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The establishment and implementation of a healthy lifestyle is fundamental to public health and is an important issue for working-aged people, as it affects not only them but also the future generations. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated behavioural restrictions, lifestyles have altered, and, in certain environments, significantly worsened. In the present study, we conducted a project to improve the intestinal environment by focussing on the dietary habits of participants, utilising the living laboratory as a social technology to explore how to adapt to this drastic environmental change. We held eight workshops for voluntary participants and implemented a self-monitoring process of recording dietary behaviours (n = 78) and testing the intestinal environment (n = 14). Through this initiative, we developed a personalised wellness enhancement programme based on collaboration with multiple stakeholders and a framework for using personal data for research and practical purposes. These results provide an approach for promoting voluntary participation and behavioural changes among people, especially under the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a practical basis for the government, academia, and industry to intervene effectively in raising people’s awareness of health and wellness.

The rapid change of technological, social, and cultural structures is challenging universities to offer new educational programs. The Global Leader Program for Social Design and Management (GSDM) of the University of Tokyo can be seen as a forerunner in this field. The paper provides definitions of social design as well as of global leadership and provides a proposal for the definition of the objective of the GSDM program, i.e., multi-level resilient human–environment system. These subjects are embedded in the framework of human–environment systems (HES). We identified the different types of knowledge integration that ‘global leaders for social design’ should master. The core of a sustainable social design is to (1) properly conceptualize and manage “resilient coupled human-environment systems” and to (2) integrate or relate different systems, epistemics, interests, cultures, and knowledge systems. The specific challenge in this context is to cope with conflicting cultural–religious systems or to understand how the vulnerability of different human systems with respect to digital environments. Social design is conceived as all rules, mechanisms, and preferences that govern the interaction of humans with material, biophysical, technological, and socio-cultural epistemic environments. The goal of education for global leadership for social design may have to progress from the T-shaped skills profile (i.e., being specialized in one discipline and having the capability to collaborate with other disciplines) to the π-profile. Students for leadership in global designs must be qualified in a social and an engineering/natural science and literate and capable to know, relate, and govern different disciplines, cultures, or systems which have to be included in the sustainable transitioning of cultural and socio-technological systems. The paper elaborates in what way transdisciplinarity is needed and why resilience management should be seen as a proper objective of GSDM. The challenges of the new educational program for the science system and institutions as well as for students and professors are discussed.

To formulate health development policy and strategies aimed at the Sustainable Development Goal 3, which seeks to ensuring health and well-being for all, it is indispensable to revisit the issue of global health governance in the wake of the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. The issue of global health governance is also relevant in the Asia-Pacific region, where Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were health security threats. The failure to respond timely and effectively to the health crisis was derived from a few factors that are relevant to the means of implementation necessary to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. During ordinary times, efforts to enhance health systems should include building the core capacities of the International Health Regulations (IHR), which should be supported not only by the World Health Organization (WHO), but also through coordination among diverse multilateral and bilateral organizations as part of their health development cooperation programmes associated with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. To enhance preparedness for handling health crises, the organizational capacities of WHO and its regional offices need to be strengthened. In addition, coordination among WHO and other actors should be facilitated in accordance with the situational categories based on the combination of (a) the capacity of the country where an outbreak of an infectious disease is occurring and (b) the severity and magnitude of that infectious disease.

In today's highly globalised world, protecting human security is a core challenge for political leaders who are simultaneously dealing with terrorism, refugee and migration crises, disease epidemics, and climate change. Promoting universal health coverage (UHC) will help prevent another disease outbreak similar to the recent Ebola outbreak in west Africa, and create robust health systems, capable of withstanding future shocks. Robust health systems, in turn, are the prerequisites for achieving UHC. We propose three areas for global health action by the G7 countries at their meeting in Japan in May, 2016, to protect human security around the world: restructuring of the global health architecture so that it enables preparedness and responses to health emergencies; development of platforms to share best practices and harness shared learning about the resilience and sustainability of health systems; and strengthening of coordination and financing for research and development and system innovations for global health security. Rather than creating new funding or organisations, global leaders should reorganise current financing structures and institutions so that they work more effectively and efficiently. By making smart investments, countries will improve their capacity to monitor, track, review, and assess health system performance and accountability, and thereby be better prepared for future global health shocks.

