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In dense indoor areas, high numbers of people use their smartphones and tablets to share or download pictures, videos, or data. The heterogeneous network (HetNet) solves the problems caused by the explosion of data generated by smartphones and tablets. Heterogeneous networks use a mix of Relay, Femtocell, Pico, and Macro base stations to improve spectral efficiency per unit area. Operators wish to know how to upgrade existing networks and how to design new ones. This subject has become hot in the industry. In this paper, we presented the architecture of heterogeneous networks. The parameters affecting the heterogeneous networks topology plan are discussed. Moreover, a comparison of existing solutions that consider the problems of base station layout planning is presented. Finally, a road map is given to point out to the main future directions of researches on the topological design of dense area heterogeneous mobile networks.

The reliability of the recommender system is highly essential for the continuity of any system. Fake and malicious users may be spoiling system predictions reliability by inserting and injecting fake profiles called “shilling attacks” into the target recommender system. Thus, the detection of these attacks is necessary for any recommender system. Therefore, several shilling attacks detection approaches have proposed. In this work, we propose a survey for the recent detection methods, which pick up famous shilling attack models against the collaborative filtering recommender systems.

driver is in the state of drowsiness he can cause accidents. This state is the state between being awake and asleep. In this state driver reaction time is slower, his attentiveness is reduced, and his information processing is less efficient. Driver Fatigue Detection System (called FDS) has been proposed by the authors in a recent work. The FDS aims to monitor the driver and the alertness to prevent them from falling asleep at the wheel. FDS is very hard to fix in a car. In the present paper, the FDS software is modified and new system WakeApp is developed to be run in smartphone instead of Laptop and use all advantages of smartphone like camera and late weight. The WakeApp will solve this problem by using a mobile phone camera; the phone will be put on a stand in the car to make the driver feels comfortable. The WakeApp has hardware and software components such as mobile camera and Android SDK. Both components are integrated together to record real video for the driver, and then processing it for real-time eye tracking. WakeApp has reserve all advantages in FDS like fast and real-time face and eye tracking, external illumination interference is limited, more robustness and accuracy allowance for fast head/face movement. The Main goals of WakeApp are to ensure that the driver is staying awake during his drive, make the driver feels comfortable and to help decrease the number of accidents.

This paper deals with social infrastructure planning problems to determine the location of the facilities of social infrastructure network and the layout. Each user must be assigned to the closest facility to be economically viable. The objective is how to make the accessibility to facilities maximum (i.e., to minimize the distance which the users traveled to reach the facilities). In this paper, we study the problem of clustering in the presence of obstacles to locate the public service facility. In this article we present a new algorithm in data mining in the presence of obstacles. Minimum pre-specified level of demand must served by each facility. The objective is to maximize the accessibility of the facilities this means also to minimize the distance travelled by users to reach the facilities. CSPOD-DBSC algorithm (Clustering with short path Obstructed Distance DensityBased Spatial Clustering) is developed. Obstructed short path distance calculated in this algorithm by using Density-based clustering algorithm and Dijkstra algorithm. A case study involving the location of schools in districts of Mecca in Saudi Arabia is used to illustrate the application of this

Mobiles have become very essential part of our everyday life begin of voice call to internet access. Therefore, the cellular industry is a very competitive market in the whole world. As the development 4G mobile wireless standards the operator need to know how to design and update their networks so that they can provide the best services to the lowest possible cost. This topic has become a hot topic in the industry. In this paper, we present a literature review on the topological planning problem of LTE Advanced-based Heterogeneous mobile Networks. After describing the need of heterogeneous mobile networks, the architecture is presented. A comparison is made between components to justify the necessity of components we will use in the planning process. We focus on base stations layout and the main problems faced in this planning. This paper provides a high level overview of different parameters constraints and challenges that operators must tackle in order for these networks to reach their potential so that it is used as a starting point for future research on topological design of Dense Areas Heterogeneous mobile Networks.

