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Millions of library items are held in storage locations, but how well are libraries providing access to those materials? A survey of North American research libraries was conducted to examine the services that were available at library storage facilities for researchers and students before the global pandemic, during the pandemic, and as libraries adjust and plan for the new normal as the pandemic recedes. In addition, results of previous studies of storage facilities are compared to understand historical trends in access to library materials held in storage. A better understanding of user services as a component of library storage facilities will allow libraries to better serve the needs of scholars and researchers as well as provide insight to those who may be planning future library storage facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents results from a national survey regarding library high density storage, as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis of various aspects of a library high density storage facility at a major academic research institution. Findings are contextualized within a discussion of the past, present, and potential future of library high density storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have generally acknowledged that lightning propagation behaviors and lightning types are closely related to the unbalanced charge amount and vertical stratification of charge structure. In this study, the total charge amount remains nearly balanced (±5%) between the adjacent charge regions where discharges initiate to avoid the interference of a total charge imbalance. Significant influences on the leader propagation tendency and lightning type are revealed by investigating different horizontal charge distribution features emphasizing on the effects of the charge distribution uniformity and the relative position of the high‐density charge center. Sensitivity experiments are performed with a two‐dimensional stochastic discharge model and demonstrate the following. Under a symmetric charge distribution, the more uniform charge distribution is conducive for leaders propagate horizontally; the charge being more compact in the central zone is favorable for vertical extension of leaders. Under an asymmetric charge distribution, a horizontal shift of high‐density charge center is conducive to the extension of leaders in the offset direction. Different charge distributions will change the electrical energy of charge regions resulting in various lightning behaviors. Various charge distributions provide favorable conditions for some lightning flashes (including positive cloud‐to‐ground flashes [PCG], "bolt‐from‐the‐blue" [BFB] flashes and gigantic jets). PCGs are favorably triggered with the more compact upper positive charge (P) and more uniform middle negative charge (N), and BFB discharges can be triggered between the P and N regions when the high‐density charge center in the P region is horizontally shifted. A possible method is provided to explain various lightning behaviors. Key Points: Relation between Lightning types and horizontal charge distribution is establishedEffects of horizontal charge distribution on lightning propagation are presented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As institutions shape collections to meet current and future needs, effective management of high density storage facilities and collaborative collection building will be vital to the success of academic and research libraries. The Oak Street Library, the University of Illinois's high density storage facility, holds the largest single concentration of library materials on campus with a collection of more than 4 million items. These holdings include transfers from the main book stacks and other departmental libraries on campus, blanket orders and library gifts that are added directly to the Oak Street Library collection, and material held in trust for consortial partnerships. The collection represents collaborative collection building locally between subject specialists, library divisions, and central services, as well as cooperative agreements with consortiums such as the Big Ten Academic Alliance (BTAA) and the Consortium of Academic Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI). This article describes building a large collection through unconventional means, demonstrating the benefits of effective collaborative collection building and management of shared and other non-traditionally acquired collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an optimisation model and its effective solution technique using beam search heuristic for floor-storage warehousing systems. For a floor-storage system, storage can be accessed from the top of stacks only. The objective is to minimise the number of re-handling operations by optimally determining the storage location and by grouping products for each customer that fit a given sequence for receiving and retrieving operations. An integer programming model is formulated and an approximate solution technique based on the beam search method is proposed to solve the problem by incorporating effective heuristics to reduce the search space using future receiving and retrieving requests. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated for industrial warehousing problems in a steel plant with 58 storage areas involving more than 3000 retrieving operations. The proposed solution method is shown to be more efficient than the traditional branch-and-bound method for solving integer programming problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writability of magnetic recording media with high anisotropy constant (Ku) is one of the major challenges encountered in extremely high density recording. A possible avenue to improve writability in perpendicular magnetic recording is to reduce the spacing between the writing head and the soft magnetic underlayer (SUL) or head-to-keeper spacing (HKS). A hybrid layer structure for reducing the HKS between the SUL and the writing head is investigated. The proposed structure makes use of a crystalline SUL with in-plane anisotropy together with an amorphous SUL to form a hybrid SUL (H-SUL). The H-SUL design helps to achieve better surface smoothness, thinner HKS, and good c-axis dispersion for the recording layer while still maintaining small and exchange-decoupled grains. Micromagnetic simulation demonstrates that the H-SUL scheme helps in improving writing field effectiveness and increasing field gradient along down-track and cross-track directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Pedestrian dynamics with background music is investigated. • Fundamental diagrams with rhythm and without rhythm are compared. • Coexistence of two phases with rhythm is analyzed. Abstract Although crowding is often observed in large cities, it is still not known how to control it. Rhythm is a potential method to improve pedestrian flow. This paper investigates the effect of background music on pedestrian movement. Six experiments with different background rhythms and an experiment under normal condition (without any rhythm) are conducted to study the issue. Fundamental diagrams show that velocity and flow with background music at medium and high densities will be smaller than those under normal conditions. With music, stop-and-go behavior is more frequently observed due to a higher stopping headway and a higher restarting headway. Stopping duration analysis shows that pedestrians stop longer with music. Therefore it has to be considered as another factor for jam formation in pedestrian traffic besides density and inhomogeneities. Because of the weaker dynamic coordinate behavior (slower response to the motion of the frontal pedestrians), pedestrians need more time to prevent conflicts and step consecutively at high densities in the presence of music. Decreasing step frequency with rhythm at high density also results in stopping more frequently. Our study will be helpful for understanding the effect of music, especially background music, on pedestrian movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A high density ground surface observation network has been realized by about 150 POTEKAs and has a resolution of approximately 2 km in Gunma and Saitama prefectures in Japan. POTEKA (POint TEnki KAnsoku in Japanese) is a compact weather station which can observe seven meteorological variables such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure, humidity, sunshine and rain. In this observation network, the verification observation has been performed for about 5 years since 2013, and we have succeeded in observing 11 cases of downbursts and damaging gusts, which included 5 events in the F1 category (Fujita scale). By detailed analysis of the F1 downbursts which were accompanied by substantial damage (particularly the downburst on June 15, 2015), the transition characteristics of meteorological variables such as wind, temperature and pressure have been clarified while downburst occurrence. Moreover, we have been able to estimate the actual scale of a downburst. Highlights • Downburst is said to be difficult to examine because of its small size. • High density ground surface observation network have caught many downbursts. • Meteorological variables suddenly change while downburst occurrence. • Downburst scale is estimated to be approximately a radius of 5 km. • It may be able to predict downburst occurrence in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, the CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite was successfully synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method. The CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite was applied as supercapacitor's electrode and exhibited good electrochemical properties with high specific capacitance (1240 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g and 941 F/g at 10 A/g). Moreover, the CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite asymmetric supercapacitor with CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite and active carbon (AC) as positive and negative electrodes, respectively, delivered high energy density of 30.4 W h/kg at power density of 400 W/kg. The energy density could still maintain 12.4 W h/kg at a high power density of 3986 W/kg. More importantly, the specific capacitance of CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs//AC asymmetric supercapacitor device retained 85.6% of initial capacitance after 1000 cycles at current density of 2 A/g. The results suggest that the synthesized CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite was a promising candidate for application to supercapacitors electrodes. Highlights • CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite was synthesized by facile hydrothermal method. • CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were uniformly anchored on the surface of CNTs. • CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs composite exhibits excellent capacitance in three-electrode system. • The CoFe 2 O 4 /CNTs//AC supercapacitor delivered high energy and power density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB system with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is a promising candidate for the high density magnetic random access memory. However, a dipolar interaction between the CoFeB layers may introduce a minor loop shift (Hs) and causes uncertainty during the