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We propose a new taxonomic arrangement for the South American species of Hierochloe sect. Monoecia, based on a recently published study combining morphological, molecular and cytological data. Only four out of the eight commonly accepted species of this section (H. pusilla, H. juncifolia, H. quebrada and H. redolens pro parte) are recognised using both phylogenetic (apomorphic) and phenetic species concepts. The four remaining species (H. altissima, H. gunckelii, H. spicata and H. utriculata) are reduced to varieties of the widespread H. redolens due to weak molecular, macro- and micromorphological differentiation. These varieties are presented here as new taxonomical combinations: H. redolens var. gunckelii, H. redolens var. spicata, H. redolens var. utriculata and H. redolens var. altissima. Lectotypes are designated for the names H. pusilla, H. juncifolia, H. redolens var. utriculata, and H. redolens var. altissima.

The study was undertaken to investigate the usability of Hierochloe Odarata fibers as a novel reinforcement for polymeric composites. The fibers were extracted from Hierochloe Odarata plant, which is cultivated in Uzunalan, canakkale which is in the western part of Turkey. The cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents of Hierochloe Odarata fibers were obtained as 70.4, 21.5, and 8.1%, respectively. The oxygen/carbon ratio of 0.48 may indicate the hydrophilic surface structure of Hierochloe Odarata fibers. The crystallinity index of these Hierochloe Odarata fibers was determined as 63.8% according to the Segal formula. Hierochloe Odarata has 105.7 MPa maximum tensile strength, 2.56 GPa Young's modulus and 2.4% maximum breaking elongation. The maximum degradation temperature and the char yield of the fibers were obtained as 352 degrees C and 12.5%, respectively. After physical and chemical properties were characterized in the study, it was concluded that Hierochloe Odarata fibers can be an alternative sustainable material for polymer-based composites as potential reinforcement. Graphic abstract

4.2. Hierochloe redolens var. gunckelii (Parodi 1941: 197) Lema, Sahuquillo & Pimentel comb. nov. Basionym: Hierochloe gunckelii Parodi (1941: 197). Type: CHILE. [Cultivated in the Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Agronomía de Buenos Aires] Valdivia Province, Corral (Amargos), Sept. 1940, L.H. Gunckell s.n. (holotype: BAA-00000183 digital image!; isotypes: BAA-00000296 digital image!, Kn.v., SI n.v.). Homotypic names: Anthoxanthum gunckelii (Parodi) Veldkamp in Schouten & Veldkamp (1985: 348). Anthoxanthum redolens (Vahl) P. Royen var. gunckelii (Parodi) N. Villalobos & Finot (2019: 124). Description: Robust plant, (50) 100–150 cm. Ligules obtuse. Leaf-blades (15)25–35(50) cm × 5–7(11) mm, convolute, scabrous adaxially and glabrous, scaberulous or scabrous abaxially. Panicle 10–25 × 1.5–3 cm, open or slightly contracted, lanceolate, equilateral or nodding. Lower branches 5–7 cm long, geminate. Panicle branches pubescent, without spikelets in the lower third. Spikelets 5.5–7 mm, cuneate. Glumes ovate, 3-veined. Lower glume 4–6 mm; upper glume 5–7 mm. Lemma of male florets 5–7 mm, elliptic or oblong, papyraceous. Midvein and margins of the lemma scabrous, eciliate or ciliolate. Awn of lower male floret 0.3–1.5 mm, subterminally inserted. Awn of upper male floret 1.5–2 mm, straight, dorsally inserted. Lemma of apical female floret 4.3–4.8 mm, membranaceous, scabrous. Midvein eciliate or ciliolate. Leaf anatomy: Long cells 180–250 μm. Stomata in adaxial surface. Hooks present but scarce. Bulliform cells absent. Leaf section open with 30–45 quadrangular ribs (Figure 1. D). Habitat: Sandy or dry soils in coastal areas (De Paula 1975, Sede 2012). Distribution: Grows in Central-South Chile (from Biobio to Los Lagos, including Chiloe Island) and Central Argentina (Rio Negro) (De Paula 1975, Sede 2012). Genome size and DNA-ploidy levels: 2C = 19.06–19.64 pg, 6 x. Phenology: September–January. Specimens examined:— CHILE. Los Lagos Region: Chiloe Province: Isla de Chiloe, Caleta Compu, next to church. Meadow near the sea, behind a formation dominated by Puccinellia glaucescens and Salicornia sp., 13 m, S 42º 52.300’ W 073º 42.086’, 17 January 2014, E. Sahuquillo & M. Pimentel s.n. (SANT-73538).