Problem statement: As a large amount of data stored in spatial databa ses, people may like to find groups of data which share similar features. T hus cluster analysis becomes an important area of research in data mining. Applications of clustering analysis have been utilized in many fields, such a s when we search to construct a cluster served by base sta tion in mobile network. Deciding upon the optimum placement for the base stations to achieve best ser vices while reducing the cost is a complex task req uiring vast computational resource. Approach: This study addresses antenna placement problem or the cell planning problem, involves locating and configuring infrastructure for mobile networks by modified the original density-based Spatial Clustering of Applic ations with Noise algorithm. The Cluster Partitioni ng around Medoids original algorithm has been modified and a new algorithm has been proposed by the authors in a recent work. In this study, the densit y-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noi se original algorithm has been modified and combined with old algorithm to produce the hybrid algorithm Clustering Density Base and Clustering with Weighted Node-Partitioning around Medoids algorithm to solve the problems in Mobile Network Planning. Results: Implementation of this algorithm to a real case study is presented. Results demonstrate that the pr oposed algorithm has minimum run time minimum cost and high grade of service. Conclusion: The proposed hyper algorithm has the advantage of quick divide the area into clusters where the density base algor ithm has a limit iteration and the advantage of acc uracy (no sampling method is used) and highly grade of se rvice due to the moving of the location of the base stations (medoid) toward the heavy loaded (weighted ) nodes.

This work describes the preparation, characterization and evaluation of the nanoparticles formed by the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez) AN) and cyclodextrins, including beta-cyclodextrin (CD) hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-beta-cyclodextrin (NHCD). The cyclodextrin-poly(anhydride) nanoparticles were prepared by a solvent displacement method and characterized by measuring the size, zeta potential, morphology and composition. For bioadhesion studies, nanoparticles were fluorescently labelled with rhodamine B isothiocianate (RBITC). For in vivo imaging biodistribution studies, (99m)Tc-labelled nanoparticles were used. Nanoparticles displayed a size of about 150nm and a cyclodextrin content which was found optimal under the following experimental conditions: cyclodextrin/poly(anhydride) ratio of 0.25 by weight, 30min of incubation time between the cyclodextrin and the polymer. Moreover, the oligosaccharide content was higher with CD than with NHCD and HPCD. Overall, cyclodextrin-poly(anhydride) nanoparticles displayed homogeneous bioadhesive interactions within the gut. The intensity of these interactions was higher than for control nanoparticles. The high bioadhesive capacity was observed for HPCD-NP and NHCD-NP which can be related with their rough morphology and, thus, a higher specific surface than for smooth nanoparticles (CD-NP). Finally, from in vivo studies, no evidence of translocation of distribution to other organs was observed when these nanoparticles were orally administered.

To design bioadhesive Gantrez AN (poly[methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride], PVM/MA) nanoparticles (NP) coated with vitamin B(12) (Vit B(12)), and investigate their application in oral antigen delivery.The association of Vit B(12) to Gantrez AN nanoparticles was performed by the direct attachment of reactive Vit B(12) to the surface of the nanoparticles (NPB), or linking to the copolymer chains in dimethylformamide prior to NP formation (NPB-DMF). Nanoparticles were characterized by measuring the size, zeta potential, Vit B(12) association efficacy, and stability of Vit B(12) on the surface of the nanoparticles. In vivo bioadhesion study was performed by the oral administration of fluorescently-labeled nanoparticle formulations to rats. Both systemic and mucosal immune responses were evaluated after oral and subcutaneous immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) containing Vit B(12)-coated nanoparticles.The Vit B(12) nanoparticles displayed homogenous size distribution with a mean diameter of about 200 nm and a negative surface charge. The association efficiency of Vit B(12) to NPB-DMF formulation was about two times higher than to the NPB, showing also a higher surface stability of Vit B(12). The bioadhesion study demonstrated that NPB-DMF had an important tropism to the distal portions of the gut, which was about two and 3.5 times higher than the tropism observed for NPB and control NP, respectively (p0.05). Oral administration of OVA-NPB-DMF induced also stronger and more balanced serum anti-OVA titers of IgG2a (Th1) and IgG1 (Th2) compared to control OVA-NP. In addition, oral immunization with OVA-NPB-DMF induced a higher mucosal IgA response than subcutaneous administration.These results indicate the benefits of bioadhesive Vit B(12)-coated nanoparticles in oral antigen delivery eliciting systemic and mucosal immune response.

