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Organizations dominate our lives, yet how well do we really understand them, and their differences? To get past the one-size-fits-all notion of organization design, this article presents four forms of organizations—the personal enterprise, the programmed machine, the professional assembly, and the project pioneer—each with its own way of managing and crafting strategy. Many organizations come remarkably close to one of these forms, while others can be understood as hybrids of them. Nevertheless, since organizations are made up of people, every one of us different, every single organization structure must be customized through a process of design doing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractTwo strategies are proposed to design new hierarchically reinforced double-square tubes (HRDST). Strategy A: adding triangles from inside to outside in one direction. Strategy B: adding triangles along both the outer and inner quadrilateral directions at the same time. Their crashworthiness analyses are carried out under the conditions of the same wall thickness and the same mass. The results show that the proposed double square tubes, combined with the gradient hierarchical design, can effectively improve the crashworthiness of the structure under both conditions. The improvement of strategy B is more significant than that of strategy A. The energy absorption (EA), specific energy absorption (SEA), and crushing force efficiency (CFE) and initial peak crush force (IPCF) of HRDSTB-3 are improved by 2343.87%, 493.17%, 573.74% and 262.73%, respectively, under the same wall thickness. The EA, SEA, CFE of HRDSTB-3 also increased by 111.23%, 111.23%, and 226.34%, respectively, for the same mass, while the IPCF decreased by 35.27%. The parametric study shows that the effect of wall thickness on structural crashworthiness is significant, but the rate of increase between two adjacent wall thicknesses decreases as the wall thickness increases. The inner and outer edge length ratios (k) also have a substantial effect on structural crashworthiness, with SEA and CFE being 24.42% and 23.47% higher for k = 5/12 compared to k = 8/12 for HRDSTA-3, and 29.24% and 27.55% higher for k = 4/12 compared to k = 8/12 for HRDSTB-3. Finally, comparing HRDSTA-3 and HRDSTB-3 with other square-layered multicellular designs, the results show that the two designs proposed in this paper, combining double square tubes with gradient hierarchies, exhibit better crashworthiness. Compared with MSTL2-2, the SEA of HRDSTA-3 and HRDSTB-3 are 27.98% and 33.01% higher, respectively, and the CFE is 27.86% and 32.96% higher, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how policy discourses on academic career are articulated in Swedish higher education. Discourses on academic career are often expressing meritocracy and the necessity of competition, but also include demands for flexibility and global participation. Recent decades of higher education policy have also stressed the importance of gender equity, which is particularly evident in the Nordic countries. Yet, how these discourses interact and impact on contemporary ideas on academic career remains unclear. We analyse a selection of Swedish government bills to explore present policy discourses on academic career mobility, and how these discourses express and create tensions for different staff groups. The findings shows that the notion, and promotion of career mobility in Swedish higher education features tensions between career advancement, transnational mobility and work life stability. It is also clear that some scholars are defined as more career mobile and successful than others. Hence, discourses on career mobility tend to give legitimacy to already existing work divisions and hierarchies partly undermining gender equity. In conclusion, our findings show tensions and contradictions in these policies, which give base for further nuanced and critical discussions on the current conditions and possibilities in Swedish higher education and academic career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By studying organizational creations, this article documents the reform trajectory of a non-Western country from 1947 to 2018, using a comparative analytical framework for the operationalization of reform trends on an original dataset – PSAD. Pakistan has paralleled Western world in following the ideal-type reforms without entirely shifting to the new models. Context matters, but the type of government – civilian or military – has not made vivid difference. No one reform type was pushed away; instead, country moved beyond hierarchies and markets creating blends, staging the co-existence of NPM with hierarchies and networks at its 40th. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Front-of-packaging (FOP) is a critical branding tool that uses "cues" to communicate product attributes and establish distinct brand images. This paper aims to understand how food brands utilize cues and their relative proportions to hierarchically communicate brand image and belonging to particular subcategories. Design/methodology/approach: A content analysis is used for analysing 543 food FOPs sold in Australia (breakfast cereals, chips, snack bars). Samples are collected and classified into product sub-categories defined by ingredients, consumer-audience and retail placement. A novel 10 × 10 coding grid is applied to each FOP to objectively analyse cue proportion, with statistical comparison undertaken between sub-categories. Findings: Results reveal intrinsic cues are favoured over extrinsic cues, except for those in the eatertainment sub-category. Hierarchies are evidenced that treat product and branding cues as primary, with health cues secondary. Statistically significant differences in cue proportions are consistently evident across breakfast cereals, chips and snack-bar FOPs. Clear differentiation is evidenced through cue proportions on FOP for health/nutrition focused sub-categories and eatertainment foods. Originality/value: "Cue utilization theory" research is extended to an evaluation of brand encoding (not consumer decoding). Design conventions reveal how cue proportions establish a dialogue of communicating brand/product image hierarchically, the trade-offs that occur, a "meso-level" to Gestalt theory, and achieving categorization through FOP cue proportions. Deeper understanding of packaging design techniques provides inter-disciplinary insights that extend consumer behaviour, retailing and design scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper re-examines the assertion that neoliberal and neoconservative discourses are necessarily aligned in framing education policy in the context of the school curriculum. We approach our task using evidence of private sector influence on the school curriculum. The financial sector has become emblematic of neoliberal influence on political and social relations, and we use the case of financial education to examine this further. Our evidence comprises 84 submissions, largely from private sector organisations, in response to calls from a UK 'All Party Parliamentary Group' on Financial Education in 2011 and 2016. We systematically analysed these submissions through story grammar narrative analysis and review relationships between the dominant narrative, neoliberal and neoconservative discourses. Our analysis shows that the school and charity sectors have accepted the narrative of individual responsibility for financial well-being that has been associated with the financial sector. Through this analysis we identify challenges to the assertion of alignment between neoliberal and neoconservative discourse in education policy. We also suggest that these discourses are brought towards alignment by (i) the way they both keep the role of capitals, and intergenerational transmission of capitals, hidden from view and (ii) they share a common interest in emaciating the power of professional teacher networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their important book, Bell and Wang argue that hierarchies are here to stay, and the question moral philosophy should face is which hierarchies are morally condemnable and which are morally justifiable. They convincingly explain that hierarchies that contribute to social functioning and increase human well-being (often even benefitting those on the lower ranking of hierarchies) or hierarchies with a kind of fluid character and consist of mechanisms or rules that enable switching roles can be justified. In my paper, I wish to examine whether, according to their principles, informal and semi-formal hierarchies which are created by the market or by a firm, using an algorithm, can be justified. These hierarchies differ from the ones discussed by Bell and Wang in that they are not part of traditional or legal institutions or relationships. They are actually informal or semi-formal and are often created spontaneously by, or as a result of an aggregation of many individuals' economic exchanges. Sometimes they are publicized formally (e.g., a list of best sellers' authors, or when prizes are awarded) and sometimes they are simply a matter of the wisdom of the crowd. On the one hand hierarchies in markets are meant to (a) inform consumers and producers and (b) create a healthy competition, so, prima facie they help us and increase our well-being. In addition, they are meant to shift over time, as they depend on the quality of the producer and the product and their ability to compete with other, new, e.g., more technologically advanced, products. Therefore, on the face of it, these hierarchies could be justified according to Bell and Wang's theory. Nevertheless, I argue that there are other characteristics of these hierarchies which make them condemnable according to the theory and that the cons outweigh the pros. These are: (1) Market hierarchies are based on category mistakes; (2) Market hierarchies are likely to be deceptive—they might inform consumers but with deceptive and often irrelevant information; (3) Market hierarchies are not genuinely flexible and therefore work against the principle of shifting roles which Bell and Wang put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of bloggers, journalists, teachers, and librarians have compared Elizabeth Acevedo's 2019 young adult novel With the Fire on High with Laura Esquivel's Como agua para chocolate (1989), recommending that fans of Esquivel's work pick up Acevedo's—and vice versa. These suggestions echo Acevedo's own comments about the narrative, which she has characterized as "parecido a 'Como agua para chocolate,' pero en el barrio" (Acevedo & Pichardo, 2019). This article takes this recent reception history as an invitation to think through how With the Fire on High deepens and course-corrects the revolutionary path of Esquivel's earlier text. More specifically, I interrogate how Acevedo and Esquivel engage with linguistic identities and with multilingualism in particular as source material for political resistance and healing. Acevedo, like Esquivel before her, represents multilingual identities in ways that disrupt and resist the neocolonial