operation. In this report, we systematically studied the dipolar effect in these structures and found that the coupling may be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic (15 Oe>Hs> - 15 Oe) depending upon the CoFeB thickness (0.9-1.4 nm). A modified Fabry-Perot model, which accounts the Bloch wave interference, may explain the present observations of the dipolar effect in the perpendicular junctions of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of urban heat island (UHI) have recently become a crucial issue. This study utilized a high-density street-level air temperature observation network (HiSAN) to understand the UHI characteristics in Tainan City. A total of 100 measurement points were established throughout the city. The average distance between two neighboring measuring points was 1.9 km in rural areas and 0.8 km in metropolitan areas. The UHI caused a temperature differences of at least 3 °C in each month over the study period, and the UHI's centric point moved from west to east during the day and from east to west at night, mainly because of the physical effects of the different urban environment including location and the impermeable surface area (ISA), total floor area, and sky view factor in urban areas. The results also indicated that factors such as ISA and distance to the coast had the strongest influence on thermal conditions at various times, especially in the areas far from the coast during the hot season. This was mainly because of differences in how heat was retained over the study area. The HiSAN method can be used by urban planners, architects, and policymakers to mitigate the thermal stresses caused by complex urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for high-density storage systems has increased due to the exponential growth of data. Bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) is one of the promising technologies to achieve the density of 1Tbit/in2 and higher. To increase the areal density in BPMR, the spacing between islands needs to be reduced, yet this aggravates inter-symbol interference and inter-track interference and degrades the bit error rate performance. In this paper, we propose a decision feedback scheme using low-density parity check (LDPC) product code for BPMR. This scheme can improve the decoding performance using an iterative approach with extrinsic information and log-likelihood ratio value between iterative soft output Viterbi algorithm and LDPC product code. Simulation results show that the proposed LDPC product code can offer 1.8dB and 2.3dB gains over the one LDPC code at the density of 2.5 and 3 Tb/in2, respectively, when bit error rate is 10-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials capable of armor penetration and prompt chemical energy release are desired for future weapon systems in order to better couple the kinetic energy of a projectile to its target. High-density metals used today such as tungsten are slow to react, and do not generate as much chemical energy as lower density materials, such as aluminum or boron. To design materials with a high density and reactivity, composites including boron, titanium and tungsten were prepared by mechanical milling. The specific composition density was chosen to match that of steel, 7.8 g/cm 3 . The proportions of the elemental metals were selected to induce a highly exothermic formation of titanium boride, which would raise the material temperature and assist the initiation and combustion of tungsten. Composite powders were prepared using both single-step and staged milling protocols, and characterized by electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and a custom constant-volume combustion test. Staged milling produced powders with the best degree of refinement while preventing intermetallic reactions during milling. An optimized structure with well-refined components capable of a rapid combustion was prepared by milling elemental B and W for 4 h, followed by the addition of Ti and milling for an additional 2 h in a second stage. The combustion test showed evidence of tungsten combustion upon initiation of all prepared ternary materials in an oxidizing environment. The tungsten combustion occurred most effectively, generating the highest pressure and rate of pressure rise for the material with the optimal microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Complementary resistive switching (CRS) is a suitable approach to minimize the sneak leakage paths through a large resistive random access memory (RRAM) array. Here, an effective CRS design with a HfO2/Al2O3/TiOx (HAT) trilayer structure integrated in a 3D vertically stacked RRAM array is reported. The design shows voltage‐controlled resistive switching and CRS performance with multilevel operations. High‐speed switching is observed with the HAT design. The device shows SET and the RESET transitions with speeds of −3.5 V@30 ns and +3.8 V@150 ns, respectively. As well as with the DC measurements, the CRS switching is achieved under AC switching dynamics measurement. Maintaining the same applied pulse polarity, the lower amplitude can switch the device to the SET and the higher amplitude can switch it to the RESET. A highly nonlinear (nonlinearity >102) CRS is obtained at a high temperature of 150 °C. In the HAT devices, the origin of CRS is due to the anionic redistribution in HfO2 and TiOx layers, leaving Al2O3 as tunnel barrier. The achievements reported here indicate the applicability of the HAT design for future high‐speed high‐density applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anodic aluminum oxide template has a unique advantage in the preparation of nanostructure of array structure. The pore size and film thickness can be controlled by changing