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1. Ocean mixing and heat transport at the ice front of Dotson Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Author: Sheehan, P., Damerell, G., Hall, R., Dotto, T., Zheng, Y., and Heywood, K.
Abstract: The Dotson Ice Shelf, which abuts the warm waters of Antarctica’s Amundsen Sea, has exhibited high rates of ocean-driven basal melting in recent decades. As part of the UK-US ITGC collaboration, we surveyed the ice front using a vertical microstructure profiler (VMP) and two ocean gliders equipped with shear and temperature microstructure probes, as well as an ordinary conductivity-temperature sensor. Closely spaced (~1 km horizontal resolution) profiles in the principal in- and outflow regions were collected using the VMP, while the gliders conducted a series of near-zonal sections along the ice front over a three-week period. The glider sections reveal a concentrated inflow, 10 km across, of Circumpolar Deep Water in the east; outflow is concentrated in the west, but occurs over the remainder of the 40 km section. Estimates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, ε, from shear and temperature, and from gliders and the VMP, generally agree to within an order of magnitude. High values of ε (10-8to 10-7W kg-1) are observed at the sea floor in the inflow region, a result of bottom friction, and throughout the water column in the principal outflow region. In the centre of the section, ε is lower (10-11to 10-10W kg-1), but for a region of elevated ε at the interface between Circumpolar Deep Water and the Winter Water that overlies it. We also calculate horizontal heat transports and, from ε, turbulent vertical heat fluxes, key quantities for understanding the influence of the ocean on basal melting., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)
Published: 2023
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2. Temporal variability of meltwater in front of Dotson Ice Shelf

Author: Zheng, Y., Hall, R., Heywood, K., Queste, B., Sheehan, P., and Damerell, G.
Abstract: Ice shelves terminating towards the Amundsen Sea are losing mass rapidly, exporting an increasing amount of meltwater into the ocean. Investigation into the fate of the glacial meltwater in the Amundsen Sea is therefore pressing for predicting the future climate response to the ice shelf processes. However, observations near ice shelves often lack continuity in either time or space, limiting our knowledge of the meltwater pathway. In summer 2022, we deployed six ocean gliders in front of the Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS), obtaining two ship CTD transects and 573 glider profiles, yielding more than ten fine-resolution (median horizontal sampling interval: 650 m) glider transects along the DIS within three weeks, allowing us to compare the full picture along DIS over short time scales (median sampling interval: 4.5 days). Glider transects reveal that the meltwater content is higher (about 20 g/kg) in the west (outflow) and lower in the east (inflow), with a meltwater-poor layer centred at about 350 m sandwiched by two meltwater-rich layers (above about 250 m and centred at about 450 m). We find particularly meltwater-poor cores within the meltwater-poor layer, potentially indicating eddies. Isopycnals diverge near the meltwater outflow core and shoal below about 600 m at the inflow region, indicating geostrophic flow out of and into the cavity respectively. We calculate the volume transport of meltwater exported from the ice shelf cavity and assess its variability during the three weeks., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)
Published: 2023
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3. Combining uncrewed oceanographic observing systems to investigate upper ocean heat content variability in the tropical North Atlantic

Author: Siddle, E., Heywood, K., Webber, B., and Heasman, S.
Abstract: Quantifying the heat absorbed and released by the ocean is important in understanding the role of air-sea interactions in global climate. Estimates from reanalysis products are readily available but high-resolution (both temporal and spatial) observations are much less so. To investigate ocean heat budget and air-sea interactions on a local scale, we deployed four autonomous platforms east of Barbados as part of the Eurec4a campaign, January- February 2020, in a 10 km x 10 km region. 3 Seagliders undertook 581 dives yielding 1162 vertical ocean profiles, and our 5 m wave-powered surface vessel, Caravela, travelled more than 1000 km over ground. Variations in the surface mixed layer properties are described by Seaglider profiles of temperature and salinity. For example, the mixed layer depth varies over days to weeks between 11 m and 45 m. Turbulent microstructure from one Seaglider estimates the contribution of vertical mixing to the heat budget. Variations in upper ocean heat content are derived, and we test the extent to which local air-sea fluxes can account for changes in heat content. These fluxes are derived from Caravela’s in-situ measurements, including downwelling long-wave and short-wave radiation (long-wave observations varying from 370 W/m² to 490 W/m², with a peak solar radiation of 1440 W/m²), supplemented by fluxes from the ERA5 reanalysis. We also observe the diurnal cycle of the upper ocean heat content. In this presentation, we discuss the potential of these surface and subsurface platforms to derive an observationally-based heat budget on a local scale., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)
Published: 2023
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4. EUREC4A

Author: Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., Zoger M., Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., and Zoger M.
Abstract: The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic - eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air-sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored - from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation - are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at 10.25326/165 , and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.
Published: 2021

5. First measurements of ocean and atmosphere in the Tropical North Atlantic using Caravela, a novel uncrewed surface vessel

Author: Siddle, E., Heywood, K., Webber, B. & Bromley, P.
Published: 2021
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6. The EUREC4A-Ocean/Atmosphere campaign: status

