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Elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients have a high risk of death. The effect of different types of HD membranes on survival is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of low-flux or high-flux membranes and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly hemodialysis patients. This was a retrospective clinical study involving maintenance hemodialysis patients which were categorized into low-flux and high-flux groups according to the dialyzer they were using. Propensity score matching was used to balance the baseline data of the two groups. Survival rates were compared between the two groups, and the risk factors for death were analyzed by multivariate Cox regression. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the low-flux group and the high-flux group (log-rank test, p = 0.559). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly greater in the low-flux group than in the high-flux group (log-rank test, p = 0.049). After adjustment through three different multivariate models, we detected no significant difference in all-cause mortality. Patients in the high-flux group had a lower risk of cardiovascular death than did those in the low-flux group (HR = 0.79, 95% CI, 0.54–1.16, p = 0.222; HR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.37–0.91, p = 0.019). High-flux hemodialysis was associated with a lower relative risk of cardiovascular mortality in elderly MHD patients. High-flux hemodialysis did not improve all-cause mortality rate. Differences in urea distribution volume, blood flow, and systemic differences in solute clearance by dialyzers were not further analyzed, which are the limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses comparing Hemodiafiltration (HDF) with conventional hemodialysis (HD) on the effectiveness of HDF for mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have yielded contrasting results. Importantly, we sought to compile the available information to provide the most up-to-date and reliable evidence. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library for RCTs up to January 14, 2024. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to analyze relevant data and evaluate the quality of evidence. Results Our study involved 10 randomized controlled trials with 4654 chronic dialysis patients. Compared to hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration demonstrated a reduction in all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.84, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.72–0.99, P = 0.04) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.90, P = 0.002). However, it did not reduce the rate of sudden death (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.64–1.34, P = 0.68) and infection-related mortality (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03, P = 0.07). A subgroup analysis revealed that HDF demonstrated superiority over high-flux hemodialysis in terms of all-cause mortality, while not over low-flux hemodialysis (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.96, P = 0.01; RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.77–1.12, P = 0.44, respectively). Furthermore, a subgroup analysis for convection volume found that hemodiafiltration with a convection volume of 22 L or more reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65–0.88, P = 0.0002, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54–0.94, P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion In maintenance hemodialysis patients, hemodiafiltration can reduce mortality compared to conventional hemodialysis. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced in HDF with high convection volume.

Introduction: Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses comparing Hemodiafiltration (HDF) with conventional hemodialysis (HD) on the effectiveness of HDF for mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have yielded contrasting results. Importantly, we sought to compile the available information to provide the most up-to-date and reliable evidence. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library for RCTs up to January 14, 2024. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to analyze relevant data and evaluate the quality of evidence. Results: Our study involved 10 randomized controlled trials with 4654 chronic dialysis patients. Compared to hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration demonstrated a reduction in all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.84, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.72–0.99, P = 0.04) and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61–0.90, P = 0.002). However, it did not reduce the rate of sudden death (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.64–1.34, P = 0.68) and infection-related mortality (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.47–1.03, P = 0.07). A subgroup analysis revealed that HDF demonstrated superiority over high-flux hemodialysis in terms of all-cause mortality, while not over low-flux hemodialysis (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.96, P = 0.01; RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.77–1.12, P = 0.44, respectively). Furthermore, a subgroup analysis for convection volume found that hemodiafiltration with a convection volume of 22 L or more reduced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.65–0.88, P = 0.0002, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.54–0.94, P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: In maintenance hemodialysis patients, hemodiafiltration can reduce mortality compared to conventional hemodialysis. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced in HDF with high convection volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potassium balance is an important concern of nephrologists when treating patients on dialysis. However, the amount of potassium removed by predilution online hemodiafiltration has not been investigated in prior studies. The purpose of the study was to investigate the amount of potassium removed by predilution online hemodiafiltration compared to conventional hemodialysis. Methods: This study traced the amount of potassium removed in each session among 23 patients undergoing both conventional hemodialysis and predilution online hemodiafiltration. The effect of the concentration of potassium and bicarbonate in the dialysate was evaluated. Finally, the influence of ß-blocker use on potassium homeostasis was also assessed. Results: There was no difference in mean serum potassium levels between conventional hemodialysis and predilution online hemodiafiltration [P = NS (nonsignificant)] before and 1 hour after the end of the session (P = NS). Significantly less potassium was removed in conventional hemodialysis compared to predilution online hemodiafiltration (P < .0001). The amount of potassium removed in conventional hemodialysis was lower in the high potassium dialysate group (P < .02) and in those undergoing predilution online hemodiafiltration (P < .03). The use of ß-blockers was associated with higher predialysis serum potassium levels in the group of conventional hemodialysis. Conclusion: The present study shows that in predilution online hemodiafiltration, much more potassium is removed than in conventional hemodialysis. Potassium removal is greater with low potassium dialysate in both methods. The use of ß-blockers is associated with higher predialysis serum potassium levels in conventional hemodialysis, while dialysate bicarbonate concentration does not substantially affect the amount of potassium removed during dialysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aramid nanofibers (ANFs), as promising organic nano building blocks for their high mechanical strength and thermal stability, are widely applied to fabricate energy‐efficient membranes for ionic and molecular sieving in aqueous solutions. However, the existing ANFs often have small diameters, limiting the permeability of the resulting membranes. Here, the ANFs with a diameter in the hundred‐nanometer scale are fabricated through a progressive protonation process, in which dimethylformamide as a secondary deprotonation solvent is added into dimethyl sulfoxide to provide a mild deformation environment. Then, the deformed ANFs are applied to prepare membranes with a larger pore size distribution and higher surface charge. Notably, the water flux of the resulting membranes can reach up to 410 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, which is 40 times higher than commercially available nanofiltration membranes and much higher than currently reported ANF‐based membranes. Impressively, these membranes with super‐stable nanochannels maintain a high water flux of over 194 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 in a wide range of pH values from 4 to 10 and show excellent long‐term durability over 120 h. The application of deformed ANFs provides a new and promising approach for designing the next generation nanofiltration membranes which balance the trade‐off between permeability