486 results on '"Hessel G"'
Search Results
2. Applications of Risk Management in the Design and Construction of Infrastructure
- Author
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Duijvestijn, A. M. W., Kuijper, Harrie K. T., Voortman, Hessel G., Spitzer, Cornelia, editor, Schmocker, Ulrich, editor, and Dang, Vinh N., editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery: incidence and outcome in relation to age, operated eye muscle, surgical technique, scleral perforation and immune state
- Author
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Simonsz, H.J. (Huib), Rutar, T. (Tina), Kraft, S. (Stephen), Thiadens, A.A.H.J. (Alberta), Batstra, M.R. (Manou), Verdijk, R.M. (Robert), Loeffler, K.U. (Karin U.), Kommerell, G. (Guntram), Berg, M.S.-V.D. (Mariette Swart-van den), Schooneveld, M.J. (Mary J), Drunen, L.C.J.W. (Lamberdina C.J.W), Missotten, L. (Luc), Kolling, G.H. (Gerold H), Tusscher, M.P.M. (Marcel P.M.), Morad, Y. (Yair), Nucci, P. (Paolo), Olitsky, S.E. (Scott E), Kowal, L. (Lionel), Eppinga, H.G. (Hessel G), Duivenboden, F. (Frank), Schalij, N. (Nicoline), Malacara Hernandez, J.J. (José J.), Simonsz, H.J. (Huib), Rutar, T. (Tina), Kraft, S. (Stephen), Thiadens, A.A.H.J. (Alberta), Batstra, M.R. (Manou), Verdijk, R.M. (Robert), Loeffler, K.U. (Karin U.), Kommerell, G. (Guntram), Berg, M.S.-V.D. (Mariette Swart-van den), Schooneveld, M.J. (Mary J), Drunen, L.C.J.W. (Lamberdina C.J.W), Missotten, L. (Luc), Kolling, G.H. (Gerold H), Tusscher, M.P.M. (Marcel P.M.), Morad, Y. (Yair), Nucci, P. (Paolo), Olitsky, S.E. (Scott E), Kowal, L. (Lionel), Eppinga, H.G. (Hessel G), Duivenboden, F. (Frank), Schalij, N. (Nicoline), and Malacara Hernandez, J.J. (José J.)
- Abstract
Purpose: Identify risk factors for endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) and relate these to incidence and outcome. Methods: Ophthalmologists, who had operated, diagnosed or treated EASS, completed a case record form with 71 questions in six domains: Preoperative, Surgery, Perforation, Postoperative, Outcome and Experts’ opinion. To estimate the age-specific incidence per number of strabismus operations in the Netherlands during 1994-2013, the age distribution of Dutch cases was compared with the age-specific rates of strabismus surgery in the Dutch Registry of Strabismus Operations and with population data. Exploratory data analysis was performed. The immune state was evaluated in six patients. Five enucleated eyes were studied histopathologically. Results: None of the 26 patients (27 eyes with EASS) were between 9 and 65 years old, except for one patient with retinal haemorrhage followed by endophthalmitis. In the Netherlands during 1994-2013, the rate of EASS was approximately one per 11 000 strabismus operations, but one per 4300 for children aged 0–3 and one per 1000 for patients 65 and older. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed on postoperative day 1–4 in children aged 0–3. In all 15 children aged 0–5, the 16 affected eyes were phthisical, eviscerated or enucleated. The involved eye muscle had been recessed in 25 of 27 cases. It was a medial rectus in 15 of 16 children aged 0–6. It was a lateral (6), inferior (2) or medial (1) rectus in elderly. Scleral perforation went unnoticed in all children (no record in three) and in two of seven elderly (no record in two). Histopathology showed transscleral scarring compatible with scleral perforation in four patients but, in a two-year-old girl who had EASS together with a transient medial rectus palsy, the sclera underneath the former suture tract was not perforated but did contain the long posterior ciliary artery. Conclusions: Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) affects children and elderly, with a g
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Safety aspects of the process control of Grignard reactions
- Author
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Kryk, H., Hessel, G., Schmitt, W., and Tefera, N.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Polyurethane Bonded Aggregate (PBA) revetments in coastal engineering
- Author
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Bijlsma, Egon, primary and Voortman, Hessel G., additional
- Published
- 2010
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- View/download PDF
6. Clinical and pathological challenges in the diagnosis of late-onset biliary atresia: four case studies
- Author
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Fontenele, J.P.U., Schenka, A.A., Hessel, G., Jarry, V.M., and Escanhoela, C.A.F.
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- 2016
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7. Hemorrhage in rat fetuses from exposure to pulsed ultrasound
- Author
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Davies, A. S., Birtles, M. J., Hessel, G. R., Ward, R. N., and Mellor, D. J.
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- 2001
8. Monitoring System for Multiphase Hydrogenation in Chemical Plants
- Author
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Hessel, G., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., Weiss, F.-P., Hilpert, R., Roth, M., and Deerberg, G.
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- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery: incidence and outcome in relation to age, operated eye muscle, surgical technique, scleral perforation and immune state.
- Author
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Simonsz, Huibert J., Rutar, Tina, Kraft, Stephen, Thiadens, Alberta A.H.J., Batstra, Manou R., Verdijk, Robert M., Loeffler, Karin U., Kommerell, Guntram, Berg, Mariette Swart‐van den, Schooneveld, Mary J, Drunen, Lamberdina C.J.W, Missotten, Luc, Kolling, Gerold H, Tusscher, Marcel P.M., Morad, Yair, Nucci, Paolo, Olitsky, Scott E, Kowal, Lionel, Eppinga, Hessel G, and Duivenboden, Frank
- Subjects
EYE muscles ,OPERATIVE surgery ,STRABISMUS ,AGE distribution ,OLDER patients ,SURGERY ,MYRINGOPLASTY - Abstract
Purpose: Identify risk factors for endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) and relate these to incidence and outcome. Methods: Ophthalmologists, who had operated, diagnosed or treated EASS, completed a case record form with 71 questions in six domains: Preoperative, Surgery, Perforation, Postoperative, Outcome and Experts' opinion. To estimate the age‐specific incidence per number of strabismus operations in the Netherlands during 1994‐2013, the age distribution of Dutch cases was compared with the age‐specific rates of strabismus surgery in the Dutch Registry of Strabismus Operations and with population data. Exploratory data analysis was performed. The immune state was evaluated in six patients. Five enucleated eyes were studied histopathologically. Results: None of the 26 patients (27 eyes with EASS) were between 9 and 65 years old, except for one patient with retinal haemorrhage followed by endophthalmitis. In the Netherlands during 1994‐2013, the rate of EASS was approximately one per 11 000 strabismus operations, but one per 4300 for children aged 0–3 and one per 1000 for patients 65 and older. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed on postoperative day 1–4 in children aged 0–3. In all 15 children aged 0–5, the 16 affected eyes were phthisical, eviscerated or enucleated. The involved eye muscle had been recessed in 25 of 27 cases. It was a medial rectus in 15 of 16 children aged 0–6. It was a lateral (6), inferior (2) or medial (1) rectus in elderly. Scleral perforation went unnoticed in all children (no record in three) and in two of seven elderly (no record in two). Histopathology showed transscleral scarring compatible with scleral perforation in four patients but, in a two‐year‐old girl who had EASS together with a transient medial rectus palsy, the sclera underneath the former suture tract was not perforated but did contain the long posterior ciliary artery. Conclusions: Endophthalmitis after strabismus surgery (EASS) affects children and elderly, with a grave outcome in young children. It occurs after recession of the medial rectus muscle in children, and it may occur without scleral perforation. Age and perforation are key determinants that interact with other factors that determine the occurrence and fulminance of EASS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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10. Assessment and Identification of Undesired States in Chemical Semibatch Reactors Using Neural Networks
- Author
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Hessel, G., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., Weiss, F.-P., Deerberg, G., and Neumann, J.
