Author: "Higazi TB" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

25 results on '"Higazi TB"'

1. Chemotherapy in the treatment, control, and elimination of human onchocerciasis

Author: Higazi TB, Geary TG, and Mackenzie CD
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract: Tarig B Higazi,1 Timothy G Geary,2 Charles D Mackenzie3,41Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University Zanesville, Zanesville, OH, USA; 2Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 3Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; 4Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USAAbstract: Onchocerciasis treatment is one of the most positive stories in tropical medicine although major challenges remain to reaching the ultimate goal of disease elimination. Such challenges are to be expected when the therapeutic goal is to kill and safely remove a large multistage, efficient, metazoan infectious agent such as Onchocerca volvulus that has an exceptionally complicated relationship with its host. Successful control of onchocerciasis has often been hampered by host reactions following chemotherapy, that can sometimes cause significant tissue pathology. Presence of other filariae, particularly Loa loa, in endemic onchocerciasis-treatment areas also poses severe problems due to adverse reactions caused by drug-induced death of the coincident microfilariae of this usually clinically benign species. Although ivermectin has been very successful, there is a need to enhance the progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis; new drugs and their efficient use are keys to this. The permanent absence of Onchocerca microfilaridermia, defined as the lack of resurgence of skin microfilarial loads after treatment, is the ultimate characteristic of a useful new chemotherapeutic agent. Several drugs are under investigation to achieve this, including the reassessment of currently available and previously tested agents, such as the antibiotic, doxycycline, which targets the adult parasites through its anti-Wolbachia endosymbiont activity. Flubendazole, a benzimidazole derivative approved for treatment of human gastrointestinal nematodes, is also being considered for repurposing as a macrofilaricide to aid in the achievement of eradication. The managerial challenges existing at the population level also need to be addressed; these include drug-distribution fatigue, the need to include noncompliant people, civil unrest in endemic areas, political cross-border issues, restrictions of age and pregnancy, and complications due to integration with other treatment programs. It is likely that a panel of chemotherapeutic options, new and old, supported by strong and effective distribution systems will be the best way to address challenges of treatment and elimination of this infection. Future research should also address management of treatment and control, and consider how new treatment paradigms can be incorporated to meet time lines set for global elimination by 2025.Keywords: mass drug administration, ivermectin, macrofilaricides, challenges
Published: 2014

2. The prevalence of onchocerciasis in Africa and Yemen, 2000-2018: a geospatial analysis

Author: Schmidt, CA, Cromwell, EA, Hill, E, Donkers, KM, Schipp, MF, Johnson, KB, Pigott, DM, Abbas, J, Adekanmbi, V, Adetokunboh, OO, Ahmed, MB, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Alipour, V, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Anvari, D, Appiah, SCY, Aqeel, M, Arabloo, J, Jafarabadi, MA, Ausloos, M, Baig, AA, Banach, M, Bärnighausen, TW, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, ZA, Bijani, A, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Butt, ZA, Carvalho, F, Chattu, VK, Dahlawi, SMA, Damiani, G, Demeke, FM, Deribe, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Diaz, D, Didarloo, A, Earl, L, Zaki, MES, El Tantawi, M, Fattahi, N, Fernandes, E, Foigt, NA, Foroutan, M, Franklin, RC, Guo, Y, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hamidi, S, Hassankhani, H, Herteliu, C, Higazi, TB, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Househ, M, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Irvani, SSN, Jha, RP, Ji, JS, Jonas, JB, Jozwiak, JJ, Kalankesh, LR, Kamyari, N, Matin, BK, Karimi, SE, Kayode, GA, Karyani, AK, Khan, EA, Khan, MN, Khatab, K, Khater, MM, Kianipour, N, Kim, YJ, Kosen, S, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lansingh, VC, Lee, PH, Li, S, Maleki, S, Mansournia, MA, Martins-Melo, FR, McAlinden, C, Mendoza, W, Mestrovic, T, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadi, SM, Mohammed, S, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, AJ, Negoi, I, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HLT, Oancea, B, Olagunju, AT, Bali, AO, Onwujekwe, OE, Pana, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Ribeiro, AI, Samy, AM, Shaikh, MA, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Singh, JA, Skiadaresi, E, Soltani, S, Stolk, WA, Sufiyan, MB, Thomson, AJ, Tran, BX, Tran, KB, Unnikrishnan, B, Violante, FS, Vu, GT, Yamada, T, Yaya, S, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Zamanian, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Ziapour, A, and Hay, SI
Subjects: Onchocerciasis, Geospatial model, Neglected tropical diseases, Ivermectin, Yemen, Settore MED/06 - Oncologia Medica, Settore MED/42 - Igiene Generale e Applicata, Nigeria, Bayes Theorem, General Medicine, Ghana, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, General & Internal Medicine, Prevalence, Humans, 11 Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: Background Onchocerciasis is a disease caused by infection with Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans via the bite of several species of black fly, and is responsible for permanent blindness or vision loss, as well as severe skin disease. Predominantly endemic in parts of Africa and Yemen, preventive chemotherapy with mass drug administration of ivermectin is the primary intervention recommended for the elimination of its transmission. Methods A dataset of 18,116 geo-referenced prevalence survey datapoints was used to model annual 2000–2018 infection prevalence in Africa and Yemen. Using Bayesian model-based geostatistics, we generated spatially continuous estimates of all-age 2000–2018 onchocerciasis infection prevalence at the 5 × 5-km resolution as well as aggregations to the national level, along with corresponding estimates of the uncertainty in these predictions. Results As of 2018, the prevalence of onchocerciasis infection continues to be concentrated across central and western Africa, with the highest mean estimates at the national level in Ghana (12.2%, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 5.0–22.7). Mean estimates exceed 5% infection prevalence at the national level for Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and South Sudan. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that onchocerciasis infection has declined over the last two decades throughout western and central Africa. Focal areas of Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Uganda continue to have mean microfiladermia prevalence estimates exceeding 25%. At and above this level, the continuation or initiation of mass drug administration with ivermectin is supported. If national programs aim to eliminate onchocerciasis infection, additional surveillance or supervision of areas of predicted high prevalence would be warranted to ensure sufficiently high coverage of program interventions.
Published: 2022

3. Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Author: Mokdad, AH, Safi, S, Ahmadieh, H, Katibeh, M, Yaseri, M, Ramezani, A, Shahraz, S, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Collison, M, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Rankin, Z, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Olsen, HE, Stanaway, JD, Wang, H, Wilson, K, Yitayih, G, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Butt, ZA, Chitheer, AA, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, DP, Eshrati, B, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Higazi, TB, Hsairi, M, Jimenez-Corona, A, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Saleh, Y, Khan, EA, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, McAlinden, C, Memish, ZA, Miller, TR, Mohammadi, S-F, Nangia, V, Cuong, TN, Quyen, LN, Ogbo, FA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Skiadaresi, E, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Taylor, HR, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Xuan, B, Tsilimbaris, M, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Wakayo, T, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, Murray, CJL, Mokdad, AH, Safi, S, Ahmadieh, H, Katibeh, M, Yaseri, M, Ramezani, A, Shahraz, S, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Khalil, I, El Bcheraoui, C, Collison, M, Chew, A, Daoud, F, Krohn, KJ, Rankin, Z, Afshin, A, Kassebaum, NJ, Olsen, HE, Stanaway, JD, Wang, H, Wilson, K, Yitayih, G, Al-Eyadhy, A, Alam, K, Alasfoor, D, Alizadeh-Navaei, R, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, KA, Anber, N, Ansari, H, Anwari, P, Asayesh, H, Asgedom, SW, Atey, TM, Bacha, U, Barac, A, Bedi, N, Butt, ZA, Chitheer, AA, Djalalinia, S, Huyen, DP, Eshrati, B, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fischer, F, Gebrehiwot, TT, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Higazi, TB, Hsairi, M, Jimenez-Corona, A, John, D, Jonas, JB, Kasaeian, A, Saleh, Y, Khan, EA, Larson, HJ, Latif, AA, Lunevicius, R, Abd El Razek, HM, Abd El Razek, MM, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, McAlinden, C, Memish, ZA, Miller, TR, Mohammadi, S-F, Nangia, V, Cuong, TN, Quyen, LN, Ogbo, FA, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rai, RK, Rana, SM, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Renzaho, AMN, Rezaei, S, Roshandel, G, Safdarian, M, Safiri, S, Salamati, P, Samy, AM, Sartorius, B, Sepanlou, SG, Shaikh, MA, Skiadaresi, E, Sobaih, BHA, Abdulkader, RS, Taylor, HR, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M-H, Topor-Madry, R, Xuan, B, Tsilimbaris, M, Ukwaja, KN, Uthman, OA, Wakayo, T, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Zaki, MES, Jumaan, AO, Vos, T, Hay, SI, Naghavi, M, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To report the estimated trend in prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to vision loss (VL) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: The estimated trends in age-standardized prevalence and the YLDs rate due to VL in 22 EMR countries were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study. The association of Socio-demographic Index (SDI) with changes in prevalence and YLDs of VL was evaluated using a multilevel mixed model. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of VL in the EMR was 18.2% in 1990 and 15.5% in 2015. The total age-standardized YLDs rate attributed to all-cause VL in EMR was 536.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 and 482.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. For each 0.1 unit increase in SDI, the age-standardized prevalence and YLDs rate of VL showed a reduction of 1.5% (p < 0.001) and 23.9 per 100,000 population (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of VL is high in the EMR; however, it shows a descending trend over the past 25 years. EMR countries need to establish comprehensive eye care programs in their health care systems.
Published: 2018

4. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S., Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F., Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A., Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O., Adib, Mina G., Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C., Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Anju, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M., Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Ali, Syed Mustafa, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A., Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antó, Josep M., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Appiah, Lambert Tetteh, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K., Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide F.G.A., Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe B., Azzopardi, Peter S., Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Ball, Kylie, Ballew, Shoshana H., Banach, Maciej, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bekru, Eyasu Tamru, Belay, Ezra, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Bell, Michelle L., Bello, Aminu K., Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Bergeron, Gilles, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S., Beuran, Mircea, Beyranvand, Tina, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bilano, Ver, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Bisanzio, Donal, Biswas, Tuhin, Bjørge, Tone, Blacker, Brigette F., Bleyer, Archie, Borschmann, Rohan, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R., Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Brady, Oliver J., Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J.K., Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Britton, Gabrielle, Brugha, Traolach, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Burnett, Richard T., Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A., Cahill, Leah E., Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J., Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Causey, Kate, Cercy, Kelly M., Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Chang, Hsing Yi, Chang, Jung Chen, Chang, Kai Lan, Charlson, Fiona J., Chattopadhyay, Aparajita, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chee, Miao Li, Cheng, Ching Yu, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei Chia, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chin, Ken Lee, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Choi, Jee Young J., Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Chung, Sheng Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M., Cirillo, Massimo, Cohen, Aaron J., Collado-Mateo, Daniel, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Owen R., Coresh, Josef, Cornaby, Leslie, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Cortinovis, Monica, Costa, Megan, Cousin, Ewerton, Criqui, Michael H., Cromwell, Elizabeth A., Cundiff, David K., Daba, Alemneh Kabeta, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadi, Abel Fekadu, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darby, Sarah C., Dargan, Paul I., Daryani, Ahmad, Das Gupta, Rajat, Das Neves, José, Dasa, Tamirat Tesfaye, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, Davletov, Kairat, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De La Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Leo, Diego, De Neve, Jan Walter, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deiparine, Selina, Dellavalle, Robert P., Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessie, Getenet Ayalew, Deveber, Gabrielle Aline, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese, Ding, Eric L., Diro, Helen Derara, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dokova, Klara, Doku, David Teye, Doyle, Kerrie E., Driscoll, Tim R., Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Duncan, Bruce B., Duraes, Andre R., Ebert, Natalie, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ebrahimpour, Soheil, Edvardsson, David, Effiong, Andem, Eggen, Anne Elise, El Bcheraoui, Charbel, El-Khatib, Ziad, Elyazar, Iqbal Rf, Enayati, Ahmadali, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Er, Benjamin, Erskine, Holly E., Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fakhim, Hamed, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Farid, Talha A., Farinha, Carla Sofia E.sá, Farioli, Andrea, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S., Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein, Fatima, Batool, Fay, Kairsten A., Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Feigin, Valery L., Feigl, Andrea B., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, Joao C., Ferrara, Giannina, Ferrari, Alize J., Ferreira, Manuela L., Filip, Irina, Finger, Jonas David, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A., Foreman, Kyle J., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Fürst, Thomas, Furtado, João M., Futran, Neal D., Gall, Seana, Gallus, Silvano, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganji, Morsaleh, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L., Gardner, William M., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Gelano, Tilayie Feto, Geleijnse, Johanna M., Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Gething, Peter W., Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghadimi, Reza, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghasemi Falavarjani, Khalil, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Ghimire, Mamata, Ghosh, Rakesh, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Giampaoli, Simona, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K., Gillum, Richard F., Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed, Giussani, Giorgia, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Godwin, William W., Goli, Srinivas, Gómez-Dantés, Hector, Gona, Philimon N., Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Alessandra C., Grada, Ayman, Grams, Morgan E., Grosso, Giuseppe, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma, Gutiérrez-Torres, Daniela S., Haagsma, Juanita A., Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagos, Tekleberhan B., Hailegiyorgis, Tewodros Tesfa, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamidi, Samer, Handal, Alexis J., Hankey, Graeme J., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hawley, Caitlin N., Hay, Simon I., Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Akbar, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Behnam, Heidari, Mohsen, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Heydarpour, Sousan, Hibstu, Desalegn T., Higazi, Tarig B., Hilawe, Esayas Haregot, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hole, Michael K., Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsiao, Thomas, Hu, Guoqing, Hu, Howard, Huang, John J., Hussen, Mamusha Aman, Huynh, Chantal K., Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ikeda, Nayu, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islami, Farhad, Jackson, Maria D., Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jahangiry, Leila, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Sudhir Kumar, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S., Jonas, Jost B., Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Jorjoran Shushtari, Zahra, Joshi, Ankur, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Zubair, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kant, Surya, Kar, Chittaranjan, Karami, Manoochehr, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Karema, Corine, Karimi, Narges, Karimi, Seyed M., Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Dessalegn H., Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazemi, Zhila, Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Grant Rodgers, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaei, Behzad, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajavi, Alireza, Khalid, Nauman, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khan, Muhammad Ali, Khang, Young Ho, Khater, Mona M., Khazaei, Mohammad, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khoja, Abdullah T., Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A., Kiirithio, Daniel N., Kim, Cho Il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W., Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kochhar, Sonali, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolola, Tufa, Kopec, Jacek A., Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael A., Krishan, Kewal, Krohn, Kristopher J., Kromhout, Hans, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, G. 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Sk, Vollset, Se, Vu, Gt, Waller, Sg, Walson, Jl, Wang, Yp, Weintraub, Rg, Werkneh, Aa, West, Jj, Whiteford, Ha, Wiyeh, Ab, Wolfe, Cda, Wong, Ty, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sh, Yan, Ll, Yasin, Yj, Yimer, Em, Yoon, Sj, Younis, Mz, Zaman, Sb, Zhang, Al, Zimsen, Srm, Murray, Cjl., Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, 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Kumar, Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekalign, Tigist Gashaw, Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temesgen, Habtamu, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Belay, Teweldemedhin, Mebrahtu, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Theis, Andrew, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Hannah J, Thomas, Matthew Lloyd, Thomas, Nihal, Thurston, George D, Tilahun, Binyam, Tillmann, Taavi, To, Quyen G, Tobollik, Myriam, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Torre, Anna E, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Towbin, Jeffrey A, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Truong, Nu Thi, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tuzcu, E Murat, Tymeson, Hayley D, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Ullah, Irfan, Updike, Rachel L, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Vaezi, Afsane, Valdez, Pascual R, Van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varavikova, Elena, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venkateswaran, Vidhya, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villafaina, Santo, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldegebreal, Fitsum, Werdecker, Andrea, Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew, West, J Jason, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Widecka, Justyna, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiyeh, Alison B, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wong, Tien Yin, Wu, Shouling, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadgir, Simon, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamada, Tomohide, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasin, Yasin Jemal, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Yotebieng, Marcel, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zavala-Arciniega, Lui, Zhang, Anthony Lin, Zhang, Hao, Zhang, Kai, Zhou, Maigeng, Zimsen, Stephanie R M, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Science & Technology, GBD, risks, risk factors, comparative risk assesment, Dalys, Medicine (all), CHOLESTEROL, BLOOD-PRESSURE, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ILLNESS, TRENDS, humanities, Medicine, General & Internal, TOBACCO CONTROL, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Medicine and Health Sciences, CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASES, TRIAL, Human medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, METAANALYSIS
Abstract: Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk–outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk–outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk– outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk–outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3–35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14–1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6–62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3–50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39–11·5) deaths and 218 million (198–237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83–7·37] deaths and 182 million [173–193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23–8·23] deaths and 171 million [144–201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99–6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6–202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36–1·51] deaths and 139 million [131–147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3–6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Lancet 2018; 392: 1923–94 *Collaborators listed at the end of the paper Correspondence to: Prof Christopher J L Murray, Institute for Health Metrics and Evalution, Seattle, WA 98121, USA cjlm@uw.edu Global Health Metrics 1924 www.thelancet.com Vol 392 November 10, 2018 Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.
Published: 2018

5. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

Author: Cromwell EA, Osborne JCP, Unnasch TR, Basáñez MG, Gass KM, Barbre KA, Hill E, Johnson KB, Donkers KM, Shirude S, Schmidt CA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Afarideh M, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed MB, Akalu TY, Al-Aly Z, Alanezi FM, Alanzi TM, Alipour V, Andrei CL, Ansari F, Ansha MG, Anvari D, Appiah SCY, Arabloo J, Arnold BF, Ausloos M, Ayanore MA, Baig AA, Banach M, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Bayati M, Bhattacharyya K, Bhutta ZA, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bohlouli S, Bohluli M, Brady OJ, Bragazzi NL, Butt ZA, Carvalho F, Chatterjee S, Chattu VK, Chattu SK, Cormier NM, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Daoud F, Darwesh AM, Daryani A, Deribe K, Dharmaratne SD, Diaz D, Do HT, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elemineh DA, Faraj A, Fasihi Harandi M, Fatahi Y, Feigin VL, Fernandes E, Foigt NA, Foroutan M, Franklin RC, Gubari MIM, Guido D, Guo Y, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamagharib Abdullah K, Hamidi S, Herteliu C, Hidru HD, Higazi TB, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic MD, Ilic IM, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Jha RP, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir Z, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Karami Matin B, Karimi SE, Kasaeian A, Kavetskyy T, Kayode GA, Kazemi Karyani A, Kelbore AG, Keramati M, Khalilov R, Khan EA, Khan MNN, Khatab K, Khater MM, Kianipour N, Kibret KT, Kim YJ, Kosen S, Krohn KJ, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lansingh VC, Lee PH, LeGrand KE, Li S, Longbottom J, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Maleki A, Mamun AA, Manafi A, Manafi N, Mansournia MA, Martins-Melo FR, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, Meharie BG, Mendoza W, Mengesha EW, Mengistu DT, Mereta ST, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Miri M, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed S, Mohammed S, Moradi M, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Mosser JF, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naik G, Negoi I, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen TH, Nikbakhsh R, Oancea B, Olagunju TO, Olagunju AT, Omar Bali A, Onwujekwe OE, Pana A, Pourjafar H, Rahim F, Rahman MHU, Rathi P, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Rawassizadeh R, Resnikoff S, Reta MA, Rezapour A, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Sadeghi E, Saghafipour A, Sajadi SM, Samy AM, Sarmiento-Suárez R, Sawhney M, Schipp MF, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi K, Sheikh A, Shetty BSK, Shin JI, Shivakumar KM, Simonetti B, Singh JA, Skiadaresi E, Soheili A, Soltani S, Spurlock EE, Sufiyan MB, Tabuchi T, Tapak L, Thompson RL, Thomson AJ, Traini E, Tran BX, Ullah I, Ullah S, Uneke CJ, Unnikrishnan B, Uthman OA, Vinkeles Melchers NVS, Violante FS, Wolde HF, Wonde TE, Yamada T, Yaya S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yousof HSA, Yu C, Yu Y, Yusefzadeh H, Zaki L, Zaman SB, Zamanian M, Zhang ZJ, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Hay SI, and Pigott DM
Subjects: Africa epidemiology, Environment, Forecasting, Humans, Ivermectin administration & dosage, Mass Drug Administration, Onchocerciasis drug therapy, Onchocerciasis transmission, ROC Curve, Disease Eradication, Onchocerciasis epidemiology
Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0·71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50·2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5 × 5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ultimately qualify., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: WM is Program Analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA Country Office in Peru, institution which not necessarily endorses this study. JAS reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health, the American College of Rheumatology, Simply Speaking. JAS reports other contributions from Amarin, Viking, Moderana and Vaxart pharmaceuticals. JAS reports non-financial support from the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, the Steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and the Editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis.
Published: 2021
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6. The positive influence the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas has had on Africa programs.