Drug delivery systems containing gentamicin were studied as a treatment against experimental brucellosis in mice. Micro- and nanoparticles prepared by using poly( d , l -lactide-coglycolide) (PLGA) 502H and microparticles made of PLGA 75:25H were successfully delivered to the liver and the spleen, the target organs for Brucella melitensis . Both polymers have the same molecular weight but have different lactic acid/glycolic acid ratios. Microparticles of PLGA 502H and 75:25H released their contents in a sustained manner, in contrast to PLGA 502H nanoparticles, which were degraded almost completely during the first week postadministration. The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters after administration of a single intravenous dose of 1.5 mg/kg of body weight of loaded gentamicin revealed higher areas under the curve (AUCs) for the liver and the spleen and increased mean retention times (MRTs) compared to those for the free drug, indicating the successful uptake by phagocytic cells in both organs and the controlled release of the antibiotic. Both gentamicin-loaded PLGA 502H and 75:25H microparticles presented similar pharmacokinetic parameter values for the liver, but those made of PLGA 75:25 H were more effective in targeting the antibiotic to the spleen (higher AUCs and MRTs). The administration of three doses of 1.5 mg/kg significantly reduced the load associated with the splenic B. melitensis infection. Thus, the formulation made with the 75:25H polymer was more effective than that made with 502H microspheres (1.45-log and 0.45-log reductions, respectively, at 3 weeks posttreatment). Therefore, both, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters showed the suitability of 75:25H microspheres to reduce the infection of experimentally infected mice with B. melitensis .

Mobiles have become very essential part of our everyday life begin of voice call to internet access. As the development of 4G mobile wireless standards the operator need to know how to design and update their networks so that they can provide best services to the lowest possible cost. This paper presents topological planning problem of fourth generation (4G) cellular networks based on the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) standards. After describing the LTE-Advanced architecture, we focus on layout and the main problems faced in this planning. This paper provides a high level overview of antenna placement problem or the cell planning problem, involves locating and configuring infrastructure for LTE-Advanced mobile networks. The goal of this paper is to present and classify the different research works that have been done so that it can be used as a starting point for future research on topological design of LTE-Advanced networks.

This article deals with social infrastructure planning problems in urban city. Each facility must serve minimum pre-specified level of demand. The objective is to minimize the distance traveled by users to reach the facilities this means also to maximize the accessibility to facilities. A location model that captures the above features is formulated and different solution methods are tested. Clustering in spatial data mining is to group similar objects based on their connectivity, distance, or their relative density in space. In real word, there exist many physical obstacles such as rivers, lakes, highways and mountains, and their presence may affect the result of clustering significantly. In this paper, we study the problem of clustering in the presence of obstacles to solve location of public service facility problem. In this paper, CSPOD-DBSCAN algorithm (Clustering with short path Obstructed Distance - Density- Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) is developed in the spirit of DBSCAN clustering algorithms. This algorithm is Density-based clustering algorithm using Dijkstra algorithm to calculate obstructed short path distance. The application of this algorithm is illustrated through a case study involving the location of schools in the districts of Mecca in Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this work was to study the potential of pegylated poly(anhydride) nanoparticles as carriers for the oral delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). Paclitaxel is an anticancer drug, ascribed to the class IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification system, characterised for its low aqueous solubility and to act as a substrate of the P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450. For the pegylation of nanoparticles, three different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were used: PEG 2000 (PTX-NP2), PEG 6000 (PTX-NP6) and PEG 10,000 (PTX-NP10). The transport and permeability of paclitaxel through the jejunum mucosa of rats was determined in Ussing chambers, whereas its oral bioavailability was studied in rats. The loading of PTX in pegylated nanoparticles increased between 3 and 7 times the intestinal permeability of paclitaxel through the jejunum compared with the commercial formulation Taxol. Interestingly, the permeability of PTX was significantly higher for PTX-NP2 and PTX-NP6 than for PTX-NP10. In the in vivo studies, similar results were obtained. When PTX-NP2 and PTX-NP6 were administered to rats by the oral route, sustained and therapeutic plasma levels of paclitaxel for at least 48 h were observed. The relative oral bioavailability of paclitaxel delivered in nanoparticles was calculated to be 70% for PTX-NP2, 40% for PTX-NP6 and 16% in case of PTX-NP10. All of these observations would be related with both the bioadhesive properties of these carriers and the inhibitory effect of PEG on the activity of both P-gp and P450 cytochrome.