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- 2000
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11. Developments in the management of flood defences and hydraulic infrastructure in the Netherlands
- Author
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Jonkman, Sebastiaan N., primary, Voortman, Hessel G., additional, Klerk, Wouter Jan, additional, and van Vuren, Saskia, additional
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- 2018
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12. A neutral network approach for acoustic leak monitoring in the VVER-440 pressure vessel head
- Author
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Hessel, G., Schmitt, W., Van Der Vorst, K., and Weiss, F.-P.
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- 1999
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13. Case studies of the most popular European destinations for mobile students from Russia, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia
- Author
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Chankseliani, M and Hessel, G
- Abstract
Studying in Europe has become increasingly popular among students in Russia, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia since the second half of the 1990s. Student flows from former Soviet countries to Europe have never been as abundant as they are today. This trend is due to the surge in university enrolments in general, a growth in opportunities to study abroad as a consequence of the economic development of former Soviet countries, and the rapid internationalisation of higher education systems in Europe. Repressive measures that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had in place during the Cold War did not allow its citizens to travel internationally and kept international migration well below the levels that may have occurred otherwise. While the USSR sent very few students abroad, its dissolution disrupted the period of isolation from world markets, with the citizens of former Soviet countries facing fewer constrains on travel and migration (Chankseliani, 2015). The heterogeneous pathways of development of these countries led to dissimilar educational and labour market opportunities for young people, as well as distinct patterns of student mobility.
- Published
- 2016
14. The impact of participation in ERASMUS study abroad in the UK on students’ overall English language proficiency, self-efficacy, English use anxiety and self-motivation to continue learning English: a mixed methods investigation
- Author
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Hessel, G and Vanderplank, R
- Abstract
It is widely assumed that participation in study abroad contributes to developing second language (L2) proficiency, as well as related outcomes such as higher levels of L2 learning motivation and intercultural competence. However, empirical studies into the outcomes of participation in study abroad have been affected by a series of methodological limitations, including complete reliance on participant self-assessment, the omission of longitudinal design elements, failure to control for non-equivalent comparison groups where these are included and insufficient sample sizes for testing programme effects. Thus, the present study investigates further the impact of studying abroad with the EU's ERASMUS programme on the participants' overall L2 proficiency, their self-efficacy and anxiety in using the L2 with native and non-native speakers and on their self-motivation to continue learning the L2. To this end, a longitudinal mixed methods design was employed in which 143 German university students who applied for an ERASMUS exchange with a British university for the academic year 2012-2013 and were either accepted or rejected/ withdrawn formed the abroad and comparison groups. All students completed C-tests of overall English language proficiency and questionnaires that inquired into the students' mobility history, their L2 learning background, L2 motivation, intergroup attitudes and aspects of the study abroad experience itself. Both instruments were administered online at the onset of the study abroad period (September 2012), one term into the programme (December 2012) and prior to the students' return (either December 2012 or June 2013). This predominantly quantitative group-level study served to establish the outcomes of participation in study abroad for the students' linguistic and motivational development. Repeated interviews with a sub-sample of 15 participants served to illuminate the observed outcome patterns in terms of the motivational dynamics during study abroad, as well as common factors associated with individual differences in linguistic development. The results of the study show that during the first 3 months abroad the ERASMUS students made significantly higher gains in overall English proficiency than the group of potentially mobile students who continued to study at home. The effect of the learning context was large and highly significant (p =.001), even after the influence of pre-existing participant characteristics on the students’ proficiency development was controlled for. During the subsequent 6 months of the study abroad period, however, progress among the ERASMUS group slowed and the between-group differences were no longer significant. The participants' L2 proficiency level at programme entry emerged as the strongest predictor of overall L2 proficiency gain, explaining up to 31.5% of the variance. The students’ attitudes towards their own national group, their perceptions of self-efficacy and feelings of anxiety when using English in social interactions, the perceived present-future L2 self-discrepancy and gender explained another 13.6% of the variance in overall L2 proficiency gain. Learner-external factors, including participation in English language instruction, participation in clubs and societies, the number of academic contact hours and type of enrolment, and free time spent with co-national peers, including friends and family back home explained a further 10.9%. The qualitative analysis of the students’ accounts provided further insights into the ways in which these factors play out in L2 learning abroad, as well as into the students’ perceptions of aspects of studying abroad that contributed most to their linguistic development. Regarding the motivational impact of the study abroad experience, the study found that ERASMUS students tended to develop significantly higher levels of self-efficacy in using English in social interactions as compared to the group of potentially mobile students who continued to study at home, while both the levels of perceived present-future self-discrepancy and English use anxiety with native and non-native speakers fell during the first 3 months abroad. While the overall impact of the study abroad experience on the students' motivation to continue learning the L2 was perceived as positive by the vast majority of participants, a decline in learning motivation was observed for most students after the initial 3-month period. The qualitative analysis showed that this decline can be plausibly explained by developments in the students’ English self-concept that occurred in response to the study abroad experience. Evidence-based recommendations are made regarding ways in which the linguistic and motivational development of ERASMUS students can be more effectively supported by higher education institutions.
- Published
- 2016
15. International student mobility from Russia, Eastern Europe, Caucasus, and Central Asia to the UK: trends, institutional rationales and strategies for student recruitment
- Author
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Chankseliani, M and Hessel, G
- Published
- 2016
16. A framework for risk criteria for critical infrastructures: fundamentals and case studies in the Netherlands
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Pieter van Gelder, Mahesh D. Pandey, J.K. Vrijling, Hessel G. Voortman, and Louis H. J. Goossens
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Societal risk ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Management science ,Strategy and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Engineering ,Complex system ,General Social Sciences ,Business ,Certainty ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,Risk criteria ,media_common - Abstract
Critical infrastructures are complex societal systems. For that reason, risk criteria for critical infrastructures are also ‘part’ of the risk criteria for complex societal systems. The questions to be resolved are: (1) are the societal risk criteria of complex systems defined and quantifiable; and (2) is it known how the risk criteria of critical infrastructures relate to the risk criteria of the complex system as a whole. In other words, what certainty is there that the risk criteria of critical infrastructures meet the risk criteria of complex systems as a whole. A complex system in this respect may be a society as a whole, e.g. a nation.
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- 2004
17. Monitoring-System mit adaptiven Wärmebilanzen für Batch-Reaktoren
- Author
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Hessel, G., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., Weiss, F.P., Hilpert, R., Roth, M., Deerberg, G., and Publica
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General Chemical Engineering ,General Chemistry ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2002
18. Influence of HCl on butene isomerization catalyzed by ethanolic rhodium trichloride II. Calculation and interpretation of the rate constants of the triangle scheme
- Author
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Hoffmann, J., Hunger, B., Barth, A., and Hessel, G.
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- 1979
- Full Text
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19. A neural-network approach for acoustic leak monitoring in pressurized plants with complicated topologies
- Author
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Hessel, G., Schmitt, W., and Weiß, F.-P.
- Subjects
Control and Systems Engineering ,Applied Mathematics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Computer Science::Cryptography and Security ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
A neural-network approach has been developed for localizing leakages and estimating the leak rate in pressurized plants with complicated three-dimensional structures. Results are presented from experiments with simulated leaks at a VVER-440 reactor vessel head. As features for characterizing the occurrence and the location of a leak, RMS values of acoustic emission sensors and coherence values and power spectra of microphone signals were used. Three-layer perceptron networks were found to be best suited for leak localization and for estimation of leak rates. However, the estimation of leak rates required an additional neural network because a different normalization procedure was necessary for extracting features from the RMS values of the acoustic emission sensors. Perceptron networks with continuously valued outputs corresponding to the coordinates of the leak positions were useful for classifying even positions which had not been offered during training.
- Published
- 1996
20. „Über das Renin”. Ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Pathogenese des renalen Hochdrucks
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Hessel, G.