the electrolyte, voltage and temperature in the synthesis process. In this article, through the analysis of current production curve in the process of comparison of the anodic alumina template system and realize the current common microscope to control and monitor the size of the template. The relationship between current and voltage and pore size is studied, so as to realize the precise preparation of anodic aluminum oxide template based on current-controlled method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme aims to provide an objective and standardized classification protocol for urban temperature studies in any city. The field observed temperature data from 12 selected LCZ sites in Nanjing, China, for the period from July to November 2016, was used to evaluate the LCZ scheme. The results here are the first to assess the LCZ scheme in a high-density city in mainland China. Distinct thermal differences among the LCZ sites provide preliminary evidence to support that the LCZ concept is applicable for urban temperature studies in cities of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the HfO 2 -based resistive switching memory (RRAM) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as contact electrodes for high density integration is demonstrated. The Al/HfO 2 /CNTs devices show self-compliance, forming-free and low resistive state (LRS) nonlinearity with less than 130 nA reset current (I reset ). By contrast with the Al/HfO 2 /Ti devices, resistive switching behavior has been enhanced significantly by using CNTs electrode. For the Al/HfO 2 /CNTs devices, current–voltage (I-V) characteristics demonstrate that the current conduction in high resistive state (HRS) and low resistive state (LRS) is controlled by space-charge-limited current (SCLC) and trap-controlled SCLC mechanism, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of cooperation is a major conundrum of evolutionary biology. To unravel this evolutionary riddle, several models have been developed within the theoretical framework of spatial game theory, focussing on the interactions between two general classes of player, “cooperators” and “defectors”. Generally, explicit movement in the spatial domain is not considered in these models, with strategies moving via imitation or through colonisation of neighbouring sites. We present here a spatially explicit stochastic individual-based model in which pure cooperators and defectors undergo random motion via diffusion and also chemotaxis guided by the gradient of a semiochemical. Individual movement rules are derived from an underlying system of reaction-diffusion-taxis partial differential equations which describes the dynamics of the local number of individuals and the concentration of the semiochemical. Local interactions are governed by the payoff matrix of the classical prisoner's dilemma, and accumulated payoffs are translated into offspring. We investigate the cases of both synchronous and non-synchronous generations. Focussing on an ecological scenario where defectors are parasitic on cooperators, we find that random motion and semiochemical sensing bring about self-generated patterns in which resident cooperators and parasitic defectors can coexist in proportions that fluctuate about non-zero values. Remarkably, coexistence emerges as a genuine consequence of the natural tendency of cooperators to aggregate into clusters, without the need for them to find physical shelter or outrun the parasitic defectors. This provides further evidence that spatial clustering enhances the benefits of mutual cooperation and plays a crucial role in preserving cooperative behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical model is developed to simulate the temperature field, the thermosolutal convection, the solute segregation and the growth interface morphology during the growth of ZnTe crystal from Te rich solution by the temperature gradient solution growth (TGSG) technique. Effects of the temperature gradient on the transport phenomena, the growth interface morphology and the growth rate are examined. The influences of the latent heat and the thermal conductivity of ZnTe crystal on the transport phenomena and the growth interface are also discussed. We find that the mass transfer of ZnTe in the solution is very slow because of the low diffusion coefficient and the lack of mixing in the lower part of the solution. During the growth, dilute solution with high density and low growth temperature accumulates in the central region of the growth interface, making the growth interface change into two distinct parts. The inner part is very concave, while the outer part is relatively flat. Growth conditions in front of the two parts of the growth interface are different. The crystalline quality of the inner part of the ingot is predicted to be worse than that of the outer part. High temperature gradient can significantly increase the growth rate, and avoid the diffusion controlled growth to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of accurately capturing the evolution characteristics of the congestion on urban expressways under traffic incidents, this study developed a framework model for the time-variant propagation speed and congestion boundary based on shockwave model. An initial analysis demonstrated that the traffic demand and facility supply determine the propagation speed and boundary. The outflow at the incident section was considered, which is affected by the number of closed lanes, the proportion of buses, and the number of lane-changing vehicles. Additionally, the background demand varies with the time of day and the location due to a high density of ramps. The entry and exit flows of on-ramps and off-ramps under the traffic incident were