Author: Karstensen, J, Speich, S, Renault, L, Giordani, H, Meroni, A, Pasquero, C, Desbiolles, F, Bellenger, H, Bopp, L, Lapeyre, G, Gentemann, C, Zhang, D, Laxenaire, R, von Storch, J, Reverdin, G, Thompson, E, Heywood, K, Bourras, D, Thomson, J, Foltz, G, Hubert, B, Bigorre, S, Clayson, C, Sullivan, P, Mcwilliams, J, Zhang, C, Rocha, C, Acquistapace, C, Fairall, C, Zuidema, P, Horstmann, J, Schutte, F, Olivier, L, L'Hegaret, P, Carton, X, Rudloff, D, Baranowski, D, Landschuetzer, P, Lange, D, Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Labbri, G, Farrell, D, Karstensen, Johannes, Speich, Sabrina, Renault, Lionel, Giordani, Herve, Meroni, Agostino, Pasquero, Claudia, Desbiolles, Fabien, Bellenger, Hugo, Bopp, Laurent, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Gentemann, Chelle, Zhang, Dongxiao, Laxenaire, Remi, von Storch, Jin-Song, Reverdin, Gilles, Thompson, Elizabeth, Heywood, Karen, Bourras, Denis, Thomson, James, Foltz, Gregory, Hubert, Branger, Bigorre, Sebastien, Clayson, Carol, Sullivan, Peter, McWilliams, James, Zhang, Chidong, Rocha, Cesar, Acquistapace, Claudia, Fairall, Chris, Zuidema, Paquita, Horstmann, Jochen, Schutte, Florian, Olivier, Lea, L'Hegaret, Pierre, Carton, Xavier, Rudloff, Daniel, Baranowski, Darek, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lange, Diego, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Labbri, Giacomo, Farrell, David, Karstensen, J, Speich, S, Renault, L, Giordani, H, Meroni, A, Pasquero, C, Desbiolles, F, Bellenger, H, Bopp, L, Lapeyre, G, Gentemann, C, Zhang, D, Laxenaire, R, von Storch, J, Reverdin, G, Thompson, E, Heywood, K, Bourras, D, Thomson, J, Foltz, G, Hubert, B, Bigorre, S, Clayson, C, Sullivan, P, Mcwilliams, J, Zhang, C, Rocha, C, Acquistapace, C, Fairall, C, Zuidema, P, Horstmann, J, Schutte, F, Olivier, L, L'Hegaret, P, Carton, X, Rudloff, D, Baranowski, D, Landschuetzer, P, Lange, D, Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Labbri, G, Farrell, D, Karstensen, Johannes, Speich, Sabrina, Renault, Lionel, Giordani, Herve, Meroni, Agostino, Pasquero, Claudia, Desbiolles, Fabien, Bellenger, Hugo, Bopp, Laurent, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Gentemann, Chelle, Zhang, Dongxiao, Laxenaire, Remi, von Storch, Jin-Song, Reverdin, Gilles, Thompson, Elizabeth, Heywood, Karen, Bourras, Denis, Thomson, James, Foltz, Gregory, Hubert, Branger, Bigorre, Sebastien, Clayson, Carol, Sullivan, Peter, McWilliams, James, Zhang, Chidong, Rocha, Cesar, Acquistapace, Claudia, Fairall, Chris, Zuidema, Paquita, Horstmann, Jochen, Schutte, Florian, Olivier, Lea, L'Hegaret, Pierre, Carton, Xavier, Rudloff, Daniel, Baranowski, Darek, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lange, Diego, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Labbri, Giacomo, and Farrell, David
Published: 2021

7. Pathways and modification of warm water flowing beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf, West Antarctica

Author: Wåhlin, A. K., primary, Graham, A. G. C., additional, Hogan, K. A., additional, Queste, B. Y., additional, Boehme, L., additional, Larter, R. D, additional, Pettit, E. C., additional, Wellner, J., additional, and Heywood, K. J., additional
Published: 2021
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8. The Arctic and the UK: climate, research and engagement

Author: Siegert, M, Bacon, S, Barnes, D, Brooks, I, Burgess, H, Cottier, F, Depledge, D, Dodds, K, Edwards, M, Essery, R, Heywood, K, Hendry, K, Jones, V, Lea, J, Medby, I, Meredith, M, Screen, J, Steinberg, P, Tarling, G, Warner, J, and Young, G
Subjects: Arctic, research, Global warming, Climate change, environment, climate
Abstract: This discussion paper explains how the UK’s climate is linked to conditions in the Arctic, and why a UK Arctic science strategy is integral to understanding how global warming will change the Arctic and affect the UK.
Published: 2020
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9. The Arctic and the UK: Climate, research and engagement

Author: Siegert, M., Bacon, S., Barnes, D., Brooks, I., Burgess, H., Cottier, F., Depledge, D., Dodds, K., Edwards, M., Essery, R., Heywood, K., Hendry, K., Jones, V., Lea, J., Medby, Ingrid A., Meredith, M., Screen, J., Steinberg, P., Tarling, G., Warner, J., Young, G., Siegert, M., Bacon, S., Barnes, D., Brooks, I., Burgess, H., Cottier, F., Depledge, D., Dodds, K., Edwards, M., Essery, R., Heywood, K., Hendry, K., Jones, V., Lea, J., Medby, Ingrid A., Meredith, M., Screen, J., Steinberg, P., Tarling, G., Warner, J., and Young, G.
Abstract: This discussion paper explains how the UK’s climate is linked to conditions in the Arctic, and why a UK Arctic science strategy is integral to understanding how global warming will change the Arctic and affect the UK.
Published: 2020

10. Introducing Art Therapy into the Christie Hospital Manchester UK 2001–2002

Author: Heywood, K
Published: 2003
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11. Oral and dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos: a human volunteer study

Author: Griffin, P, Mason, H, Heywood, K, and Cocker, J
Published: 1999

12. Potential for an underwater glider component as part of the Global Ocean Observing System

Author: Liblik, Taavi, Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, P., Alenius, P., Hayes, D., Ruiz, S., Heywood, K. J., Pouliquen, S., Mortier, L., Mauri, E., Liblik, Taavi, Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, P., Alenius, P., Hayes, D., Ruiz, S., Heywood, K. J., Pouliquen, S., Mortier, L., and Mauri, E.
Abstract: The contributions of autonomous underwater gliders as an observing platform in the in-situ global ocean observing system (GOOS) are investigated. The assessment is done in two ways: First, the existing in-situ observing platforms contributing to GOOS (floats, surface drifters, moorings, research/commercial ships) are characterized in terms of their current capabilities in sampling key physical and bio-geochemical oceanic processes. Next the gliders’ capabilities are evaluated in the context of key applications. This includes an evaluation of 140 references presented in the peer-reviewed literature. It is found that GOOS has adequate coverage of sampling in the open ocean for several physical processes. There is a lack of data in the present GOOS in the transition regions between the open ocean and shelf seas. However, most of the documented scientific glider applications operate in this region, suggesting that a sustained glider component in the GOOS could fill that gap. Glider data are included for routine product generation (e.g. alerts, maps). Other noteworthy process-oriented applications where gliders are important survey tools include local sampling of the (sub)mesoscale, sampling in shallow coastal areas, measurements in hazardous environments, and operational monitoring. In most cases, the glider studies address investigations and monitoring of processes across multiple disciplines, making use of the ease to implement a wide range of sensors to gliders. The maturity of glider operations, the wide range of applications that map onto growing GOOS regional needs, and the maturity of glider data flow all justify the formal implementation of gliders into the GOOS. Remaining challenges include the execution of coordinated multinational missions in a sustained mode as well as considering capacity-building aspects in glider operations as well as glider data use.
Published: 2016
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13. Gliders for Research, Ocean Observation and Management - GROOM

Author: Mortier, L., Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, Pierre, Hayes, D., Mauri, E., and Heywood, K.
Published: 2013

14. Gliders for Research, Ocean Observation and Management - GROOM

Author: Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, Pierre, Mauri, E., Heywood, K., and Hayes, D.
Published: 2012

15. Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO3.4

Author: Heuzé, C., primary, Ridley, J. K., additional, Calvert, D., additional, Stevens, D. P., additional, and Heywood, K. J., additional
Published: 2015
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16. Drivers of summer oxygen depletion in the central North Sea

Author: Queste, B. Y., primary, Fernand, L., additional, Jickells, T. D., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Hind, A. J., additional
Published: 2015
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17. Supplementary material to "Increasing vertical mixing to reduce Southern Ocean deep convection in NEMO"

Author: Heuzé, C., primary, Ridley, J. K., additional, Calvert, D., additional, Stevens, D. P., additional, and Heywood, K. J., additional
Published: 2015
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18. Ocean processes at the Antarctic continental slope

Author: Heywood, K. J., Schmidtko, Sunke, Heuze, C., Kaiser, J., Jickells, T. D., Queste, B. Y., Stevens, D. P., Wadley, M., Thompson, A. F., Fielding, S., Guihen, D., Creed, E., Ridley, J. K., Smith, W., Heywood, K. J., Schmidtko, Sunke, Heuze, C., Kaiser, J., Jickells, T. D., Queste, B. Y., Stevens, D. P., Wadley, M., Thompson, A. F., Fielding, S., Guihen, D., Creed, E., Ridley, J. K., and Smith, W.
Abstract: The Antarctic continental shelves and slopes occupy relatively small areas, but, nevertheless, are important for global climate, biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem functioning. Processes of water mass transformation through sea ice formation/melting and ocean–atmosphere interaction are key to the formation of deep and bottom waters as well as determining the heat flux beneath ice shelves. Climate models, however, struggle to capture these physical processes and are unable to reproduce water mass properties of the region. Dynamics at the continental slope are key for correctly modelling climate, yet their small spatial scale presents challenges both for ocean modelling and for observational studies. Cross-slope exchange processes are also vital for the flux of nutrients such as iron from the continental shelf into the mixed layer of the Southern Ocean. An iron-cycling model embedded in an eddy-permitting ocean model reveals the importance of sedimentary iron in fertilizing parts of the Southern Ocean. Ocean gliders play a key role in improving our ability to observe and understand these small-scale processes at the continental shelf break. The Gliders: Excellent New Tools for Observing the Ocean (GENTOO) project deployed three Seagliders for up to two months in early 2012 to sample the water to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula in unprecedented temporal and spatial detail. The glider data resolve small-scale exchange processes across the shelf-break front (the Antarctic Slope Front) and the front's biogeochemical signature. GENTOO demonstrated the capability of ocean gliders to play a key role in a future multi-disciplinary Southern Ocean observing system.
Published: 2014

19. An assessment of the use of ocean gliders to undertake acoustic measurements of zooplankton: the distribution and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Weddell Sea

Author: Guihen, Damien, Fielding, Sophie, Murphy, Eugene, Heywood, K, Griffiths, G, Guihen, Damien, Fielding, Sophie, Murphy, Eugene, Heywood, K, and Griffiths, G
Abstract: A calibrated 120 kHz single-beam echo-sounder was integrated into an ocean glider and deployed in the Weddell Sea, Southern Ocean. The glider was deployed for two short periods in January 2012, in separate survey boxes on the continental shelf to the east of the Antarctic Peninsula, to assess the distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). During the glider missions, a research vessel undertook acoustic transects using a calibrated, hull-mounted, multi-frequency echo-sounder. Net hauls were taken to validate acoustic targets and parameterize acoustic models. Krill targets were identified using a thresholded schools analysis technique (SHAPES), and acoustic data were converted to krill density using the stochastic distorted-wave Born approximation (SDWBA) target strength model. A sensitivity analysis of glider pitch and roll indicated that, if not taken into account, glider orientation can impact density estimates by up to 8-fold. Glider-based, echo-sounder–derived krill density profiles for the two survey boxes showed features coherent with ship-borne measurements, with peak densities in both boxes around a depth of 60 m. Monte Carlo simulation of glider subsampling of ship-borne data showed no significant difference from observed profiles. Simulated glider dives required at least an order of magnitude more time than the ship to similarly estimate the abundance of krill within the sample regions. These analyses highlight the need for suitable sampling strategies for glider-based observations and are our first steps toward using autonomous underwater vehicles for ecosystem assessment and long-term monitoring. With appropriate survey design, gliders can be used for estimating krill distribution and abundance.
Published: 2014

20. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and investigations of the ice-ocean interface: deploying the Autosub AUV in Antarctic and Arctic waters

Author: Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Mugford, R., Griffiths, G., McPhail, S., Millard, N., Stevenson, P., Brandon, M. A., Banks, C., Heywood, K. J., Price, M. R., Dodd, P. A., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., Hayes, D., Abrahamsen, E. P, Tyler, P., Bett, B., Jones, D., Wadhams, P., Wilkinson, J. P., Stansfield, K., and Ackley, S.
Abstract: Limitations of access have long restricted exploration and investigation of the cavities beneath ice shelves to a small number of drill holes. Studies of sea-ice underwater morphology are limited largely to scientific utilisation of submarines. Remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), tethered to a mother ship by umbilical cable, have been deployed to investigate tidewater-glacier and ice-shelf margins, but their range is very restricted. The development of free-flying autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with ranges of tens to hundreds of kilometres enables extensive missions to take place beneath sea ice and floating ice shelves. Autosub2 is a 3600 kg, 6.7 m long AUV, with a 1600 m operating depth and range of 400 km. A single direct-drive DC motor and five-bladed propeller produce speeds of 1 to 2 m s-1. Rear-mounted rudder and stern-plane control yaw, pitch and depth. Autosub has three sections. The front and rear sections are free-flooding, built around aluminium extrusion space-frames covered with glass-fibre reinforced plastic panels. The central section has seven 3 m long carbon-fibre reinforced plastic pressure vessels. Four tubes contain batteries powering the vehicle. The other three house vehicle control systems and sensors. The rear section houses sub-systems for navigation, control actuation and propulsion and scientific sensors (e.g. digital camera, upward-looking 300 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 200 kHz multibeam receiver). The front section contains forward-looking collision sensor, emergency abort, the homing systems, ARGOS transmitters and flashing lights for relocation as well as science sensors (e.g. twin Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) instruments, multibeam transmitter, sub-bottom profiler, AquaLab water sampler). Payload restrictions mean that a subset of scientific instruments are actually in place on any given dive. The scientific instruments carried on Autosub are described and examples of observational data collected from each sensor in Arctic or Antarctic waters, often under floating ice shelves or sea ice, are given.
Published: 2008