violence of the United States. However, whereas Como agua para chocolate's references to minoritized languages are executed in a manner that threatens to reinscribe traumatizing ethnoracial and class hierarchies passed down via colonial history, multilingualism in Acevedo's novel works more systemically to intervene in and undermine such established matrices of power. Acevedo participates in a project of linguistic resistance and healing that involves reclaiming a heritage language for a multiply marginalized protagonist and, through that act of reclamation, rejecting the received cultural wisdom propagated by both colonial and neocolonial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although mentorship is vital for individual success, potential mentors often view it as a costly burden. To understand what motivates mentors to overcome this barrier and more fully engage with their mentees, we introduce a new construct, "learning direction," which captures the beliefs people have about which individuals within a hierarchy—upward, lateral, or downward—are valuable sources of knowledge. Although most mentors believe knowledge resides higher up in hierarchies, the current research demonstrates mentors are more engaged and effective when they value insights from below. Our first three studies found that downward learning predicted mentor engagement (Study 1) because downward learning-directed mentors viewed mentoring as a worthwhile opportunity for their own learning (Studies 2A and 2B). A field study examined downstream consequences on mentees' learning outcomes, finding that downward learning-directed mentors trained more hireable mentees (Study 3). A final experiment established causality while also demonstrating that learning direction is open to intervention: reflecting on a downward learning experience increased mentor engagement, which enhanced the mentorship experience for their mentees (Study 4). We extend theories on learning orientation to learning direction and demonstrate that beliefs about the hierarchical sources of learning are critical to successful mentoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transaction cost economics (TCE) carefully analyzes market failure while remaining largely silent about hierarchical failure. We argue that this omission occurs because TCE's opportunism assumption does not consider organizational member motivations under different hierarchical forms. Thus, TCE does not fully examine opportunistic behavior under hierarchy, resulting in an incomplete governance analysis. To fill this gap, we build a discriminating alignment theory of hierarchical choice that incorporates explicit motivations under each hierarchical form. We make three contributions to TCE with this theory. First, using the counterproductive work behavior and goal-framing literatures, we predict specific motivations (effort, visceral, financial or status opportunism, or collaboration) across hierarchical forms. Second, we predict when "efficient" hierarchical forms (mapped from Williamson's internal governance analysis) do not effectively mitigate opportunistic behavior, creating hierarchical failure. In these cases, we augment the hierarchical forms with supplemental governance mechanisms necessary to efficiently govern the exchange. Finally, we investigate how different motivations across hierarchical forms lead to excess misalignment costs to enhance our understanding of hierarchical failures. Examining how both transaction hazards and specific motivations drive particular behaviors allows for a more nuanced understanding of specific "costs and competencies" of hierarchy and, in turn, hierarchical failure in TCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum physics is a linear theory, so it is somewhat puzzling that it can underlie very complex systems such as digital computers and life. This paper investigates how this is possible. Physically, such complex systems are necessarily modular hierarchical structures, with a number of key features. Firstly, they cannot be described by a single wave function: only local wave functions can exist, rather than a single wave function for a living cell, a cat, or a brain. Secondly, the quantum to classical transition is characterised by contextual wave-function collapse shaped by macroscopic elements that can be described classically. Thirdly, downward causation occurs in the physical hierarchy in two key ways: by the downward influence of time dependent constraints, and by creation, modification, or deletion of lower level elements. Fourthly, there are also logical modular hierarchical structures supported by the physical ones, such as algorithms and computer programs, They are able to support arbitrary logical operations, which can influence physical outcomes as in computer aided design and 3-d printing. Finally, complex systems are necessarily open systems, with heat baths playing a key role in their dynamics and providing local arrows of time that agree with the cosmological direction of time that is established by the evolution of the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the portrayal of women in pain, doctors in power and medical paternalism in Suzanne E. Berger's "Horizontal Woman: The Story of a Body in Exile" and Lynne Greenberg's "The Body Broken: A Memoir." It discusses the feminization of chronic illness, hierarchical and paternalistic doctor-patient relationship, and delegitimization of chronic pain. It examines the influence of gender stereotypes on power dynamics in healthcare and exposes flaws of authoritarian medical practices.