shown to have a considerable impact on the congestion propagation. Consequently, the framework model was developed and parameters were estimated based on the field data of ring-road expressways in Beijing. For practical purpose, the data inputs were provided by the floating car system and remote traffic microwave sensor system. Three incidents on expressways were adopted to evaluate the capability of the model. Results showed that the proposed model is able to practically model the time-variant characteristics of the propagation speed and congestion boundary of traffic incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first in a series exploring approaches to studying the storage density and overall efficiency (as measured in terms of number of items stored) in high density book storage facilities. The article explores foundational questions associated with increasing the number of items in high density configurations when using relatively traditional shelving facility. The parameters of the high density configuration draw on two storage models: the so-called “California” model, employed at the Northern Regional Library facility, and the “Harvard model.” Through initial analysis of the item sizing and shelving approaches of these models, this article engages in rough analysis of how these models could be adjusted and adapted to fit a specific use case at the Northern Regional Library facility. The article concludes with an analysis of potential methods for applying the theoretical findings in the real-world case of the Northern Regional Library facility through shelf-use analysis and real-world item measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The impact of a low frequency MHD mode crash on triggering the H-mode has been studied in detail on the HL-2A tokamak. The mode manifests fishbone characteristics with a precession frequency f ≈ 14 – 19 kHz . The abrupt mode crash evokes substantial energy release from the core to the plasma boundary and hence increases the edge pressure gradient and E r × B flow shear, which further suppresses turbulence and leads to confinement improvement into the H-mode. Under the same NBI heating (∼1 MW), the I-phase plasma transits into H-mode with a rapid MHD mode crash while it returns to the L-mode without the presence of the mode in the I-phase. With increasing heating power by the ECRH added to the NBI, the MHD mode disappears. The statistical result shows that with the MHD mode crash the heating power for accessing the H-mode is significantly lower than that without the mode crash. All these facts reveal that the MHD mode crash in the I-phase plays a critical role in trigging the I → H transition at marginal heating power. In addition, it has been found that with the same NBI power heating, the magnitude of the mode (crash) increases with increasing plasma density, implying larger energy release being needed to access the H-mode for higher density plasmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep-blue fluorescent emitters with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) y≤0.06 are urgently needed for high-density storage, full-color displays and solid-state lighting. However, developing such emitters with high color purity and efficiency in solution-processable non-doped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remains an important challenge. Here, we present the synthesis of two new deep-blue fluorescent emitters ( AFpTPI and AFmTPI) based on 10-(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine as a core and 1,3- and/or 1,4-phenylene-linked triphenylimidazole (TPI) analogues for non-doped solution-processable OLEDs. Their thermal, photophysical, electrochemical, and device characteristics are explored, and also strongly supported by density functional theory (DFT) study. AFpTPI and AFmTPI exhibit excellent thermal stability (≈450 °C) with high glass transition temperatures ( Tg; 141-152 °C) and deep-blue emission with high quantum yields. Specifically, the solution-processed non-doped device with AFpTPI as an emitter exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.56 % with CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.06), which exactly matches the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) blue standard. In addition, AFmTPI also displays good efficiency and better color purity (EQE: 3.37 %; CIE (0.15, 0.05)). To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first report on non-doped solution-processable OLEDs with efficiency close to 5 % and CIE y≤0.06. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etching rate difference of magnetic materials with respect to the aspect ratio (AR) has been investigated using CO/NH3 plasma with a Ta mask for high-density integration of magnetic random access memory devices. The etching depth difference of magnetic stack films as a function of etching times reveals that the etching rate is suddenly reduced at AR>0.7, and the occurrence of etch stop has been confirmed. From the scanning transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results, Ta deposition, which proceeds from the Ta mask to the bottom space of the pattern, induces this etch stop. The roof mask structure, which has a concavity directly under the Ta mask to reduce the amount of Ta deposition, can improve the etch stop, and a fine magnetic stack film pattern with AR=2.3 can be fabricated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a single-component multiphase pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann model is developed to study droplet impact onto a thin liquid film in 2D coordinates. The model has certain capabilities which make it applicable to cases with large density ratios as high as 1000, low viscosities, and tunable