Authors have conducted two case studies of stakeholder analysis on the utilization of sugarcane-based bioethanol in Brazil and palm-based biodiesel in Indonesia. Our research has focused primarily on the aspects of exporting these biofuels to Japan in order to give more concreteness to the stakeholder interviews. While these cases provide unique contexts in the production of feedstocks and distillation processes in each country, they also indicate common features that have to be considered in the policies, either at the international or the national level, for the sustainable utilization of biofuels.

Traditionally, the command and control approach has dominated the realm of environmental regulations. In a nutshell, the government is supposed to set a standard by obtaining objective scientific information and conducting a rational assessment of risks and benefits, and to enforce it by conventional stick and carrot mechanisms such as monitoring and penalty. In reality, however, this model has turned out to be not as effective as it was supposed to be. First of all, the cost of monitoring all regulated activities turns out to be too large for the public to pay for. While there have been efforts to improve monitoring devices, only a few who tries to make a large sum of short-term profit by evading regulations can do an enormous harm to the environment. Secondly, the command and control approach encouraged distrust among stakeholders. Supervising agencies and environmental groups are always being skeptical about what the industry does. Meanwhile, the industry becomes frustrated with the regulatory pressures and tried to manipulate through lobbing. In the end, rule-making processes become acrimonious, and the main goal of protecting the public through regulation is forgotten in the battle.

In the field of public policy analysis, the concept of “stakeholders” has been widely applied to a variety of policy-making efforts. In particular, the stakeholder concept has been adopted in the shift of focus from the government to the governance. In this context, traditional bureaucratic government structure endowed with the power of “command and control” is regarded inefficient anymore in the democratic and internationalized environment. Networked actors that undertake the functions previously performed by the government would replace the traditional structure. In this new “governance”-focused system, stakeholders, instead of the government, undertake the public sector functions. In other words, stakeholders are the individuals and organizations that actively participate in policy-making processes and take appropriate responsibilities of implementing the policies that they have agreed to.

In this chapter, the stakeholder perspectives described in Chap. 1.2 are applied to the analysis of biofuel deployment around the world, which will be described as detailed case studies in Part II of this book. Table 1 summarizes the review. Based on the review of case studies included in Part II, seven key stakeholder categories can be summarized as follows.

This open access book presents a comprehensive analysis of biofuel use strategies from an interdisciplinary perspective using sustainability science. This interdisciplinary perspective (social science-natural science) means that the strategies and policy options proposed will have significant impacts on the economy and society alike. Biofuels are expected to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, revitalizing economies in agricultural communities and alleviating poverty. However, despite these anticipated benefits, international organizations such as the FAO, OECD and UN have published reports expressing concerns that biofuel promotion may lead to deforestation, water pollution and water shortages. The impacts of biofuel use are extensive, cross-sectoral and complex, and as such, comprehensive analyses are required in order to assess the extent to which biofuels can contribute to sustainable societies.

Due to significant cost advantages, wind energy penetrated the energy mix of most large countries much faster than solar PV did until the recent decade. However, Japan has been almost one-sidedly leaning toward the more expensive solar PV. For using solar PV electricity, the Japanese consumers are also paying sizably higher tariffs than those in other countries, especially after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011 that led to the sudden suspension of all nuclear power plants. Japan's energy transition towards renewables is accordingly largely single legged, rather than more balanced to take advantage of both wind turbines and solar PV. This article explains the puzzle on why renewable energy development in Japan has created such a wide distance from more economically optimal situations. We focus on the initiation, formation and impacts of the solar lobby that comprises bureaucracies, politicians, solar PV manufacturers, and independent power producers. Policy implications are drawn for Japan and other countries on the importance of controlling political lobby to achieve less costly energy transition.