This article explores post-Soviet power hierarchies which constitute a unique system of vertical stratification in world politics. It does so by analysing relations between two former Soviet states, Tajikistan and Russia, in the aftermath of the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. The article investigates the underlying reasons for power asymmetries between the two countries, the ways hierarchies are sustained and enforced, as well as perceived and navigated at political and social levels. It is argued that Tajikistan's relations with Russia are explicitly postcolonial without clear-cut colonial precedents in Soviet times. Postcolonialism did not automatically result from the Soviet breakdown. Rather, it has gradually emerged because of the two countries' very different paths of integration into the global capitalist economy, which subordinated Tajikistan to Russia. In this way, new economic asymmetries exacerbated Soviet-era legacies and reinvented them in a new, hierarchical manner. Overall, the article contributes to the debate on the nature of post-Soviet legacies and what it means to be post-Soviet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how relations of both domination and resistance have been involved in the constitution of international hierarchies. Focusing on events arising from the Persian government's 1932 cancellation of the D'Arcy oil concession, it argues that while Western-dominated international hierarchies have proved resilient, some aspects of these hierarchical relationships have been altered by episodes of resistance such as the one under examination in this article. The case study has been chosen because of its ability to highlight the interwar years as an important period of transition to a new world order, as well as the significance of Persia as one of the few non-Western countries that remained uncolonised at that time. The article revisits detailed historical documents from the BP Archives and the National Archives to show how the events of the 1930s oil dispute contributed to the emergence of shifts in the material, legal, and social hierarchies of the interwar period, while nevertheless reinforcing the existence of hierarchies overall. It shows how multilateral diplomacy replaced overt military intimidation, the framework of international law broadened, and peripheral countries found strength in numbers. Finally, the article considers the longer-term resilience of the hierarchical international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical (first-order) structured deformations are studied from the variational point of view. The main contributions of the present research are the first steps, at the theoretical level, to establish a variational framework to minimize mechanically relevant energies defined on hierarchical structured deformations. Two results are obtained here: (i) an approximation theorem and (ii) the assignment of an energy to a hierarchical structured deformation by means of an iterative procedure. This has the effect of validating the proposal made in Deseri and Owen (J. Elast. 135:149–182, 2019) to study deformations admitting slips and separations at multiple submacroscopic levels. An explicit example is provided to illustrate the behavior of the proposed iterative procedure and relevant directions for future research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this analytical essay, we situate truth commissions as relevant sites for International Relations (IR) research, in particular on professional communities and knowledge hierarchies. With an empirical focus on report-making, we argue that there is a need to rethink and revise established professional community concepts. While these concepts stress professional communities' detachment from mundane pressures, we suggest a "pressure lens" to better grasp the key dynamics of expert knowledge production. Based on in-depth interpretive research on three truth commissions—in Sierra Leone, Kenya, and Tunisia—we set out to identify key dynamics in the report-making of truth commissions that contribute to the gap between high expectations and sobering realities regarding truth commissions as "victim-centred" policy instruments. Understanding the dynamics at play requires us to pay attention to unequal pressures—such as time and funding pressures, powerholder interference, and demands voiced by victims and survivors—that bear on the work of experts and professionals who produce truth commission reports. We argue that these pressures and, crucially, the ways in which they tend to play out under conditions of coloniality, are expressions of global hierarchies that shape professional report-making work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the identity formation of Latvian migrants who have moved to the United Kingdom in large numbers over the last 20 years. Latvians are forced to reconfigure their cultural and social belonging in the new multicultural society. Identity formation is seen in this article as boundary work that contingently excludes and includes various cultures and social positions. The article is based on semi-structured interviews and cross-sectional surveys. By combining qualitative and quantitative data, the article focuses on transnational positioning and in-group relations of Latvian migrants. Likewise, relations with migrants from other countries and the imagined locals, or 'genuine Englishmen,' are examined in the light of boundary-making. The results, among other things, illustrate how structurally embedded discourses and practices help Latvians rationalize the maintenance and the crossing of symbolic boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an experience piece reflecting on my journey through medical school rotations, highlighting the pervasive nature of workplace violence (WPV) and its impact on students' motivation and mental health. I discuss the high incidence of mistreatment and its correlation with burnout, imposter syndrome, and decreased academic performance among trainees. I emphasize the importance of recognizing and addressing subtle forms of WPV, including microaggressions and systemic issues, and advocate for proactive measures such as education, training, and fostering cultural change within healthcare institutions. Through reflecting on my experiences and observations, I aim to inspire systemic change and empower individuals to contribute to a healthier, more empathetic medical culture.