values of surface tension independent of the density ratio. The coexistence values (densities) from the numerical model are compared to those of the analytical solution of the Maxwell construction. For further validation of the model, the simulation results for pressure difference at the droplet interface for various radii are compared to those of the theoretical solution based on the Laplace law. A test on an oscillating droplet is also performed for two different surface tension values to evaluate the ability of the model in simulating dynamic cases such as droplet impact. Next, the model is used to study a droplet impact onto a thin liquid film. It was found that the propagation rate of non-dimensional crown radius obeys the power law reported in the literature. Finally, effects of the surface tension (characterized as Weber number), the gas kinematic viscosity and the density ratio of liquid to gas on a droplet impact onto a thin liquid film are investigated. Results show that increasing the Weber number leads to more crown height causing more instability of the rim, and eventually generation of satellite droplets from the crown tip. Results of changing the gas kinematic viscosity revealed that at high density ratios such as 1000 selected in this paper, when the kinematic viscosity ratio of the gas to liquid is high (above 150), no satellite droplets are produced during the considered time. For a case with a low density ratio of 10, the raised liquid from the surface is not permitted to move freely in radial and vertical directions leading to the formation of an inward liquid turn on top of the raised liquid sheet. Therefore, the crown-shape liquid rise formed at high density ratios is not observed in a case of low density ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a 9/12 two-dimensional (2D) modulation code as a way to overcome 2D intersymbol interference (ISI) in high-density storage systems. The next generation of data-storage systems is being continually developed to satisfy a massive demand for reliable storage regarding enormous amounts of data. Holographic data storage, bit-patterned media recording (BPMR), and 2D magnetic recording are promising candidates for the attainment of area-density increases that are beyond the capacities of conventional storage systems. One of the main challenges for these systems is a 2D ISI problem consisting of 1D ISI from neighbour bits and intertrack interference from adjacent tracks. The proposed modulation code maps every 9 bit sequence of user data into a 2D output array of a 3-by-4 size so that the fatal 2D ISI patterns are avoided in every output array. For the assessment of the quality of the proposed modulation code, a simulation model is carried out in a BPMR system. The results show that the proposed modulation code offers a gain of ~2 dB over that of a system without encoding. In particular, a gain of ~1 dB is obtained over that of a 6/8 modulation code regarding the same code rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demulsification of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD)–produced liquid from the Xinjiang oil field was investigated in this study. The heavy crude oil in the produced liquid presents a high density, high viscosity, high resin and asphaltene contents, and high acid value. Thus, this liquid is difficult to separate. The effect of cationic deoiling agents on the separation of the SAGD-produced liquid was tested. W590 showed the highest separation efficiency among the deoiling agents surveyed. Zeta-potential experiments revealed that cationic deoiling agents could neutralize negative charges on the oil droplet surface and significantly reduce the oil content in the separated water. After the produced liquid was settled with 220 mg/L W590 at 90 °C for 1 h, the oil content in the water could be rapidly decreased to 198.0 mg/L and the water content in the produced liquid could be reduced from 86.2% to 22% to obtain a W/O emulsion. In the second process of separation, the demulsifier FC20 was applied. Under an electric field, the water content in the emulsion to which 30% diesel oil had been added could be reduced to 1.0% with 300 mg/L FC20, a 750 V/cm electric field for 20 min, and a settling time at 90 °C for 4 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we report on nFinFETs degradation during stress exploiting ID and IG noise analysis. We employed a stress/measure approach to monitor device characteristics at different levels of cumulative stress. IG – VG and ID – VG indicators suggest defects generation to occur away from the channel. This is confirmed by the quantitative analysis of ID and IG stationary RTN signals at operating conditions, which show no correlation as opposite to what reported for planar FETs. Moreover, we analyze for the first time the ID -t and IG -t non-stationary instabilities during stress. The results confirm that the generation of defects responsible for SILC occurs away from the channel. Only in highly stressed devices, ID - $t$ and IG - $t$ curves observed during stress exhibit anti-correlation, due to comparable values of the gate and drain current levels originated by the high defect density. Hence, in nFinFETs, ID and IG RTN/instabilities might originate from mechanisms involving different entities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A heat assisted magnetic recording composite media with a superparamagnetic writing layer is proposed. The recording process is initiated in the write layer that is magnetically softer than the long term storage layer. Upon cooling, the composite structure copies the information from the writing layer to the lower Curie temperature (Tc) storage layer, e.g., doped FePt. The advantages include