21. The Southern Ocean observing system: Initial science and implementation strategy

Author: Rintoul, S. R., Sparrow, M., Meredith, M. P., Wadley, V., Speer, K., Hofmann, E., Summerhayes, C., Urban, E., Bellerby, R., Ackley, S., Alverson, K., Ansorge, I., Aoki, S., Azzolini, R., Beal, L., Belbeoch, M., Bergamasco, A., Biuw, M., Boehme, L., Budillon, G., Campos, L., Carlson, D., Cavanagh, R., Charpentier, E., Chul Shin, H., Coffin, M., Constable, A., Costa, D., Cronin, M., De Baar, H., De Broyer, C., De Bruin, T., De Santis, L., Butler, E., Dexter, P., Drinkwater, M., England, M., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Fanta, E., Fedak, M., Finney, K., Fischer, A., Frew, R., Garzoli, S., Gernandt, Hartwig, Gladyshev, S., Gomis, D., Gordon, A., Gunn, J., Gutt, Julian, Haas, C., Hall, J., Heywood, K., Hill, K., Hindell, M., Hood, M., Hoppema, Mario, Hosie, G., Howard, W., Joiris, C., Kaleschke, L., Kang, S.-H., Kennicutt, M., Klepikov, A., Lembke-Jene, Lester, Lovenduski, N., Lytle, V., Mathieu, P.-P., Moltmann, T., Morrow, R., Muelbert, M., Murphy, E., Naganobu, M., Naveira Garabato, A., Nicol, S., O'Farrell, S., Ott, N., Piola, A., Piotrowicz, S., Proctor, R., Qiao, F., Rack, F., Ravindra, R., Ridgway, K., Rignot, E., Ryabinin, V., Sarukhanian, E., Sathyendranath, S., Schlosser, P., Schwarz, J., Smith, G., Smith, S., Southwell, C., Speich, S., Stambach, W., Stammer, D., Stansfield, K., Thiede, Jörn, Thouvenot, E., Tilbrook, B., Wadhams, P., Wainer, I., Willmott Puig, Veronica, Wijffels, S., Woodworth, P., Worby, T., Wright, S., Rintoul, S. R., Sparrow, M., Meredith, M. P., Wadley, V., Speer, K., Hofmann, E., Summerhayes, C., Urban, E., Bellerby, R., Ackley, S., Alverson, K., Ansorge, I., Aoki, S., Azzolini, R., Beal, L., Belbeoch, M., Bergamasco, A., Biuw, M., Boehme, L., Budillon, G., Campos, L., Carlson, D., Cavanagh, R., Charpentier, E., Chul Shin, H., Coffin, M., Constable, A., Costa, D., Cronin, M., De Baar, H., De Broyer, C., De Bruin, T., De Santis, L., Butler, E., Dexter, P., Drinkwater, M., England, M., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Fanta, E., Fedak, M., Finney, K., Fischer, A., Frew, R., Garzoli, S., Gernandt, Hartwig, Gladyshev, S., Gomis, D., Gordon, A., Gunn, J., Gutt, Julian, Haas, C., Hall, J., Heywood, K., Hill, K., Hindell, M., Hood, M., Hoppema, Mario, Hosie, G., Howard, W., Joiris, C., Kaleschke, L., Kang, S.-H., Kennicutt, M., Klepikov, A., Lembke-Jene, Lester, Lovenduski, N., Lytle, V., Mathieu, P.-P., Moltmann, T., Morrow, R., Muelbert, M., Murphy, E., Naganobu, M., Naveira Garabato, A., Nicol, S., O'Farrell, S., Ott, N., Piola, A., Piotrowicz, S., Proctor, R., Qiao, F., Rack, F., Ravindra, R., Ridgway, K., Rignot, E., Ryabinin, V., Sarukhanian, E., Sathyendranath, S., Schlosser, P., Schwarz, J., Smith, G., Smith, S., Southwell, C., Speich, S., Stambach, W., Stammer, D., Stansfield, K., Thiede, Jörn, Thouvenot, E., Tilbrook, B., Wadhams, P., Wainer, I., Willmott Puig, Veronica, Wijffels, S., Woodworth, P., Worby, T., and Wright, S.
Published: 2012

22. Gliders for Research, Ocean Observation and Management - GROOM

Author: Mortier, L., Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, Pierre, Hayes, D., Mauri, E., Heywood, K., Mortier, L., Karstensen, Johannes, Testor, Pierre, Hayes, D., Mauri, E., and Heywood, K.
Published: 2012

23. 2.3. Southern Ocean

Author: Rintoul, S. R., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Abele, Doris, Ackley, S., Allison, I., Bowie, A., Brandt, A., Brussaard, C., Cavanagh, R. D., Danis, B., De Baar, H., De Broyer, C., Evans, C., Heywood, K., Hofmann, E., Hoppema, Mario, Iversen, S. A., Johnston, N. M., Klepikov, A., Luis, A. J., Murphy, E. J., Segers, H., Strass, Volker, Summerhayes, C., Tancell, C., Wadley, V., Woodworth, P., Worby, A., Rintoul, S. R., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Abele, Doris, Ackley, S., Allison, I., Bowie, A., Brandt, A., Brussaard, C., Cavanagh, R. D., Danis, B., De Baar, H., De Broyer, C., Evans, C., Heywood, K., Hofmann, E., Hoppema, Mario, Iversen, S. A., Johnston, N. M., Klepikov, A., Luis, A. J., Murphy, E. J., Segers, H., Strass, Volker, Summerhayes, C., Tancell, C., Wadley, V., Woodworth, P., and Worby, A.
Published: 2011

24. Cooling and Freshening of the Weddell Sea Outflow

Author: Heywood, K. J., Thompson, A. F., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Mackensen, Andreas, Aoki, S., Heywood, K. J., Thompson, A. F., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Mackensen, Andreas, and Aoki, S.
Published: 2009

25. Direct observations of the Antarctic circumpolar current transport on the northern flank of the Kerguelen Plateau

Author: Damerell, G. M., primary, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Stevens, D. P., additional
Published: 2013
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26. An Overview of the Synoptic Antarctic Shelf-Slope Interactions (SASSI) project for the International Polar Year

Author: Heywood, K. J., primary, Muench, R., additional, and Williams, G., additional
Published: 2012
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27. On the outflow of dense water from the Weddell and Ross Seas in OCCAM model

