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Kinesio taping is widely used in musculoskeletal conditions. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of kinesio taping in musculoskeletal disorders compared to other interventions. Twelve electronic databases were used for systemic search and data relevant to pain and disability were extracted. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018087606). Meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of kinesio taping to other modalities of musculoskeletal disorders. As a result, 36 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Kinesio taping was found to provide an improvement of both pain and disability when applied to any region of the body. In the first five days of application, kinesio taping significantly reduced the pain in all body regions (SMD = −0.63, 95%CI: −0.87, −0.39). This was also noted after four-to-six weeks of application (SMD = −0.76, 95%CI: −1.07, −0.45). When kinesio taping was used for disability in low back pain patients, it significantly reduced the disability within five days of application (SMD = −0.70, 95%CI: −1.29, −0.11). Finally, kinesio taping has shown an improvement of the disability in all body regions after four-to-six weeks of application (SMD = −0.59, 95%CI: −0.96, −0.22). Our findings support kinesio taping as an adjuvant to other treatments for musculoskeletal disorders. Abbreviations KT = Kinesio taping; MSK = musculoskeletal; SD = standard deviation; CR = conventional rehabilitation; NDI = Neck Disability Index; NPS = Numerical Pain Scale; CTM = Cervical Thrust Manipulation; PIR = Post-isometric muscle relaxation; NPRS Numerical Pain Rating Scale; OA = osteoarthritis; ROM = Range of motion; VAS = visual analogue scale; VAS-W = visual analogue scale-worst pain; VAS-U = visual analogue scale-usual pain; VAS-R = visual analogue scale-resting pain; VAS-A = visual analogue scale-activity pain; VAS-N = visual analogue scale-night pain; NPDS = Neck Pain Disability Scale; QA = Quality assessment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C26H32N2O4(M)·C2H4O2, (I), is the product of the Petrenko-Kritchenko condensation of N-propyl-piperidinone with 1,5-bis-(2-formyl-phen-oxy)-3-oxa-pentane and ammonium acetate. In M, the aza-14-crown-3-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation, with the configuration of the C-O-C-C -O-C-C-O-C polyether chain being t-g ((-))-t-t-g ((+))-t (t = trans, 180°; g = gauche, ±60°). The dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings fused to the aza-14-crown-4-ether moiety is 62.75 (5)°. The central piperidinone ring has a boat conformation, whereas the terminal piperidinone ring adopts a chair conformation. The boat conformation of the central piperidinone ring is supported by the bifurcated intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, each solvent mol-ecule is linked to mol-ecule M via strong O-H⋯N hydrogen bonding, forming hydrogen-bonded pairs of mol-ecules, which further inter-act through weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the ac plane.

The title compound, C40H41NO8, is a product of the reduction of the cyclic carbonyl group of the γ-piperidone subunit of the aza-14-crown-4 ether with subsequent re-esterification of its dimethyl butenoate substituent into a monoethyl monomethyl group. The aza-crown macrocycle exhibits a bowl conformation with a dihedral angle of 70.82 (5)° between the benzene rings fused to it. The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation and the methyl ethyl ethyl-enedi-carboxyl-ate fragment has a cis conformation, with a dihedral angle of 66.51 (7)° between the two carboxyl-ate groups. The ethyl group is disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.70 (1):0.30 (1). In the crystal, mol-ecules form inversion dimers, via pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, that stack along the a axis.

The title compound, C33H35N3O5, is the product of the multicomponent condensation of 1-benzyl-4-eth-oxy-carbonyl-piperidin-3-one with 1,5-bis-(2-formyl-phen-oxy)-3-oxapentane and ammonium acetate. The mol-ecule comprises a penta-cyclic system containing the aza-14-crown-4-ether macrocycle, tetra-hydro-pyrimidine, tetra-hydro-pyridine and two benzene rings. The aza-14-crown-4-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation with a dihedral angle of 62.37 (5)° between the benzene rings. The tetra-hydro-pyrimidine ring has an envelope conformation with the chiral C atom as the flap, whereas the tetra-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a distorted chair conformation. Two amino groups are involved in intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into layers parallel to the ab plane.

The title compound crystallizes as a chloro-form solvate, C(20)H(23)N(3)O(3)S·CHCl(3), with two crystallographically independent units. The independent units have distinctly different inter-action patterns between the aza-crown macrocycle and the chloro-form solvent mol-ecule. In one of them, the chloro-form mol-ecule forms C-H⋯N and Cl⋯H-C hydrogen bonds with the aza-crown macrocycle (as a proton donor and an acceptor, respectively), whereas in the other, one of the chloro-form mol-ecules is bound to the aza-crown macrocycle by an attractive Cl⋯O [3.080 (3) Å] inter-action. The aza-crown macrocycles of different units are structurally similar; the aza-14-crown-3-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation with dihedral angles between the planes of the fused benzene rings of 60.7 (1) and 68.0 (1)°. The triazinane-thione ring in both cases has a sofa conformation. The crystal packing is characterized by N-H⋯S, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(31)H(34)N(2)O(9), is a product of the Michael addition of the cyclic secondary amine subunit of the (bis-pidino)aza-14-crown-4 ether to dimethyl acetyl-ene-dicarboxyl-ate. The mol-ecule comprises a tricyclic system containing the aza-14-crown-3 ether macrocycle and two six-membered piperidinone rings. The aza-14-crown-3-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation with a dihedral angle between the planes of the fused benzene rings of 51.14 (5)°. The central piperidone ring has a boat conformation, whereas the terminal piperidone ring adopts a chair conformation. The dimethyl ethyl-enedicarboxyl-ate fragment has a cis configuration with a dihedral angle of 56.56 (7)° between the two carboxyl-ate groups. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(25)H(28)N(2)O(5), is a product of the Petrenko-Kritchenko condensation of N-acetyl-piperidone with 1,5-bis-(2-formyl-phen-oxy)-3-oxapentane and ammonium acetate. The mol-ecule comprises a fused penta-cyclic system containing an aza-14-crown-3-ether macrocycle, two piperidone and two benzene rings. The aza-14-crown-3-ether ring adopts a bowl conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings fused to the aza-14-crown-4-ether unit is 70.18 (4)°. The central piperidone ring has a boat conformation, whereas the terminal piperidone ring adopts a chair conformation. The conformation of the central piperidone ring is determined by two intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions into chains along [010].

The title compound, C(29)H(33)NO(8), is a product of the Michael addition of the cyclic secondary amine subunit of the aza-14-crown-4 ether to dimethyl acetyl-enedicarboxyl-ate. The piperidinone ring exhibits a distorted chair conformation, and the dimethyl ethylenedicarboxylate fragment has a cis configuration with a dihedral angle of 78.96 (5)° between the two carboxyl-ate groups. The crystal packing is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

The title compound, C(39)H(37)NO(8), is a product of the Michael addition of the cyclic secondary amine subunit of aza-14-crown-4 ether to dimethyl acetyl-enedicarboxyl-ate. The piperidinone ring exhibits a distorted chair conformation and the dimethyl acetyl-enedicarboxyl-ate fragment has a cis configuration with a dihedral angle of 56.61 (5)° between the two carboxyl-ate groups. The crystal packing is stabilized by the weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.