Data collection and information sharing are at the core of any traffic control system. In particular, Maritime Situational Awareness—restricted in this article to one of its main components, the automatic identification system (AIS)—and Space Situational Awareness (SSA) are the backbones of, respectively, maritime and space traffic control frameworks. While the AIS has been initiated by civil authorities for civil purposes and is now being adopted by navies around the world, SSA, originally developed by the military to protect national security assets in outer space is progressively transferred to civil actors. This article shows how and why the intrinsically different nature and history of maritime and space traffics generated a totally reverse approach towards information and responsibility sharing in support to traffic control, while presenting current proposals for the evolution of SSA.

Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are among the greatest problems of our time. These problems are no longer issues in particular countries but international issues. Several framework conventions on these issues are now in place throughout the world, and developing countries are no exception. Energy efficiency is one of the important issues for developing countries. Lao PDR is one such country. This paper proposes a technology roadmap and policy recommendations for Lao PDR with consideration given to a wide range of economic and social impacts of prospective technologies. For the implementation of technology assessment in the formulation of an energy efficiency roadmap, we first elaborate the social and economic conditions of Lao PDR through preliminary research and field research, and then design three scenarios for a future Lao PDR. These three scenarios are as follows: 1. The "Poverty Reduction” scenario is for electrification rate improvement; 2. The “Industrial Creation” scenario is for stable domestic energy supply; and 3. The “GMS Integration” scenario is for the acquisition of foreign exchange by energy export.

Solar energy represents the largest source of renewable energy and is thus expected to play a crucial role in meeting our future energy demand. In China, solar energy utilization has made remarkable progress in recent years. In this paper, we reviewed the recent developments in the field of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation from the perspective of transition theory, which was originally developed by technological innovation studies. The transition studies propounded three heuristic levels in a system, namely, socio-technical landscape, regime, and niche, and a transition of a system can only be fulfilled through the interactions among these three levels. With respect to the development of solar PV power generation in China, in this paper we initially examined specific situations within these three levels in the context of energy transition. In the subsequent sections, we paid attention to the response of government in promoting the solar PV development amid energy transition. Specifically, relevant policies and some niche level special programs were investigated. Then, we examined the phased achievements in the transition and offered solutions to some newly emerged problems. The final section concludes with some comments.

In the decades following World War II, the city of Kitakyushu in southern Japan gained an international reputation for its steel production and industrial pollution. But in the early 1990s, the city government (hereafter, “City”) began to change its industrial structure and pursue a course of sustainability through environmental conservation, the promotion of environmental business, and welfare for local citizens. The Kitakyushu Eco-town Project, an initiative aimed at promoting environmental business such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle recycling and home appliance recycling, was started in 1997 to effectively utilise reclaimed land in Hibikinada, located in the northwestern part of the city. The concept for utilising reclaimed land was discussed within the public sector (Committee for Hibikinada Basic Development Plan), and specific contents were conceived by the private sector (study group and advisory committee). Pressure from incumbent personnel, namely insiders with new ideas in established private and public institutions, was important in facilitating the transition. In a short period of time, the Eco-town has expanded domestically, both geographically and in terms of the scope of sectors represented, and overseas to China. The Kitakyushu Eco-town Project can be viewed as a catalyst of Kitakyushu’s transition from an industrial city to a green city. The public–private collaborative networks and individual expertise developed through this project have had a longstanding influence on the design of subsequent projects such as Environmental Model City and Smart Community projects.

This chapter proposes new research directions for transition management, building on the discussions and insights from the different chapters in this book. The research directions are clustered along the different application types of transition management: theoretical, heuristic, and operational applications. In doing so, we point to new research ground for advancing the research on transition management specifically and the governance of urban sustainability (transitions) in general.