The protective efficacy of vaccination with Neospora caninum recombinant antigens was evaluated in Balb/c pregnant and non-pregnant mouse models of neosporosis. A major immunodominant dense granule protein (NcGRA7) and three bradyzoite-specific surface antigens (NcSAG4, NcBSR4 and NcSRS9) were expressed in Escherichia coli and encapsulated within poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles for the first time. Good efficiencies of entrapment (greater than 50%) were obtained for all encapsulated proteins. Moreover, antigenicity was unaffected after formulation. Afterwards, separate groups of mice were immunised with the nanoparticles and were then challenged with N. caninum tachyzoites. High IgG1 and IgG2a antibody levels of anti-N. caninum and specific antibodies directed against recombinant proteins were developed by all of the immunised groups. Mice previously inoculated with encapsulated rNcGRA7 produced significant levels of IFN-γ. However, in general, a low production of IFN-γ was detected. This may indicate a failure in the complete liberation of antigens after immunisation or an incorrect balance of the Th1/Th2 response to combat acute neosporosis during pregnancy. In fact, high morbidity and mortality rates were observed in dams. Moreover, vertical transmission was not prevented, and high neonatal mortality rates occurred similarly among the groups. Despite the global absence of efficacy, the study reveals some results of positive efficacy regarding dams and pups' survival and parasite presence for NcSRS9 recombinant protein. Furthermore, vaccination with rNcGRA7 encapsulated alone or combined with rNcSAG4 resulted in a slight decrease of parasite presence in non-pregnant mice. These promising results are further discussed to suggest new approaches that may be more suitable to test vaccine formulations based on bradyzoite stage-specific proteins.

The size and complexity of today's mobile networks is continuously growing, and with it the cost of planning and operating these networks. Network planning and engineering have to reach a delicate balance between cost, network performance, and up-time of business critical services. With this rapid development in mobile network we need effective network planning tool to satisfy the need of customers. However, deciding upon the optimum placement for the base stations to achieve best services while reducing the cost is a complex task requiring vast computational resource. This paper addresses antenna placement problem or the cell planning problem, involves locating and configuring infrastructure for mobile networks by modified the original density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise algorithm. The density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise original algorithm has been modified and a new algorithm Clustering Density Base in Presence of Obstacles has been proposed by the authors to solve the problem of obstructs in Mobile Network Planning. Implementation of this algorithm to a real case study is presented. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and flexibility of the modifying algorithm in tackling the important problems of mobile network planning.

Bioadhesive poly(anhydride) nanoparticles coated with mannose (M-NP) or Salmonella Enteritidis derived flagellin (F-NP) were designed to be applied in oral vaccination strategies using ovalbumin (OVA) as antigen model. Nanoparticles formulations (OVA-M-NP, OVA-F-NP and control OVA-NP) were characterized and evaluated in BALB/c mice. OVA-M-NP and OVA-F-NP displayed a size of about 300-400 nm and were efficiently coated with the respective ligand, Systemic and mucosal immune responses reported after S.C. and oral administration, indicated that a single dose of OVA-M-NP and OVA-F-NP, elicited higher and balanced systemic specific antibody responses [IgG1 (Th2-response) and IgG2a (Th1-response)] compared to non-coated ones. In addition, oral immunization using OVA-M-NP or OVAF-NP was able to elicit a higher levels of intestinal secretory IgA compared to S.C. In summary, oral immunization by bioadhesive mannosylated or flagellin nanoparticles demonstrated strong long lasting systemic and mucosal immune responses than the respective non-conjugated vectors.

The general aim of this work was to develop polymeric nanoparticle carriers with bioadhesive properties, and to evaluate its adjuvant potential for oral vaccination. Thiamine was used as specific ligand-nanoparticle conjugate (TNP) to target specific sites within the gastrointestinal tract, enterocytes and Peyer's patches. The affinity of nanoparticles to the gut mucosa was studied in orally inoculated rats. In contrast to conventional non-coated nanoparticles (NP), higher levels of TNP were found in the ileum tissue, showing a strong capacity to be captured by Peyer's patches. TNP were characterized by an AUCadh which was found to be three times higher than for control NP. To investigate the adjuvant capacity of TNP, ovalbumin (OVA) was used as standard antigen. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with OVA-TNP induced stronger serum titers of specific IgG2a and IgG1 and mucosal IgA compared to OVA-NP. This mucosal immune response (IgA) was about 4-titers higher than that elicited by OVA-NP. These results suggest the use of thiamine-coated nanoparticles as particle vectors for oral vaccine and immunotherapy delivery strategies.