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- 1938
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21. Polyurethane Bonded Aggregate (PBA) revetments in coastal engineering
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Hessel G. Voortman and Egon Bijlsma
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Aggregate (composite) ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Coastal engineering ,Composite material ,Polyurethane - Published
- 2010
22. Erste Ergebnisse nach schaftfreien zementfrei-verankerten Humeruskopfprothesen
- Author
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Hessel, G., Lehmann, L. J., and Scharf, H.-P.
- Subjects
ddc: 610 ,610 Medical sciences ,Medicine - Abstract
Fragestellung: Hinsichtlich der Rekonstruktion des Schulter Off-sets und des Ausmaßes der Bedeckung der Resektionsfläche des Humerus sollen schaftfreie zementfrei-verankerte Humeruskopfprothesen aufgrund einer von der Schaftachse unabhängigen Implantationspositionierung Vorteile gegenüber[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie; 73. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, 95. Tagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, 50. Tagung des Berufsverbandes der Fachärzte für Orthopädie
- Published
- 2009
23. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Korrosionschemie und zum Anlagerungsverhalten von Korrosionsprodukten
- Author
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Kryk, H., Hoffmann, W., and Hessel, G.
- Subjects
sump strainer ,corrosion ,loss-of-coolant accident ,hot-dip galvanized steel ,light water reactor - Abstract
Zur Aufrechterhaltung der Kernkühlung bei Kühlmittelverluststörfällen (KMV) in Leichtwasserreaktoren wird das aus dem Leck im Primärkreislauf austretende Kühlwasser im Reaktorsumpf gesammelt und über Notkühlpumpen in den Kühlkreislauf zurückgeführt. Auf der Saugseite der Notkühlpumpen befinden sich Sumpfsiebe zur Rückhaltung von im Kühlwasser suspendierten Fremdstoffen. Im Fokus von Arbeiten zur Gewährleistung einer gesicherten Kernkühlung bei KMV-Störfällen steht seit Jahren die Erforschung von Transport- und Verblockungsprozessen von Isoliermaterialfasern im Reaktorsumpf bzw. an entsprechenden Rückhaltevorrichtungen. Im Verlauf eines KMV-Störfalles können neben dem Isoliermaterial weitere Feststoffe im Kühlwasser sowohl das Verblockungsverhalten an den Sumpfsieben als auch die Wasserchemie beeinflussen. Speziell der Langzeitkontakt des Leckwasserstrahls mit feuerverzinkten Lichtgitterrosten kann zur Bildung löslicher und partikelförmiger Korrosionsprodukte führen. Im Rahmen eines vom BMWi geförderten Forschungsvorhabens soll der Einfluss derartiger Korrosionsprozesse auf die chemische Zusammensetzung des Kühlwassers und auf das Sumpfsieb-Verstopfungsverhalten untersucht werden. Ziel ist die Unterstützung der Modellierung für eine konsistente Strömungssimulation von KMV-Störfällen unter Einbeziehung von chemischen Langzeiteffekten. Neben grundlegenden Aussagen zur Korrosionschemie verzinkter Stahloberflächen und Einflussfaktoren auf die Korrosionsprozesse beinhaltet der Vortrag die geplanten Versuchsstrategien und die darauf aufbauenden Auslegungskriterien für die am FZD zu errichtenden Versuchsanlagen für korrosionschemische Experimente unter störfallspezifischen Bedingungen. Weiterhin wird die Mess- und Analysentechnik für die Untersuchung der Korrosionsvorgänge vorgestellt und diskutiert.
- Published
- 2009
24. Measurement of hydrodynamic non-uniformities and their dynamics in porous particle packings using capacitance wire-mesh sensors
- Author
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Schubert, M., Schäfer, T., Da Silva, M. J., Thiele, S., Hessel, G., Kryk, H., and Hampel, U.
- Subjects
liquid saturation ,pulse characteristics ,ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS ,liquid distribution ,capacitance wire-mesh sensor ,flow visualization ,trickle bed reactor - Abstract
Despite intensive work in the past decades, hydrodynamics of the widely used trickle bed reactors are still on the focus of todays research. There are a lot of questions and obstacles to be solved and simple but accurate and reliable measurement devices to be developed. In this study we present a new capacitance wire-mesh sensor system applied to a trickle bed reactor to investigate steady-state and dynamic hydrodynamic characteristics allowing to get new insights into the temporal and spatial behaviour of the trickle flow and pulse flow.
- Published
- 2009
25. Begleitende Untersuchungen zur Pilotierung eines Verfahrens zur elektrochemischen Aufbereitung saurer Wässer aus Tagebaurestseen / 3. Zwischenbericht
- Author
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Kryk, H., Schubert, M., and Hessel, G.
- Abstract
Das vom VKTA entwickelte elektrochemische Verfahren zur Aufbereitung schwefelsaurer Wässer aus Tagebau-Restseen (RODOSAN®) befindet sich zurzeit in der Phase der Pilotierung. Hierzu wurde vom VKTA im Gebiet des Lausitzer Braunkohlen-Tagebaureviers eine Grubenwasserreinigungs-Pilotanlage errichtet. Durch das FZD wurden prozessbegleitende Untersuchungen sowohl zur Optimierung des Elektolyseprozesses als auch zur Aufbereitung der Koppelprodukte durchgeführt. Schwerpunkte waren experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Elektrolyseprozesses (Gasblasenbildung) auf die Verweilzeitverteilung der Flüssigkeit im Katodenraum unter Verwendung der laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz (LIF). Dazu wurde die Strömung im Katodenraum der Elektrolysezelle bei laufender Elektrolyse unter Anwendung verschiedener Stromdichten untersucht. Die Messungen stellen eine informative Basis zur Optimierung der Strömungsstruktur in der Zelle dar. Im Mittelpunkt des Projektes stand weiterhin eine Machbarkeitsstudie zur Abtrennung des Koppelproduktes Ammoniumperoxodisulfat aus der Anolyt-Lösung. Hierzu wurden thermodynamische Kristallisationsparameter ermittelt und Verfahrensvorschläge für die großtechnische Koppelproduktaufbereitung erarbeitet. Ziel ist die optimale Verwertung der beim Elektrolyseprozess entstehenden Koppelprodukte zur Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gesamtverfahrens.
- Published
- 2008
26. Liquid flow texture analysis in trickle bed reactors using high resolution gamma ray tomography
- Author
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Schubert, M., Hampel, U., Hessel, G., Lange, R., and Zippe, C.
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Trickle bed ,Liquid distribution ,Gamma ray tomography ,Liquid spreading ,Multiphase flow ,Liquid saturation - Abstract
Trickle bed reactor performance and safety may suffer from radial and axial liquid maldistribution and thus from non-uniform utilization of the catalyst packing. Therefore, experimental analysis and fluid dynamic simulation of liquid-gas flow in trickle bed reactors is an important topic in chemical engineering. In the presented study for the first time a truly high-resolution gamma ray tomography technique was applied to the quantitative analysis of the liquid flow texture in a laboratory cold flow trickle bed reactor of 90 mm diameter. The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of the liquid flow dynamics for two different initial liquid distributions and two different types of reactor configurations. Thus, the hydrodynamic behavior of a glass bead packing was compared to a porous Al2O3 catalyst particle packing using inlet flow from a commercial spray nozzle (uniform initial liquid distribution) and inlet flow from a central point source (strongly non-uniform initial liquid distribution), respectively. The column was operated in downflow mode at a gas flow rate of 180 L/h and at liquid flow rates of 15 L/h and 25 L/h.
- Published
- 2008
27. A study on the two-phase flow in a stirred tank reactor agitated by a gas inducing turbine
- Author
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Hristov, H. V., Boden, S., Hampel, U., Kryk, H., Hessel, G., and Schmitt, W.