Our quickly changing world faces great challenges when it comes to the sustainable provision of energy, food, shelter, water and welfare to a growing urban population. These grand challenges are increasingly taken up by cities that become the places where sustainable futures are emerging. This chapter introduces the theoretical and practical transition perspective taken in this book and describes its structure and outline. It frames the dynamics in urban development from the perspective of sustainability transitions: deep systemic transformations that are the result of destabilising unsustainable ‘regimes’ and emerging sustainable ‘niches,’ driven by transformative agencies and networks. This perspective highlights on the one hand the complexities, uncertainties, and resistance that come along with urban transitions as well as the mechanisms and patterns that enable and accelerate them, and provides the basis for new types of governance. We then describe the structure of the book. It first elaborates upon the theoretical ideas and governance approaches related to sustainability transitions. It then draws upon empirical evidence from applied transition management in European and Japanese cities. In the final part of the book, the authors reflect upon these experiences, to what extent they are comparative, and what can be learnt in general with regard to implementing urban transition strategies.

Sustainability has many dimensions, including various aspects of environmental, social and economic sustainability. This paper proposes an analytical framework of risk-related governance for sustainability, based on literature review, focusing on two dimensions—knowledge integration and multi-actor governance. Knowledge integration necessitates wider coverage of predicted and anticipated risks and information on those risks. Multi-actor governance necessitates mechanisms that enable cooperation among actors. The relevance of this analytical framework is then checked using concrete cases of governance for reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), and the possible case of governance for sustainable phosphorus management.

In this paper, we consider the concept and the concrete direction of the institutional design concerning role-sharing between national and local governments with respect to nuclear safety regulation, and propose the following four institutional options: 1) strengthen the regulatory body's independence and clarify its accountability, 2) establish a local information committee in reference to the French CLI (Commission Locale d'Information), 3) institutionalize the environmental monitoring of local governments, and 4) institutionalize consultation among the regulatory body and local governments. Options 2, 3, and 4 are designed on the assumption that option 1 is implemented, because it is thought to be essential for fundamental improvements to enhance the regulatory body's ability as well as to reinforce bridges between safety regulation and society. Each option has some advantages and disadvantages, so there is room for further research into achieving reforms. However, it is believed that these institutional options can lead to the development of a trusting relationship between organizations responsible for safety regulation and siting areas and to the reduction in consensus-building costs in local areas.

本研究では，フランス地域情報委員会（CLI）関係者へのインタビュー調査に基づき，原子力施設をめぐる日本とフランスの自治体関与のあり方を整理した上で両国の比較分析を行い，フランス事例の日本への示唆となる点を指摘する．その結果，両国ではローカル・コンテクストの差が大きいものの，それを考慮した上でなお参照に値する示唆として，(1)原子力規制体系への自治体の位置づけの明確化，(2)事業者及び規制機関と自治体との双方向コミュニケーションの回路の確保，(3)規制目的としての「透明性確保」の明示化，という3点を得た．

This paper aims at developing a problem structuring method based on interview surveys of key stakeholders and a well-known visualizing technique, called a “cognitive map.” We found that this new method, based on an interactive process with key stakeholders, was able to draw broader and more detailed issues than was previously anticipated. We also found that the proposed method was useful for the analysis of the societal implications of emerging technologies, such as nanotechnologies, which are not easily defined. It is confirmed that the proposed method can clarify common and diversified issues based on the perception of key stakeholders and identify additional stakeholders to be interviewed.

In France, there exist organizations called “Commission Locale d'Information” (CLI) in all the siting areas where nuclear facilities located. Previously, the CLI organizations were established voluntarily by some local governments or nuclear utilities. Since 2006, however, the Nuclear Transparency and Safety Act has obliged the establishment of CLI in all the siting areas in conjunction with reforming the nuclear regulatory agencies. This means that the concerned local governments are officially part of nuclear safety regulation. In this study, we investigated present conditions of the CLI organizations through some interviews in France and consider their roles from the standpoint of nuclear regulatory governance. As a result, we found that the CLI plays the following roles: (1) medium of communication among concerned parties (not only between nuclear utilities and local habitants but also between the national nuclear regulatory agency and various local governments) and (2) implementing various activities in accordance with each local condition through the participation of local assembly members. In addition, we clarified that CLI's activities are supported by related institutional infrastructures, such as cost burden between central and local governments, and some other systems of citizen participation in building or expanding nuclear facilities.