4. Hierochloe redolens (Vahl 1791: 102) Roemer & Schultes (1817: 514). Basionym: Holcus redolens Vahl (1791: 102). Type:— ARGENTINA. Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur: Habitat in Tierra del Fuego. Vahl (1791) (holotype: C10017002 digital image!). Homotypic names: Avena redolens (Vahl) Persoon (1805: 100), Torresia redolens (Vahl) Roemer & Schultes (1817: 516), Hierochloe antarctica var. redolens (Vahl) Brongniart (1829 [1833]: 144), Anthoxanthum redolens (Vahl) P. Royen (1979: 1185). Description: Stems (25)40–200(300) cm. Robust, 3–5 nodes.Ligules triangular or obtuse.Leaf-blades flat or convolute, glabrous, pubescent, scaberulous or scabrous; apex acuminate. Panicle spiciform, slightly contracted or open, linear or lanceolate, interrupted or not, narrowing to the apex. Rhachis glabrous, pubescent, scaberulous or scabrous. Spikelets 5–14 mm long, usually cuneate or, in some species, oblong, without rhachilla extension. Glumes lanceolate or ovate, 1-keeled, 1- or 3-veined, with apex acute or obtuse. Glumes shorter, equal or larger than the florets. Lemma of male florets, membranaceous or papyraceous, 5-veined, awned, with awns apically or subapically inserted. Lemma of apical female floret ovate, unkeeled, 5-veined; muticous, mucronated or awned. Leaf anatomy: Leaf surface with long cells type I3 and short cells S5. Stomata in the adaxial or in both surfaces. Hooks sometimes present but usually scarce. Cilia absent. Bulliform cells present or absent. Leaf section open, with quadrangular ribs or alternate quadrangular and triangular ribs. Median vascular bundle sheath complete and midrib not differentiated. Subepidermal sclerenchyma discontinuous adaxially and continuous or discontinuous abaxially, concurring with the vascular bundles. Genome size and DNA-ploidy levels: 2C = 13.28 pg, 4 x (one specimen of H. redolens var. spicata); 2C = 16.89–20.42 pg, 6 x, and 2C = 27.04–27.43 pg, 12 x (three specimens of H. redolens var. altissima). Habitat: Sandy soils in coastal areas and riverbanks and wet meadows, 0–3850 m a.s.l. (De Paula 1975, Sede 2012). Distribution: Disjunct distribution in South America: from Venezuela to Peru and from central Chile and Argentina to Falkland Islands. Tropical-alpine at low latitudes (De Paula 1975, Sede 2012). Populations from SE Asia, Australia and New Zealand, traditionally included in H. redolens, are clearly differentiated using plastid and nuclear DNA markers (Pimentel et al. 2013) and are, therefore, not considered here. We agree with De Paula (1975) that the name H. redolens should be restricted to South American populations of the species., Published as part of Lema-Suárez, Irene, Sahuquillo, Elvira & Pimentel, Manuel, 2021, A revision of Hierochloe sect. Monoecia (Anthoxanthinae, Pooideae, Poaceae), pp. 92-104 in Phytotaxa 478 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5413006, {"references":["Vahl, M. (1791) Symbolae Botanicae, Vol. 2. N. Moller et filius, Copenhagen. 102 pp.","Roemer, J. J. & Schultes, J. A. (1817) Systema Vegetabilium. Vol. 2. J. G. Cottae, Stuttgart. 964 pp.","Persoon, C. H. (1805) Synopsis Plantarum. Vol. 1. C. F. Cramer, Paris. 546 pp.","Brongniart, A. T. de (1829) Phanerogamie. In: Duperrey, L. M. I. (Ed.) Voyage autour du monde. Botanique. A. Bertrand, Paris. 232 pp.","Royen, P. (1979) The alpine flora of New Guinea. Vol. 2. J. Cramer, Vaduz. 1232 pp.","De Paula, M. E. (1975) Las especies del genero Hierochloe (Gramineae) de Argentina y Chile. Darwiniana 19: 422 - 457.","Sede, S. (2012) Anthoxanthum. In: Anton, A. M. & Zuloaga, F. O. (Eds.) Flora Vascular de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 3 (II). Monocotyledoneae. Poaceae: Pooideae. Graficamente Ediciones, Cordoba. Available from: www. floraargentina. edu. ar (accessed 25 May 2017)","Pimentel, M., Sahuquillo, E., Torrecilla, Z., Popp, M., Catalan, P. & Brochmann, C. (2013) Hybridization and long-distance colonization at different time scales: towards resolution of long-term controversies in the sweet vernal grasses (Anthoxanthum). Annals of Botany 112: 1015 - 1030. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mct 170"]}