- Subjects
X-Ray computed tomography ,mixing ,stirred tank reactor ,gas-inducing impeller ,CFD - Abstract
Experimental and numerical studies of a gas-liquid two-phase flow were applied to a non-baffled laboratory-scale stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a gas-inducing turbine. The dispersion of air as gas phase into isopropanol as liquid phase at room temperature under different stirrer speeds was investigated. The X-ray cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) measurements were taken at five different stirrer speeds starting from 1000 rpm at which the gas inducement occurs for the given operating conditions. The considerable difficulties in acquiring the phase distribution due to beam hardening and radiation scattering effects were overcame by developing a suitable measurement setup as well as by calibration and software correction methods to achieve high accuracy. The computational fluid dynamics analyses of the stirred tank reactor were performed in 3D with CFX 10.0 numerical software.
- Published
- 2008
28. Safety-oriented on-line monitoring of Grignard reactions
- Author
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Kryk, H., Hessel, G., and Schmitt, W.
- Abstract
Grignard reagents are of vital importance as intermediate products of numerous organic syntheses in the fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industry. They are commonly prepared by reactions between organic halides and magnesium. These so-called Grignard reactions possess considerable hazard potentials due to the spontaneous heat release during the strongly exothermic initiation stage and the high reactivity of the Grignard compounds. From process safety point of view, it is of vital importance to establish industrially applicable methods for an objective real-time detection of the reaction start-up and for educt accumulations in the reaction mixture of the stirred tank reactor during the semi-batch process. To avoid the use of fragile and expensive on-line analytics, a balance-based on-line monitoring approach for Grignard processes was developed and tested. By solving a set of energy/ mass balances in real-time, concentration profiles of reactants and products can be calculated based on process signals, substance data and plant parameters. Instead of operating under reflux conditions which are commonly used to control the spontaneous exothermic initiation of Grignard reactions, a pressurised vessel process regime is preferred when the on-line monitoring method is applied. In such a way, the accuracy of the calculation can be considerably increased. Additionally, the approach provides an estimation of the hazard potential due to the reactivity of the organic halide accumulated in the reaction mixture. Assuming an adiabatic behaviour as the worst case, the Maximum Temperature of the Synthesis Reaction (MTSR) and the related pressure in the case of a runaway can be estimated as time-dependent functions and compared with pre-defined thresholds. Furthermore, these safety-relevant parameters enable the optimisation of the process regime. Thus, the reaction can be carried out as a non-stop semi-batch process to increase the space-time yield. The real-time estimation of safety-relevant parameters, like MTSR courses and corresponding maximum reactor pressure profiles, enables application of advanced control strategies up to the point of a safety-oriented fully automatic control of Grignard reactions.
- Published
- 2008
29. Balance-based real-time monitoring a tool to improve safety and efficiency of batch and semi-batch processes
- Author
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Kryk, H. and Hessel, G.
- Abstract
In the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry, batch and semi-batch processes are mostly used to produce special chemicals in small amounts. The behaviour of such strongly exothermic processes in stirred tank reactors is characterised by instationarity, non-linearity and a large number of influences which may affect the process safety and efficiency as well. Especially in multi purpose plants, such complex processes are usually controlled by conventional process variables, such as temperatures, pressures, dosing rates etc., but without any knowledge of the crucial parameters of a chemical reaction, the concentration profiles of reactants, products and intermediates. Thus, even experienced operators have difficulties to distinguish allowable from undesired process deviations and to identify the cause of process trends. Therefore, it is of vital importance to establish industrially applicable methods for an objective detection of the actual process state and for alerting the operators in case of undesired process deviations. To avoid the use of expensive and fragile on-line analytics, a real-time monitoring approach based on adaptive energy and mass balances was developed, and related monitoring systems were tested at pilot scale and industrial applications as well. Especially, if such a real-time monitoring approach is used as an integral part of a batch information management system (BIMS), the additional data could contribute to the enhancement of the process knowledge as a basis for continuative process optimisation. The additional process information provided by real-time monitoring systems enables application of advanced control strategies up to the point of a safety-oriented fully automated control of complex exothermic batch and semi-batch processes.
- Published
- 2008
30. Begleitende Untersuchungen zur Pilotierungeines Verfahrens zur elektrochemischen Aufbereitung saurer Wässer aus Tagebaurestseen / 2. Zwischenbericht
- Author
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Kryk, H., Schubert, M., and Hessel, G.
- Abstract
Das vom VKTA entwickelte elektrochemische Verfahren zur Aufbereitung schwefelsaurer Wässer aus Tagebau-Restseen (RODOSAN®) befindet sich zurzeit in der Phase der Pilotierung. Hierzu wurde vom VKTA im Gebiet des Lausitzer Braunkohlen-Tagebaureviers eine Grubenwasserreinigungs-Pilotanlage errichtet. Durch das FZD wurden prozessbegleitende Untersuchungen sowohl zur Optimierung des Elektolyseprozesses als auch zur Aufbereitung der Koppelprodukte durchgeführt. Schwerpunkte waren experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Abstandgitters, der beweglichen Membran sowie der Volumenströme auf die Verweilzeitverteilung der Flüssigkeit im Katodenraum unter Verwendung der laserinduzierten Fluoreszenz (LIF). Außerdem gibt die Visualisierung durch die Verwendung fluoreszierender Tracer Informationen über Strömungsasymmetrien durch die Einlassgeometrie, das Abstandsgitter sowie den Aufbau der Zelle. Dazu wurde die Strömung im Katodenraum der Elektrolysezelle in unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen untersucht. Die Messungen stellen eine informative Basis zur Optimierung der Strömungsstruktur in der Zelle dar. Ziel der Untersuchung war, das Verweilzeitverhalten besser zu charakterisieren und damit Rückschlüsse auf das Elektrolyseergebnis ziehen zu können.
- Published
- 2008
31. Diagnostik, Therapie und Verläufe von Säuglingen mit Harnröhrenklappen, Behandlungskonzept im 1. Lebensjahr
- Author
-
Devens K, Hessel G, Illing P, Helmig Fj, and Pompino Hj
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Urinary system ,Group ii ,First year of life ,medicine.disease ,Nephrectomy ,Surgery ,Stenosis ,Risk groups ,Ureter ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Medicine ,business ,Urethral valve - Abstract
Within the framework of a joint follow-up we report on the treatment of 57 infants with urethral valves (35 babies from Munich and 22 from Siegen) in the first year of life, studied between 1974 and 1986. In 16 newborn the diagnosis and initiation of treatment was effected during the first four weeks of life (Group I) and in 41 babies during the 2nd to 12th month (Group II). In three cases, diagnosis of suspected urethral valve was made prenatally. Primary management and the concept of further treatment are described. Primary therapy is determined by the general condition after birth, presence of urosepsis and the extent of any existing renal insufficiency. 2 children died, both from Risk Group I. 5 children are in a state of compensated renal insufficiency. In 2 newborn we were compelled to perform supravesical urinary drain and in 3 children a suprapubic drain. Secondary nephrectomy became necessary in 4 children, 3 of whom belonged to Risk Group I. In 23 of 57 children valve resection followed by transurethral drainage was the only therapy. In 22 of 57 children corrective surgery was performed subsequently (neo-implantation, with and without modellage, stenosis of the ureter exit). The article reports on the course in each case.
- Published
- 1990
32. Begleitende Untersuchungen zur Pilotierung eines Verfahrens zur elektrochemischen Aufbereitung saurer Wässer aus Tagebaurestseen (Zwischenbericht)
- Author
-
Kryk, H., Schubert, M., and Hessel, G.
- Abstract
Das vom VKTA entwickelte elektrochemische Verfahren zur Aufbereitung schwefelsaurer Wässer aus Tagebau-Restseen befindet sich zurzeit in der Phase der Pilotierung. Hierzu wurde vom VKTA im Gebiet des Lausitzer Braunkohlen-Tagebaureviers eine Grubenwasserreinigungs-Pilotanlage errichtet. Durch das FZD wurden prozessbegleitende Untersuchungen sowohl zur Optimierung des Elektolyseprozesses als auch zur Aufbereitung der Koppelprodukte durchgeführt.