Author: Richards FO, Nwoke BEB, Zarroug I, Tukahebwa E, Negussu N, Higazi TB, Oguttu D, Tadesse Z, Miri E, Aziz N, Habomugisha P, and Katabarwa M
Subjects: Africa, Americas, Animals, Humans, Onchocerca volvulus physiology, Disease Eradication organization & administration, Filaricides therapeutic use, Ivermectin therapeutic use, Mass Drug Administration standards, Onchocerciasis, Ocular prevention & control
Abstract: A recent article "Is onchocerciasis elimination in Africa feasible by 2025: a perspective based on lessons learnt from the African control programmes" in Infectious Diseases of Poverty claimed that undue influence on African programs by concepts developed by the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program of the Americas (OEPA) is detrimental to stopping mass drug administration (MDA) in Africa. This claim is made despite a record year for MDA stoppage in four African countries of > 3.5 million treatments in 2018, far exceeding any past OEPA or African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) stop MDA success.
Published: 2019
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7. Assessment of Immunization to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children under Five Years in Rural Areas of Taiz, Yemen.

Author: Alssamei FA, Al-Sonboli NA, Alkumaim FA, Alsayaad NS, Al-Ahdal MS, Higazi TB, and Elagib AA
Abstract: Background . Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major health problem worldwide. approximately 1 million deaths annually due to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives . This study was conducted to determine the coverage rate of HBV vaccine and assess the vaccine protective response among children under five years old in rural areas of Yemen. Methods . A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2015 in four districts of countryside Yemen. The target population was children aged from 6 to 59 months. 227 children were enrolled in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect of data. Serum samples were tested for anti-HBs antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L was considered a protective response to the vaccine. Results . The coverage rate of HBV vaccine among children was 87.3%. A total of 143 (72.2%) children responded to the vaccine with anti-HBs level ≥ 10 IU/L, while 55 (27.8%) of the children had nonprotective anti-HBs levels of <10 IU/L ( P = 0.003). Conclusion . This study revealed a good coverage rate of HBV vaccine in rural areas but the protective rate against HBV infection was moderate. A considerable proportion of vaccinated children should be considered for either revaccination or booster doses., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Published: 2017
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8. The First Confirmed Elimination of an Onchocerciasis Focus in Africa: Abu Hamed, Sudan.

Author: Zarroug IM, Hashim K, ElMubark WA, Shumo ZA, Salih KA, ElNojomi NA, Awad HA, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, and Higazi TB
Subjects: Animals, Carrier Proteins blood, Carrier Proteins genetics, Child, DNA, Helminth isolation & purification, Helminth Proteins blood, Helminth Proteins genetics, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Insect Vectors parasitology, Ivermectin therapeutic use, Onchocerca volvulus isolation & purification, Onchocerciasis drug therapy, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Simuliidae parasitology, Sudan epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control, Onchocerciasis epidemiology, Onchocerciasis prevention & control
Abstract: Mass treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis was stopped in 2012 in Abu Hamed, an isolated focus on the River Nile in northern Sudan. A 3-year posttreatment surveillance (PTS) ensued, at the end of which an evaluation was conducted in 2015 following the current World Health Organization guidelines for verification of onchocerciasis elimination. Vector black flies were collected from sentinel breeding sites and finger-prick bloodspots were collected from children ≤ 10 years of age resident in 35 communities within the focus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 19,191 flies from four sites for the O-150 parasite-specific marker found no flies carrying Onchocerca volvulus larvae (0%, 95% upper confidence limit [UCL] = 0.16), and serological testing of 5,266 children identified only one Ov16 seropositive child (0.019%, 95% UCL = 0.074); whose skin snips were negative when tested by O-150 PCR assay. These results indicate that for the first time in Africa, onchocerciasis elimination has been verified after a successful PTS in Abu Hamed., (© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)
Published: 2016
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9. Seasonal Variation in Biting Rates of Simulium damnosum sensu lato, Vector of Onchocerca volvulus, in Two Sudanese Foci.