3. Hierochloe quebrada Connor & Renvoize (2009: 728). Type: — PERU. Department of Ancash: Ancash, 37 km east of Yungay, steep rocky slopes with shrubs and small trees, 4200 m a.s.l., 5 April 1988, S.A. Renvoize & S. Laegaard 5079 (holotype: K n.v.; isotypes: MO-04945250 digital image!, AAU n.v.). Description: Stems 60–100 cm. Caespitose, densely clumped, glabrous. Leaf-sheaths 10–20 cm, usually shorter than the internodes, ringed, scabrid. Ligules erose. Leaf-blades 20–40 cm × 5–10 mm, flat, coriaceous, stiff, ridged, scabrous and with the apex acute or acuminate. Panicle 10–20 × 1 cm, spiciform, linear. Rhachis scaberulous, branches puberulous. Spikelets 5–8.5 mm, linear to linear-ovate. Glumes ovate, scarious, 1–3-nerved, 1-keeled, glabrous, acute and often with a violet tinge. Lower glume 4.5–6.2 mm. Upper glume 5–6.5 mm. Lemmas of male florets elliptic, and with dorsally inserted awns. Lemma of lower male floret 4.5–6.1 mm; awn 0.2–1.5 mm, straight. Lemma of upper male floret 4.2–5.9 mm; awn 3–6.6 mm, geniculate. Lemma of apical female floret 3.4–4.5 mm, ovate, membranaceous, brown, shiny, 1-keeled, 3-veined and scaberulous on the central vein. Leaf anatomy: Long cells 110 μm. Stomata (37.5 μm) and bulliform cells present in the adaxial epidermis, the former only at the bottom of grooves. Leaf section with approximately 18 quadrangular ribs. Median vascular bundle sheath complete and midrib not clearly differentiated. Subepidermal sclerenchyma continuous adaxially and abaxially. Genome size and DNA-ploidy level: 2C = 18.87 pg, 6 x. Habitat: Grassland on steep granitic and derived soils. 4000–4600 m a.s.l. (Connor & Renvoize 2009). Distribution: Central Andes of Peru, in Ancash region (Connor & Renvoize 2009). Phenology: March–April. Specimens examined:— PERU. Department of Ancash: Recuay Prov.: Cordillera Blanca, 35 km NE of Catac on road towards Chavin de Huantar, 4140 m a.s.l., large granitic boulders with Polylepis and Buddleja, 21 March 1997, P.M. Peterson & N. Refulio Rodriguez 13844 (US-3423081)., Published as part of Lema-Suárez, Irene, Sahuquillo, Elvira & Pimentel, Manuel, 2021, A revision of Hierochloe sect. Monoecia (Anthoxanthinae, Pooideae, Poaceae), pp. 92-104 in Phytotaxa 478 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5413006, {"references":["Connor, H. E. & Renvoize, S. A. (2009) Hierochloe quebrada (Poaceae), a new species from Peru and notes on floral biology in South American species. Kew Bulletin 64: 727 - 734. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12225 - 009 - 9167 - 6"]}