Author: Kerr, R., primary, Heywood, K. J., additional, Mata, M. M., additional, and Garcia, C. A. E., additional
Published: 2012
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28. Wind forcing of salinity anomalies in the Denmark Strait overflow

Author: Hall, S., primary, Dye, S. R., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Wadley, M. R., additional
Published: 2011
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29. Warming of waters in an East Greenland fjord prior to glacier retreat: mechanisms and connection to large-scale atmospheric conditions

Author: Christoffersen, P., primary, Mugford, R. I., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, Joughin, I., additional, Dowdeswell, J. A., additional, Syvitski, J. P. M., additional, Luckman, A., additional, and Benham, T. J., additional
Published: 2011
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30. On the export of dense water from the Weddell and Ross Seas

Author: Kerr, R., primary, Heywood, K. J., additional, Mata, M. M., additional, and Garcia, C. A. E., additional
Published: 2011
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31. Interannual variability of Arctic sea ice export into the East Greenland Current

Author: Cox, K. A., primary, Stanford, J. D., additional, McVicar, A. J., additional, Rohling, E. J., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, Bacon, S., additional, Bolshaw, M., additional, Dodd, P. A., additional, De la Rosa, S., additional, and Wilkinson, D., additional
Published: 2010
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32. Freshwater fluxes through the western Fram Strait

Author: Meredith, M., Heywood, K., Dennis, P., Goldson, L., White, R., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Schauer, Ursula, Østerhus, S., Meredith, M., Heywood, K., Dennis, P., Goldson, L., White, R., Fahrbach, Eberhard, Schauer, Ursula, and Østerhus, S.
Published: 2001

33. Ice-shelf – ocean interactions at Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica from oxygen isotope ratio measurements

Author: Price, M. R., primary, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Nicholls, K. W., additional
Published: 2008
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34. Ice-shelf – ocean interactions at Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica from oxygen isotope ratio measurements

Author: Price, M. R., primary, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Nicholls, K. W., additional
Published: 2007
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35. Measurements beneath an Antarctic ice shelf using an autonomous underwater vehicle

Author: Nicholls, K. W., primary, Abrahamsen, E. P., additional, Buck, J. J. H., additional, Dodd, P. A., additional, Goldblatt, C., additional, Griffiths, G., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, Hughes, N. E., additional, Kaletzky, A., additional, Lane-Serff, G. F., additional, McPhail, S. D., additional, Millard, N. W., additional, Oliver, K. I. C., additional, Perrett, J., additional, Price, M. R., additional, Pudsey, C. J., additional, Saw, K., additional, Stansfield, K., additional, Stott, M. J., additional, Wadhams, P., additional, Webb, A. T., additional, and Wilkinson, J. P., additional
Published: 2006
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36. Using gliders to study a phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea, antarctica.

Author: Asper, V., Smith, W., Lee, C., Gobat, J., Heywood, K., Queste, B., and Dinniman, M.
Published: 2011

37. Observations of oceanic mesoscale features and variability in the Canary Islands area from ERS-1 altimeter data, satellite infrared imagery and hydrographic measurements

Author: Tejera, A., primary, García-Weil, L., additional, Heywood, K. J., additional, and Cantón-Garbín, M., additional
Published: 2002
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38. Transport of Radioactive Materials for Medical Use in the UK

Author: Heywood, K., primary
Published: 1996
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39. Eddy characteristics in the northern South China Sea as inferred from Lagrangian drifter data.

Author: Jiaxun Li, Ren Zhang, Baogang Jin, and Heywood, K. J.
Subjects: EDDY flux, ANTICYCLONES, LAGRANGE equations, CYCLONES, MONSOONS, SPATIO-temporal variation
Abstract: Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies from large scale to submesoscale in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) have been statistically characterized based on the satellite-tracked Lagrangian drifters using our developed geometric eddy identification method. There are in total 2208 eddies identified, 70% of which are anticyclonic eddies. If the submesoscale eddies are eliminated, the other eddies in the NSCS will show a 1.2:1 ratio of the number of anticyclones (210) to the number of cyclones (171). The spatial distribution of the eddies is regional: in southwest of Taiwan, the number of anticyclones dominates the number of cyclones, and most of them are the submesoscale anticyclones with small radii; in contrast, the large and medium cyclonic eddies are a little more than the same scale anticyclonic eddies in northwest of Luzon. The temporal distribution of eddy number in the NSCS has a close relation with the Asian monsoon. The number of the large and medium eddies peaks during the winter monsoon, while the submesoscale eddies are apt to generate in the summer monsoon. The spatial and temporal patterns have a good agreement with the results of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA). The maximum and mean tangential velocities of anticyclones (cyclones) are 40 (30) cm s-1 and 25 (15) cm s-1, respectively. The calculated normalized vorticities from drifters suggest that although the mesoscale eddies may be considered in geostrophic balance, ageostrophic dynamics and centrifugal effects may play an important role for the growth and decay of the mesoscale cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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40. On the export of dense water from the Weddell and Ross Seas.

Author: Kerr, R., Heywood, K. J., Mata, M. M., and Garcia, C. A. E.
Subjects: OCEANOGRAPHIC research, OCEAN circulation, MERIDIONAL overturning circulation
Abstract: We describe the seasonal and interannual variability of volume transports in Weddell and Ross Seas using the 1/12° 20-yr simulation of the OCCAM global ocean general circulation model. The average simulated full-depth cumulative volume transports were 28.5±2.9 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m³ s-1) and 13.4±5.2 Sv, across the main export regions of the Weddell and Ross Seas, respectively. The values of mean outflow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) (defined by neutral density γn ≥ 28.27 kgm-3) from the Weddell and Ross Seas of 10.6±3.1 Sv and 0.5±0.7 Sv, respectively, agree with the range reported in historical observational studies. Variability in AABW export is predominantly at periods of ~1 yr and 2-4 yr. The transit time taken by AABW sourced in the Southern Weddell Sea to reach the main Weddell export zone is ~ 2 yr. Lagged correlation between the thermohaline properties of AABW source waters and AABW export indicates that recent shelf waters freshening trends are likely related to changes in the AABW outflow rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2011
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41. Ice-shelf -- ocean interactions at Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica from oxygen isotope ratio measurements.