This paper analyzes the problem structure in the discussions on road pricing scheme proposed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government particularly from the freight transportation viewpoint. In order to survey the problem structuring identified by the stakeholders, we interviewed the following stakeholders: the two departments in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), the TMG Committee on road pricing scheme, the two types of freight transportation operators and the retailers. The survey results show that the stakeholders identify the road pricing scheme in the various ways whereas the stakeholders have change in the identified problem structure during the discussions. Language: ja

This paper analyzes a policy-making process and discusses the role of policy process management in a public transit project. There has been no well-organized public transit planning done by local government in Japan, mainly because there is no national program for statutory local public transit planning in Japan. The Toyama light rail transit (LRT) project is one of the exceptional cases in which a local government has tackled local public transit planning. The planning process in this project is unveiled through intensive interviews with local stakeholders. The focus is on the framing recognized by the stakeholders. First, the process is classified into four phases. Next, stakeholder behaviors, the main agenda, the framework recognized by the stakeholders, and meetings in each phase are analyzed. The policy process management of the Toyama city government is examined, and the factors influencing the successful introduction of LRT are discussed from the viewpoint of policy management. In summary, three factors are involved: technology and topography, financial resources, and policy process management. Well-organized policy process management contributes to smooth consensus building; in this case, the process manager made the best use of the technological and topographical and financial factors and consequently guided the stakeholders to a consensus. Finally, the lessons learned from the Toyama LRT case are discussed. The following key factors, each of which influences the policy-making process, are described: appropriate vision setting and strong leadership, meeting management, viewpoint shift under certain constraints, the involvement of experts, and the framing arrangement vis-à-vis individual negotiation.

本稿は，新奇性の高い環境技術を社会に導入する政策プロセスにおいて，分野横断的ネットワークと民間主体の公共的企業家機能の果たす役割とその特性を検証する．具体事例として，温暖化対策が比較的遅れている住宅部門における面的なCO?排出削減の取り組みである，太陽熱セントラルヒーティングシステムを採用した集合住宅建設のプロセスを扱う．分析からは，新技術を社会に導入するプロセスにおいて，多様なステークホルダーが，(1)分野横断的（マルチセクター）なネットワークを構築することが必要であり，その際，(2)特に民間主体が公共的企業家精神（アントレプレナーシップ）を備えている場合があること，これらの要因の戦略的なマネジメントが社会導入の鍵であることが明らかになった．

When initial automobile environmental standards were introduced during the 1970s and 1980s there was a large difference in the level and timing of the introduction of these initial emission standards in the United States, Japan and Europe. Trade in automobiles was the target of fierce trade disputes in the 1980s between, for example, the United States and Japan. The governments of Japan, the United States and Europe were involved in trade negotiations as agents of the automobile industry of each country, often focusing on environmental standards as sources of non-tariff barriers. But since the mid-1990s, because of the globalization of the automobile industry, automobile firms have had common interests in collaborating in relation to voluntary harmonized standards. They also have common interests in relation to other sectors such as the petroleum industry in that the burden for emission reductions needs to be shared equitably among sectors. In that sense, it can be said that a ‘depoliticizing str...

This article suggests two directions concerning energy policies in East Asia. First, even within the current regional framework, new roles can be reciprocally assumed by China, Korea, and Japan. Second, deeper cooperation with China and Korea should be sought in a more effective management of energy demand, from the sheer streamlining of energy-related statistical standards to the diffusion of technological innovation, with a central role for the provision of knowledge, expertise, and infrastructure to the East Asian nations from Japan. The evolution of the concept of energy security in East Asia is currently undergoing a historical change marked by both the explosive growth of energy demand in China and the worldwide “shale revolution.” But instead of assuming a rigid idea of security, the article accepts its pluralism and explores what conditions make even divergent conceptions of energy security as viable in the current and possibly future context of East Asia. Indeed, the golden principle of energy security has often been “to improve one's energy self-sufficiency ratio and not to be dependent from external suppliers.” However, this concept of energy security may not be the most suited one for East Asia. Without a proper management of its rapidly increasing demand, it will become very difficult to improve the self-sufficiency ratio in energy production for the Chinese economy, and East Asia as a whole. Also, the shale revolution is shaping a new global situation with a profound change of the supply–demand structure. As energy supply cannot be flexibly manipulated, East Asia, the region with the largest energy consumption, must however strive to design and to construct a secure energy supply system in the context of changing patterns of production and consumption, reflecting a global power shift. Keywords: energy; policy; Asia; prospects; risks; sustainable