4.3. Hierochloe redolens var. spicata (Parodi 1941: 196) Lema, Sahuquillo & Pimentel comb. nov. Basionym: Hierochloe spicata Parodi (1941: 196). Type: — CHILE. Magallanes, R.A. Philippi s.n. (holotype: BAA-00000185 digital image! ex herb. Parodi no. 13646; isotype: US n.v.). Homotypic names: Anthoxanthum spicatum (Parodi) Veldkamp in Schouten & Veldkamp (1985: 349). Description: Perennial grass, 100–130 cm, culms 3–4-noded. Leaf-sheaths shorter than the internodes. Ligules triangular. Leaf-blades 23–35 cm × 8–10 mm wide, glabrous. Panicle up to 15 × 1–1.5 cm wide, spiciform, continuous or interrupted. Lower branches adpressed, geminate. Rhachis glabrous. Spikelets 6–7 mm, cuneate. Glumes lanceolate. Lower glume 5.5 mm long, reaching the apex of the florets, 1-veined. Upper glume 6.5 mm, exceeding the apex of the florets, 3-veined lemma of male florets 5 mm, oblong, papyraceous, truncate or obtuse. Awn 1–1.5 mm, subapically inserted. Lemma of lower male floret scaberulous, scabrous above, ciliate on midvein and ciliolate on margins, 1- keeled, 5-veined, dark brown. Lemma of upper male floret scabrous, ciliolate on margins. Lemma of apical female floret up to 4 mm, membranaceous, pubescent. Leaf anatomy: Long cells up to 190 μm. Stomata in adaxial surface up to 45 μm. Bulliform cells present. Leaf section with numerous alternate quadrangular and triangular ribs. Habitat: Sandy soils in coastal areas, 15–20 m a.s.l. (De Paula 1975). Distribution: Present only in Chile (from Araucania to Magallanes) (De Paula 1975). Genome size and DNA-ploidy levels: 2C = 13.28 pg, 4 x. Phenology: no dates. Specimens examined:— CHILE. Araucania Region: Cautin: Temuco 1923 (US-1189418). Observations: Villalobos et al. (2019) indicated that this taxon should be kept as a species based on the digital image of the type and on previous descriptions by Parodi (1941) and De Paula (1975). However, according to Villalobos et al. (l.c.), all the specimens assigned to this taxon by De Paula (1975) correspond to H. gunckelii. In addition to this, molecular analyses by Lema-Suárez et al. (2018) placed H. spicata in an unresolved clade with all the other varieties of H. redolens., Published as part of Lema-Suárez, Irene, Sahuquillo, Elvira & Pimentel, Manuel, 2021, A revision of Hierochloe sect. Monoecia (Anthoxanthinae, Pooideae, Poaceae), pp. 92-104 in Phytotaxa 478 (1) on pages 99-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5413006, {"references":["Parodi, L. R. (1941) Revision de las gramineas sudamericanas del genero Hierochloe. Revista del Museo de La Plata (N. S.) 3 (14): 183 - 212.","Schouten, Y. & Veldkamp, J. F. (1985) A revision of Anthoxanthum including Hierochloe (Gramineae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 30 (2): 319 - 351.","De Paula, M. E. (1975) Las especies del genero Hierochloe (Gramineae) de Argentina y Chile. Darwiniana 19: 422 - 457.","Villalobos, N., Finot, V., Ruiz, E., Penailillo, P. & Collado, G. (2019) Estudio morfometrico y taxonomico de las especies nativas chilenas del genero Anthoxanthum (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Anthoxanthinae). Darwiniana, Nueva Serie 7: 93 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.14522 / darwiniana. 2019.71.822","Lema-Suarez, I., Sahuquillo, E., Estevez, G., Loureiro, J., Castro, S. & Pimentel, M. (2018) A taxonomic and evolutionary review of the South American Hierochloe sect. Monoecia Connor (Poaceae; Anthoxanthinae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 186: 389 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / botlinnean / box 102"]}

The second part of the publication series on the istributions of vascular plants in the Czech Republic includes grid maps of 87 taxa of the genera Antennaria, Aposeris, Astragalus, Avenula, Bidens, Carex, Cenchrus, Centunculus, Convallaria, Crocus, Cryptogramma, Cyperus, Dryopteris, Gladiolus, Gratiola, Helictochloa, Hierochloe, Lindernia, Maianthemum, Myriophyllum, Notholaena, Nymphoides, Radiola, Schoenoplectus, Sisyrinchium, Spergularia, Tillaea, Veratrum and Veronica. The maps were produced by taxonomic experts based on all available herbarium, literature and field records. The plants studied include 56 taxa registered in the Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic, some of which showed remarkable declines. Spatial and temporal dynamics of individual species are shown in maps and documented by records included in the Pladias database and available in Electronic appendices. The maps are accompanied by comments, which include additional information on distribution, habitats, taxonomy and biology of the species.

