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Comfort properties of clothing are one of the main indicators of clothing quality and have been widely investigated in the past decades. This research concentrates on the water vapour permeability of nylon pantyhose, by examining behaviours in the relaxed state, as well as under extension of knits of 100 %, comparative to wear conditions and above 100 %. Permetest apparatus was used to measure the water vapour permeability according to the standard ISO 11092. The results indicate that for very fine fabrics permeability stays constant under extension, while for fabrics above 44 dtex the water vapour permeability changes significantly with extension.

Men's socks were produced on a Lonati circular knitting machine in 18 different combinations in multi-plated plain jersey from basic modal and basic micro modal yarn with the addition of cotton or PA multifilament yarn and elastane yarn in the sock cuff. The modal and micromodal yarns were ring-spun, rotor-spun and air-spun; they consist of 38 mm long staple fibres with a fineness of 1.3 and 1.0 dtex respectively. Thermal resistance was determined by use of the thermal foot. The thermal resistance values for all socks samples range from 0.0091 to 0.01586 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance per groups of basic modal fibres was obtained in the samples made of air-jet spun yarn of 0.0132 m2 °C W−1 and the lowest in samples of rotor yarn of 0.0109 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance in all groups of basic micromodal samples made of ring yarn (0.0132 m2 °C W−1) and the lowest in the samples made of air-spun yarn (0.0099 m2 °C W−1). At low levels of thermal resistance, as the thickness of the sample of basic modal and micro modal fibres of ring and rotor yarns increases, the thermal resistance of socks increases with a correlation coefficient of 0.711. The tested sock samples have low thermal resistance, i.e. they can conduct heat better than the sock leg, thus achieving cooling and comfort, which is important for wearing socks in warm weather.

Purpose: The paper aims to investigate the dynamic measurement of the water vapour resistance. The water vapour diffusion kinetics depends on the fibre's material. So, water vapour resistance measurement times till the equilibrium steady state can vary in the case of natural fibres compared to synthetic fibres. Devices for determining water vapour resistance according to the ISO 11092 standard allow static values to be measured. Design/methodology/approach: In this study to investigate the dynamic of the water vapour resistance, a new parameter named "holding period" was introduced and defined as the time from sample placement on the measuring head until the measuring process begins. The holding period was varied as 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 s. Wool and cotton knitted fabrics were tested as natural fibres and compared to 100% polyester and 90% polyester/10% elastane as synthetic fibres. Measurements were conducted under both air velocities of 1 and 2 m/s. The experimental test data were statistically analysed based on ANOVA and four-in-one residual plots. Findings: Statistical analysis of experimental tests shows that the holding period affects water vapour resistance in both air velocities of 1 and 2 m/s and on the measured values in the case of hydrophilic fibres. Research limitations/implications: The study of the dynamic relative water vapour permeability of natural and synthetic is an important area of interest for future research. Practical implications: It is recommended to hold the samples on the top of the head measurement before starting the test. Originality/value: Following the ISO 11092 standard, the static values of the water vapour resistance were measured without considering the dynamic behaviour of the water vapour diffusion through the textile fabrics. This paper fulfils an experimental dynamic measurement of the water vapour resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an algebraic model and its experimental verification was carried out to investigate the effect of moisture content on the heat loss that takes place due to conduction of sock fabrics. The results show that increasing moisture content in the studied socks caused a significant increase in their conductive heat loss. Plain knitted socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level, and then their moisture content was reduced stepwise. When achieving the required moisture content, the socks samples were characterized by the Alambeta testing instrument for heat transfer. Three different existing modified mathematical models for the thermal conductivity of wet fabrics were used for predicting thermal resistance of socks under wet conditions. The results from both ways are in very good agreement for all the socks at a 95% confidence level. In the above-mentioned models, the prediction of thermal resistance presents newly a combined effect of the real filling coefficient and thermal conductivity of the so-called “wet” polymers instead of dry polymers. With these modifications, the used models predicted the thermal resistance at different moisture levels. Predicted thermal resistance is converted into heat transfer (due to conduction) with a significantly high coefficient of correlation.