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Grammaticalization has long been understood as a process that takes place gradually, but within it, discrete and abrupt changes take place. This tension has been reconciled by claiming that the semblance of a gradual process is given by different parts of a construction undergoing changes at different points in time. Focusing on synchronic microvariation as gradience, this article discusses cases of clitic loss in four Romance varieties (Brazilian Portuguese, Raeto-Romance, some northeastern Italo-Romance varieties, and French), and identifies common patterns in the cells of the paradigms that are most vulnerable to the process of loss. Relating the grammatical and semantic properties of these cells to established typological hierarchies, the paper explores how general cognitive principles can account for the key properties of gradualness and gradience and, ultimately, language change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the significance of J. G. Herder's analogical thinking in the history of comparative practices. It shows how Herder's comparative method, of positing one phenomenon as another in its own singular and inimitable manner, emerges from his concept of God and nature as informed by Baruch Spinoza, as well as his study of scientific and cultural phenomena, including the active mechanisms of poesis as sensory perception. While Herder's concept of comparison and his analogical practices influenced prominent thinkers contemporary to him such as J.W. Goethe, the specificity of his comparative method has been overlooked by scholars past and present, such as Michel Foucault, as Herder's approach resists assimilation in histories of comparativism centered on nineteenth-century projects of comparison. Yet his outlook on the tension between difference and identity offers fresh insight into relations between distinct cultures and entities without effacing their particularity or placing them in static hierarchies. Herder's comparative method provides new perspectives on contemporary debates on the benefits of and dangers of historical analogies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars studying stigmatized, or "dirty work," occupations have tended to characterize people outside of the occupation as the stigmatizers and those within the occupation as social supports who buffer each other from stigma. We argue that this characterization discounts the unique ways stigmatization can take place within heterogeneous occupations and the challenges it raises for finding support from other occupational members. Based on a six-year qualitative study of the sex work occupation in Canada, we explore the internal dynamics of stigmatization in the occupation. Our analysis reveals that sex workers are not just the stigmatized but also the stigmatizers, as they elaborate, borrow, and adapt perceptions of stigma to rank and place each other into a stigma hierarchy. To avoid the risks of being stigmatized based on this hierarchy, sex workers engage in stealth organizing to find safe others within the occupation to provide social support. Thus the occupation is not a stigma-free safe haven for its workers. Instead, the occupation as a whole is characterized by dissension among its members. Their efforts to find social support lead to what we call bounded entitativity : a sense of being grouplike that is confined to small community groups within a broader occupational context of dissension. We found bounded entitativity to be associated with challenges for occupational members in undertaking social change efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing research on identity work is primarily focused on identities in isolation as well as how individuals respond to identity threats. We seek to broaden the identity work literature in several ways. First, in order to take into consideration multiple identities, we adopt the intrapersonal identity network approach, which focuses on the relationships--both ties and hierarchical salience--between identities in order to theorize about how making changes to one identity impacts the relationships between identities. Second, our theorizing highlights identity opportunities as well as identity threats in order to predict how these varied responses impact identity work and the identity network. Third, we distinguish between identity work that is done on one identity and what we call interidentity work, which involves making changes to the relationships between identities. Ultimately, we provide a framework that takes into consideration the multiplicity of individuals' identities and explores how the intrapersonal identity network is impacted as individuals respond to identity threats and opportunities through both identity work and interidentity work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand forecasts are the basis of most decisions in supply chain management. The granularity of these decisions lead to different forecast requirements. For example, inventory replenishment decisions require forecasts at the individual SKU level over lead time, whereas forecasts at higher levels, over longer horizons, are required for supply chain strategic decisions. The most accurate forecasts are not always obtained from data at the 'natural' level of aggregation. In some cases, forecast accuracy may be improved by aggregating data or forecasts at lower levels, or disaggregating data or forecasts at higher levels, or by combining forecasts at multiple levels of aggregation. Temporal and cross-sectional aggregation approaches are well established in the literature. More recently, it has been argued that these two approaches do not make the fullest use of data available at the different hierarchical levels of the supply chain. Therefore, consideration of forecasting hierarchies (over time and other dimensions), and combinations of forecasts across hierarchical levels, have been recommended. This paper provides a comprehensive review of research dealing with aggregation and hierarchical forecasting in supply chains, based on a systematic search. The review enables the identification of major research gaps and the presentation of