The study examined plant remains from the Smólsk 2/10 site, situated on the border of two different landscapes and preserving traces of Neolithic occupation from several cultures: Early Linear Pottery culture (LBK, ca 5300-5200 cal. BC to ca 5000 cal. BC). Stroke Band Pottery culture (SBP, ca 4700-4400 cal. BC), the Brześć Kujawski group of Lengyel culture (BKG, ca 4500-4000/3900 cal. BC), Funnel Beaker culture (TRB, ca 3950-3380 BC), and also some features of the Lusatian culture (Hallstatt C, ca 970-790 cal. BC).Mostly hulled wheat remains (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum) were found in the LBK, SBP, and BKG cultures; they were completely absent in younger cultures (TRB, Lusatian), where barley remains appeared. Among other plants the most numerous were remains of small-grain grasses (mostly cf. Hierochloë type), feather grass (Stipa sp.), wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus), and goosefoot (Chenopodium album type), but the plant remains are relatively scarce.The archaeobotanical data obtained from the site supplement data from neighbouring Osłonki to the west and Wolica Nowa to the north-west. The differences between those microregions are reflected mostly in the earlier appearance of feather grass (Stipa sp.) in the Smólsk area as well as the higher quantity of crop chaff remains in the Osłonki area, but their random occurrence, along with the fragmentariness of the archaeological data, must be taken into account. However, intentional introduction of feather grass by the first Neolithic settlers in eastern Kuyavia cannot be excluded. The relatively high proportion of small-grain grasses, usually interpreted as traces of fodder, together with the scarcity of crop remains at the Wolica Nowa site, suggests that the site was connected more with animal husbandry than with agriculture. On the other hand, the small-grain grasses at Smólsk are represented mainly by a large number of non-weedy grass (cf. Hierochloë type) grains from the crop sample, which cannot be explained in a simple way.A comparison of the anthracological data from the Osłonki and Smólsk microregions reveals differences in woodland management and differences between the local environments. Pine wood was more accessible at Smólsk than at Osłonki, due to local landscape characteristics.

Background and aims Repeated hybridization and/or polyploidization confound classification and phylogenetic inference, and multiple colonizations at different time scales complicate biogeographical reconstructions. This study investigates whether such processes can explain long-term controversies in Anthoxanthum, and in particular its debated relationship to the genus Hierochloe, the evolution of its conspicuously diverse floral morphology, and the origins of its strikingly disjunct occurrences. A hypothesis for recurrent polyploid formation is proposed. Methods Three plastid (trnH-psbA, trnT-L and trnL-F) and two nuclear (ITS, ETS) DNA regions were sequenced in 57 accessions of 17 taxa (including 161 ETS clones) and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Divergence times were inferred in *BEAST using a strict molecular clock. Key results Anthoxanthum was inferred as monophyletic and sister to one species of Hierochloe based on the plastid data, whereas the nuclear data suggested that one section (Anthoxanthum section Anthoxanthum) is sister to a clade including the other section (Anthoxanthum section Ataxia) as sister to the genus Hierochloe. This could explain the variation in floral morphology; the aberrant characters in Ataxia seem to result from a Miocene hybridization event between one lineage with one fertile and two sterile florets (the Anthoxanthum lineage) and one which probably had three fertile florets as in extant Hierochloe. The distinct diploid A. gracile lineage originated in the Miocene; all other speciation events, many of them involving polyploidy, were dated to the Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. Africa was apparently colonized twice in the Late Pliocene (from the north to afro-alpine eastern Africa, and from south-east Asia to southern Africa), whereas Macaronesia was colonized much later (Late Pleistocene) by a diploid Mediterranean lineage. The widespread European tetraploid A. odoratum originated at least twice. Conclusions Many of the controversies in Anthoxanthum can be explained by recurring hybridization and/or polyploidization on time scales ranging from the Miocene to the Late Pleistocene. All but one of the extant species shared most recent common ancestors in the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. The disjunct occurrences in Africa originated in the Late Pliocene via independent immigrations, whereas Macaronesia was colonized in the Late Pleistocene.