Author: Zarroug IM, Hashim K, Elaagip AH, Samy AM, Frah EA, ElMubarak WA, Mohamed HA, Deran TC, Aziz N, and Higazi TB
Subjects: Animals, Climate, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Rain, Specimen Handling, Sudan epidemiology, Temperature, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology, Insect Vectors physiology, Onchocerca volvulus physiology, Seasons, Simuliidae physiology
Abstract: Background: The abundance of onchocerciasis vectors affects the epidemiology of disease in Sudan, therefore, studies of vector dynamics are crucial for onchocerciasis control/elimination programs. This study aims to compare the relative abundance, monthly biting-rates (MBR) and hourly-based distribution of onchocerciasis vectors in Abu-Hamed and Galabat foci. These seasonally-based factors can be used to structure vector control efforts to reduce fly-biting rates as a component of onchocerciasis elimination programs., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four endemic villages in Abu-Hamed and Galabat foci during two non-consecutive years (2007-2008 and 2009-2010). Both adults and aquatic stages of the potential onchocerciasis vector Simulium damnosum sensu lato were collected following standard procedures during wet and dry seasons. Adult flies were collected using human landing capture for 5 days/month. The data was recorded on handheld data collection sheets to calculate the relative abundance, MBR, and hourly-based distribution associated with climatic factors. The data analysis was carried out using ANOVA and Spearman rank correlation tests., Results: Data on vector surveillance revealed higher relative abundance of S. damnosum s.l. in Abu- Hamed (39,934 flies) than Galabat (8,202 flies). In Abu-Hamed, vector populations increased in January-April then declined in June-July until they disappeared in August-October. Highest black fly density and MBR were found in March 2007 (N = 9,444, MBR = 58,552.8 bites/person/month), and March 2010 (N = 2,603, MBR = 16,138.6 bites/person/month) while none of flies were collected in August-October (MBR = 0 bites/person/month). In Galabat, vectors increased in September-December, then decreased in February-June. The highest vector density and MBR were recorded in September 2007 (N = 1,138, MBR = 6,828 bites/person/month) and September 2010 (N = 1,163, MBR = 6,978 bites/person/month), whereas, none appeared in collection from April to June. There was a significant difference in mean monthly density of S. damnosum s.l. across the two foci in 2007-2008 (df = 3, F = 3.91, P = 0.011). Minimum temperature showed significant correlation with adult flies counts in four areas sampled; the adult counts were increased in Nady village (rs = 0.799) and were decreased in Kalasecal (rs = -0.676), Gumaiza (rs = -0.585), and Hilat Khateir (rs = -0.496). Maximum temperature showed positive correlation with black fly counts only in Galabat focus. Precipitation was significantly correlated with adult flies counts in Nady village, Abu-Hamed, but no significance was found in the rest of the sampled villages in both foci. Hourly-based distribution of black flies showed a unimodal pattern in Abu-Hamed with one peak (10:00-18:00), while a bimodal pattern with two peaks (07:00-10:00) and (14:00-18:00) was exhibited in Galabat., Conclusion: Transmission of onchocerciasis in both foci showed marked differences in seasonality, which may be attributed to ecology, microclimate and proximity of breeding sites to collection sites. The seasonal shifts between the two foci might be related to variations in climate zones. This information on black fly vector seasonality, ecology, distribution and biting activity has obvious implications in monitoring transmission levels to guide the national and regional onchocerciasis elimination programs in Sudan.
Published: 2016
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10. The impact of Merowe Dam on Simulium hamedense vector of onchocerciasis in Abu Hamed focus - Northern Sudan.

Author: Zarroug IM, Elaagip AH, Abuelmaali SA, Mohamed HA, ElMubarak WA, Hashim K, Deran TC, Aziz N, and Higazi TB
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings, Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis epidemiology, Power Plants, Reproduction, Simuliidae parasitology, Sudan epidemiology, Ecosystem, Onchocerciasis transmission, Simuliidae physiology
Abstract: Background: Abu Hamed, the northernmost onchocerciasis focus in the world, is located along the River Nile banks in the Nubian Desert. Hydroelectric dams can alter activity of black flies and may provide breeding sites for black fly. Merowe Dam, the largest hydropower project in Africa, was built west of Abu Hamed focus in 2009. The impact of the Dam on onchocerciasis and its black fly vectors in Abu Hamed focus was measured in this study., Findings: Entomological surveys for aquatic stages and adult Simulium hamedense were conducted before and after the inception of Merowe Dam in 2007/2008 and 2010/2011. There was no black fly breeding or adult activity in the previously known breeding sites upstream of the Merowe Dam with the western most breeding site found in AlSarsaf village near the center of the focus. No adult or aquatic stages of black flies were found downstream of the Dam., Conclusions: The artificial lake of the Dam flooded all the breeding sites in the western region of the focus and no aquatic stages and/or adult black fly activity were established in the study area upstream of the Dam. The Dam seems to have positive impact on onchocerciasis and its black fly vectors in Abu Hamed focus. These outcomes of the Merowe Dam might have contributed to the recently declared interruption of onchocerciasis transmission in Abu Hamed focus. Continuous entomological surveys are needed to monitor presence of black fly vectors and its impact on the disease.
Published: 2014
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11. Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus, Sudan.

Author: Higazi TB, Zarroug IM, Mohamed HA, Elmubark WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, Richards F, and Hashim K
Subjects: Animals, Antigens, Helminth blood, Antiparasitic Agents therapeutic use, Child, Disease Eradication methods, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Ivermectin therapeutic use, Onchocerciasis drug therapy, Onchocerciasis epidemiology, Onchocerciasis transmission, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Simuliidae parasitology, Sudan epidemiology, Onchocerca volvulus physiology, Onchocerciasis prevention & control
Abstract: Abu Hamed, Sudan, the northernmost location of onchocerciasis in the world, began community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in 1998, with annual treatments enhanced to semiannual in 2007. We assessed the status of the parasite transmission in 2011 entomologically, parasitologically, and serologically. O-150 pool screening showed no parasite DNA in 17,537 black flies collected in 2011 (95% confidence interval upper limit [95% CI UL] = 0.023). Skin microfilariae, nodules, and signs of skin disease were absent in 536 individuals in seven local communities. Similarly, no evidence of Onchocerca volvulus Ov16 antibodies was found in 6,756 school children ≤ 10 years (95% CI UL = 0.03%). Because this assessment of the focus meets the 2001 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for interrupted transmission, treatment was halted in 2012, and a post-treatment surveillance period was initiated in anticipation of declaration of disease elimination in this area. We provide the first evidence in East Africa that long-term CDTI alone can interrupt transmission of onchocerciasis.
Published: 2013
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12. Biolistic transformation of Brugia malayi.

Author: Higazi TB and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, DNA administration & dosage, DNA chemistry, DNA genetics, Female, Genes, Reporter genetics, Gold chemistry, Green Fluorescent Proteins genetics, Luciferases, Firefly genetics, Male, Microspheres, Plasmids genetics, Transfection, Biolistics methods, Brugia malayi genetics, Transformation, Genetic
Abstract: Biolistics has become a versatile tool for direct gene transfer to various cell and tissue types. Following its successful use on the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum, we developed and evaluated biolistics in the transfection of the model filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Biolistics was proven to be an efficient strategy for transfection of all life stages of the parasite and paved the way for studies on elements essential for promoter function and gene regulation of filarial parasites. Here we present a biolistics protocol for the transfection of B. malayi based on the Biolistics PDS 1000/He system and gold microcarriers.
Published: 2013
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13. Polymerase chain reaction pool screening used to compare prevalence of infective black flies in two onchocerciasis foci in northern Sudan.