- Published
- 2007
33. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of selected liquid flow texture scenario in trickle bed reactors using high resolution gamma ray tomography
- Author
-
Schubert, M., Hampel, U., Hessel, G., Lange, R., and Zippe, C.
- Subjects
Trickle bed ,Liquid distribution ,Gamma ray tomography ,Liquid spreading ,Multiphase flow ,Liquid saturation - Abstract
Trickle bed reactor performance and safety may suffer from radial and axial liquid maldistribution and thus from non-uniform utilization of the catalyst packing. Therefore, experimental analysis and fluid dynamic simulation of liquid-gas flow in trickle bed reactors is an important topic in chemical engineering. In the presented study for the first time a truly high-resolution gamma ray tomography technique was applied to the quantitative analysis of the liquid flow texture in a laboratory cold flow trickle bed reactor of 90 mm diameter. The objective of this study was the comparative analysis of the liquid flow dynamics for two different initial liquid distributions and two different types of reactor configurations. Thus, the hydrodynamic behavior of a glass bead packing was compared to a porous Al2O3 catalyst particle packing using inlet flow from a commercial spray nozzle (uniform initial liquid distribution) and inlet flow from a central point source (strongly non-uniform initial liquid distribution), respectively. The column was operated in downflow mode at a gas flow rate of 180 L/h and at liquid flow rates of 15 L/h and 25 L/h.
- Published
- 2007
34. CFD simulations and X-ray measurements of the local gas hold-up in a stirred tank reactor agitated by a gas-inducing turbine
- Author
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Hristov, H. V., Boden, S., Hampel, U., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., and Hessel, G.
- Subjects
Physics::Fluid Dynamics - Abstract
The experimental and the numerically studies were applied to a non-baffled laboratory-scale stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a gas-inducing turbine. The dispersion of air as gas phase into isopropanol as liquid phase at room temperature under different stirrer speeds was investigated. The X-Ray cone beam tomography measurements were taken at five different stirrer speeds with thresholds of 50 rpm starting from 1000 rpm at which the gas inducement occurs for the given operating conditions. The cone-beam type X-Ray tomography is a potential method to measure the phase-distributions in stirred vessels. Three-dimensional information can be gathered within only one tomographic scan. The reconstruction of a rotationally symmetric distribution-field is even possible from a single radiographic image. Such an experimental approach was carefully examined and applied to obtain the quantitative measurements of gas-fraction profiles in a stirred tank reactor. Additionally, a moving slit technique was adapted to estimate the inherent scattered radiation offset, which emerges while un-collimated x-rays penetrate the fluid-filled tank. An additional reference measurement was introduced and used to remove beam hardening artefacts. An absolute quantification was possible due to the knowledge of the ratio of the fluids and the reference-materials x-ray absorption coefficients. Phantom-measurements inside the vessel were conducted for performance evaluation. A systematic measurement error of less then 1.5% absolute gas fraction for local gas fractions up to 30% was achieved while maintaining a spatial resolution of better then 1 mm. The computational fluid dynamics analyses of the stirred tank reactor were performed in 3D with CFX 10.0 numerical software. Five steady state simulations, at stirrer speeds corresponding to the ones at which the measurements were performed, were conducted to be compared with the experimental observations. The tetrahedral mesh with above 1500000 elements was globally refined since a detailed view in the whole geometry is required. The inhomogeneous two-phase flow model with the particle transport model was applied to the system with momentum transfer described by the drag force and turbulence transfer modelled by Sato enhanced eddy viscosity model. The gas phase was modelled as dispersed fluid and the liquid phase as continuous fluid. Different turbulence models and their suitability were considered in the simulations.
- Published
- 2006
35. Untersuchungen zum Flüssigkeits-Holdup und zur Flüssigkeitsverweilzeit in Schüttungen mittels Röntgenradiographie und Gammatomographie
- Author
-
Hampel, U., Bieberle, A., Hessel, G., Zimmermann, W., and Zippe, C.
- Subjects
Schüttbett ,Gammaradiographie ,Gammatomographie ,Röntgenradiographie ,Flüssigkeitsverweilzeit ,Gammatomographie, Gammaradiographie, Röntgenradiographie, Flüssigkeitsverweilzeit, Schüttbett - Abstract
Zusammenfassung Es wurden Verweilzeituntersuchungen und Gasverteilungsmessungen an einer senkrecht mit Wasser durchströmten kiesbefüllten Säule mit vier intermediären Eisengranulatschichten durchgeführt. Zur Messung der Verweilzeitspektren wurde in die Zuleitung der Säule ein 60 ml Bolus BaCl2-Lösung (1,4 mol/l) eingespeist. Der Eintrittszeitpunkt des Bolus an der Säule wurde mittels einer direkt am Eintrittstutzen angebrachten Leitfähigkeitsnadelsonde erfasst. Der Durchgang des Tracerbolus durch verschiedene Messebenen wurde mittels Gammadurchstrahlung aufgezeichnet. Aus dem Schwächungssignal lassen sich Verweilzeitspektren direkt ableiten. Zur Bestimmung der Verweilzeit bzw. der mittleren Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in der Säule wurden zwei charakteristische Zeitpunkte des Verweilzeitspektrums verrechnet. Einmal der Frontzeitpunkt, der den erstmaligen Nachweis von Tracerflüssigkeit in der Messebene bezeichnet, sowie der Boluszeitpunkt, der durch die maximale Tracerkonzentration in der Messebene gegeben ist. Der gammadensitometrische Nachweis des Tracerbolus war aufgrund der starken axialen Dispersion nur in der unteren Hälfte der Säule möglich. Die Ergebnisse gaben keinen Hinweis auf größere gasbedingte hydraulische Obstruktionen in der Säule. Der Nachweis von Gaseinschlüssen bzw. die Darstellung der Gasverteilung in vier ausgewählten Messebenen wurde mit dem Verfahren der Gammastrahlungstomographie realisiert. Die Messebenen wurden jeweils mittig zwischen den Eisengranulatschichten gewählt. Bezüglich der Verteilung des Bariumtracers wurden keine nennenswerten Konzentrationsgradienten im Messquerschnitt gefunden, so dass von einer homogenen Durchströmung der Säule ausgegangen werden kann. Erkannt wurden Gaseinschlüsse besonders im peripheren Bereich des Säulenquerschnitts. Der globale Gasgehalt ist dabei kleiner als 5%.
- Published
- 2006
36. Experimental and CFD analysis of a stirred tank reaction mechanically agitated by gas-inducing turbine
- Author
-
Hristov, H. V., Boden, S., Hampel, U., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., and Hessel, G.
- Subjects
Physics::Fluid Dynamics - Abstract
A non-baffled laboratory-scale stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a gas-inducing turbine, was experimentally and numerically studied. The system under investigation comprises air as gas phase and isopropanol as liquid phase at room temperature. The initially stationary isopropanol and air were brought into motion by the rotating impeller. The X-Ray cone beam tomography measurements were taken at five different stirrer speeds with thresholds of 50 rpm starting from 1000 rpm at which the gas inducement occurs for the given operating conditions. The final stirrer speed was 1200 rpm at which the central vortex virtually reaches the impeller. Additionally, video observations, performed with a digital camcorder, were taken to study the unsteady behaviour of the central vortex. CFX 10.0 numerical software was used to carry out the computational fluid dynamics analyses of the stirred tank reactor. A full three dimensional approach was adopted in order to capture the unsteady behaviour of the central vortex. Transient and steady state numerical calculations were performed. Four steady state simulations, at stirrer speed from 200 to 800 rpm, were conducted to obtain an initial guess of the flow field and the phase distribution for the steady state and the transient simulations at 1000 rpm. The numerical predictions above 1000 rpm used the previous simulation results as an initial guess. Starting from 1000rpm, five steady state simulations were performed at stirrer speed thresholds of 50 rpm to be compared with the experimental observations. The transient numerical predictions were compared with visual observations, since the X-Ray cone beam tomography provides an average phase distributions more suitable for comparison with the steady state predictions. The tetrahedral mesh with above 1500000 elements was globally refined since a detailed view in the whole geometry is required. The inhomogeneous two-phase flow model with the particle transport model was applied to the system with momentum transfer described by the drag force and turbulence transfer modelled by Sato enhanced eddy viscosity model. The gas phase was modelled as dispersed fluid with a mean diameter of 1 mm and the liquid phase as continuous fluid. Different turbulence models were considered for the liquid phase but the k-ε turbulence model was found to be the most computationally stable and was used in the simulations. The gas phase turbulence was modelled using the dispersed phase zero equation. The flow was regarded as buoyant and implemented using the density difference model. The CFD predictions closely mimic the experimental observations for the central vortex depth as well as for its spread out. The results demonstrate the X-Ray cone beam tomography and the CFD capabilities to capture the two-phase flow in detail, which can provide valuable information for the industry. In particular the special gas phase distribution, which can also have time-dependent behaviour, can have a crucial impact on the reactor performance. This can be in detail predicted by the computational fluid dynamic software, which can prove to be an essential tool for the reactor optimisation and scale-up.