an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between knowledge hierarchies and gender stratification in research funding. Through a mixed-methods study combining data on 5460 funded and unfunded social science applications submitted to a research council in Western Europe, and nine interviews with current and former council members, we explore how applicants' disciplinary, thematic and methodological orientations intersect with gender to shape funding opportunities. Descriptive analysis indicates that women's proposals are underfunded, with a relative gender difference of around 20%. Using computational text analysis and mediation analysis, we approximate that around one-third of this disparity may be attributed to gender differences in disciplinary focus, thematic specialisations and methodologies. The interviews with council members allow us to make sense of these disparities and expose the disciplinary hierarchies and power struggles at play in the council, sometimes resulting in a devaluation of qualitative methods and, more broadly, interpretive, descriptive and exploratory approaches in proposal assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay uses Paulo Freire as inspiration of thinking about the limits and possibilities of building bridges between elite universities in the Global North and communities around the world given the historic and present-day entanglements between these universities and empire, colonisation, and epistemic violence. It sheds lights on how racialised and gendered capitalism distorts our collective possibilities for shared thriving, freedom, and bridging relations of difference. The essay reflects what is at stake in our current world and puts forward ideas for how we might begin to the process of transforming the modern-colonial structures of elite universities to create conditions of solidarity between universities and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the depiction of Jewish and Christian merchants in the medieval English Host miracle play, the Croxton Play of the Sacrament. This play is a critical illustration of religious racialization, effectively demonstrating the perpetuation of anti-Jewish stereotypes and legitimizing violence. Positioned within a broader scholarly debate, particularly in relation to Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness, the play portrays Jews as allegorical figures that validate Christian theological constructs. This paper delves into the representation and linguistic depiction of Jewish characters in the play, emphasizing their systematic dehumanization and instrumentalization in Christian narratives. A significant focus is placed on the coerced conversion of Jewish characters, which forces them into the archetype of the "Wandering Jew", thereby highlighting motifs of symbolic aggression and unending diaspora. This paper also confronts contemporary scholarly perspectives that view the play as challenging religious boundaries, positing that such interpretations overlook the ingrained racialization and marginalization of Jewish identity during the European Middle Ages. It argues that the play's transient disruption of power dynamics ultimately reinforces prevailing social hierarchies, thereby solidifying deep-seated anti-Jewish sentiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the centering of the Haitian/Caribbean/African diasporic community from the margins in her novel "What Storm, What Thunder." She discusses the tradition of polyvocality inherent in African and Caribbean literature, as well as the coexistence of the dead with the living as an act of commemoration and form of memorialization, gender, the class and age of the narrators of the novel, and the depiction of a classist, heteronormative, hierarchical and patriarchal society.

Research Summary: Theory posits hierarchy as a response to coordination challenges and emphasizes organization size and the need to transfer knowledge as the mainspring of these challenges. This connection, however, is largely based on the quantity of knowledge to be transferred rather than its characteristics. Building on the knowledge‐based view, we propose that knowledge scope—the variety of knowledge across an organization's members—affects coordination costs and hierarchy expansion. Using an economy‐wide database from Brazil, we show that firms are more likely to expand their hierarchy when knowledge scope increases. This effect varies with firms' capacities to manage knowledge; firms whose employees perform more similar tasks or have shared experience at previous employers are less likely to expand hierarchy in response to increases in knowledge scope. Managerial Summary: Growing organizations often struggle to coordinate the work of their employees within their current organizational structures. We distinguish coordination problems generated by increased size from problems generated by expanding the variety of knowledge used and argue that both spur organizations to hire additional managers. Using a database of Brazilian startups, we show that a greater variety of knowledge used is associated with the expansion of hierarchy. Additionally, we find that organizations whose employees have more shared work experience have a greater ability to coordinate and thus delay the expansion of hierarchy. Overall, our results show the importance of the characteristics of an organization's knowledge base for organizational structure and suggest building teams with shared experience can enhance an organization's ability to adapt to coordination challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is a major component of the human diet and has several hierarchies including granule, shell, blocklet, amylose and amylopectin, which can be used as the raw materials in food processing. In order to be applied in a suitable range, this involves the selection of separation methods and the accurate characterization of the structural properties of each starch hierarchy. Therefore, this paper analyzes the separation and characterization methods for each starch hierarchy, introduces their different applications, and thus provides some references for the development and utilization of starch resources.

