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It was proposed that anxiety about retirement begins long before retirement, and that perceptions on one's parents' socialization into retirement and one's own planning for retirement are associated with retirement anxiety. Data from 213 Canadian respondents (mean age = 44 years) were analyzed. Path analysis indicated that both parental socialization and own planfulness affect retirement anxiety.

The authors propose and test a model of the predictors and outcomes of the role conflicts experienced by individuals simultaneously holding full-time employment and providing care for elderly parents. It is proposed that interrole conflict is predicted by physical and psychological involvement in elder care and predicts both partial absenteeism from work and psychological strain. In turn, psychological strain predicts marital interactions. Data from 141 full-time employees from 2 universities provided strong support for the proposed mediational model using LISREL VII. In contrast, 2 alternative models were not supported by the data.

The authors propose and test a mediational model linking the experience of retirement with marital satisfaction. The experience of retirement (financial strain, time structure, a sense of purposefulness, and interpersonal contacts) is held to predict marital satisfaction indirectly through its sequential effects on context-specific well-being (retirement-specific satisfaction with health, activities, and peers) and context-free well-being (depressive symptoms). Both this model and a revised model in which retirement satisfaction also exerted a direct effect on marital satisfaction were supported using structural equation modeling on data from 164 retirees (mean age = 69 years). An alternative model in which depressive symptoms assume a predictive rather than mediational role was not supported; cross-lagged regression analyses excluded the possibility that marital dissatisfaction resulted in depressive symptoms. The conceptual and practical implications of these findings are discussed.