Author: Price, M. R., Heywood, K. J., and Nicholls, K. W.
Subjects: SEA ice, OCEANOGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY, WATER
Abstract: Melt water from the floating ice shelves at the margins of the southeastern Weddell Sea makes a significant contribution to the fresh water budget of the region. In February 2005 a multi-institution team conducted an oceanographic campaign at Fimbul Ice Shelf on the Greenwich Meridian as part of the Autosub Under Ice programme. This included a mission of the autonomous submarine Autosub 25km into the cavity beneath Fimbul Ice Shelf, and a number of ship-based hydrographic sections on the continental shelf and adjacent to the ice shelf front. The measurements reveal two significant sources of glacial melt water at Fimbul Ice Shelf: the main cavity under the ice shelf and an ice tongue that protrudes from the main ice front and out over the continental slope into deep water. Glacial melt water is concentrated in a 200m thick Ice Shelf Water (ISW) layer below the base of the ice shelf at 150-200 m, with a maximum glacial melt concentration of up to 1.16%. Some glacial melt is found throughout the water column, and much of this is from sources other than Fimbul Ice Shelf. However, at least 0.2% of the water in the ISW layer cannot be accounted for by other processes and must have been contributed by the ice shelf. Just downstream of Fimbul Ice Shelf we observe locally created ISW mixing out across the continental slope. The ISW formed here is much less dense than that formed in the southwest Weddell Sea, and will ultimately contribute a freshening (and reduction in δ18O) to the upper 100-150m of the water column in the southeast Weddell Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2007
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Morphoanalysis of Bacterially Precipitated Subaqueous Calcium Carbonate from Weebubbie Cave, Australia.

Author: Contos, A. K., James, J. M., Pitt, B. Heywood K., and Rogers, P.
Subjects: MORPHOLOGY, CALCITE, CAVES
Abstract: In this article, we present a previously unreported morphology of bacterially precipitated calcite (determined using XRD, FTIR, and SAED) occurring subaqueously in Weebubbie Cave. Observations using FESEM and TEM revealed spindle-shaped crystals with curved [hk.0] faces lying parallel to the c-axis. Calcite precipitated under conditions designed to mimic the inorganic solution chemistry of the cave revealed a different morphology. These differences between the crystals suggest that the formation of the cave crystals is a consequence of biologically activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2001
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43. On the sources of Weddell Gyre Antarctic Bottom Water

Author: Meredith, M. P., Locarnini, R. A., Scoy, K. A., Andrew Watson, Heywood, K. J., and King, B. A.

44. Distribution of oxygen isotopes in the water masses of Drake Passage and the South Atlantic

Author: Meredith, M. P., Grose, K. E., Mcdonagh, E. L., Heywood, K. J., Frew, R. D., and Paul Dennis

45. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and investigations of the ice-ocean interface: deploying the Autosub AUV in Antarctic and Arctic waters

Author: Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Mugford, R., Griffiths, G., McPhail, S., Millard, N., Stevenson, P., Brandon, M. A., Banks, C., Heywood, K. J., Price, M. R., Dodd, P. A., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., Hayes, D., Abrahamsen, E. P, Tyler, P., Bett, B., Jones, D., Wadhams, P., Wilkinson, J. P., Stansfield, K., Ackley, S., Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Mugford, R., Griffiths, G., McPhail, S., Millard, N., Stevenson, P., Brandon, M. A., Banks, C., Heywood, K. J., Price, M. R., Dodd, P. A., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., Hayes, D., Abrahamsen, E. P, Tyler, P., Bett, B., Jones, D., Wadhams, P., Wilkinson, J. P., Stansfield, K., and Ackley, S.
Abstract: Limitations of access have long restricted exploration and investigation of the cavities beneath ice shelves to a small number of drill holes. Studies of sea-ice underwater morphology are limited largely to scientific utilisation of submarines. Remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), tethered to a mother ship by umbilical cable, have been deployed to investigate tidewater-glacier and ice-shelf margins, but their range is very restricted. The development of free-flying autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with ranges of tens to hundreds of kilometres enables extensive missions to take place beneath sea ice and floating ice shelves. Autosub2 is a 3600 kg, 6.7 m long AUV, with a 1600 m operating depth and range of 400 km. A single direct-drive DC motor and five-bladed propeller produce speeds of 1 to 2 m s-1. Rear-mounted rudder and stern-plane control yaw, pitch and depth. Autosub has three sections. The front and rear sections are free-flooding, built around aluminium extrusion space-frames covered with glass-fibre reinforced plastic panels. The central section has seven 3 m long carbon-fibre reinforced plastic pressure vessels. Four tubes contain batteries powering the vehicle. The other three house vehicle control systems and sensors. The rear section houses sub-systems for navigation, control actuation and propulsion and scientific sensors (e.g. digital camera, upward-looking 300 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 200 kHz multibeam receiver). The front section contains forward-looking collision sensor, emergency abort, the homing systems, ARGOS transmitters and flashing lights for relocation as well as science sensors (e.g. twin Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) instruments, multibeam transmitter, sub-bottom profiler, AquaLab water sampler). Payload restrictions mean that a subset of scientific instruments are actually in place on any given dive. The scientific instruments carried on Autosub are described and examples of observational data collected from

46. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and investigations of the ice-ocean interface: deploying the Autosub AUV in Antarctic and Arctic waters

Author: Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Mugford, R., Griffiths, G., McPhail, S., Millard, N., Stevenson, P., Brandon, M. A., Banks, C., Heywood, K. J., Price, M. R., Dodd, P. A., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., Hayes, D., Abrahamsen, E. P, Tyler, P., Dowdeswell, J. A., Evans, J., Mugford, R., Griffiths, G., McPhail, S., Millard, N., Stevenson, P., Brandon, M. A., Banks, C., Heywood, K. J., Price, M. R., Dodd, P. A., Jenkins, A., Nicholls, K. W., Hayes, D., Abrahamsen, E. P, and Tyler, P.
Abstract: Limitations of access have long restricted exploration and investigation of the cavities beneath ice shelves to a small number of drill holes. Studies of sea-ice underwater morphology are limited largely to scientific utilisation of submarines. Remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), tethered to a mother ship by umbilical cable, have been deployed to investigate tidewater-glacier and ice-shelf margins, but their range is very restricted. The development of free-flying autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with ranges of tens to hundreds of kilometres enables extensive missions to take place beneath sea ice and floating ice shelves. Autosub2 is a 3600 kg, 6.7 m long AUV, with a 1600 m operating depth and range of 400 km. A single direct-drive DC motor and five-bladed propeller produce speeds of 1 to 2 m s-1. Rear-mounted rudder and stern-plane control yaw, pitch and depth. Autosub has three sections. The front and rear sections are free-flooding, built around aluminium extrusion space-frames covered with glass-fibre reinforced plastic panels. The central section has seven 3 m long carbon-fibre reinforced plastic pressure vessels. Four tubes contain batteries powering the vehicle. The other three house vehicle control systems and sensors. The rear section houses sub-systems for navigation, control actuation and propulsion and scientific sensors (e.g. digital camera, upward-looking 300 kHz Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 200 kHz multibeam receiver). The front section contains forward-looking collision sensor, emergency abort, the homing systems, ARGOS transmitters and flashing lights for relocation as well as science sensors (e.g. twin Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) instruments, multibeam transmitter, sub-bottom profiler, AquaLab water sampler). Payload restrictions mean that a subset of scientific instruments are actually in place on any given dive. The scientific instruments carried on Autosub are described and examples of observational data collected from