and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-correlated single-photon-counting (TCSPC) three-dimensional (3D) imaging lidar system has broad application prospects in the field of low-light 3D imaging because of its single-photon detection sensitivity and picoseconds temporal resolution. However, conventional TCSPC systems always limit the echo photon flux to an ultra-low level to obtain high-accuracy depth images, thus needing to spend amounts of acquisition time to accumulate sufficient photon detection events to form a reliable histogram. When the echo photon flux is increased to medium or even high, the data acquisition time can be shortened, but the photon pile-up effect can seriously distort the photon histogram and cause depth errors. To realize high accuracy TCSPC depth imaging with a shorter acquisition time, we propose a high-flux fast photon-counting 3D imaging method based on empirical depth error correction. First, we derive the photon flux estimation formula and calculate the depth error of our photon-counting lidar under different photon fluxes with experimental data. Then, a function correction model between the depth errors and the number of echo photons is established by numerical fitting. Finally, the function correction model is used to correct depth images at high photon flux with different acquisition times. Experimental results show that the empirical error correction method can shorten the image acquisition time by about one order of magnitude while ensuring a moderate accuracy of the depth image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) catalytic ultrafiltration membranes, tightly assembled with MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) lamellae and significantly dispersed Co single atoms (∼ 2.4 wt%), were prepared by a simple solvothermal and low-temperature reduction method. The Co-MXene membrane overcomes the conventional trade-off between selectivity and permeability, and demonstrated an instant water purification (100 % carbamazepine degradation within 240 ms) and a high membrane permeability (∼900 LMH/bar). It has been confirmed that coordinatively unsaturated Co-N 1 O 2 accelerated electron transfer and activated the formation of 1O 2 and high-valent Co-oxo species. Nano-confinement channels assembled by the small-sized lamellae facilitated the transport of water molecules. A stable treatment performance with natural surface water was achieved at 3000 L/m2. Good anti-fouling capabilities were also demonstrated with a 96 % alleviation of membrane fouling in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These comprehensive mechanistic investigations and stable performances provide a valuable basis for preparing SACs-catalyzed membranes with highly dispersed single atoms and high permeability. [Display omitted] • Coordinatively unsaturated CoN 1 O 2 single-atom catalytic membrane was constructed. • Small lateral size and nanoconfined channels provide high permeability. • Single-pass filtration achieved stable water purification with 100 % degradation. • 1O 2 and high-valent Co–oxo species were the main active species. • The membrane exhibited durability and superior anti-fouling properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the removal of textile dyes, an effective alternative to fabricate tight ultrafiltration membrane was adopted. A series of tight ultrafiltration membranes based on PEEKWC/PEI covalent crosslinking structure were prepared by phase inversion method and showed high-flux and good antifouling performance attributed to the enhancement of hydrophilicity by PEI. The top-surface of the UF membranes was with a water contact angle in range of 24.33° and 40.10° indicating the excellent hydrophilicity. These membranes containing PEI-based positively charged water channel showed high permeability for pure water and salt solutions. As the content of PEI in membrane reaching 20 wt%, the pure water permeability and pure water flux at 3 bar could reach 308 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and 925 L·m−2·h−1, respectively. The pure water flux could even reach 1526 L·m−2·h−1 at 5 bar. At the operation pressure of 3 bar, all the UF membranes showed good single-component BBR rejection between 94.87 % and 97.73 %. The rejection of membranes for BBR in dye/salt mixtures was substantially higher than 94.0 % even at a high salt concentration of 60 g/L. The UF membranes with high-flux of pure water and dye solution were discussed, which could be a promising alternative for sustainable textile wastewater treatment and natural water recovery. [Display omitted] • High-flux and anti-fouling PEEKWC/PEI crosslinking tight ultrafiltration membranes containing water channels were fabricated. • The water contact angle of membranes was in range of 24.33° and 40.10° indicating the excellent hydrophilicity. • The pure water permeability could reach 308 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 at 3 bar. • The pure water flux could reach 1526 L·m−2·h−1 at 5 bar. • The membranes showed good anti-fouling and regeneration property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-correlated single-photon-counting (TCSPC) three-dimensional (3D) imaging lidar system has broad application prospects in the field of low-light 3D imaging because of its single-photon detection sensitivity and picoseconds temporal resolution. However, conventional TCSPC systems always limit the echo photon flux to an ultra-low level to obtain high-accuracy depth images, thus needing to spend amounts of acquisition time to accumulate sufficient photon detection events to form a reliable histogram. When the echo photon flux is increased to medium or even high, the data acquisition time can be shortened, but the photon pile-up effect can seriously distort the photon histogram and cause depth errors. To realize high accuracy TCSPC depth imaging with a shorter acquisition time, we propose a high-flux fast photon-counting 3D imaging method based on empirical depth error correction. First, we derive the photon flux estimation formula and calculate the depth error of our photon-counting lidar under different photon fluxes with experimental data. Then, a function correction model between the depth errors and the number of echo photons is established by numerical fitting. Finally, the function correction model is used to correct depth images at high photon flux with different acquisition times. Experimental results show that the empirical error correction method can shorten the image acquisition time by about one order of magnitude while ensuring a moderate accuracy of the depth image.

Due to the trade‐off between purity and flux, the development of high‐purity, high‐flux oil–water separation materials is still an arduous challenge. Herein, to achieve emulsion separation with high purity and high permeability, fluorinated graphene/poly(vinyl alcohol) aerogel (FGPA) with strong honeycomb was obtained via a facile freeze‐drying method, and the separation mechanism was investigated via computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulation. The as‐prepared FGPA exhibited superhydrophobicity‐superoleophobicity and cyclic compression stability. Under the complex pore and superhydrophobicity, FGPA could separate water‐in‐oil emulsions with droplet sizes several times smaller than their own aperture only under gravity with ultrahigh flux (3255 L m−2 h−1) and ultrahigh purity (99.9%). Also, the separation process as visualized using simulations revealed that the vortex accelerates the demulsification behavior and promotes the gathering of water droplets rebounding on the superhydrophobic surface, so that the water droplets are intercepted. Therefore, FGPA has broad practical application potential in high‐flux and high‐purity oil–water emulsion separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garnet Sm‐Nd ages and pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) paths for pelitic and semipelitic metamorphic rocks in the Mount Waddington area constrain the relationship between metamorphism and high‐flux magmatism recently identified in the southern Coast Mountains batholith. Amphibolite facies metamorphism in this area occurred at 99–90, 80, and 72–65 Ma at varying conditions of ~3 to 8 kbar and ~450°C to 685°C, partly associated with high magmatic fluxes at 85–70 and 61–48 Ma. P–T–t paths indicate increases in pressure and temperature of 2 kbar and 120°C at c. 80 Ma and up to 3 kbar and 165°C at 72–65 Ma. Garnet growth at c. 72 and 80 Ma was synchronous with a high‐flux event at 85–70 Ma. However, c. 65‐, 90‐, and 99‐Ma garnet growth cannot be directly attributed to nearby plutons and occurred during lulls between high magmatic flux events. The simplest explanation for the observed P–T–t paths for metamorphism is a single regional‐scale event between 99 and 64 Ma, synchronous with and in response to crustal contraction. Rock textures and pressure–temperature (P–T) isochemical phase diagrams indicate that most sampled rocks reached near‐solidus conditions with little or no melting. Although partial melting of sedimentary rocks has been proposed to contribute toward high‐flux magmatism