media with varying densities requires a detailed analysis to understand the factors influencing their behavior. We propose a systematic and scalable mathematical model based on trapezoidal motion patterns and a deterministic analysis of hydrodynamic forces to predict SOIC package misalignment during automated high-voltage testing in a dielectric fluid. Our model incorporates factors known to cause misalignment during the maneuvering of packages, such as surface tension forces, sloshing, cavity formation, surface waves, and bubbles during the insertion, extraction, and displacement of devices while optimizing test speed for minimum testing time. Our model was validated via a full-factorial statistical experiment for different SOIC package sizes on a pick-and-place (PNP) machine with preprogrammed software and a zero-insertion force socket immersed in different dielectric fluids under controlled thermal conditions. Results indicate the model achieves 99.64% reliability with a margin of error of less than 4.78%. Our research deepens the knowledge and understanding of the physical and hydrodynamic factors that impact the automated testing processes of high-voltage insulator SOIC packages of different sizes for different dielectric fluids. It enables improved testing times and higher reliability than traditional trial-and-error methods for high-voltage SOIC packages, leading to more efficient and accurate processes in the electronics industry.

The study discusses an electrical device (appliance) that determines the location of damage to the insulation material and power cable line sheaths in 6 – 20-kV distribution networks. The proposed device can determine the localization of any types of faults (FLs) with a high transition resistance at the insulation failure (floating breakdown) site with an accuracy of at least 0.2% of the total cable length. The device can determine the location of damage to the insulation of a controlled cable line during the high-voltage tests of about 10,000-m long single- and three-phase cable lines without changing the test scheme or needing additional connecting devices, while excluding the labor-intensive process of "burning" the insulation. The device can improve the reliability of operation of the integrated power grid, reduce the time of emergency and restoration work in distribution networks, and extract additional economic benefits by reducing the undersupply of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ever-increasing appetite for electrical energy by industrial, commercial, and household consumers has resulted in a continuously growing demand for transmission capacity and improved reliability of elecricity supply. The reliability of a HV power plant must be maintained at a high level over its lifetime, typically 50 years. All newly manufactured components of electricity networks undergo various types of tests to ensure their reliability and longevity. The tests follow specifications set out in national and international standards. These tests could be described in general terms as ? design-verification tests, ? production-quality tests, and ? tests after installation. Of all systems in a HV plant, cable systems must satisfy possibly the widest range of test requirements. So in this article we use electrical testing of cable systems to show the origins of the main test specifications. Although we refer throughout the paper mainly to cables with extruded insulation and their accessories, most of the discussion can be generalized to other HV equipment such as power transformers or insulators. We limit our discussion to insulated cable systems built to transmit electrical power in bulk at the subtransmission and transmission voltage levels, i.e., those rated above 30 kV. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper presents the first effort to mathematically model proximity effects on continuous leader inception and breakdown of long air gaps under critical switching impulses. Three aspects of proximity with considerable practical importance are addressed. These include wall proximity in high voltage switching impulse tests, effects of protrusions and surface roughness on switching impulses performance of large electrodes and finally determination of critical ground fields for upward leader inception of a vertical rod under an energized plane electrode. The model results provide quantitative tools to assess proximity effects as well as means to keep such effects within acceptable limits. Whenever possible the model findings are compared with experimental results and internationally recommended practice and with view of the complexity of the problems, the agreement is quite satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The cumulative energy function shape can be used to extract features for PD recognition. • This method is density-independent therefore suitable for impaired PD data sets. • This method compares signals to a reference signal instead of seeking for class features. The problem of impaired data sets refers to data sets containing a vast majority of unwanted signals than signals of interest. With increased interest in partial discharge (PD) testing with arbitrary waveforms and transients, these kind of data sets are becoming more and more common. Traditional clustering techniques cannot be applied due to big differences in spatial densities of the existing clusters in the data set. This paper contributes a simple yet efficient technique to recognize PD signals from noise and other disturbances. The signal recognition features are based on two specific areas extracted from the cumulative energy signal (CE) of each recorded waveform. These areas weigh up the extent to which the recorded signals have a pulse-like shape. A third feature, defined as a shape factor, extracts additional metrics from the CE signal that serves the purpose of accounting for the factors affecting the computation of the proposed recognition features and threshold for data size reduction. These three CE-based features are used to create a graph from which a real PD can be spotted in large impaired data sets. The performance of this technique is tested using PD measurements from superimposed impulse tests on a 150 kV cable system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel technique for the determination of the parameters of the lightning impulse. Prony analysis is applied to analytical lightning impulse waveforms with oscillations and/or overshoots to decompose the waveform into its modal components. The mean curve of the lightning impulse is then reconstructed using a double exponential model after removing all high-frequency and damped components from the simulated impulse. Three cases of lightning impulse waveforms were investigated, including standard lightning impulse, lightning impulse with front and peak oscillations, and lightning impulse with overshoot. The simulation results show that the technique is applicable and easy to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid insulating materials are not self-restoring due to electrical discharges; a separate test piece is needed for each individual test. Even with no discharge observed, polarization and conductivity processes can produce space charges that exist for a long time and that can affect the results of a subsequent test on the same test piece. The solution is to use one test piece per stress. Since solid test pieces are relatively expensive, a small number of test pieces is recommended. Consideration of the choice of sample size should be exercised with great care. The statistical nature of high-voltage testing of electrical insulation has long been recognized. A brief overview of the application of statistical methods to establish the insulation strength and lifetime of solid dielectrics is reported. Accelerated aging tests on solid dielectrics are statistical tests that have to be rigorously analyzed in order to justify any valid conclusions. The application of Weibull statistics for the description of dielectric breakdown is presented. The breakdown probability of the test voltages is a function of the test method, of their parameters, of the nature of the breakdown probability function, and of the assumed physical processes. Proper test methods and their parameters can be selected to determine the breakdown voltages and time to breakdown [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the practical application of the UHF Partial Discharge Detection method that VA TECH Reyrolle has routinely applied to high-voltage on-site commissioning tests on gas-insulated substations (GIS) for over 10 years. The location of the partial discharge (PD) sensors has a significant effect on the sensitivity of the UHF method. Research has been undertaken to quantify the parameters that affect this, i.e., attenuation, GIS geometry, etc. Verifying the correct operation of the detection system and its sensitivity is a crucial step in preparing for an HV test. In order to do this, special test equipment has been developed to ensure that all of the cabling, connections, etc. attached to the detection equipment are correct and the detection level of the couplers confirmed. The paper discusses IEC 60517 (general guidelines for GIS HV testing), its most usual interpretation, and how the application of the UHF technique can transform this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]