- Published
- 2006
37. The influence of the density difference on the mixing process in mechanically agitated reactor
- Author
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Hessel, G., Hristov, H. V., Kryk, H., Prasser, H.-M., and Schmitt, W.
- Abstract
A non-baffled stirred vessel reactor was investigated computationally with CFX-5 numerical package. The mixing of two miscible liquids with different densities was dynamically predicted from an initially stratified to a complete mixing condition. Although for a non-baffled vessel an axi-symmetric behaviour can be expected, the process was regarded as three dimensional in order to demonstrate the local instabilities associated with the blade passage. Additionally, the gas phase was involved into the simulations to investigate the effect of the free surface deformation on the mixing process. The two-phase gas-liquid interactions were modelled using the free surface model. The different density liquids were comprised into the liquid phase by the means of the multicomponent model. The grid elements size was kept relatively low because of the dynamic behaviour of the liquid surface central vortex. Furthermore, the available turbulence models were considered to obtain the closest possible match with the experimental observations. In such a way, the stirred vessel hydrodynamics was dynamically calculated in 3-D in order to study the effect of the density difference. The numerical simulations were evaluated experimentally using video visualisation technique. The lighter (alcoholic) coloured component and the heavier (water) transparent one, which were initially stratified, were brought into motion by the means of the rotating impeller and the mixing process was captured by digital camcorder and subsequently the images were digitally processed. Several points, close to vessel central line and wall, for which the optical distortion was minimal were considered for evaluation of the numerical predictions. The hydrodynamics of the above described system is of particular concern for many chemical and biochemical reactions engineered to take place in stirred vessel reactor. Although the initial conditions were to some extend idealised in order to avoid some complications raised by the presence on an injection, the studies showed strong influence on the density difference on the homogenisation. Such so called idealised conditions, however, also might occur in the stirred vessel, especially in the case of impeller malfunctioning. In case of impeller stoppage, i.e. breakdown, different density liquids present in the vessel might get stratified. This effect might prove to be of significant importance, especially in the case of reacting liquids for large-scale reactors operating in the industry.
- Published
- 2005
38. CFD analyses for stirred tank reactor: mixing behaviour of different density liquids
- Author
-
Hristov, H. V., Prasser, H.-M., Kryk, H., Hessel, G., and Schmitt, W.
- Abstract
The aim of this work is to numerically assess the dynamics of the mixing process of two different density liquids in a stirred tank reactor. The mixing of different density liquids is common operation in the process industry which occurs when a higher density liquid is injected into a tank filled with a lighter density one or in the case of impeller malfunctioning when such a system of different density liquids can get stratified. The process might prove to be of significant importance, particularly in the case of reacting liquids for large-scale reactors operating in the industry. The CFD analyses, performed with the CFX-5 numerical package, were carried out for a non-baffled stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a Pfaudler impeller. Although the non-baffled vessel posses an axi-symmetric behaviour on macromixing scale, the process was regarded as three dimensional in order to demonstrate the local instabilities associated with the blade passage. The dynamic mixing behaviour of two miscible liquids with different densities was numerically predicted from initially stratified conditions to complete mixing. The gas phase was involved in the simulations to investigate the effect of the free surface deformation on the mixing process, which was modelled using the free surface model. The multicomponent model was applied to the liquid phase in which the two different density liquids were present. The suitability of the different turbulence models was also addressed but the k-ε turbulence model was finally employed. The numerical simulations were performed on different size grids to ensure obtaining of grid independent results. However, the grid elements size was kept relatively low because of the dynamic behaviour of the liquid surface central vortex. Additionally, the impeller acceleration was taken into account. The accuracy of the numerical predictions was evaluated experimentally using a video visualisation technique. The initially stratified lighter (alcoholic) coloured component and the heavier (water) transparent one were brought into motion by the rotating impeller. The mixing process was captured by a digital camcorder and subsequently the images were digitally processed. The procedure was repeated for a number of different initial concentrations of the lighter liquid to obtain the colour-calibration curve. The numerical predictions were evaluated at several locations, close to the vessel central line and wall, for which the optical distortions were minimal. Since the video visualisation technique provides the integral mixing curves at the chosen locations, the predicted concentration values were exported and averaged along the lines corresponding to these locations. The hydrodynamics of the above described system is of particular concern for many chemical and biochemical reactions engineered to take place in stirred tank reactor. Although the initial conditions were to some extend idealised in order to avoid some complications raised by the presence on an injection, the studies showed strong influence on the density difference on the homogenisation.
- Published
- 2005
39. Gefahrenpotenziale bei Grignard-Reaktionen - Sichere Betriebsführung durch Online-Monitoring
- Author
-
Kryk, H., Hessel, G., Schmitt, W., and Tefera, N.
- Abstract
Ausgehend von den physikochemischen Grundlagen der Grignard-Chemie werden Einflussfaktoren für eine sichere Prozessführung beschrieben. Bei Grignard-Synthesen tritt das größte Gefahrenpotential in der ersten Reaktionsstufe, der Herstellung der Grignard-Reagenz, auf. Insbesondere muss das Anspringen der Reaktion bei einer unzulässig großen Akkumulation von organischem Halogenid verhindert werden, wenn keine ausreichende, schnell wirksam werdende Kühlleistungsreserve vorhanden ist. Vor der Überführung einer neuen Grignard-Synthese in den großtechnischen Maßstab sollten umfassende Untersuchungen der Grignard-Reaktionsstufe in Laborreaktoren durchgeführt werden. Mit Hilfe isothermer und adiabatischer kalorimetrischer Messungen konnten die wichtigsten Prozessparameter, wie molare Reaktionsenthalpie, adiabatische Temperaturerhöhung, Induktionszeit, Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Wärmeleistung und Dauer der Startphase, ermittelt werden. Sie sind notwendig, um die maximal zulässige Akkumulation des organischen Halogenids für die verfügbare Kühlleistung der Produktionsanlage bestimmen zu können. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass gleiche Werte der molaren Reaktionsenthalpie sowohl bei isothermer als auch adiabatischer Kalorimetrie gemessen wurden. Als Ursache für die gemessenen größeren Enthalpiewerte während der isotherme Startreaktionsphase konnten noch vorhandene Wasser-Restmengen identifiziert werden, die infolge ihrer exothermen Folgereaktion mit der gebildeten Grignard-Reagenz einen zusätzlichen Wärmebeitrag lieferten. Eine Temperaturabhängigkeit der molaren Reaktionsenthalpie konnte im Temperaturbereich von 25°C bis 120°C nicht festgestellt werden. Um subjektive Fehleinschätzungen des Anspringens der Grignard-Reaktion zu vermeiden, wurden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten verschiedener Messmethoden zur Online-Überwachung getestet. Mit der in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie ließ sich das Anspringen der Grignard-Reaktion eindeutig und empfindlich detektieren. Ebenso könnte das spätere Einschlafen der Reaktion infolge zudosierter oder eindringender Verunreinigungen erkannt werden. Das Leistungsvermögen der Stoff- und Energiebilanzen als Methode zur Online-Überwachung konnte sowohl für die Startphase als auch für die Hauptreaktionsphase im Vergleich mit der Infrarotspektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Die Wärmebilanzierung liefert eine viel versprechende Alternative zur in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie für den Einsatz an Produktionsanlagen, weil sie mit einer ausreichend empfindlichen Betriebsmesstechnik realisiert werden kann, quasi im Echtzeitbetrieb arbeitet und wesentlich kostengünstiger ist. Der Vorteil der in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie ist die parallele Online-Messung von störenden Wasseranteilen im Reaktionsmedium. Beispielsweise könnte das Nichtstarten der Grignard-Reaktion aufgrund von zu großen Wasserrestmengen in der Mehrzweckanlage erkannt werden. Durch geeignete Sicherheitsmaßnahmen und Sicherheitsverriegelungen sollte die Überdosierung von organischem Halogenid und das Eindringen stark exothermer Verunreinigungen (wie z. B. Wasser) während der ersten Grignard-Reaktionsstufe unbedingt verhindert werden. Aus Sicherheitsgründen sollte Wasser durch Öl als Kühlmedium möglichst ersetzt werden.