Greater soil nutrients are thought to increase graminoid tolerance to herbivory (within-season regrowth following herbivore damage) by enabling new growth in response to defoliation, but these responses vary among graminoid species. We studied how two arctic graminoids, Eriophorum vaginatum (L.) in moist acidic tussock (MAT) tundra and Hierochloe alpina (Roem. & Schult.) in dry heath (DH) tundra, tolerate both experimental and natural herbivory when fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilization reduced the tolerance and recovery (regrowth in subsequent years) of defoliated Eriophorum relative to plants growing without fertilization. In contrast, fertilized Hierochloe plants regrew well following defoliation. These opposing results may be due to differential abilities of these two species to access other resources in MAT and DH when fertilized. Herbivory may be affecting access to light of Eriophorum in the more productive, closed canopy MAT, in spite of its ability to grow bigger when fertilized. Hierochloe may not face such a limitation in the more open DH community. Alternatively, the different responses between these two species could be caused by environmental differences between the two communities. Regardless, our results suggest that although high tolerance is thought to be a functional characteristic of graminoids, tolerance to herbivory varies within and between species with soil nutrient availability and thus caution must be exercised in predicting responses to herbivory within this plant growth form.

Hierochloe quebrada, Anthoxanthinae, Aveneae, Poaceae, of steep, tropicalpine granitic ravines in northern Peru is described as new; plants had formerly been referred to H. juncifolia but differ from that southern South American species especially in a shorter lemma with long white ascending marginal hairs, and the lemma of the middle floret with a compound awn inserted mid-point, with a long, brown, twisting colum bearing, inflexed or reflexed, a straw-coloured, straight, equally long arista; the flat leaf-blade is deeply grooved adaxially with simple furrows, and lacks a prominent midrib; ecologically H. quebrada on steep tropicalpine granitic soils to 4600 m is in contrast to H. juncifolia of temperate southern latitudes on volcanic, stony, or sandy soils to about 1750 m. Monoecism is exclusive to all species of Hierochloe in South America; pathways towards its evolution are outlined.

An attempt is made to throw light upon the lexicology and etymology of some common species of grass and bamboo that are widely grown for forage and other agricultural purposes in Russia. The main species studied are Lolium or ryegrass, Bromus or brome grass, Festuca or fescue, Poa or meadow grass, Phleum or timothy grass, Agrostis or bent grass, Alopecurus or foxtail, or Calamagrostis or small reed, Phalaris or canary grass, Hierochloe or holy grass, Euchlaena (Zea) mexicana or teosinte, Phragmites or reed, Stipa or needle grass, Phyllostachys, and Bambusa or bamboo. The conclusion is drawn that Russian popular plant nomenclature is very different from the botanical binomial nomenclature used by plant scientists. A marked characteristic of the popular nomenclature is that the same name can be applied to different plants, sometimes simply because they resemble one another. For example, can denote both timothy (Phleum pratense) and marsh foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus). The scientific nomenclature,...

Karyotypes are presented for Hierochloe australis 2n= 14, H. repens 2n = 28 + 2B, H. odorata ssp. odorata 2n = 28 and ssp. baltica 2n = 42, H. hirta ssp. hirta 2n = 56 and ssp. arctica 2n = 56, H. alpina ssp. alpina 2n = 56 and ssp. orthantha 2n = 58 and 63. Individual chromosomes could generally not be identified. Most chromosomes are metacentric. Only a few submetacentric chromosomes were observed, and one subtelocentric marker chromosome was found in a structurally heterozygous H. alpina ssp. orthantha plant.

The chromosome numbers of 65 plants of Hierochloe alpina (Willd.) Roemer and Schultes ssp. alpina from 12 populations ranged from 64 to 78. Thirteen different karyotypes were represented. Most chromosomes were metacentric, but subtelocentric and telocentric markers occurred in some populations. Phenotypic variation in chromatographically obtained spot patterns was found. Apomixis previously found in the taxon is presumed to be facultative. H. alpina ssp. alpina from other parts of the area of distribution than northern Scandinavia is not known to be cytologically variable to this extent, nor are other taxa of Hierochloe. The origin and geographic distribution of cytologic aberrancy and its possible evolutionary and phytogeographical implications are discussed.