in the northern and central Coast Mountains, the timing of metamorphism and high‐flux events differs in the Waddington area, suggesting that they are unrelated. Therefore, we conclude that metamorphism and partial melting of rocks exposed at the current level of exhumation played little or no role in construction of the batholith in the Waddington–Raleigh area of the southern Coast Mountains batholith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-flux solar simulators are research-grade sources of artificial radiation mimicking optical characteristics of concentrating solar systems. They allow for experimental evaluation of high-temperature solar thermal devices and materials under controlled and reproducible conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the application of close-range photogrammetry in tandem with radiometry to optically align radiation modules of a multi-source high-flux solar simulator and to characterize its radiative output. The photogrammetric setup consists of photogrammetry targets, a digital camera and photogrammetry software. The radiometric measurements are conducted using mobile Lambertian targets, a heat flux gauge, and a complementary metal-oxide semi-conductor camera equipped with neutral density filters. An iterative procedure for adjusting lamp positions allows obtaining optical configurations of radiative modules meeting experimental requirements of high and ultra-high temperature solar thermal and thermochemical research. Close-range photogrammetry is demonstrated to be a convenient and effective method to obtain the as-built geometric configuration of the solar simulator setup. We report characteristics of an example radiative module configuration for a subset of six radiation modules. The peak and mean radiative fluxes over a 60-mm diameter flat target located in the focal plane are 3080 kW m−2 and 1135 kW m−2, respectively. The mean aiming error, defined as the average distance between theoretical and actual aiming points in the focal plane, is reduced from 37.20 mm to 4.50 mm for the pre- and post-alignment configurations, respectively. • Optical alignment and radiative flux characterization of a high-flux solar simulator are presented. • A combined methodology of close-range photogrammetry and radiometry is applied. • Close-range photogrammetry allows capturing the geometric configuration of the entire HFSS setup. • The mean aiming error is reduced from 37.20 mm to 4.50 mm after photogrammetry alignment. • A mean radiative flux of 1135 kW m-2 is obtained over a 60-mm dia. flat target using six lamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale & Objective: This study investigated the effects on patients’ outcomes of using medium cutoff (MCO) versus high-flux (HF) dialysis membranes. Study Design: A retrospective, observational, multicenter, cohort study. Setting & Participants: Patients aged greater than 18 years receiving hemodialysis at the Baxter Renal Care Services dialysis network in Colombia. The inception of the cohort occurred from September 1, 2017, to November 30, 2017, with follow-up to November 30, 2019. Exposure: The patients were divided into 2 cohorts according to the dialyzer used at the inception: (1) MCO membrane or (2) HF membrane. Outcomes: Primary outcomes were the hospitalization rate from any cause and hospitalization days per patient-year. Secondary outcomes were acute cardiovascular events and mortality rates from any cause and secondary to cardiovascular causes. Laboratory parameters were assessed throughout the 2-year follow-up period. Analytical Approach: Descriptive statistics were used to report population characteristics. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to each group before analysis. All categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s χ2 test, and continuous variables were analyzed with the t test. Baseline differences between groups with a value of >10% were considered clinically meaningful. Laboratory variables were measured at 5 consecutive time points. A between-patient effect was analyzed using a split-plot factorial analysis of variance. Results: The analysis included 1,098 patients, of whom 564 (51.3%) were dialyzed with MCO membranes and 534 (48.7%) with HF membranes. Patients receiving hemodialysis with MCO membranes had a lower all-cause hospitalization incidence rate (IR) per patient-year (IR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.82-1.03) than those receiving hemodialysis with HF membranes (IR = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.96-1.30), corresponding to a significant incident rate ratio (MCO/HF) of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.68-0.99; P = 0.04). The frequency of nonfatal cardiovascular events showed statistical significance, with a lower incidence in the MCO group (incident rate ratio = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.96; P = 0.03). No statistically significant differences in all-cause time until death were observed (P = 0.48). Albumin levels were similar between the 2 dialyzer cohorts. Limitations: Despite the robust statistical analysis, there remains the possibility that unmeasured variables may still generate residual imbalance and, therefore, skew the results. Conclusions: The incidences of hospitalization and cardiovascular events in patients receiving hemodialysis were lower when dialyzed with MCO membranes than HF membranes. A randomized controlled trial would be desirable to confirm these results. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov, ISRCTN12403265.

Inspired by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), herein we have established a biomimetic high‐flux protein delivery system via the ingenious introduction of pillar[5]arene‐based host–guest system into one side of artificial hour‐glass shaped nanochannel. With a transport flux of 660 lysozymes per minute, the system provides efficient high‐flux protein transport at a rate which is significantly higher than that of an unmodified nanochannel and conventional bilateral symmetrical modified nanochannels. In view of these promising results, the use of artificial nanochannel to improve protein transport not only presents a new potential chemical model for biological research and better understanding of protein transport behavior in the living systems, but also provides a high‐flux protein transporter device, which may have applications in the design of protein drug release systems, protein separation systems and microfluidics in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of crack formation in the tungsten divertor plates irradiated by hydrogen plasma under ITER-type steady-state and transient events are investigated. The stresses and defects of samples' initial structure are annealed as a result of steady-state irradiation with Falcon ion source, which generates 2 keV hydrogen ion flux of ~ 1022 m-2s−1 and power density ~ 1.7 MW × m−2. Quasi-stationary plasma accelerator QSPA Kh-50 provides pulsed hydrogen plasma loads which operating mode simulates transient events (type I ELMs) in ITER: ion impact energy is about 400 eV, maximum plasma pressure is 0.32 MPa, pulse duration is 0.25 ms. The diffraction maxima profiles, positions, intensities, half-widths, and intensity distributions are analyzed. The origin of crack formation is found to be in the plastic deformation of surface layers by the twinning mechanism. The latter is reinforced by the interaction of twins with the hydrogen-filled micro-pores. The micro-pores appear as a result of hydrogen saturation of subtraction loops formed due to the coalescence of vacancy complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed is the most widely distributed and grown oil crop in China. At the same time, with the improvement of related biotechnology, the variety of rapeseed functions has become increasingly prominent. According to the agronomic requirements for rapeseed, with the delay of the sowing date, it is necessary to increase the sowing amount to make up for the decrease of the emergence rate. In addition, as the operation speed of the planter increasing, the rapeseed seeder seeding frequency is needed to increase to meet the seeding density. For small size seeds such as rapeseed, when the sowing frequency is higher than 30 Hz, it can be considered that a high-flux seeds flow. It is great significance to research a kind of high-flux and small size seeds flow detection device to realize the detection of seeds quantities and missing seeds during high-frequency sowing of rapeseed. Because the rapeseed has a small size (0.8-2.2 mm), the seed signal generated by the conventional large and medium size detection device is weak and difficult to be captured. On the other hand, the existence of blind spots in detection has reduced the detection accuracy. In the text, when the sowing frequency reaches 62 Hz, the detection accuracy of the seeds flow detection device based on thin piezoelectric film and the seeds flow detection device based on thin-surface laser silicon photocell developed by the research team in the early stage was less than 85%. The reason is that when a high-flux seeds flow