Author: Higazi TB, Zarroug IM, Mohamed HA, Elmubark WA, Deran TC, Aziz N, Katabarwa M, Hassan HK, Unnasch TR, Mackenzie CD, and Richards F
Subjects: Animals, Humans, Onchocerca volvulus isolation & purification, Onchocerciasis transmission, Seasons, Sudan epidemiology, Diptera parasitology, Insect Vectors, Onchocerca volvulus pathogenicity, Onchocerciasis epidemiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction statistics & numerical data
Abstract: Onchocerciasis remains an important debilitating disease in many areas of Africa, including Sudan. The status of infection transmission in 2007 was assessed in the vectors of two disease foci in Sudan: Abu Hamed in northern Sudan, which has received at least 10 years of annual treatment and Galabat focus in eastern Sudan, where only minor, largely undocumented treatment activity has occurred. Assessment of more than 30,000 black flies for Onchocerca volvulus infectious stage L3 larvae by using an O-150 polymerase chain reaction protocol showed that black fly infectivity rates were 0.84 (95% confidence interval = 0.0497-1.88) per 10,000 flies for Abu Hamed and 6.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-16.4) infective flies per 10,000 for Galabat. These results provide entomologic evidence for suppressed Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus and a moderate transmission rate of the parasite in the Galabat focus.
Published: 2011
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14. Use of interactive live digital imaging to enhance histology learning in introductory level anatomy and physiology classes.

Author: Higazi TB
Subjects: Education, Premedical statistics & numerical data, Educational Measurement, Humans, Microscopy, Students, Premedical psychology, Education, Premedical methods, Histology education, Teaching methods, User-Computer Interface
Abstract: Histology is one of the main subjects in introductory college-level Human Anatomy and Physiology classes. Institutions are moving toward the replacement of traditional microscope-based histology learning with virtual microscopy learning amid concerns of losing the valuable learning experience of traditional microscopy. This study used live digital imaging (LDI) of microscopic slides on a SMART board to enhance Histology laboratory teaching. The interactive LDI system consists of a digital camera-equipped microscope that projects live images on a wall-mounted SMART board via a computer. This set-up allows real-time illustration of microscopic slides with highlighted key structural components, as well as the ability to provide the students with relevant study and review material. The impact of interactive LDI on student learning of Histology was then measured based on performance in subsequent laboratory tests before and after its implementation. Student grades increased from a mean of 76% (70.3-82.0, 95% CI) before to 92% (88.8-95.3, 95% CI) after integration of LDI indicating highly significant (P < 0.001) enhancement in students' Histology laboratory performance. In addition, student ratings of the impact of the interactive LDI on their Histology learning were strongly positive, suggesting that a majority of students who valued this learning approach also improved learning and understanding of the material as a result. The interactive LDI technique is an innovative, highly efficient and affordable tool to enhance student Histology learning, which is likely to expand knowledge and student perception of the subject and in turn enrich future science careers., (Copyright © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.)
Published: 2011
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15. Sequences necessary for trans-splicing in transiently transfected Brugia malayi.

Author: Liu C, de Oliveira A, Higazi TB, Ghedin E, DePasse J, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Brugia malayi embryology, Computational Biology, Female, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins metabolism, Mutation, RNA, Helminth genetics, RNA, Messenger genetics, Transfection, Brugia malayi genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins chemistry, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins genetics, RNA, Spliced Leader, Trans-Splicing
Abstract: Many genes in parasitic nematodes are both cis- and trans-spliced. Previous studies have demonstrated that a 7nt element encoded in the first intron of the Brugia malayi 70kDa heat shock protein (BmHSP70) gene was necessary to permit trans-splicing of transgenic mRNAs in embryos transfected with constructs encoding portions of the BmHSP70 gene. Here we demonstrate that this element (the B. malayi HSP70 trans-splicing motif, or BmHSP70 TSM) is necessary and sufficient to direct trans-splicing of transgenic mRNAs derived from two genes naturally containing this motif. Mutations introduced into any position of the BmHSP70 TSM abrogated its ability to direct trans-splicing. Transgenic mRNAs derived from embryos transfected with constructs containing promoters and associated downstream domains from two normally trans-spliced genes that lack a BmHSP70 TSM homologue (the B. malayi 12kDa small subunit ribosomal protein (BmRPS12) gene and the B. malayi RNA-binding protein (BmRBP1) gene), were not trans-spliced. Transfer of the BmHSP70 TSM into the first intron of the BmRPS12 gene rendered it competent for trans-splicing. Insertion of the BmHSP70 TSM into the single intron of the BmRBP1 gene did not render it trans-splicing competent. However, tagged constructs of the full-length BmRBP1 gene were trans-splicing competent. An analysis of the first exons and introns of over 200 trans-spliced B. malayi genes found homologues for the BmHSP70 TSM in roughly 25%. Thus, while the BmHSP70 TSM is necessary and sufficient to direct trans-splicing in some genomic contexts, independent trans-splicing signals are employed by other genes.
Published: 2007
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16. Identification of elements essential for transcription in Brugia malayi promoters.

Author: Higazi TB, Deoliveira A, Katholi CR, Shu L, Barchue J, Lisanby M, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Base Sequence, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins genetics, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation genetics, Response Elements genetics, Brugia malayi genetics, Gene Expression Regulation genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Transcription, Genetic genetics
Abstract: Little is known concerning promoter structure in the filarial parasites. Recently, transient transfection methods have been developed for the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. These methods have been employed to localize the promoter for the 70kDa heat shock protein (BmHSP70) to a region extending 394nt upstream from the initiating codon of the BmHSP70 open reading frame. Replacement mutagenesis was used to define the elements necessary for BmHSP70 promoter activity in detail. Four domains, ranging in size from six to 22 nucleotides, were found to be necessary for full promoter activity. The two most distal domains encoded a binding site for the heat shock transcription factor and a putative binding site for the GAGA transcription factor, motifs that are found in many other HSP70 promoters. However, none of the essential domains contained sequences typical of cis elements that are usually found in the core domain of a eukaryotic promoter. The largest essential domain was located at positions -53 to -32, and included the splice leader addition site. These data suggest that the regulatory domains of the BmHSP70 promoter were similar to those found in other eukaryotes, but that the core promoter domain exhibited features that appeared to be distinct from those found in most other well-characterized eukaryotic promoters. An analysis of two additional promoters of B.malayi highly transcribed genes suggests that they also lack features commonly found in most eukaryotic core promoters, suggesting that the unique features of the BmHSP70 core promoter are not confined to this gene.
Published: 2005
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17. Wolbachia endosymbiont levels in severe and mild strains of Onchocerca volvulus.