医療の質と安全を高めるために，診療の過程で起きた患者の死亡について，その死因を究明し，また，必要に応じて，診療内容に関する調査・分析も踏まえて事故原因を探り，再発防止に生かす事故調査が必要となる．本研究では，日本の現状の医療事故調査の問題点の分析や，平成17 年10 月より開始された厚生労働省補助事業「診療行為に関連した死亡の調査分析に関するモデル事業」の運用の分析を通して，医療事故調査のための第三者機関創設への法制度的な課題を検討し，人材の確保，地域差への対応，院内調査との整合性，情報の取り扱い，警察との関係に関する課題の抽出を行った．

本研究は，公共政策におけるシナリオ分析に関して，関係主体間の相互関係を明示的に考慮する方法を提案し，それを東京圏の広域交通政策事例に適用した結果を示すものである．提案方法の特徴は，社会経済動向等に起因するマクロな不確実性に加えて，関係他主体の行動によるミクロな不確実性についても取り扱っている点と，ミクロな不確実性を考慮するために，既存の問題構造化分析によって得られた関係主体間の相互期待表を活用している点にある．ミクロ・マクロ両方の不確実性を考慮することによって，より現実的な分析と政策検討が行えるものとなっている．

Historical progress of nuclear safety regulations and nuclear safety regulatory organizations in Japan in response to the Mutsu nuclear ship accident and JCO criticality accident are reviewed. Then the lessons we can learn from the “regulatory failures” on nuclear safety uncovered by the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011 are discussed focusing on the “failure” of interdisciplinary communication for setting up seismic and tsunami standards and the “failure” of voluntary safety efforts relating to the scope of sever accident management. After analyzing the policy process leading to the institutional reform after the accident aiming for independence and integrative capabilities under the newly set up organizational framework of Nuclear Regulatory Authority, remaining issues of current nuclear safety regulation in Japan, such as interdisciplinary sensitivity, capability of regulatory staff in government nuclear safety regulatory organization, independent source of expertise relating to nuclear technology in the context of Japan, and careers pattern for risk managers are also analyzed.

Indemnity insurance systems take various forms, and are applied with various methods, depending on the nature of the risks concerned and policy decision . Such systems have various policy on premium, and include those; 1) operated independently by private insurance companies, 2) involved and administered by the public sector, 3) requiring international reinsurance, and so on. In order for indemnity insurance to contribute to lifestyle stability and the establishment of a safe society, it is necessary to develop options relating to insurance systems, with view to secure finance, coordination with legal systems and regulations, and to develop evaluation criteria for choosing the appropriate insurance system and premium policies. In addition, insurance industry can play supplementary roles for safety standard setting, preventive measures and information provision relating to safety. Language: ja

Safety self-regulation by the industry is becoming an important issue in Japan. In the U.S., it is now believed that the Institute of Nuclear Power Operators (INPO), established as a self-regulatory organization by the nuclear industry after the TMI accident as well as other industry organizations, such as Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), contributed significantly to improving nuclear safety performance. Independent third party organizations, such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) also played an important role in assuring effective self regulation in the US. After a series of incidents and mismanagements, Japanese nuclear industry is now also trying to strengthen self regulation. This paper analyzes self-regulation and its practices in the US, especially focusing on the organizations and management of INPO and others, and it is found that the following factors are important to be considered for Japan; (1) principles and practices of information disclosure, (2) incentives for enterprises (3) role of third party organization for standard setting and its decision making process. Language: ja