- Published
- 2005
40. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur reaktionsgetriebenen Druckentlastung
- Author
-
Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., Hessel, G., and Tefera, N.
- Subjects
Druckentlastung ,Anlagensicherheit ,Modellierung ,chemische Reaktion ,Rührkesselreaktor - Abstract
Die Qualität der Simulationsergebnisse existierender Computercodes zur dynamischen Simulation von Druckentlastungsvorgängen (z.B. SAFIRE/ Vent, BRICK) ist von der Genauigkeit der Untermodelle zur Berücksichtigung von Wärme- und Stofftransport, Reaktionskinetik, Mischphasenthermodynamik sowie Aufwall- und Schaumverhalten abhängig. Die Untersuchungen dienen einer verbesserten Modellierung dieser Teilprozesse unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Prozessbedingungen der Druckentlastung. Hierzu sind sowohl reaktionsgetriebene Druckentlastungsexperimente in Rührkesselreaktoren unter prozessnahen Bedingungen als auch zusätzliche Experimente zur Ermittlung von apparate- und prozessspezifischen Parametern durchzuführen. Die Ergebnisse liefern den Prozessdaten-Pool zur Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von Simulationssoftware für Druckentlastungsprozesse in Batch-Reaktoren. Ziel ist die Simulation des Gesamtprozesses vom Reaktionsstart über die hydro- und thermodynamischen sowie die prozesskinetischen Vorgänge während der Druckentlastung bis hin zu Nachreaktionen. Als Modellprozess wurde die Veresterung von Essigsäureanhydrid mit Methanol gewählt. Zur Berücksichtigung der stofflichen und wärmetechnischen Einflüsse der Reaktion auf den Druckentlastungsprozess wurde ein reaktionskinetisches Modell entwickelt, das die thermischen und chemischen Reaktionsverläufe über weite Temperatur- und Konzentrationsbereiche unabhängig von der Prozessführung wiedergibt. Hauptgegenstand der experimentellen Untersuchungen sind reaktive Druckentlastungsexperimente unter prozessnahen Bedingungen. Die Experimente werden unter isoperibolen Prozessbedingungen in mantelgekühlten Rührkesselreaktoren aus Glas und Edelstahl durchgeführt. Die Reaktorvolumina betragen 1 bis 10 Liter. Bei Verwendung der Glasreaktoren kann, bedingt durch die Positionierung des kritischen Querschnittes (wechselbare Lochblende) in Höhe des Reaktordeckels, das Einströmverhalten in die Blende mittels High-Speed-Videotechnik beobachtet werden. Zusätzliche elektrische Heizpatronen im Reaktor gestatten die Bestimmung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten und anderen Prozess- und Anlagenkennwerten. Die für den Druckentlastungsprozess signifikantesten Signale werden mit einer Abtastrate von max. 200 Hz aufgezeichnet. Zur Ermittlung der dynamischen Phasenanteile in der Druckentlastungsleitung wurde eine spezielle nadelförmige Leitfähigkeitssonde mit integrierter Temperaturmessung entwickelt. Durch Verwendung von Rührkesselreaktoren mit Mantelkühlung in Verbindung mit elektrischen Kalibrierheizungen ist die thermodynamische Charakterisierung des Systems durch Wärmebilanzierung realisierbar. Zur stofflichen Charakterisierung der Reaktionsgemische wird die FTIR-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. Gegenstand der Präsentation bilden die Versuchsanlagen, die experimentelle Strategien zur Modellierung und Simulation von Druckentlastungsszenarien sowie die konkreten Versuchsabläufe zur Realisierung reproduzierbarer reaktionsgetriebener Druckentlastungsprozesse. Erste Versuchsergebnisse werden gezeigt und ein Ausblick auf weitere experimentelle und modelltheoretische Untersuchungen wird gegeben.
- Published
- 2004
41. Rapid Assessment of the Consequences of Fire in Sub-surface Infrastructure
- Author
-
A. M. W. (Bart) Duijvestijn, Hessel G. Voortman, and Jasper B. Nieuwenhuizen
- Subjects
business.industry ,Rail line ,Environmental resource management ,Space use ,Environmental science ,Stage (hydrology) ,Fire safety ,business ,Engineering design process ,Rapid assessment - Abstract
Sub-surface infrastructure enables multiple space-use. This is especially important in densely populated, urban areas where space use is at a premium. However, underground infrastructure increases the risk of casualties in case of fire. It is of extreme importance to assess the consequences of design decisions for the risk of casualties in an early stage of the design. A model is proposed for facilitating the design process in this respect.
- Published
- 2004
42. Applications of Risk Management in the Design and Construction of Infrastructure
- Author
-
A. M. W. (Bart) Duijvestijn, Harrie K. T. Kuijper, and Hessel G. Voortman
- Subjects
Engineering management ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,business.industry ,Process (engineering) ,Capital (economics) ,Business ,Project management ,Design team ,Risk management - Abstract
The design and construction of infrastructure involves a complex process where risk plays an important role. Project management in this type of projects constantly needs to deal with decisions that directly influence the risk of the project. Risk management is presented a tool to support the project management in this respect. The application is shown in a case study, the construction of a metrotunnel under the monumental station of the Dutch capital Amsterdam.
- Published
- 2004
43. Operational Experiences in Monitoring of Semi-Batch Hydrogenation Using Adaptive Heat and Mass Balances
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Hilpert, R., Kryk, H., Roth, M., Schmitt, W., and Weiss, F.-P.
- Subjects
modelling ,On-line monitoring ,chemical industry ,concentration estimation ,semi-batch process ,scale up - Abstract
This work deals with on-line monitoring of exothermic chemical processes in stirred tank reactors. To support the personnel in the efficient and safe operation of batch processes, the monitoring system (MoSys) based on heat/mass balancing was developed. A model was implemented for estimating concentrations from heat/mass balances. Dimensionless balances with adaptive parameters were used to adapt the heat/mass balances to the chemical target reactor and to realise the scale-up. For industrial testing, MoSys was integrated in a batch-information-management system (BIMS), which was also developed and implemented in the process control system of a multipurpose reactor installation. As a result, the outputs of MoSys can simultaneously be visualised with important process signals on terminals of the process control system. Operational experiences in monitoring an industrial hydrogenation process are represented.
- Published
- 2004
44. Betriebserfahrungen beim Online-Monitoring exothermer chemischer Prozesse mit adaptiven Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen
- Author
-
Schmitt, W., Hessel, G., and Kryk, H.