is formed at a high sowing frequency, the high-flux seeds flow will collide and increase the probability of aliasing inside the detection device, resulting in an increased probability of multiple seeds passing through the sensing zone at the same time, and detection accuracy is reduced. Aiming at the problem of insufficient precision of high-flux seeds flow detection due to agronomic requirements during the sowing of rapeseed and the high seeding frequency caused by high speed sowing, a method for parallel detection of high-flux seeds flow into multiple low-flux seeds flow was proposed, then the high-flux small size seeds flow detection device based on a combination of a shunt mechanism and a thin surface laser silicon photocell was designed. Considering the uniformity and fast passage of the high-flux seeds flow, the shunt structure was designed. Discrete element simulation software EDEM and bench test were used to verify the seeding uniformity when the shunt tube tilt angles. When the inclination angle of the shunt structure was less than 5°, simulation and bench test results of the consistency of the displacement each shunt tube at different inclination angles did not exceed 5.19% and 8.58% respectively. Combining the thin face laser and the seeding area, determine the relationship between the thin face laser emitting module angle, the inner radius of upper seeds through tube, and the distance of the thin face laser to the silicon photocell, comprehensive device cost and volume optimization to get the best combination of three parameters. Bench test of high-flux small size seeds flow detection device showed that within the seeding frequency range of 61.68 Hz, the accuracy of rapeseed detection was not less than 96.1%. The field test results showed that the detection accuracy rate was not less than 95.7% when the field seeding frequency was not more than 62.23 Hz, and no blocking phenomenon occured during the test. Normal light in the field and machine vibration had no effects on the detection accuracy of the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with end stage renal disease. Fibroblastic growth factor- 23 (FGF-23) is a novel phosphaturic hormone produced in the osteocyte. Patients with kidney disease complain of elevated levels of FGF-23 in response to hyperphosphatemia. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-over prospective study conducted on 30 patients on regular hemodialysis. The study period was 6 months, laboratory investigations for FGF-23, complete blood picture, s. urea (pre-dialysis and post-dialysis), serum albumin, serum electrolytes (Ca++ & PO4), alkaline phosphatase, PTH, serum ferritin, and lipid profile as well as echocardiography were obtained in the start of the study, after 3 months on maintained lowflux hemodialysis and 3 months after switching the patients to high-flux hemodialysis. Results: There was a highly significant reduction of FGF-23 level with high-flux dialyzers than with low-flux dialyzers. The adjusted difference in the absolute change in FGF-23 levels between the three months period of lowflux dialysis and the three months period of high-flux dialysis showed a highly significant reduction with high-flux than with low-flux (p= 0.000). There was a significant reduction of serum levels of PTH, calcium, phosphorus levels with high-flux dialyzers than with low-flux dialyzers, the adjusted difference was (p= 0.022), (p= 0.000), and (p= 0.006) respectively. Conclusion: FGF-23 levels were significantly higher in hemodialysis patients than in normal population. FGF-23 was better eliminated by high-flux dialyzers than low-flux dialyzers and high FGF-23 levels were associated with increased incidence of cardiac valve calcification. FGF-23 positively correlated with right ventricular systolic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and sensitive detection techniques for foodborne pathogens are important to the food industry. However, traditional detection methods rely on bacterial culture in combination with biochemical tests, a process that typically takes 4–7 days to complete. In this study, we described a high-flux polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for simultaneous detection of nine targeted genes (rfbE, stx1, stx2, invA, oprI, tlh, trh, tdh, and hlyA) with multiplex strains. The designed primers were highly specific for their respective target gene fragments. As the selected primers follow the principles of similar melting and annealing temperature, all the targeted genes could be detected for one strain with the same PCR program. Combining with 96-well PCR plate, by adding a single different gene to each well in each row, both the ATCC strains (E. coli, Salmonella spp., V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) and the clinical strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) were simultaneously detected to carry their specific and virulence genes. Therefore, using 96-well PCR plate for PCR amplification might be applied to high-flux sequencing of specific and virulence genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane separation technology is one of the cost effective and most efficient technologies for treatment of wastewater from textile industry. However, development of membranes with better performance and thermal stability is still a highly challenging task. In this study, successful preparation of a novel thermally stable polyimide (PI) polymer was demonstrated using 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride components. PI was selected as representative candidate because of its excellent thermal stability (decomposition temperature of 529 °C), as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, PI polymer was used to fabricate ultrafiltration (UF) membrane by phase inversion process. This UF membrane is especially interesting as it allowed for almost complete penetration of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (Na 2 SO 4) inorganic salts because of its molecular weight cut off of 9320 Da. Moreover, the membrane exhibited very good surface hydrophilicity with the water contact angle of 67.6°. This PI-based UF membrane was found to be substantially effective as it showed high pure-water and dye-permeation fluxes of 345.10 and 305.58 L m−2 h−1 at 0.1 MPa, respectively. Besides, the membrane exhibited a rejection of 98.65% toward the direct red 23 dye (100 ppm) at 0.1 MPa. Thus, this PI-based UF membrane is highly beneficial and acts as a potential candidate for dye removal from wastewater produced by textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have potential for use in many optical and electronic applications due to their shape- and size-dependent properties. However, it remains a significant challenge to synthesize size- and shape-controlled NPs on a large scale while maintaining their unique properties. We have demonstrated a simple and effective microreactor based on a microfluidic chip and liquid peristaltic pump for the synthesis of monodispersed Au NPs. This reactor allows for the continuous high-flux synthesis of Au NPs with precisely controlled sizes. The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, flow ratio of the two inlets, and amount of surfactant agent are investigated in this study. The uniform and ultrafine Au NPs were synthesized by directly controlling the temperature, flow rate, surfactant concentration, and flow rate ratio. Moreover, the Au NPs are fabricated controllably, continuously, and stably on a large scale with this system. The proposed system thus contributes to the large-scale industrial production of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Realizing that one main factor affecting development of forward osmosis (FO) membrane was internal concentration polarization (ICP), graphene oxide (GO) with two-dimensional structure and oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) with one-dimensional structure were linked by oxygen-containing groups to form water channels in the polyamide layer. OCNTs and GO were used for producing reactions among oxygen-containing groups of nanoparticles and polymer chains, and oxygen-containing groups were fully exposed because GO and OCNTs restrained aggregation. Decrease of cross-linking degree for interfacial polymerization layer was confirmed due to reaction from GO/OCNTs/m-phenylene diamine/1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride. Moreover, OCNTs formed an appropriate supporting effect for GO to improve hydrophilic properties, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope and contact angle. Resulting membrane PA-GO-OCNTs showed high water flux (114 LMH and 84.6 LMH in the PRO (active layer facing draw solution) and FO (active layer facing feed solution) mode, respectively) and low solute flux (5.17 gMH and 3.4 gMH in the PRO and FO mode, respectively) under this condition that 0.5 M NaCl and deionized water were used as draw solution and feed solution respectively. It was worth mentioning that water flux of FO membrane was far higher than that in reported literatures while its structural parameter S was only 203 μm, which led to decrease of ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • 3D porous Emodin-MIS with high-flux were obtained. • The as-prepared Emodin-MIS displayed superior regenerative and antibacterial property. • Optimal adsorptive selectivity and permselectivity were achieved on Emodin-MIS. Abstract Sponge is widely used in our daily life as a low-cost and easily available material. Its three-dimensional (3D) porous structure is particularly suitable for the application of membrane-based separation. Herein, we report an antibacterial, high-flux and 3D porous molecularly imprinted nanocomposite sponge membranes (Emodin-MIS) based on sponge for cross-flow filtration of emodin from analogues (aloe-emodin and physcion). A GO/Ag/KH570 modification strategy was implemented to (i) provide 'active secondary platforms', (ii) increase the antibacterial property, and (iii) facilitate the fixation of molecularly imprinted polymers. Base on formation of 'emodin-recognition sites', optimal selectivity of emodin/aloe-emodin (1.61) and emodin/physcion (1.70) in static adsorption, as well as aloe-emodin/emodin (7.66–3.93) and physcion/emodin (10.00–4.68) in cross-flow filtration, were achieved on Emodin-MIS with the imprinting factor of 3.28. Langmuir isothermal model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted rebinding data of Emodin-MIS. Specifically, the rebinding capacity of Emodin-MIS was still higher than 85% of initial after 10 regeneration cycles which included an interval of 15 days. This novel-designed Emodin-MIS exhibits superior results for emodin separation in cross-flow filtration and shows promising potentials for wider applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofiber membranes (NFMs) are widely used in oil-water separation area due to their unique structure and properties. However, achieving efficient and on-demand separation of oil-water mixtures using NFMs remains a challenge. Herein, we prepared polyimide nanofiber membranes (PI-NFMs) with fluffy structures through solution blow spinning (SBS), and the average diameter of the PI nanofibers was 506.1 ± 75.6 nm. The PI-NFMs exhibited excellent pH responsiveness, demonstrating the ability to swiftly convert their wetting properties between highly hydrophobic and superhydrophilic through a simple acid-alkali treatment. Additionally, the conversion between oil removing model and water removing model according to the type of oil-water mixture was realized. The performance of the membranes in separating oil and water was evaluated using five different densities of oil-water mixtures. Only driven by gravity, the membrane exhibits good separation efficiency and extremely high permeate fluxes with the water and oil fluxes to 37,641.84 and 71,083.16 L·m−2·h−1, respectively, which also shows decent reusability. This work presents a promising solution for the intelligent, efficient, and controllable treatment of industrial oil effluents and oil spills. [Display omitted] • Low-cost and high efficient fabrication of PI nanofibers was accomplished using a novel SBS technique. • High flux oil-water separation nanofiber membranes were designed and fabricated. • Fast and reversible pH-responsive wettability properties were constructed. • It is suitable for various working conditions and capable of industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium cut-off membrane (MCO) dialysers have been shown to remove a range of middle molecules, which are associated with adverse outcomes in haemodialysis (HD) patients, more effectively than high-flux HD. Vancomycin is widely used in HD patients for treating a variety of infections. To avoid subtherapeutic trough concentrations, it is important to understand vancomycin clearance in patients undergoing HD with the MCO membrane. This open label single centre, cross-over clinical study compared the vancomycin pharmacokinetics in chronic HD patients using MCO membrane (Theranova) and high-flux membrane (Revaclear). Five patients established on chronic HD who were due to receive vancomycin were enrolled. The study used alternating Theranova and Revaclear dialysis membranes over six consecutive sessions. Vancomycin was administered over the last one to two hours of each HD session. The maintenance dose was adjusted based on pre-HD serum concentrations. Over the 210 study samples, vancomycin clearance was higher with MCO-HD compared to high-flux HD but not statistically significant. Median percentage of vancomycin removal at 120 min by MCO membrane was 39% (20.6–51.5%) compared with 34.1% (21.3–48.4%) with high-flux HD. MCO-HD removes a slightly higher percentage of vancomycin at 120 min into dialysis compared to high-flux membrane dialysis in HD patients with infections. Application of vancomycin during the last one to two hours of each dialysis is required to maintain therapeutic concentrations to minimise loss through the dialyser and maintain therapeutic levels.

Graphical abstract Highlights • PB nanoparticles and BTESE were introduced onto the surface of GO, forming a hydrophilic channels. • The water and ethanol fluxes of PPS-0.1GO@2.5PB membrane showed 34.3 and 12.8 LMH. • The modified membrane showed the high rejection of 99.2% (MB), 93.8% (MEB), 90.2% (BS) and 92.4% (RB), respectively. • The modified membrane showed excellent stability and solvent resistance. Abstract Using organosilicon to crosslink and intercalate GO sheets, we made a hybrid GO layer on the surface of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) microporous membrane support. A large number of oxygen-containing groups were introduced into the interlayer of GO layer, forming hydrophilic channels, more free interlayer space and nano-channels, which greatly enhanced the permeation and transmission of hydrophilic solvent. Furthermore, the introduced organosilicon species could improve the stability of PPS-GO@PB hybrid membranes. Water and ethanol were used as models to test the permeability of hybrid membranes, the results showed that the water and ethanol fluxes of GO@PB hybrid PPS membranes increased significantly. Especially, the water and ethanol fluxes of PPS-0.1GO@2.5PB membrane achieved 34.3 and 12.8 LMH under the pressure of 0.5 MPa. Four kinds of dyes were used as model pollutants to test the separation efficiency of the modified membrane, showing the high rejection of 99.2% (MB), 93.8% (MEB), 90.2% (BS) and 92.4% (RB), respectively. In the test of operation stability and solvent resistance, PPS-0.1GO@2.5PB membrane showed excellent stability and solvent resistance. These findings suggest that the as-prepared GO@PB hybrid PPS membrane will be great potential for utilization in the field of separation and purification of organic solvents and small molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To resolve the drawbacks that single-mesh involved for oil/water separation, such as batch processing mode, only one phase was purified and the quick decrease in flux et al., herein, a two-way separation T-tube device was designed by integrating a pair of meshes with opposite wettability, i.e., underwater superoleophobic and superhydrophobic/superoleophilic properties. Such integrated system can continuously separate both oil and water phase from the oil/water mixtures simultaneously through one-step procedure with high flux (above 3.675 L m −2 s −1 ) and high separation efficiency larger than 99.8% regardless of the heavy oil or light oil involved in the mixture. Moreover, the as-prepared two meshes still maintained high separation efficiency larger than above 98.9% even after 50 cycle-usages. It worthy mentioned that this two-way separation mode essentially solves the oil liquid accumulation problem that is the single separation membrane needs to tolerate a large hydrostatic pressure caused by the accumulated liquid. We deeply believe this two-way separation system would provide a new strategy for realizing practical applications in oil spill clean-up via a continuous mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-heat-flux removal is necessary for next-generation microelectronic systems to operate more reliably and efficiently. Extremely high heat removal rates are achieved in this work using a hierarchical manifold microchannel heat sink array. The microchannels are imbedded directly into the heated substrate to reduce the parasitic thermal resistances due to contact and conduction resistances. Discretizing the chip footprint area into multiple smaller heat sink elements with high-aspect-ratio microchannels ensures shortened effective fluid flow lengths. Phase change of high fluid mass fluxes can thus be accommodated in micron-scale channels while keeping pressure drops low compared to traditional, microchannel heat sinks. A thermal test vehicle, with all flow distribution components heterogeneously integrated, is fabricated to demonstrate this enhanced thermal and hydraulic performance. The 5 mm × 5 mm silicon chip area, with resistive heaters and local temperature sensors fabricated directly on the opposite face, is cooled by a 3 × 3 array of microchannel heat sinks that are fed with coolant using a hierarchical manifold distributor. Using the engineered dielectric liquid HFE-7100 