The aim of this work was to design mannosylated Gantrez® AN nanoparticles (M-NP) and to describe their gut bioadhesive properties in order to develop a promising carrier for future applications in oral drug delivery. For that purpose, the process of the nanoparticles coating with mannosamine was optimized by the incubation of Gantrez® AN nanoparticles with different volumes of mannosamine aqueous solutions at different times. Then, the nanoparticles were characterized by measuring the size, zeta potential, mannosamine content, and concanavalin A (Con A) binding. Furthermore, in vivo quantitative bioadhesion study and kinetic analysis of the bioadhesion curves were performed after oral administration to rats of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles. The selected mannosylated nanoparticles (M-NP1 and M-NP10) were of homogenous sizes (about 300 and 200 nm), negatively charged and successfully coated with 36 and 18 μg mannosamine/mg NP, respectively. In vitro agglutination assay using Con A confirmed the successful coating of nanoparticles with mannosamine. The gut distribution profile of M-NP1 indicated a stronger bioadhesive capacity than M-NP10 and non-mannosylated ones, 1 h post-administration. Interestingly, M-NP1 showed an important ileum tropism where around 20% of the given dose remained adhered. Besides, the kinetic parameters of the bioadhesion profile of M-NP1 indicated their higher bioadhesive capacity with Qmax and AUCadh about 2-times higher than control ones. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy corroborated the stronger interactions of M-NP1 with the normal mucosa and demonstrated a strong uptake of these carriers by Peyer's patches. In conclusion, we propose that mannosylated nanoparticles could be a promising non-live vector for oral delivery strategies.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the bioadhesive potential of a polymeric vector obtained by the association between Gantrez® AN nanoparticles and flagella-enriched Salmonella enteritidis extract. Fluorescently labelled nanoparticles (SE-NP) were prepared, after incubation between the polymer and the extract, by a solvent displacement method and cross-linkage with 1,3-diaminopropane. SE-NP displayed a size close to 280 nm and the amount of associated bacterial extract was 18 μg/mg nanoparticle. Flagellin represents more than 80% of the total proteins associated with SE-NP, which was identified by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by Western blotting. Concerning the bioadhesive properties, SE-NP shows an important tropism for the ileum. In fact, about 50% of the given dose of SE-NP was found in this gut region for at least 3 h. Interestingly, the bioadhesive ability of SE-NP correlated well with the described colonisation profile for Salmonella enteritidis. This fact was corroborated by competitive tissue distribution studies. Thus, when SE-NP and Salmonella cells were administered together by the oral route, both the bacteria and the nanoparticles displayed a similar distribution within the intestinal mucosa. However, the ability of SE-NP to be taken up by Peyer's patches appeared to be negatively affected by the presence of the bacteria. Similarly, when SE-NP was administered 30 min before cells, SE-NP were found broadly distributed in Peyer's patches, whereas the bacteria were neither able to adhere to nor penetrate this lymphoid tissue. In summary, SE-NP demonstrated their Salmonella-like gut colonization, which can be a useful vector for oral targeting strategies.

The aim of this work was to design and evaluate microorganism-like nanoparticles able to either mimic adhesion and colonization patterns of bacteria or to enhance and modulate the host immune response. Thus poly(anhydride) nanoparticles were either coated with adhesive factors (either with flagellin from Salmonella enteritidis or mannosamine) or loaded with lipopolysaccharide of Brucella ovis. The mucosal affinity of the nanoparticles was investigated by bioadhesion and fluorescence microscopy studies. The immunoadjuvant properties were checked by the oral route using ovalbumin as an antigen model. The results indicated that both flagellin and mannosamine nanoparticles display a stronger mucosal affinity to normal mucosa and Peyer’s patches than control ones, whereas LPS entrapped ones did not. Surprisingly, LPS formulation was unable to enhance the immune response by the oral route. However, flagellin and mannosamine nanoparticles induced stronger and more balanced serum levels of both IgG1 (Th2) and IgG2a (Th1) than control ones. In addition, oral immunization with ligand formulations induced high levels of fecal IgA.

Gantrez AN nanoparticles can be obtained by desolvation of the poly(anhydride) with an aqueous medium, followed by a purification step and freeze-drying. In order to simplify this method, a spray-drying procedure was evaluated here. For this purpose, suspensions of nanoparticles were mixed with carbohydrates before their drying. Lactose, in a saccharide/polymer ratio of 2, was found to be the most suitable excipient regarding the physicochemical characteristics and stability of the resulting nanoparticles. These conditions can be successfully applied to the preparation of conventional, combined cyclodextrin/polyanhydride or pegylated nanoparticles. The capabilities of the new procedure were also studied by the characterization of nanoparticles loaded with either an antigenic extract (HS from Brucella ovis) or atovaquone. In all cases, the new formulations displayed similar physico-chemical characteristics to those of nanoparticles obtained by lyophilization. In summary, the spray-drying procedure can be an adequate alternative to lyophilization in the preparative process of poly(anhydride) nanoparticles.