Author: Higazi TB, Filiano A, Katholi CR, Dadzie Y, Remme JH, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, DNA, Bacterial analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Onchocerca volvulus isolation & purification, Onchocerca volvulus microbiology, Onchocerciasis, Ocular etiology, Symbiosis, Virulence, Wolbachia genetics, Onchocerca volvulus pathogenicity, Wolbachia physiology
Abstract: Epidemiological, clinical and genetic data have all suggested that the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of onchocerciasis (or river blindness) exists as two strains in West Africa. The severe strain induces severe ocular disease in a large proportion of the infected population, while the mild strain induces little ocular disease. Although DNA probes based upon a non-coding repeat sequence family can distinguish the two strains, the underlying basis for this difference in pathogenicity is not understood. Recently, several studies have implicated products produced by the Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacterium of O. volvulus in the pathogenesis of onchocerciasis. This suggested the hypothesis that differences in the Wolbachia endosymbiont population might be responsible for the pathogenic differences noted in the two strains. To test this hypothesis, quantitative PCR assays were used to measure the amount of Wolbachia DNA per nuclear genome in a collection of well characterized samples of mild and severe strain O. volvulus. The median ratio of Wolbachia DNA to nuclear DNA was significantly greater in severe strain parasites than in mild strain parasites. These data support the hypothesis that the pathogenic differences seen in severe and mild strain O. volvulus may be a function of their relative Wolbachia burden and provide additional support to the hypothesis that Wolbachia products may play a central role in the pathogenesis of ocular onchocerciasis.
Published: 2005
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18. Development and transfection of short-term primary cell cultures from Brugia malayi.

Author: Higazi TB, Shu L, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Cell Division, Cell Survival, Genes, Reporter, Green Fluorescent Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Brugia malayi cytology, Brugia malayi genetics, Cell Culture Techniques methods, Transfection
Published: 2004
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19. Intron encoded sequences necessary for trans splicing in transiently transfected Brugia malayi.

Author: Higazi TB and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Base Sequence, RNA, Helminth metabolism, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Transfection, Brugia malayi genetics, Introns, Trans-Splicing
Published: 2004
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20. Genetic heterogeneity in Loa loa parasites from southern Cameroon: A preliminary study.

Author: Higazi TB, Klion AD, Boussinesq M, and Unnasch TR
Abstract: Ivermectin (or Mectizan trade mark ) is widely used by onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis control programs worldwide. Generally, Mectizan trade mark is both safe and well tolerated. An exception to this general pattern is in some areas co-endemic for Onchocerca volvulus and Loa loa, where a number of severe adverse reactions to Mectizan trade mark have been noted in L. loa infected individuals. The vast majority of these severe adverse events have occurred in Southern Cameroon. This suggested the hypothesis that the parasites endemic to Southern Cameroon might form a distinct population that exhibited a phenotype of eliciting severe adverse reactions in Loa-infected individuals upon Mectizan trade mark exposure. To test this hypothesis, the DNA sequences of three potentially polymorphic loci were compared among L. loa parasites from Southern Cameroon and other endemic foci in Sub-Saharan Africa. Analysis of these data suggested that parasites from Southern Cameroon were at least as genetically diverse as those from other foci. Furthermore, no polymorphisms were noted that were unique to and shared among the parasite isolates from Southern Cameroon. Although a limited number of parasite isolates were tested, these results do not appear to support the hypothesis that L. loa parasites from Southern Cameroon represent a unique, genetically isolated population.
Published: 2004
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21. Angiogenic activity of an Onchocerca volvulus Ancylostoma secreted protein homologue.

Author: Higazi TB, Pearlman E, Whikehart DR, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Ancylostoma metabolism, Angiogenesis Inducing Agents chemistry, Angiogenesis Inducing Agents genetics, Animals, Base Sequence, Cattle, Cells, Cultured, Cloning, Molecular, Endothelial Growth Factors biosynthesis, Endothelium drug effects, Endothelium metabolism, Helminth Proteins chemistry, Helminth Proteins genetics, Humans, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins biosynthesis, Lymphokines biosynthesis, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymorphism, Genetic, Sequence Alignment, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Angiogenesis Inducing Agents pharmacology, Cornea blood supply, Helminth Proteins pharmacology, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Onchocerca volvulus genetics, Onchocerca volvulus metabolism
Abstract: Angiogenesis is an important step in the development of ocular onchocercaisis. In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that Onchocerca volvulus homologues of the Ancylostoma secreted protein family have pronounced angiogenic activity. The overall goal of the current study was to determine if this angiogenic effect is exerted through a direct or indirect mechanism. These studies focused on one member of this family, OvASP-2, as this protein is expressed in microfilaria, the stage of the parasite that causes ocular onchocercaisis. Clones encoding truncated and full length open reading frames were expressed as fusion proteins with Escherichia coli maltose binding protein (MBP), and angiogenic activity was compared in vitro and in vivo with MBP alone. Truncated constructs expressing only the first 105 amino acids of OvASP-2 were as active as the full length protein in inducing new blood vessel formation. The full length fusion protein did not stimulate proliferation or production of vascular endothelial growth factor in vascular endothelial cells in vitro, indicating that OvASP-2 does not directly stimulate angiogenesis. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the gene encoding OvASP-2 contained five introns. Sequence comparisons of the genomic loci from West African blinding and non-blinding strains of O. volvulus revealed that some polymorphism existed among the various isolates tested. However, none of these polymorphisms could be used to differentiate the parasite strains, suggesting that qualitative variation in OvASP-2 could not explain the difference in ocular pathogenic potential of the two parasite strains.
Published: 2003
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22. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis.

Author: Lee JH, Hassan H, Hill G, Cupp EW, Higazi TB, Mitchell CJ, Godsey MS Jr, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Alabama, Animal Feed, Animals, Base Sequence, Culex classification, DNA Primers, Genetic Variation, Humans, Insect Proteins genetics, Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Species Specificity, Culex genetics, Cytochrome b Group genetics, Songbirds parasitology
Abstract: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) heteroduplex assay (HDA) was developed to identify avian derived mosquito blood meals to the species level. The assay used primers amplifying a fragment of the cytochrome B gene from vertebrate but not invertebrate species. In Culex tarsalis fed on quail, PCR products derived from the quail cytochrome B gene were detected seven days post-engorgement. In an analysis of wild-caught mosquitoes, 85% of blood-fed mosquitoes produced detectable PCR products. Heteroduplex patterns obtained from bird-derived PCR products were found to permit the unambiguous identification of all species examined. No intraspecific variation in HDA patterns was found. The PCR-HDA was used to characterize blood meals in wild caught Cx. tarsalis. Of the 67 blood meals analyzed, 60% were derived from avian sources. Of the avian blood meals, 65% were derived from a single host, the common grackle.
Published: 2002
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23. Brugia malayi: transient transfection by microinjection and particle bombardment.