as the working fluid, experimental results are presented for channel mass fluxes of 1300, 2100, and 2900 kg/m 2 s and channel cross sections with nominal widths of 15 μm and nominal depths of 35 μm, 150 μm, and 300 μm. Maximum heat flux dissipation is shown to increase with mass flux and channel depth and the heat sink with 15 μm × 300 μm channels is shown to dissipate base heat fluxes up to 910 W/cm 2 at pressure drops of less than 162 kPa and chip temperature rise under 47 °C relative to the fluid inlet temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New geochronologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for Mesozoic to Cenozoic igneous rocks and detrital minerals from the Pamir Mountains help to distinguish major regional magmatic episodes and constrain the tectonic evolution of the Pamir orogenic system. After final accretion of the Central and South Pamir terranes during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, the Pamir was largely amagmatic until the emplacement of the intermediate ( SiO 2 > 60 wt. % ), calc-alkaline, and isotopically evolved (−13 to −5 zircon ε Hf (t) ) South Pamir batholith between 120–100 Ma, which is the most volumetrically significant magmatic complex in the Pamir and includes a high flux magmatic event at ∼105 Ma. The South Pamir batholith is interpreted as the northern (inboard) equivalent of the Cretaceous Karakoram batholith and the along-strike equivalent of an Early Cretaceous magmatic belt in the northern Lhasa terrane in Tibet. The northern Lhasa terrane is characterized by a similar high-flux event at ∼110 Ma. Migration of continental arc magmatism into the South Pamir terrane during the mid-Cretaceous is interpreted to reflect northward directed, low-angle to flat-slab subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Late Cretaceous magmatism (80–70 Ma) in the Pamir is scarce, but concentrated in the Central and northern South Pamir terranes where it is comparatively more mafic ( SiO 2 < 60 wt. % ), alkaline, and isotopically juvenile (−2 to +2 zircon ε Hf (t) ) than the South Pamir batholith. Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Pamir is interpreted here to be the result of extension associated with roll-back of the Neotethyan oceanic slab, which is consistent with similarly aged extension-related magmatism in the Karakoram terrane and Kohistan. There is an additional pulse of magmatism in the Pamir at 42–36 Ma that is geographically restricted (∼150 km diameter ellipsoidal area) and referred to as the Vanj magmatic complex. The Vanj complex comprises metaluminous, high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic monzonite, syenite, and granite that is adakitic (La/Yb N = 13 to 57) with low Mg# (35–41). The Vanj complex displays a range of SiO 2 (54–75 wt.%) and isotopic compositions (−7 to −3 ε Nd (i) , 0.706 to 0.710 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (i) , −3 to +1 zircon ε Hf (i) , 6.0 to 7.6‰ zircon δ 18 O VSMOW ), which reflects some juvenile mantle input and subsequent assimilation or mixing with the Central/South Pamir terrane lower crust. The Vanj complex is speculatively interpreted to be the consequence of a mantle drip or small delamination event that was induced by India–Asia collision. The age, geochemistry, outcrop pattern, and tectonic position of the Vanj magmatic complex suggest that it is part of a series of magmatic complexes that extend for >2500 km across the Pamir and northern Qiangtang terrane in Tibet. All of these complexes are located directly south of the Tanymas–Jinsha suture zone, an important lithospheric and rheological boundary that focused mantle lithosphere deformation after India–Asia collision. Miocene magmatism (20–10 Ma) in the Pamir includes: 1) isotopically evolved migmatite and leucogranite related to crustal anataxis and decompression melting within extensional gneiss domes, and; 2) localized intra-continental magmatism in the Dunkeldik/Taxkorgan complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-flux optical systems (HFOSs) are optical concentrators used to increase the radiative flux of the natural terrestrial solar irradiation. High radiative flux concentration leads to high energy density in solar receivers which allows to obtain high temperatures. In solar thermochemical applications, the high-temperature heat drives endothermic thermochemical reactions. HFOSs have been deployed for research and development of solar thermochemical devices and systems, from solar reacting media to solar reactors. Here, we review the designs and characteristics of HFOSs as well as challenges and opportunities in the area of high-flux optical systems for solar thermochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of aluminium with purity 99.99% wt are irradiated with helium ion beam under ITER-like conditions using FALCON ion source. Aluminium is used as the surrogate material for plasma-material interaction studies. Typical parameters during steady-state exposure are the following: helium ion flux is 2–4 × 10 22 m −2 s −1 , heat flux is above 1 MW m −2 , average ion energy is of 2 keV, and the ion fluence is well above 10 27 m −2 . Investigation of the surface morphology with SEM shows the formation of the cone-like structures, which develop with fluence increasing. Surface features suddenly disappear at the fluence of 1.06 × 10 27 m −2 and then start to grow again. Further fluence increase with step-by-step surface diagnostics shows periodical character of the surface structures growth and degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A consistent effect of hemodialysis (HD) on vitamin B loss has not been fully demonstrated and the effect of high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) is also inconclusive. The aim of this study was to identify the loss of vitamin B1, B3, B5, and B6 in a single HD session and to evaluate the effect of HFHD on vitamin B removal., Methods: Patients on maintenance HD were enrolled in this study. They were divided into low-flux hemodialysis (LFHD) group and HFHD group. Vitamin B1, B3, B5, and B6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate [PLP]) concentrations in blood pre- and post-HD sessions, as well as in the spent dialysate were measured. Loss of vitamin B was calculated and the difference in vitamin B loss between the 2 groups was compared. The association between HFHD and vitamin B loss was estimated using multivariable linear regression analysis., Results: Seventy-six patients were included, of whom 29 were on LFHD and 47 were on HFHD. The median reduction ratio of serum vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 after a single HD session was 38.1%, 24.9%, 48.4%, and 44.7%, respectively. The median concentration of vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 in the dialysate was 0.3 μg/L, 2.9 μg/mL, 2.0 μg/L, and 0.4 ng/mL. There was no difference in either the reduction ratio of vitamin B in blood, or the concentration in dialysate between LFHD and HFHD groups. After adjusting for covariates by multivariable regression, HFHD had no effect on vitamin B1, B3, B5, or B6 removal., Conclusions: Vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 can be removed by HD and HFHD does not increase the loss., (Copyright © 2023 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Zwitterionic hybrid cellulose acetate membranes with improved flux and antifouling performance were produced by a modified non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process in which a zwitterionic trimethoxysilane compound, (3-sulfopropylbetaine-propyl)-trimethoxysilane (SPPT), was added to the casting solutions at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt%. The successful incorporation of SPPT into cellulose acetate (CA) membranes was proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Permeate fluxes of the hybrid membranes increased significantly compared to the control cellulose acetate membrane prepared without the addition of SPPT (15 bar pressure; 2000 ppm NaCl or MgSO 4 aqueous solution filtration). The hybrid membranes exhibited an increase in permeate flux up to 87 % while their salt rejections slightly decreased in NaCl solution filtration. In MgSO 4 solution filtration, the flux was increased by 61 % without sacrificing salt rejection. The reason for the enhancement in the flux was the formation of macropores in the membrane bulk structures by self-organizing zwitterionic silane groups. The highest resistance to bovine serum albumin (BSA) or xanthan gum as a foulant was observed in the hybrid membranes produced with 1.0 wt% of SPPT. [Display omitted] • Cellulose acetate desalination membranes were modified with a synthesized zwitterionic trimethoxysilane compound, SPPT. • Permanent and successful incorporation of SPPT into the membranes was verified by characterization methods. • SPPT formed permeability-effective macropores in the membrane bulk structure. • Zwitterionic hybrid CA membranes displayed significantly enhanced flux performance in desalination • The M-1 hybrid CA membrane showed enhanced organic fouling resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γ-Ray