The genus Anthoxanthum s.I. (including Hierochloe) (Poaceae, Pooideae, Aveneae) comprises 35-50 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Anthoxanthum alpinum was described as a diploid perennial that is distributed in northern Eurasia and in the high mountains of central and eastern Europe. Difficulties in finding reliable morphological differences between this taxon and the widespread tetraploid A. odoratum have resulted in taxonomists treating them as conspecific, despite the cytological differentiation. The purpose of this study was to provide information that may help clarify the relationships between these taxa. Macromorphologial, micromorphological, and anatomical data were gathered and analyzed for 14 populations representing both taxa from Scandinavia and the Iberian Peninsula. Statistical analyses were carried out to identify the most useful characters for taxonomy. The relationships among samples were based on different similarity coefficients and summarized using UPGMA clustering methods. The results show that geography has more statistical weight than ploidy level in explaining the relatedness among individuals and populations. A strong correlation between leaf micromorphological/anatomical characters and environmental parameters was detected. The results of the analyses do not support recognition of A. alpinum as a distinct species.

Hierochloe australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult., 2 n =14: 1, Quintinar & al. (2007), DQ631447.1., Published as part of Voshell, Stephanie M., Baldini, Riccardo M., Kumar, Rohit, Tatalovich, Nicholas & Hilu, Khidir W., 2011, Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, polyploidy and floret evolution, pp. 1306-1316 in Taxon 60 (5) on page 1316, DOI: 10.1002/tax.605007, http://zenodo.org/record/5678778

Hierochloe equiseta Zotov, 2 n = 14: 1, Gardner & al. (unpub.), AY705901.1., Published as part of Voshell, Stephanie M., Baldini, Riccardo M., Kumar, Rohit, Tatalovich, Nicholas & Hilu, Khidir W., 2011, Canary grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, polyploidy and floret evolution, pp. 1306-1316 in Taxon 60 (5) on page 1316, DOI: 10.1002/tax.605007, http://zenodo.org/record/5678778

Neolithic settlements in the Kujawy region of central Poland are represented by seven archaeological sites which have botanical material archaeologically dated to the Linear Pottery culture (LBK) (ca. 5400-5000 cal. B.C.) and the Lengyel culture (ca. 4400-4000 cal. B.C.). The composition of plant remains suggests that Stipa pennata s.l. played a certain role in the economy of the Neolithic settlers. The presence of this xerothermic grass is best explained by local gathering rather than distant transport or coming into the sediment by chance. The finding of Hierochloe cf. australis grains represents the first identification of this plant in archaeobotanical material from Poland. This, now rare, plant contains coumarin and for this reason could have been useful in prehistory. Other plants such as Bromus spp., Chenopodium album type, Fallopia convolvulus and Galium spp. were found in large quantities, and although common weeds now, they could also have been collected by the Neolithic settlers. Plants such as Corylus avellana and Vaccinium vitis-idaea that are typically considered to be collected as foods are present in the studied material but in very small quantities.

Bibliography: p. 160-170., This thesis is a study of contemporary practices and ritual attitudes in relation to the use of sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata) in two research populations: natives from the Northern Plains and "new agers ". Ethnographic observations on usage and ritual are reported; personal experiences and beliefs are recorded in the users' own words. Despite the similarities between neophyte practitioners and long-experienced adepts in both populations, the users' characterizations of the meaning of their actions reveals a systematic difference in "ritual attitude ". Natives' accounts seem to be predicated on "metaphoric" symbolic connections, (their behavior in relation to sweetgrass usage constrained by a sense of tradition). By contrast, new agers' accounts seem to reveal a "metonymic" pattern of relating symbols to one another, and a willingness to syncretize and to innovate personal meanings. This leads to the conclusion that the culturally common "element" of sweetgrass performs significantly different "symbolic work" in native and white contexts.

Four species of Hierochloe R.Br. occur in Australia, with the following three of them endemic: H. fraseri Hook.f. in Tasmania, H. submutica F.Muell. restricted to high alpine sites in south-eastern states, and H. rariflora Hook.f. in three eastern states. The fourth, H. redolens (Vahl) Roemer et Schultes, occurs on the eastern mainland and in Tasmania. Three species are regularly andromonoecious, a pattern common to species in both northern and southern hemispheres; however, Tasmanian H. fraseri is an exception in which, in addition to andromonoecism, male sterility in the two lower florets of the spikelet is not uncommon and produces a mixed floral biology. Compared with other departures from andromonoecism, this is a novel condition in the genus, with its genetic control and its reproductive significance unknown.