- Abstract
Es wird ein entwickeltes Überwachungssystem vorgestellt, das zum Online-Monitoring sicherheitstechnisch schwieriger chemischer Reaktionen in Rührkesselreaktoren entwickelt wurde. Die Industrieerprobung erfolgte an einer Mehrzweckanlage der Degussa AG. Betriebserfahrungen und der praktische Nutzen werden am Beispiel des Semibatch-Betriebes eines heterogenen exothermen Hydrierprozesses aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
- Published
- 2004
45. PP020-MON: Assessment of Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase in Critically Ill Patients: Preliminary Results
- Author
-
Freitas, R.G.B.D.O.N., primary, Nogueira, R.J.N., additional, Hortencio, T.D.R., additional, and Hessel, G., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Betriebserfahrungen beim Batch-Monitoring mit adaptiven Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Heidrich, J., Hilpert, R., Roth, M., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., and Weiß, F.-P.
- Abstract
In der Feinchemie- und Pharmaindustrie werden Chemikalien kleinerer Menge meistens durch diskontinuierlich geführte Batch-Prozesse hergestellt. Zur Unterstützung des Bedienungspersonals bei der schwierigen Prozessführung von Batch-Reaktoren (Rührkesselreaktoren) wurde ein Online-Monitoring-System (MoSys) entwickelt, das auf adaptiven Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen basiert. Die Industrieerprobung erfolgte im Rahmen eines entwickelten Batch-Informations-Management-Systems (BIMS), das in einem separaten Industrie-PC implementiert und über den Terminalbus in die vorhandene Automatisierungstechnik einer Mehrzweckanlage der Degussa AG eingebunden wurde. Die Betriebserfahrungen von zwei Produktionskampagnen zeigten, dass das BIMS/MoSys stabil und zuverlässig arbeitete und die Konzentrationsprofile gut mit den erwarteten Konzentrationsverläufen übereinstimmten. Mit BIMS/MoSys sind folgende praktische Nutzanwendungen möglich: - Einsparung einer chemischen Online-Prozessanalytik, - Erweiterung und Archivierung des bestehenden Prozesswissens, - Verbesserung der Produktqualität bei komplexen Batch-Prozessen, - Optimierung der Prozessführung durch die genauere Ermittlung von Anlagen- und Prozess- Kenngrößen, - Fehler- und Ursachenanalyse anhand der archivierten Batches, - Rückverfolgbarkeit von Batches bei Problemen (z. B. Qualitätsbeanstandungen), - Aufbau eines automatisierten Batch-Reports. Darüber hinaus können unerwünschte Betriebszustände mit erhöhter Zwischenproduktakkumulation und verringerter Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute frühzeitig erkannt und dadurch rechtzeitig Gegenmaßnahmen eingeleitet werden, um größere Verluste zu vermeiden. Das auf adaptiven Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen basierende Online-Monitoring-System ist bei allen ausreichend exothermen ( oder endothermen) Semibatch-Prozessen einsetzbar, wenn geeignete Informationen in den Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen enthalten sind.
- Published
- 2003
47. Modellbasiertes Online-Zustandserkennungssystem für exotherme chemische Prozesse
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Kryk, H., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., Weiß, F.-P., Hilpert, R., and Roth, M.
- Abstract
Bei stark exothermen Batch- und Semibatch-Prozessen ist die Identifikation des aktuellen Prozesszustandes und die frühzeitige Erkennung von unerwünschten Betriebszuständen sowohl unter dem Aspekt der Anlagen- und Umweltsicherheit als auch aus Gründen der Sicherung einer gleichbleibend hohen Ausbeute und Produktqualität von besonderer Bedeutung. Zur Unterstützung des Bedienungspersonals hinsichtlich einer optimalen Anlagenfahrweise wurde ein auf adaptiven Energie- und Stoffbilanzen basierendes Online-Monitoring-System (MoSys) konzipiert. Die Systementwicklung erfolgte anwendungsorientiert für heterogen katalysierte Hydrierprozesse von Nitroaromaten in Rührkesselreaktoren. Für den Einsatz des Systems im Industriemaßstab wurde MoSys in ein komplexes Batch-Informations-Management-System (BIMS) eingebunden. Somit ist die Anzeige der MoSys-Ergebnisse, wie Umsatz- und Konzentrationsverläufe, simultan zu den primären Prozesssignalen und den chargenorientierten Informationen an den verschiedenen Operatorstationen in der Chemieanlage möglich. Der Test des Zustandserkennungssystems erfolgte an einer Mehrzweckanlage der DEGUSSA AG im Werk Radebeul. Gezeigt werden der prinzipielle Aufbau des Monitoring-Systems (Berechnungsalgorithmus), die Einbindung und Funktion von MoSys innerhalb des Batch-Informations-Management-Systems sowie die Visualisierung der MoSys-Ergebnisse an den Operatorstationen am Beispiel von einzelnen Screenshots. Die Validierung des Systems an der Industrieanlage ist am Beispiel von Konzentrations- und Umsatzverläufen sowie der Zustandsklassifikation für die Zwischenproduktakkumulation dargestellt. Eine Zusammenfassung, in der die Bedeutung des Einsatzes von BIMS/MoSys für die industrielle Praxis aufgezeigt wird, beschließt den Artikel.
- Published
- 2003
48. MoSys - ein Online-Zustandserkennungssystem für exotherme chemische Reaktionen
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Hilpert, R., Kryk, H., Roth, M., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., and Deerberg, G.
- Abstract
Es wird das entwickelte Online-Zustandserkennungssystem MoSys beschrieben, das dem Anlagenfahrer zusätzliche Informationen über den Prozessfortschritt, das voraussichtliche Reaktionsende, die Akkummulation von Edukten oder Zwischenprodukten oder über die Gefahr einer thermischen Explosion bei unzureichender Kühlung zur Verfügung stellt. Das Zustandserkennungssytem, das auf adaptiven Stoff-und Wärmebilanzen basiert, kann sowohl in direkter Kopplung mit dem Prozessleitsystem als auch als Komponente eines komplexen Batch-Informations-Management-Systems betrieben werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit von MoSys konnte für homogen katalysierte Veresterungsreaktionen in einer Technikumsanlage und für heterogen katalysierte Hydrierprozesse in einer industriellen Chemieanlage nachgewiesen werden. Neben einer Erhöhung der Anlagen- und Umweltsicherheit wird durch den Einsatz von MoSys weiterführendes Prozesswissen generiert, das als Grundlage für eine Prozessoptimierung genutzt werden kann.
- Published
- 2002
49. Calorimetric and FTIR Spectrometric Investigation of a Grignard Reaction
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Hulzer, G., Kryk, H., and Schmitt, W.
- Abstract
Calorimetric and in situ Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies to monitor the unpredictable initiation of a strongly exothermic Grignard reaction and to determine their thermokinetic parameters are represented. Instead of operating under reflux conditions which are commonly used to control the Grignard formation, the calorimetric measurements were carried out in a closed jacketed stainless steel pressure reactor. This novel technique has some advantages. For example, a more accurate determination of the molar reaction enthalpy is possible, the increase of the reactor temperature and pressure can also be used to monitor the initiation process of the Grignard formation, and the dosage of the pure organic halide into a closed reactor vessel leads to a predictable and reproducible induction time. Thus, this technique might contribute to reduce the hazardous potentials of Grignard reactions.
- Published
- 2002
50. On-line Monitoring System for Heterogeneous Hydrogenation in Stirred Tank Reactors
- Author
-
Hessel, G., Heidrich, J., Hilpert, R., Kryk, H., Roth, M., Schmitt, W., Seiler, T., and Weiss, F.-P.
- Abstract
The on-line monitoring system (MoSys) for complex hydrogenation processes has been developed to support the operator in decision making. For industrial testing, the MoSys prototype was embedded in a newly developed batch-information-management system (BIMS) coupled to the process control system of the chemical plant. In this paper, the working principles of MoSys and BIMS are described. Furthermore, the optimisation and the verification of MoSys in the laboratory reactor are discussed. First results from on-line testing in a chemical plant of the Degussa AG are also presented.
- Published
- 2002
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