В данной статье представлен алгоритм, который дает расширенные возможности представления ключей для иерархических структур. Использование бинарного представления материализованного пути позволяет эффективно сортировать узлы путем побитного сравнения и быстро вычислять верхний и нижний пределы для всех ключей элементов поддерева. Эта методика широко применяется в проектировании баз данных и в задачах фильтрации информации. В работе проведено сравнение данного алгоритма с различными подходами, используемыми в известных серверах баз данных. Результаты исследования подтверждают эффективность предложенного метода и его преимущества по сравнению с альтернативными подходами. Он обеспечивает более быстрое выполнение операций сортировки и вычисления пределов ключей, что является критически важным для эффективного функционирования баз данных и обработки больших объемов информации. Таким образом, представленный алгоритм имеет значительное практическое применение и может быть полезным инструментом при разработке и оптимизации баз данных, а также в других задачах, связанных с обработкой и фильтрацией информации.

Higher education often acts as a bridge to society, preparing people for future social, political, and economic roles. For many academics, social justice and social inclusion are areas of research interest and teaching expertise. As such, institutions of higher education are well placed to foster reflection on social justice, through research and teaching, and thereby impact the wider society as students take up their roles within it. Yet, higher education itself should be subject to critique from a social justice point of view. Our aim in this article is to provide one such critique. We will focus on PhD research supervision, and in particular the supervisor/supervisee relationship. We will argue that the hierarchical nature of supervision can give rise to injustice. We will use the concepts of epistemic injustice and epistemic power as explanatory tools to clarify what is at issue within dysfunctional supervisor/supervisee relationships. Throughout, we will make use of the mythological story, "The Salmon of Knowledge," to unpack the hierarchies involved in knowledge acquisition/creation. Finally, we will conclude by noting the space within the scholarship of teaching and learning wherein critique of the structures within higher education from a social justice point of view occur, and where there exist potential gaps in this scholarship.

The article examines the gaze, content and context used in viewing the images of African Americans in the paintings of artist Clementine Hunter using racial literacy tools and racial perspectives. It discusses the everyday routines and community as well as visual signs of Whiteness and power hierarchies depicted in Hunter's artwork, and the idea of racial power structures demonstrated in the paintings. It suggests ideas to reflect upon when choosing artwork as instructional resource.

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This survey paper summarizes the main results of Professor Victor Selivanov's research, which together highlight the important advances he achieved in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of a three-dimensional dynamic quantum vacuum defined by a variable energy density and ruled by generalized uncertainty relations is considered, which leads to a unifying treatment of microphysics of elementary particles and macrophysics of black holes in terms of a generalized Compton wavelength. In this model, new keys of explanation of scales, hierarchies and Higgs mass generation of the Standard Model are explored as a consequence of dissipative features of the vacuum originated by elementary sub-Planckian objects at the generalized Compton wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributing complex actions across agents is commonplace in human society. The objective efficiency of joint actions comes with critical challenges for the sense of agency of individual agents, complicating an accurate formation of these agents' perceived control over actions and action outcomes. Here we report a new experimental paradigm to investigate sense of agency for supervisors and subordinates in hierarchical settings. Results indicate profound differences in the sense of agency between both roles, while also indicating additional contributions of such situational factors as degrees of freedom, action decision versus action execution, outcome valence, and veto options. We further observed a tight coupling of sense of agency and sense of responsibility, with only weak links to affective responses to the action outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are India's democratic values? Metropolitan common sense tells us that democracy is an essentially egalitarian political form and that to be good democrats, people, wherever they are and whoever they may be, must espouse equality as a political value. In this essay I challenge this conviction by suggesting that hierarchy is a pivotal value in India's democratic life. Drawing on 15 years of ethnographic work conducted across northern India and touching on the history of democratic thinking in Europe, from Aristotle to Rousseau and Bernard Manin, the essay offers comparative reflections on the nature of "democratic values" in a bid for a more ethnographically grounded theory of democratic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are India's democratic values? Metropolitan common sense tells us that democracy is an essentially egalitarian political form and that to be good democrats, people, wherever they are and whoever they may be, must espouse equality as a political value. In this essay I challenge this conviction by suggesting that hierarchy is a pivotal value in India's democratic life. Drawing on 15 years of ethnographic work conducted across northern India and touching on the history of democratic thinking in Europe, from Aristotle to Rousseau and Bernard Manin, the essay offers comparative reflections on the nature of "democratic values" in a bid for a more ethnographically grounded theory of democratic life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]