47. Estimation of zooplankton abundance from shipborne ADCP backscatter

Author: Heywood, K. J., Barton, E. D., and Scrope-Howe, S.
Published: 1991
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48. EUREC4A

Author: B. Stevens, S. Bony, D. Farrell, F. Ament, A. Blyth, C. Fairall, J. Karstensen, P. K. Quinn, S. Speich, C. Acquistapace, F. Aemisegger, A. L. Albright, H. Bellenger, E. Bodenschatz, K.-A. Caesar, R. Chewitt-Lucas, G. de Boer, J. Delanoë, L. Denby, F. Ewald, B. Fildier, M. Forde, G. George, S. Gross, M. Hagen, A. Hausold, K. J. Heywood, L. Hirsch, M. Jacob, F. Jansen, S. Kinne, D. Klocke, T. Kölling, H. Konow, M. Lothon, W. Mohr, A. K. Naumann, L. Nuijens, L. Olivier, R. Pincus, M. Pöhlker, G. Reverdin, G. Roberts, S. Schnitt, H. Schulz, A. P. Siebesma, C. C. Stephan, P. Sullivan, L. Touzé-Peiffer, J. Vial, R. Vogel, P. Zuidema, N. Alexander, L. Alves, S. Arixi, H. Asmath, G. Bagheri, K. Baier, A. Bailey, D. Baranowski, A. Baron, S. Barrau, P. A. Barrett, F. Batier, A. Behrendt, A. Bendinger, F. Beucher, S. Bigorre, E. Blades, P. Blossey, O. Bock, S. Böing, P. Bosser, D. Bourras, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, K. Bower, P. Branellec, H. Branger, M. Brennek, A. Brewer, P.-E. Brilouet, B. Brügmann, S. A. Buehler, E. Burke, R. Burton, R. Calmer, J.-C. Canonici, X. Carton, G. Cato Jr., J. A. Charles, P. Chazette, Y. Chen, M. T. Chilinski, T. Choularton, P. Chuang, S. Clarke, H. Coe, C. Cornet, P. Coutris, F. Couvreux, S. Crewell, T. Cronin, Z. Cui, Y. Cuypers, A. Daley, G. M. Damerell, T. Dauhut, H. Deneke, J.-P. Desbios, S. Dörner, S. Donner, V. Douet, K. Drushka, M. Dütsch, A. Ehrlich, K. Emanuel, A. Emmanouilidis, J.-C. Etienne, S. Etienne-Leblanc, G. Faure, G. Feingold, L. Ferrero, A. Fix, C. Flamant, P. J. Flatau, G. R. Foltz, L. Forster, I. Furtuna, A. Gadian, J. Galewsky, M. Gallagher, P. Gallimore, C. Gaston, C. Gentemann, N. Geyskens, A. Giez, J. Gollop, I. Gouirand, C. Gourbeyre, D. de Graaf, G. E. de Groot, R. Grosz, J. Güttler, M. Gutleben, K. Hall, G. Harris, K. C. Helfer, D. Henze, C. Herbert, B. Holanda, A. Ibanez-Landeta, J. Intrieri, S. Iyer, F. Julien, H. Kalesse, J. Kazil, A. Kellman, A. T. Kidane, U. Kirchner, M. Klingebiel, M. Körner, L. A. Kremper, J. Kretzschmar, O. Krüger, W. Kumala, A. Kurz, P. L'Hégaret, M. Labaste, T. Lachlan-Cope, A. Laing, P. Landschützer, T. Lang, D. Lange, I. Lange, C. Laplace, G. Lavik, R. Laxenaire, C. Le Bihan, M. Leandro, N. Lefevre, M. Lena, D. Lenschow, Q. Li, G. Lloyd, S. Los, N. Losi, O. Lovell, C. Luneau, P. Makuch, S. Malinowski, G. Manta, E. Marinou, N. Marsden, S. Masson, N. Maury, B. Mayer, M. Mayers-Als, C. Mazel, W. McGeary, J. C. McWilliams, M. Mech, M. Mehlmann, A. N. Meroni, T. Mieslinger, A. Minikin, P. Minnett, G. Möller, Y. Morfa Avalos, C. Muller, I. Musat, A. Napoli, A. Neuberger, C. Noisel, D. Noone, F. Nordsiek, J. L. Nowak, L. Oswald, D. J. Parker, C. Peck, R. Person, M. Philippi, A. Plueddemann, C. Pöhlker, V. Pörtge, U. Pöschl, L. Pologne, M. Posyniak, M. Prange, E. Quiñones Meléndez, J. Radtke, K. Ramage, J. Reimann, L. Renault, K. Reus, A. Reyes, J. Ribbe, M. Ringel, M. Ritschel, C. B. Rocha, N. Rochetin, J. Röttenbacher, C. Rollo, H. Royer, P. Sadoulet, L. Saffin, S. Sandiford, I. Sandu, M. Schäfer, V. Schemann, I. Schirmacher, O. Schlenczek, J. Schmidt, M. Schröder, A. Schwarzenboeck, A. Sealy, C. J. Senff, I. Serikov, S. Shohan, E. Siddle, A. Smirnov, F. Späth, B. Spooner, M. K. Stolla, W. Szkółka, S. P. de Szoeke, S. Tarot, E. Tetoni, E. Thompson, J. Thomson, L. Tomassini, J. Totems, A. A. Ubele, L. Villiger, J. von Arx, T. Wagner, A. Walther, B. Webber, M. Wendisch, S. Whitehall, A. Wiltshire, A. A. Wing, M. Wirth, J. Wiskandt, K. Wolf, L. Worbes, E. Wright, V. Wulfmeyer, S. Young, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, F. Ziemen, T. Zinner, M. Zöger, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), Meteorological Institute [Hamburg], University of Hamburg, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology [Köln] (IGM), University of Cologne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Leeds, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Hydrometeorological Service [Georgetown], Ministry of Agriculture [Guyana], Institute of Marine Affairs (IMA), Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institute of Physics and Meteorology [Stuttgart] (IPM), University of Hohenheim, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados] (QEH), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], École nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Equipe Marine Mapping & Metrology (Lab-STICC_M3), Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne), University of Manchester [Manchester], Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Warsaw (UW), NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), St. Christopher Air and Sea Port (SCASPA), Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Meteorological Services, Grenada Meteorological Services, Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Department of Meteorology and Geophysics [Vienna], Universität Wien, Leipziger Institut für Meteorologie (LIM), Universität Leipzig, Meteorological Department (St. Maarten), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), TROPO - LATMOS, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Albuquerque] (EPS), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Farallon Institute, Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Regional Security System [Barbados], Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), Barbados Coast Guard, Développement Instrumental et Techniques Marines (DITM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), European Project: 694768,EUREC4A, European Project: 820829,CONSTRAIN H2020, European Project: 741120,COMPASS, European Project: 817578,TRIATLAS(2019), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Universität zu Köln, Queen Elizabeth Hospital [Bridgetown, St. Michael, Barbados], Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, QE1-996.5, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Cloud Feedback, Geology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Environmental sciences, Atmospheric circulation, Trade-wind cumulus, Field campaign, Aerosol, clouds, sea, sub-tropic, CHIM/12 - CHIMICA DELL'AMBIENTE E DEI BENI CULTURALI, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, GE1-350, Shallow convection, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.
Published: 2021