insensitivity to Tc variance in the storage layer, and thus the opportunity to significantly lower the FePt Tc without the resulting Tc distribution adversely affecting the performance. The composite structure has a small jitter within 0.1 nm of the grain size limit owing to the sharp transition width of the optimized superparamagnetic writing layer. The user density of the composite structure can reach 4.7 Tb=in:2 for a Gaussian heat spot with a full-width-at-half-maximum of 30 nm, a 12 nm reader width, and an optimized bit length of 6nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unintentional shutdown of power in CMOS circuitry leads to loss of data. The usage of non-volatile elements along with CMOS to improve its performance in terms of power consumption, area, and delay is very attractive. Non-volatile elements act as a backup data source for CMOS circuitry. Current-induced domain-wall (DW) motion is a prominent switching mechanism promising low-power, high-density, and high-speed circuits. This paper presents a novel DW motion and pre-charge sense amplifier-based magnetic flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which is faster, and power and area efficient compared with other CMOS ADCs. By using a DW motion in a magnetic stripe SPICE compatible Verilog-A model and CMOS 45 nm design kit, its performance, such as power and delay, has been simulated and compared with CMOS-based ADCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies issues with cataloging backlogs and quality control, particularly relating to the subsequent ingest of content into library high density storage. Results of a pilot project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign are used to demonstrate the high cost of retroactively addressing cataloging concerns, and how not addressing them contributes to issues in discovery and access. Changes in local cataloging standards, and criteria for how to assess a cost/benefit ratio for quality cataloging are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limits of areal storage density that is achievable with heat-assisted magnetic recording are unknown. We addressed this central question and investigated the areal density of bit-patterned media. We analyzed the detailed switching behavior of a recording bit under various external conditions, allowing us to compute the bit error rate of a write process (shingled and conventional) for various grain spacings, write head positions, and write temperatures. Hence, we were able to optimize the areal density yielding values beyond 10 Tb/in2. Our model is based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation and uses hard magnetic recording grains with a 5-nm diameter and 10-nm height. It assumes a realistic distribution of the Curie temperature of the underlying material, grain size, as well as grain and head position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limits of areal storage density that is achievable with heat-assisted magnetic recording are unknown. We addressed this central question and investigated the areal density of bit-patterned media. We analyzed the detailed switching behavior of a recording bit under various external conditions, allowing us to compute the bit error rate of a write process (shingled and conventional) for various grain spacings, write head positions, and write temperatures. Hence, we were able to optimize the areal density yielding values beyond 10 Tb/in2. Our model is based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation and uses hard magnetic recording grains with a 5-nm diameter and 10-nm height. It assumes a realistic distribution of the Curie temperature of the underlying material, grain size, as well as grain and head position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-ion magnets (SIMs) are the smallest possible magnetic devices and are a controllable, bottom-up approach to nanoscale magnetism with potential applications in quantum computing and high-density information storage. In this work, we take advantage of the promising, but yet insufficiently explored, solid-state chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to report the single-crystal to single-crystal inclusion of such molecular nanomagnets within the pores of a magnetic MOF. The resulting host-guest supramolecular aggregate is used as a playground in the first in-depth study on the interplay between the internal magnetic field created by the long-range magnetic ordering of the structured MOF and the slow magnetic relaxation of the SIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High density storage solution such as dynamic flow pallet racks is accumulation racking system recommended for great amounts of good with only few different storage units. Palletized units are stored into deep tunnels not accessible by forklifts for handling operations. These systems have overall objective to increase the cube utilization and to reduce the handling costs. In this case selectivity is sacrificed but the storage density is outstanding. Forklift brings storage unit to and from the racking. Movement of the storage units within racking structure has been achieved through gravity or some other force. Warehouses in food and pharmaceutical industry are the ones who have benefit more from the installation of these solutions. This paper presents introduction of dynamic rack solution. Technical analyses and solution based on investor request to speed-up and reduce cost of handling process will be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a progressive FastICA peel-off (PFP) framework for high-density surface electromyogram (EMG) decomposition. The novel framework is based on a shift-invariant model for describing surface EMG. The decomposition