sources are among the most fundamental experimental tools currently available to modern physics. As well as the obvious benefits to fundamental research, an ultra-bright source of γ-rays could form the foundation of scanning of shipping containers for special nuclear materials and provide the bases for new types of cancer therapy. However, for these applications to prove viable, γ-ray sources must become compact and relatively cheap to manufacture. In recent years, advances in laser technology have formed the cornerstone of optical sources of high energy electrons which already have been used to generate synchrotron radiation on a compact scale. Exploiting the scattering induced by a second laser, one can further enhance the energy and number of photons produced provided the problems of synchronisation and compact γ-ray detection are solved. Here, we report on the work that has been done in developing an all-optical and hence, compact non-linear Thomson scattering source, including the new methods of synchronisation and compact γ-ray detection. We present evidence of the generation of multi-MeV (maximum 16–18 MeV) and ultra-high brilliance (exceeding 10 20 photons s −1 mm −2 mrad −2 0.1% BW at 15 MeV) γ-ray beams. These characteristics are appealing for the paramount practical applications mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a hemodialysis membrane that sufficiently removes both small-sized toxins and the middle molecule is essential. Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are involved in an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality; however, their removal pathway has not been explored yet. Herein, this work aimed to fabricate novel hemodialysis membranes under different inner diameters (ID) with approaching two classes: high-flux (M#1, M#2) and high molecular weight retention onset (MWRO) (M#3, M#4). The results showed that membrane with smaller ID (M#1: 218 μm) performed a superior removal of small molecules i.e., urea: 266,394 mg/m2 and creatinine: 11,985 mg/m2. Spinning conditions, such as bore and dope solution flowrate, had a significant impact on pore size distribution, porosity, and dimensions, but not entirely on the membrane structure. These factors are crucial to govern the efficiency of uremic toxin clearance and the level of protein loss/leaking. Consequently, a high MWRO of M#4 at 13,998 Da favored enhanced removal of middle molecules, resulting in lysozyme removal of 5120 mg/m2 and a high sieving coefficient of β2 -microglobulin (0.91). A minimized loss (2.46 g/session) and minor leaking (0.08 g/session) of protein were attained in M#4 e.g., MWRO class. Notably, we first explored the removal pathway of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) with i) Free Form-PBUTs removal by diffusion ii) Free Form-PBUTs removal by adsorption iii) Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-PBUTs conjugate adsorption on a membrane, and iv) Leaking of BSA-PBUTs conjugate to the dialysate. Our high-flux and MWRO membranes removed hippuric acid of 2911 mg/m2; 3476 mg/m2, indoxyl sulfate of 1640 mg/m2; 1452 mg/m2, p-cresol of 3,1469 mg/m2; 3702 mg/m2, respectively. Overall, our study proposes a promising membrane for hemodialysis application that exhibited either higher flux or high molecular weight retention onset compared to commercial membranes. Their properties facilitate an increase in the removal of middle molecules but still retain a minimized loss of protein and minor leakage. [Display omitted] • High-flux and high MWRO-based hemodialysis membranes were fabricated successfully. • Hollow fiber membrane with smaller ID enhanced removal of small-sized toxins. • Dimension and the pore size distribution of membrane are governed by dope and bore solution flowrates. • Molecular weight retention onset (MWRO) was increased to 16,773 Da. • A high sieving coefficient (0.91–0.94) of β2 -microglobulin was attained in MWRO membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering of spinning solution compositions, conditions and polymer molecular weight is described to create intrinsically defect-free thin-skinned precursors for high performance ester-crosslinked asymmetric hollow fiber membranes. The ultimate goal is to crosslink the precursors to provide robust performance for an aggressive natural gas feed. To provide insights free from CO 2 -induced changes in properties in the uncrosslinked samples, studies with less interacting O 2 , N 2 and He feeds were also used to assess properties. The combined analyses indicate an absence of substructure resistance within the hollow fibers and an effective selective layer between 0.1 and 0.14 µm. This thickness represents a valuable reduction over previously achievable values for this so-called propane-diol monoesterified crosslinkable polyimide (PDMC) polymer in defect-free asymmetric form, which were previously in the range of 0.5 µm. Indeed, the significantly reduced skin layer thickness offers the potential to improve the gas separation productivity by 3.6X if this advantage can be carried forward into the ultimate crosslinked fibers. Additional comparisons to the free acid form of the precursor (without esterification) show advantages to the current less hydrophilic precursor in terms of ability to create a thinner precursor selective layer prior to crosslinking than for the free acid form. To date, the free acid analog to PDMC has only been able to be created with a 0.7 µm selective layer vs. the current 0.1–0.14 µm skin reported here. Optimization of the crosslinking process for both precursors is beyond the scope of this work, since it is itself, complex and still underway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane technology has become a low-cost and high-efficiency separation technology for industrial processes over the past decennia. The colloidal route is an environmentally benign process for the preparation of ceramic membranes by using water as solvent. A stable, colloidal boehmite sol with an average particle size of 16 nm was prepared from aluminum tri-sec-butoxide using water as a solvent in the pH range of 3–4. Acetic acid was used as the peptizing agent instead of nitric acid. The stable sol was used to fabricate γ-alumina nanofiltration membranes on α-alumina microfiltration substrates by a dip-coating approach. The effects of the peptizing agents on the properties of the sols and the membranes were investigated. γ-alumina nanofiltration membranes with an average membrane thickness of 1.8 μm were obtained after sintered at 600 °C for 2 h. The molecular weight cut-off of the γ-alumina nanofiltration membranes, as obtained by filtration of an aqueous PEG solution, was approximately 1 kDa. This membrane also showed a typical retention for monovalent ions and divalent ions. Additionally, the nanofiltration membranes exhibited a relatively high pure-water flux (>20 L/(m 2 h bar)), which is four times higher than that of the γ-alumina nanofiltration membranes reported in the literature. The contribution ratios of different microstructure factors on pure-water flux were calculated. The change in tortuosity with a contribution ratio of 75.6% was the main factor for the improvement of pure-water flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different types of high-flux dialysis membranes on insulin resistance among patients who are receiving hemodialysis (HD) due to end-stage renal failure (ESRF).Materials and methods: Forty-six (21 female, 25 male) patients were included in the study, who were on HD treatment due to stage-5 chronic renal failure. Prior to the study, fasting insulin resistance via Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and fractioned urea clearance (Kt/V) values were calculated using the urokinetic model. The polysulfone (PS) dialysis membrane of all patients included in the study was replaced with “polyarylethersulfone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyamide (PPP)” high-flux membrane that has the same surface area over 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week period, HOMA andKt/Vvalues were recalculated.Results: At the end of the 12-week period,Kt/Vvalues rose statistically significant from 1.575 to 1.752 (p = 0.002). HOMA-IR values declined, though not statistically significant, from 3.268 to 2.926 (p = 0.085). PPP high-flux membrane increased theKt/Vvalues significantly compared to the PS membrane, while it decreased the insulin resistance and increased insulin sensitivity.Conclusion: The two different types of high-flux dialysis membranes used for HD have different effects on insulin sensitivity. Compared to the PS membrane, PPP high-flux membrane decreased insulin resistance by increasing insulin sensitivity among non-diabetic ESRF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Our aim was to investigate the effect of on-line HDF versus high-flux (HF) hemodialysis (HD) on a patient's health-related satisfaction level. Methods: Overall, 72 patients, on regular low-flux HD for 51 ± 26 month mean age of 54 ± 12 years, were randomized to HF (group 1, n = 36) and to HDF (group 2, n = 36) and followed up for 24 months. Assessment was based on the patient's satisfaction level using modified questionnaires of the validated Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form (KDQOL-SF) version 1.3. Results: The HDF group achieved a higher satisfaction level than the HF group (p < 0.0001) with less cramps (3 ± 5 vs. 55 ± 8), itching (9 ± 10 vs. 48 ± 10), joint pain and stiffness (24 ± 10 vs. 83 ± 8), and improvement in general mood (94 ± 9 vs. 28 ± 16), sexual performance (57 ± 10 vs. 5 ± 5), and social activity (82 ± 9 vs. 15 ± 8). Conclusion: High-efficiency postdilution on-line HDF versus high-flux HD significantly improved patients' satisfaction and quality of life, including social, physical, and professional activities. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. To determine the extent of vancomycin removal and vancomycin pharmacokinetics in septic patients with AKI using daily hemodialysis with polysulphone high-flux and low-flux membrane. Methods. Five patients received 6 h daily dialysis with low-flux polysulphone membrane, four patients with high-flux polysulphone membrane. Vancomycin was administered over the last hour of dialysis. The maintenance dose was adjusted based on pre-hemodialysis serum concentrations. Patients were followed up for two days. Results. Median percentage of vancomycin removal by low-flux membrane dialysis was 17% (8-38%) and by high-flux membrane dialysis was 31% (13-43%). Vancomycin clearance was only moderately higher in high-flux membrane dialysis (median 3.01 L/h, range 2.34-3.5 L/h) compared to low-flux dialysis (median 2.48 L/h, range 0.53-5.68 L/h) in the first day of the study. About two-fold higher vancomycin clearance in high-flux dialysis (median 3.62 L/h, range 1.37-5.07 L/h) was observed on the second day of the study than low-flux dialysis (median 1.74 L/h, range 0.75-30.94 L/h). Conclusions. Both high-flux and low-flux membrane dialysis remove considerable amounts of vancomycin in critically ill septic patients with AKI. Application of vancomycin after each dialysis was required to maintain therapeutic concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Structural modifications using a conventional hemodialyzer improved the internal filtration and clearance of middle molecular weight wastes by enhanced convection effect. In this study, we employed a mathematical model describing the internal filtration rate as well as the hemodynamic and hematologic parameters in highflux dialyzer to interpret the previous reported experimental results. Conventional high-flux hemodialysis and convection-enhanced high-flux hemodialysis were configured in the mathematical forms and integrated into the iterative numerical method to predict the internal filtration phenomena inside the dialyzers during dialysis. The distributions of blood pressure, dialysate pressure, oncotic pressure, blood flow rates, dialysate flow rates, local ultrafiltration, hematocrit, protein concentration and blood viscosity along the axial length of dialyzer were calculated in order to estimate the internal filtration volume. The results show that the filtration volumes by internal filtration is two times higher in a convection-enhanced high-flux hemodialyzer than in a conventional high-flux hemodialzer and explains the experimental result of improved clearance of middle molecular size waste in convection-enhanced high-flux hemodialyzer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This second part of a two-part study concerns heat transfer characteristics for FC-72 condensing along parallel, square micro-channels with a hydraulic diameter of 1mm, which were formed in the top surface of a solid copper plate. Heat from the condensing flow was rejected to a counter flow of water through channels brazed to the underside of the copper plate. The FC-72 condensation heat transfer coefficient was highest near the channel inlet, where the annual liquid film is thinnest. The heat transfer coefficient decreased along the micro-channel because of the film thickening and eventual collapse of the annular regime. Notable heat transfer enhancement was observed for annular flow regions of the micro-channel associated with interfacial waves. Comparing the present data to predictions of previous annular condensation heat transfer correlations shows correlations intended for macro-channels generally provide better predictions than correlations intended specifically for mini/micro-channels. A new condensation heat transfer coefficient correlation is proposed for annular condensation heat transfer in mini/micro-channels. The new correlation shows excellent predictive capability based on both the present FC-72 data and a large database for mini/micro-channel flows amassed from eight previous sources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this first part of a two-part study, experiments were performed to investigate condensation of FC-72 along parallel, square micro-channels with a hydraulic diameter of 1 mm and a length of 29.9cm, which were formed in the top surface of a solid copper plate. The condensation was achieved by rejecting heat to a counter flow of water through channels brazed to the underside of the copper plate. The FC-72 entered the micro-channels slightly superheated, and operating conditions included FC-72 mass velocities of 68–367kg/m2 s, FC-72 saturation temperatures of 57.2–62.3°C, and water mass flow rates of 3–6g/s. Using high-speed video imaging and photomicrographic techniques, five distinct flow regimes were identified: smooth-annular, wavy-annular, transition, slug, and bubbly, with the smooth-annular and wavy-annular regimes being most prevalent. A detailed pressure model is presented which includes all components of pressure drop across the micro-channel. Different sub-models for the frictional and accelerational pressure gradients are examined using the homogenous equilibrium model (with different two-phase friction factor relations) as well as previous macro-channel and mini/micro-channel separated flow correlations. Unexpectedly, the homogenous flow model provided far more accurate predictions of pressure drop than the separated flow models. Among the separated flow models, better predictions were achieved with those for adiabatic and mini/micro-channels than those for flow boiling and macro-channels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background. Haemodiafiltration (HDF) may improve survival of chronic dialysis patients. This prospective, multicentre randomized cross-over study evaluated the effects of long-term on-line HDF on the levels of solutes of different molecular weight markers or causative agents of the most common metabolic derangements in uraemia.Methods. Sixty-nine patients from eight Italian centres were randomly assigned to two 6-month treatment sequences: A-B and B-A [A, low-flux haemodialysis (HD) and B, on-line HDF]. Comparative evaluation of basal levels of small, medium-sized and protein-bound solutes at the end of the two treatment periods and analysis of parameters dependence during the interventions were performed.Results. On-line HDF showed greater efficiency than low-flux HD in removing small solutes (eKt/Vurea 1.60 ± 0.31 versus 1.44 ± 0.26, P < 0.0001) and in reducing basal levels of beta2-microglobulin (22.2 ± 7.8 versus 33.5 ± 11.8 mg/L, P < 0.0001), total homocysteine (15.4 ± 5.0 versus 18.7 ± 8.2 μmol/L, P = 0 .003), phosphate (4.6 ± 1.3 versus 5.0 ± 1.4 mg/dL, P = 0.008) and, remarkably, of intact parathyroid hormone (202 ± 154 versus 228 ± 176 pg/mL, P = 0.03). Moreover, in on-line HDF, lower levels of C-reactive protein (5.5 ± 5.5 versus 6.7 ± 6.1 mg/L, P = 0.03) and triglycerides (148 ± 77 versus 167 ± 87 mg/dL, P = 0.008) and increased HDL cholesterol (49.2 ± 12.7 versus 44.7 ± 12.4 mg/dL, P = <0.0001) were observed. The asymmetric dimethylarginine level was not significantly affected (0.97 ± 0.4 versus 0.84 ± 0.37 μmol/L). Erythropoietin and phosphate binders’ doses could be reduced.Conclusions. On-line high-efficiency HDF resulted in enhanced removal and lower basal levels of small, medium-sized and protein-bound solutes, which are markers or causative agents of uraemic pathologies, mainly inflammation, secondary hyperparathyroidism and dyslipidaemia. This may contribute to reducing uraemic complications and possibly to improving patient survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a systematic procedure to design a solar simulator for high- temperature concentrated solar thermal and thermochemical research. The 45 kWe simulator consists of seven identical radiation units of common focus, each comprised of a 6.5 kWe xenon arc lamp close-coupled to a precision reflector in the shape of a truncated ellipsoid. The size and shape of each reflector is optimized by a Monte Carlo ray tracing analysis to achieve multiple design objectives, including high transfer efficiency of radiation from the lamps to the common focal plane and desired flux distribution. Based on the numerical results, the final optimized design will deliver 7.5 kW over a 6 cm diameter circular disk located in the focal plane, with a peak flux approaching 3.7 MW/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]