49. The EUREC4A-Ocean/Atmosphere campaign: status

Author: Karstensen, Johannes, Speich, Sabrina, Renault, Lionel, Hervé, Giordani, Meroni, Agostino Niyonkuru, Pasquero, Claudia, Desbiolles, Fabien, Bellenger, Hugo, Bopp, Laurent, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Gentemann, Chelle, Zhang, Dongxiao, Laxenaire, R., Storch, Jin‐song, Reverdin, Gilles, Thompson, Elizabeth, Heywood, Karen J., Bourras, Denis, Thomson, James, Foltz, Gregory R., Branger, Hubert, Bigorre, Sebastien, Clayson, Carol, Sullivan, Peter P., Mcwilliams, James C., Zhang, Chidong, Rocha, Cesar, Acquistapace, Claudia, Fairall, Chris, Zuidema, Paquita, Horstmann, Jochen, Schütte, Florian, Olivier, Léa, L'Hegaret, Pierre, Carton, Xavier J., Rudloff, Daniel, Baranowski, Darek, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lange, Diego, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Labbri, Giacomo, Farrell, David, Karstensen, J, Speich, S, Renault, L, Giordani, H, Meroni, A, Pasquero, C, Desbiolles, F, Bellenger, H, Bopp, L, Lapeyre, G, Gentemann, C, Zhang, D, Laxenaire, R, von Storch, J, Reverdin, G, Thompson, E, Heywood, K, Bourras, D, Thomson, J, Foltz, G, Hubert, B, Bigorre, S, Clayson, C, Sullivan, P, Mcwilliams, J, Zhang, C, Rocha, C, Acquistapace, C, Fairall, C, Zuidema, P, Horstmann, J, Schutte, F, Olivier, L, L'Hegaret, P, Carton, X, Rudloff, D, Baranowski, D, Landschuetzer, P, Lange, D, Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Labbri, G, Farrell, D, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Department of Statistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, affiliation inconnue, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, field campaign, tropical Atlantic, EUREC4A
Abstract: International audience; The ocean fine scale (from the mesoscale to the submesoscale) is susceptible to impact air-sea exchange and has an integral effect on the large scale atmosphere and ocean dynamics. Many recent advances in understanding underlying processes have been obtained from modeling efforts and only few in-situ observational studies exist one of them being the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign that was added to the EUREC4A atmospheric campaign. This experiment took place in January-February 2020 in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic Ocean with the aim to collect synchronized ocean and atmosphere data to improve our understanding of the role of fine scale processes in the internal ocean dynamics and air-sea interaction.Four oceanographic vessels, coordinated with air-borne observations and autonomous ocean platforms (underwater gliders, Saildrones, drifters), simultaneously acquired ocean and atmosphere data east of the island of Barbados and further south, up to the border of French Giuana. This way, ocean and atmospheric data was acquired in two contrasting regions: (1) the Trade wind region and (2) a region filled with mesoscale eddies. Operations allowed investigating upper ocean processes from small to mesoscale and from sub-diurnal to monthly.A variety of mesoscale eddies were crossed with diverse characteristics, ranging from shallow cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies to the deep reaching structures. Some of these eddies, and in particular North Brazil Rings, have been previously observed and described in dedicated oceanographic experiments. Nonetheless, the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign brings in new details about the vertical structure, the dynamics and the potential impact on air-sea interactions of these mesoscale features.With the various observing platforms it was possible to sample the upper-ocean in great detail, resolving frontal scales and stratification. For example, the remnants of the Amazon plume, flowing northward along the shelf-break and being advected far offshore though NBC rings, create a rich variety of submesoscale fronts and a strong barrier layer impacting air-sea exchange of heat and momentum. The ongoing analyses on the ocean dynamics regional and local structures and specifics of air-sea interaction will be highlighted in this presentation.
Published: 2021

50. Ice front retreat reconfigures meltwater-driven gyres modulating ocean heat delivery to an Antarctic ice shelf.

Author: Yoon ST, Lee WS, Nam S, Lee CK, Yun S, Heywood K, Boehme L, Zheng Y, Lee I, Choi Y, Jenkins A, Jin EK, Larter R, Wellner J, Dutrieux P, and Bradley AT
Abstract: Pine Island Ice Shelf (PIIS) buttresses the Pine Island Glacier, the key contributor to sea-level rise. PIIS has thinned owing to ocean-driven melting, and its calving front has retreated, leading to buttressing loss. PIIS melting depends primarily on the thermocline variability in its front. Furthermore, local ocean circulation shifts adjust heat transport within Pine Island Bay (PIB), yet oceanic processes underlying the ice front retreat remain unclear. Here, we report a PIB double-gyre that moves with the PIIS calving front and hypothesise that it controls ocean heat input towards PIIS. Glacial melt generates cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres near and off PIIS, and meltwater outflows converge into the anticyclonic gyre with a deep-convex-downward thermocline. The double-gyre migrated eastward as the calving front retreated, placing the anticyclonic gyre over a shallow seafloor ridge, reducing the ocean heat input towards PIIS. Reconfigurations of meltwater-driven gyres associated with moving ice boundaries might be crucial in modulating ocean heat delivery to glacial ice., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
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