process can be viewed as progressively expanding the set of motor unit spike trains, which is primarily based on FastICA. To overcome the local convergence of FastICA, a peel-off strategy, i.e., removal of the estimated motor unit action potential trains from the previous step, is used to mitigate the effects of the already identified motor units, so more motor units can be extracted. A constrained FastICA is applied to assess the extracted spike trains and correct possible erroneous or missed spikes. These procedures work together to improve decomposition performance. The proposed framework was validated using simulated surface EMG signals with different motor unit numbers (30, 70, 91) and SNRs (20, 10, and 0 dB). The results demonstrated relatively large numbers of extracted motor units and high accuracies (high F1-scores). The framework was tested with 111 trials of 64-channel electrode array experimental surface EMG signals during the first dorsal interosseous muscle contraction at different intensities. On average 14.1 \pm 5.0~\motor units were identified from each trial of experimental surface EMG signals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A 0.6–1.1 V, 84 Mb pipelined SRAM array design implemented in 14 nm FinFET CMOS technology is presented. Two array architectures featuring a high-density 0.0500 µm 2 6T SRAM bitcell and a 0.0588 µm 2 6T SRAM bitcell targeting low voltage operation are detailed. The high-density array design reaches 2.7 GHz at 1.1 V with 14.5 Mb/mm 2 bit density, while the low voltage optimized array can operate at 0.6 V, 1.5 GHz under typical process conditions. A capacitive charge-share transient voltage collapse write-assist circuit (CS-TVC) enables a 24% reduction in write energy compared to previous techniques by eliminating bias currents during operation. Technology and assist co-optimization enable >50 mV reduction in VMIN and a 1.81× increase in density over a 22 nm design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We report a 3-D-stackable 1S1R passive cross-point resistive random access memory (RRAM). The sneak (leakage) current challenge in the cross-point RRAM integration has been overcome utilizing a field-assisted superlinear threshold selector. The selector offers high selectivity of >10^7 , sharp switching slope of < 5 mV/decade, ability to tune the threshold voltage, stable operation at 125 °C, and endurance of >10^{11} . Furthermore, we demonstrate 1S1R integration in which the selector-subthreshold current is <10 pA while offering >10^2 memory ON/OFF ratio and >10^6 selectivity during cycling. Combined with self-current-controlled RRAM, the 1S1R enables high-density and high-performance memory applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing growth of academic, public, and special libraries collections around the world, combined with limited physical space and budget constraints, has prompted university administrators and librarians to create and implement plans for storage facilities, often high-density in nature and off-site (not housed in the same building or location as other library materials). This article provides an analysis of area studies materials at the Oak Street Library Facility and the implications for long-term access to and care of vernacular language materials at academic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in thin film is the key factor to obtain good properties for high density storage devices. Although the importance of the properties of PMA is well-known for Co/Pd thin film, it is still unclear which surface structure and composition indicate that PMA is present. In this work, the surface structure and magnetic properties of L1 0 -ordered Co/Pd (001) were analyzed using density functional theory calculations. It was confirmed that only Pd-rich A among the facile surface structures indicates PMA properties. However, according to the calculated surface energy, not only Pd-rich A but also Co-rich B is among the most energetically stable structures. The density of states showed a clear distinct electronic structure between Pd-rich A and Co-rich B derived from the structural difference. This result indicates that PMA is not always present in a sandwich structure such as Pd-rich A. The results provide a useful guide to magnetic devices created using L1 0 -ordered Co/Pd (001) on substrate Pd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multiple quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, a high-dimensional sparse regression model is usually employed to account for possible multiple linked QTLs. The QTL model may include closely linked and thus highly correlated genetic markers, especially when high-density marker maps are used in QTL mapping because of the advancement in sequencing technology. Although existing algorithms, such as Lasso, empirical Bayesian Lasso (EBlasso) and elastic net (EN) are available to infer such QTL models, more powerful methods are highly desirable to detect more QTLs in the presence of correlated QTLs. We developed a novel empirical Bayesian EN (EBEN) algorithm for multiple QTL mapping that inherits the efficiency of our previously developed EBlasso algorithm. Simulation results demonstrated that EBEN provided higher power of detection and almost the same false discovery rate compared with EN and EBlasso. Particularly, EBEN can identify correlated QTLs that the other two algorithms may fail to identify. When analyzing a real dataset, EBEN detected more effects than EN and EBlasso. EBEN provides a useful tool for inferring high-dimensional sparse model in multiple QTL mapping and other applications. An R software package 'EBEN' implementing the EBEN algorithm is available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]