Lists were made of the vascular plant species associated with Hierochloe australis (5 localities), H. odorata ssp. odorata (79 localities), H. odorata ssp. baltica (20 localities), H. hirta ssp. hirta (17 localities), H. hirta ssp. arctica (53 localities) and H. alpina ssp. alpina (5 localities). The localities were classified by the TABORD computer program to produce phytosociological tables. An ordination of localities and of selected species was also made using the ORDINA program. Significant groups of species were distinguished by using Fisher's exact test of probability. All the H. australis localities were in mixed forests. In general, the natural habitats of H. odorata spp. odorata are fens and grasslands in the mountains and on the seashores of Scandinavia, those of H. odorata ssp. baltica are on brackish-water shores of the Baltic, those of H. hirta ssp. hirta on sandy or gravelly river banks and lake-shores, and those of H. hirta ssp. arctica are on fens and grasslands in the northern boreal forests. These latter four taxa occur, in addition, in various anthropogenic, or semi-natural, disturbed and/or unstable habitats. Their scattered occurrence in S Scandinavia and C Europe is probably more related to sporadic long-distance dispersal, than to their being glacial relicts. The natural habitats of H. alpina ssp. alpina are exposed mountain heaths. It is suggested that H. odorata ssp. odorata, and possibly H. alpina ssp. alpina, survived the last glaciation in refugia off the Norwegian coast, and that H. odorata ssp. baltica and H. hirta ssp. hirta may have arisen by polyploidy within Scandinavia during the Post-glacial period. H. hirta ssp. arctica probably immigrated into Scandinavia from the east during the Post-glacial and H. australis from the south. The results are considered in relation to the views previously expressed in the literature and the analytic techniques used are discussed.

In the above-timberline zone of south-central Chile, stepped microtopography commonly develops on slopes of unstable volcanic ash deposits. Between the Nothofagus timberline and the high-altitude sparse fellfields, a scrubgrassland vegetation dominated by prostrate shrubs such as Empetrum rubrum and Pernettya spp. and tussock grasses such as Hierochloe utriculata and Cortaderia pilosa characteristically occurs on the stepped microtopography. Species interactions and species-microtopography interactions during the course of succession on the recent volcanic deposits were investigated by means of pattern analysis. Scales of pattern associated with individual plant morphology and interspecific interactions are present but, in general, the scales of pattern attributed to environmental variation are more evident. Cyclic changes occur in the scrub-grassland under the influence of periodic burial by the unstable ash substrate and the life cycles of the dominant prostrate shrubs. Such cyclic changes are part of a long-term linear successional trend following disturbance by catastrophic vulcanism. In contrast to the basic assumption of classic successional theory, in both the short-term and long-term the physical habitat in the above-timberline zone of south-central Chile is fundamentally unstable.

Summary Relative Growth Rates (RGR) (% per day) of whole seedlings were determined under controlled conditions at mean temperatures of 9°, 12°, 18°, and 27°c, with a 14 or 15 hr photoperiod, and high nutrient supply. The highest observed RGRs and corresponding temperatures were, for the indigenous species: Chionochloa rigida 4% at 9°; C. subra 5% at 12°; Notodanthonia penicillata 10% at 27°; Festuca novae-zelandiae lowland form 9% at 18°, high-altitude form 9% at 12°; Poa caespitosa 9% at 27°; P. colensoi 9% at 18°; Hierochloe redolens 14% at 18°; and for the introduced species: Anthoxanthum odoratum 15% at 18°; Agrostis tenuis 20% at 18°; Dactylis glomerata 19% at 18°; Secale cereale 20% at 18°; and Lolium perenne 22% at 18°. The relationship between the species was altered by nutrient supply rate.

It is suggested that Disarrenum, one of the rejected synonyms of the genus, is erroneously typified in the officiat records. It is also claimed that the type locality of H. redolens is in fact New Zealand and not Strait of Magellan as stated in the protologuc. The Magellan species is apparently referable to H. arenaria. Of the seven New Zealand species six are endemic. The seventh is in Australia and New Guinea. Four names arc new: H. recurvata, H. equiseta, H. cuprea, and H. fusca.