Author: Higazi TB, Merriweather A, Shu L, Davis R, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Base Sequence, Biolistics, Brugia malayi enzymology, Brugia malayi metabolism, DNA, Helminth chemistry, DNA, Helminth genetics, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Reporter, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Luciferases genetics, Luciferases metabolism, Luminescent Proteins genetics, Luminescent Proteins metabolism, Microinjections, Microspheres, Molecular Sequence Data, Plasmids genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 5S chemistry, RNA, Ribosomal, 5S genetics, RNA, Spliced Leader genetics, Brugia malayi genetics, Transfection methods
Abstract: To develop a method for the introduction of DNA into filarial parasites, several methods that have proven successful in other organisms were evaluated for their ability to transform Brugia malayi. Luciferase activity was detectable in embryos bombarded with gold particles coated with a construct consisting of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the 5S rRNA intergenic spacer (SL promoter). Similar results were seen in adult parasites and infective larvae bombarded with this construct, or in adult female parasites microinjected with the plasmid. In similar experiments employing the SL promoter driving a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter, expression of the reporter was detectable in the intrauterine embryos of the microinjected adult parasites, and in the sub-cuticular tissues of biolistically transfected adult female parasites. A similar pattern of GFP expression to that seen in the SL promoter construct transfected parasites was noted in parasites transfected with constructs consisting of the upstream domain derived from an aspartyl aminoacyl tRNA synthetase gene of B. malayi. The ability to transfect B. malayi embryos may provide a foundation for studies of the regulation of gene expression and function in these organisms., ((c) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).)
Published: 2002
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24. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan.

Author: Higazi TB, Katholi CR, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, Qubati YA, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Africa, Western, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Base Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Cluster Analysis, Consensus Sequence, DNA, Helminth chemistry, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Alignment, Sudan, Tandem Repeat Sequences, Yemen, Genetic Variation, Onchocerca volvulus genetics, Onchocerciasis parasitology
Abstract: Onchocerciasis in Sudan exists in three distinct foci which exhibit differing clinical presentations. Previous studies have demonstrated that a tandemly repeated Onchocerca sequence family with a unit repeat length of 150 bp (the O-150 family) is a useful marker for deducing relationships among different O. volvulus populations. In the current study, the O-150 repeat families of O. volvulus from Sudan were analyzed and compared to each other and to those of parasites from West Africa. Similar to West African and American O. volvulus, the O-150 families of the Sudanese parasites could be divided into clusters within which little or no intracluster variation was evident, suggesting that the O-150 family in these parasites was subject to the forces of concerted evolution. Statistical analysis of the O-150 families from the different Sudanese parasite isolates, employing a nested algorithm based on an analysis of variance, revealed that O. volvulus endemic to the northern focus at Abu Hamed were significantly different from all other O. volvulus populations examined to date. In contrast, parasites from the southern and eastern foci of Sudan were indistinguishable from those endemic to the West African savanna. The significance of these data are discussed in light of knowledge of the biogeography and biology of transmission of O. volvulus in Africa., (Copyright 2001 Academic Press.)
Published: 2001
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25. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan.

Author: Higazi TB, Boakye DA, Wilson MD, Mahmoud BM, Baraka OZ, Mukhtar MM, and Unnasch TR
Subjects: Animals, Classification, Female, Genes, Insect, Humans, NADH Dehydrogenase genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S analysis, Simuliidae enzymology, Simuliidae genetics, Sudan, Simuliidae classification
Abstract: The northernmost focus for Onchocerca volvulus Leuckhart (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), the causative agent of human onchocerciasis, is found along the Nile near the town of Abu Hamed in Sudan. The vector for O. volvulus at this focus is a single monomorphic population of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum Theobald. This black fly population is limited to a small area between the fourth and fifth cataracts of the Nile River that is isolated geographically from all other populations of S. damnosum sensu lato. Phylogenies produced from cytological analyses and sequence data derived from the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 and 16S rRNA genes indicate that Abu Hamed black flies are similar to, but distinct from, the savanna-dwelling sibling species of S. damnosum s.l., Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu strictu Theobald, and S. (Edwardsellum) sirbanum Vajime & Dunbar. The DNA sequence and the cytological data support the hypothesis that the black fly population present in Abu Hamed may represent a new sibling species of S. damnosum s.l. We propose that this population be informally designated as the hamedense form of the Simulium damnosum complex.
Published: 2000
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25 results on '"Higazi TB"'

1. Chemotherapy in the treatment, control, and elimination of human onchocerciasis

2. The prevalence of onchocerciasis in Africa and Yemen, 2000-2018: a geospatial analysis

3. Burden of vision loss in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

4. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

5. Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.

6. The positive influence the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas has had on Africa programs.

7. Assessment of Immunization to Hepatitis B Vaccine among Children under Five Years in Rural Areas of Taiz, Yemen.

8. The First Confirmed Elimination of an Onchocerciasis Focus in Africa: Abu Hamed, Sudan.

9. Seasonal Variation in Biting Rates of Simulium damnosum sensu lato, Vector of Onchocerca volvulus, in Two Sudanese Foci.

10. The impact of Merowe Dam on Simulium hamedense vector of onchocerciasis in Abu Hamed focus - Northern Sudan.

11. Interruption of Onchocerca volvulus transmission in the Abu Hamed focus, Sudan.

12. Biolistic transformation of Brugia malayi.

13. Polymerase chain reaction pool screening used to compare prevalence of infective black flies in two onchocerciasis foci in northern Sudan.

14. Use of interactive live digital imaging to enhance histology learning in introductory level anatomy and physiology classes.

15. Sequences necessary for trans-splicing in transiently transfected Brugia malayi.

16. Identification of elements essential for transcription in Brugia malayi promoters.

17. Wolbachia endosymbiont levels in severe and mild strains of Onchocerca volvulus.

18. Development and transfection of short-term primary cell cultures from Brugia malayi.

19. Intron encoded sequences necessary for trans splicing in transiently transfected Brugia malayi.

20. Genetic heterogeneity in Loa loa parasites from southern Cameroon: A preliminary study.

21. Angiogenic activity of an Onchocerca volvulus Ancylostoma secreted protein homologue.

22. Identification of mosquito avian-derived blood meals by polymerase chain reaction-heteroduplex analysis.

23. Brugia malayi: transient transfection by microinjection and particle bombardment.

24. Onchocerca volvulus: genetic diversity of parasite isolates from Sudan.

25. Cytotaxonomic and molecular analysis of Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum sensu lato (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Abu Hamed, Sudan.

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25 results on '"Higazi TB"'

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