Socks’ comfort has vast implications in our everyday living. This importance increased when we have undergone an effort of low or high activity. It causes the perspiration of our bodies at different rates. In this study, plain socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level. Then after successive intervals of conditioning, these socks are characterized by thermal resistance in wet state at different moisture levels. Theoretical thermal resistance is predicted using combined filling coefficients and thermal conductivity of wet polymers instead of dry polymer (fiber) in different models. By this modification, these mathematical models can predict thermal resistance at different moisture levels. Furthermore, predicted thermal resistance has reason able correlation with experimental results in both dry (laboratory conditions moisture) and wet states.

Waterproof breathable laminated fabrics have the special property that permits water vapour to pass through but protects by preventing the entrance of liquid water. Different characteristic properties of the layered constructions of these fabrics have good influence on their hydrostatic resistance and mechanical performance. This research study presents an experiment to enhance the hydrostatic resistance and tensile strength of four different types of hydrophobic membrane laminated waterproof fabrics by considering their breathability as well. For this purpose, water repellent coating based on C6-fluorocarbon resin along with polysiloxane hydrophobic softening agent was applied on these four different types of laminated fabrics using pad-dry-cure method. The coated fabrics were characterised by performing different experiments to evaluate the effect of coating on their hydrostatic resistance and mechanical property as well as on water vapour permeability and air permeability. From the test results and analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that hydrostatic resistance and tensile strength of the laminated fabrics were enhanced after coating along with proper water repellent property, whereas there were no significant changes in their water vapour permeability and air permeability.

Thermal absorptivity is an indicator of warm and cool feeling of textile materials. An equation based on thermal absorptivity of polyester in solid form, porosity of a fabric, and relative contact area of human skin and fabric surface has been developed to characterize thermal absorptivity of fabric. For verification of suggested model, 15 knitted rib fabrics were produced using 100% polyester yarn and having different surface profile. ALAMBETA semiautomatic non-destructive instrument has been used for measuring the effective thermal absorptivity of knitted rib fabric. It was found that the suggested simple theoretical model exhibits significant agreement with the measured thermal absorptivity values of knitted rib fabric, which endorsed the approach applied.

Soft and clean surface of fabric without any floating fibers is one of the factors important for better marketing of clothing. The most common method for having such clean fabric surface is the removal of protruding (floating) fiber from the surface of the fabric. Many studies have proved that enzymatic treatment, commonly called biopolishing, removes the floating fibers from the surface of fabric and gives a smooth surface to the fabric. This study is an effort to assess and measure the impact of biopolishing of knitted fabric through objective and subjective evaluation on warm-cool feeling of fabric because of change in surface profile of the fabric. For testing purposes, 31 knitted fabric samples of various kinds were produced. Alambeta has been used for measuring thermal absorptivity values of fabric. Thermal absorptivity is an indicator of warm-cool feeling. For subjective evaluation, a group of 30 people were asked to give their opinion about warm-cool feeling. Both subjective and objective assessments confirm that biopolishing has a significant impact on warm-cool feeling. Fabric gives cool feeling after biopolishing. This study explores that clean surface will have higher thermal absorptivity and will give cool feeling when it will be touched by human skin.

Men's socks were produced on a Lonati circular knitting machine in 18 different combinations in multi-plated plain jersey from basic modal and basic micro modal yarn with the addition of cotton or PA multifilament yarn and elastane yarn in the sock cuff. The modal and micromodal yarns were ring-spun, rotor-spun and air-spun; they consist of 38 mm long staple fibres with a fineness of 1.3 and 1.0 dtex respectively. Thermal resistance was determined by use of the thermal foot. The thermal resistance values for all socks samples range from 0.0091 to 0.01586 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance per groups of basic modal fibres was obtained in the samples made of air-jet spun yarn of 0.0132 m2 °C W−1 and the lowest in samples of rotor yarn of 0.0109 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance in all groups of basic micromodal samples made of ring yarn (0.0132 m2 °C W−1) and the lowest in the samples made of air-spun yarn (0.0099 m2 °C W−1). At low levels of thermal resistance, as the thickness of the sample of basic modal and micro modal fibres of ring and rotor yarns increases, the thermal resistance of socks increases with a correlation coefficient of 0.711. The tested sock samples have low thermal resistance, i.e. they can conduct heat better than the sock leg, thus achieving cooling and comfort, which is important for wearing socks in warm weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an algebraic model and its experimental verification was carried out to investigate the effect of moisture content on the heat loss that takes place due to conduction of sock fabrics. The results show that increasing moisture content in the studied socks caused a significant increase in their conductive heat loss. Plain knitted socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level, and then their moisture content was reduced stepwise. When achieving the required moisture content, the socks samples were characterized by the Alambeta testing instrument for heat transfer. Three different existing modified mathematical models for the thermal conductivity of wet fabrics were used for predicting thermal resistance of socks under wet conditions. The results from both ways are in very good agreement for all the socks at a 95% confidence level. In the above-mentioned models, the prediction of thermal resistance presents newly a combined effect of the real filling coefficient and thermal conductivity of the so-called "wet" polymers instead of dry polymers. With these modifications, the used models predicted the thermal resistance at different moisture levels. Predicted thermal resistance is converted into heat transfer (due to conduction) with a significantly high coefficient of correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present stage of development of society, in pandemic conditions, people are experiencing the growing influence of man-made factors (energy flows of internal and external origin, ionizing radiation, etc.), some drugs, pathogenic microflora (fungi viruses, bacteria, intracellular parasites). The origination of a critical mass of parasitogens can be prevented by using, in addition to traditional methods of prevention and treatment, textile materials with certain additional properties obtained by antimicrobial treatment. The aim is to study the change in the operational and hygienic properties of cellulosic materials after treatment with antimicrobials. To assess the effect of antimicrobials (biguanide derivatives and quaternary ammonium salts) on the operational and hygienic properties of cellulosic materials (cotton fabric) the following indicators were taken into account: strength, stiffness, wrinkle recovery, capillarity of materials, structural and morphological characteristics. The results of research have confirmed the possibility of using solutions of antimicrobial agents for effective processing of wales, without destructive effects on the structure of cellulosic materials; allowed to introduce a research methodology to provide antimicrobial properties of cellulosic materials of different assortment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is Part 2, the continuation from the title of "Review of Men's Shirt Pattern Development for the Last 100 Years, Part 1: The Bodice". A look back on how the shirt sleeve and cuff were developed in the last hundred years. A discussion on the future development of the sleeve and cuff patterns will be in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semi-empirical model of the relative contact area of woven fabrics has been developed. Its output is implemented into a multiple linear regression model of thermal absorptivity of 100% cotton woven fabrics as a predictor, together with open area, areal density, thickness and fabric density. Validation of the thermal absorptivity model shows that the contribution of the relative contact area and its interaction term with areal density generates lowest values of the mean and maximum percentage errors, indicating good predictability of the thermal contact feeling. The model is not applicable for nonwovens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 19th century until now, men's shirt pattern has been evolving and changing for the comfort and style that people need. No matter the fit of the shirt pattern is loose or tight, the style is fancy or practical; the pattern is always traced back to the original try and error draping techniques. This article is a look back on how the shirt pattern has been developed in the last hundred years and a discussion on how to predict the future development of shirt pattern will be in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct approach, interaction with volunteers and a specially made shirt to study the influence of races, height, weight and age to the wearing ease of clothing pattern, were used in this work. Two groups of volunteers have participated in the process of the research: group 1) 43 Chinese volunteers from the Zhejiang Fashion Institute of Technology (ZFIT) and group 2) 25 Turkish volunteers from Istanbul Technical University (ITU). Both groups went through the same procedures which were: step 1) taking upper body measurements; step 2) choosing the majority group of volunteers by the mean value of the age, weight and height and step 3) trial wearing and questionnaire. Trial shirts in the research were made of 100% plain weave cotton of 139 g/m2, thickness 0.43 mm, warp 26/cm, weft 24/cm. Results were compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is showing the technique, which was developed during the research of Redefining Men's Shirt Pattern1, of making a tightly fitted shirt pattern for the sweating thermal manikin (model-Newton) for the usage of the research experiments. From supplies to the pattern making procedures are clearly reported with details. The finished shirt is closely fitted to the manikin with minimum air gaps and the pattern can also be graded into different sizes for research purposes. The goal of making this pattern set for the manikin is to understand the true effect of air gaps influenced on the thermal insulation (Rct) and the evaporative resistance (Ret). With this method, the researcher will know the increase of the air gap that is built into the shirt from minimum to different sizes of the air gap. Hence, it will benefit the study of air gaps related to thermal insulation and the evaporative resistance rather than using the ready-to-wear shirt which will only give the size labels without knowing the air gap distance that is built in the measurements of the shirt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]