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2. Combining advanced analytical methodologies to uncover suspect PFAS and fluorinated pharmaceutical contributions to extractable organic fluorine in human serum (Tromsø Study)

Author

Cioni, L., Nikiforov, V., Benskin, J.P., Coêlho, A.C.M.F., Dudášová, Silvia, Lauria, M.Z., Lechtenfeld, Oliver, Plassmann, M.M., Reemtsma, Thorsten, Sandanger, T.M., Herzke, D., Cioni, L., Nikiforov, V., Benskin, J.P., Coêlho, A.C.M.F., Dudášová, Silvia, Lauria, M.Z., Lechtenfeld, Oliver, Plassmann, M.M., Reemtsma, Thorsten, Sandanger, T.M., and Herzke, D.

Abstract

A growing number of studies have reported that routinely monitored per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are not sufficient to explain the extractable organic fluorine (EOF) measured in human blood. In this study, we address this gap by screening pooled human serum collected over 3 decades (1986–2015) in Tromsø (Norway) for >5000 PFAS and >300 fluorinated pharmaceuticals. We combined multiple analytical techniques (direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and total oxidizable precursors assay) in a three-step suspect screening process which aimed at unequivocal suspect identification. This approach uncovered the presence of one PFAS and eight fluorinated pharmaceuticals (including some metabolites) in human serum. While the PFAS suspect only accounted for 2–4% of the EOF, fluorinated pharmaceuticals accounted for 0–63% of the EOF, and their contribution increased in recent years. Although fluorinated pharmaceuticals often contain only 1–3 fluorine atoms, our results indicate that they can contribute significantly to the EOF. Indeed, the contribution from fluorinated pharmaceuticals allowed us to close the organofluorine mass balance in pooled serum from 2015, indicating a good understanding of organofluorine compounds in humans. However, a portion of the EOF in human serum from 1986 and 2007 still remained unexplained.

Published
2024

3. The time for ambitious action is now: Science-based recommendations for plastic chemicals to inform an effective global plastic treaty

Author

Brander, S.M., Senathirajah, K., Fernandez, M.O., Weis, J.S., Kumar, E., Jahnke, Annika, Hartmann, N.B., Alava, J.J., Farrelly, T., Carney Almroth, B., Groh, K.J., Syberg, K., Buerkert, J.S., Abeynayaka, A., Booth, A.M., Cousin, X., Herzke, D., Monclús, L., Morales-Caselles, C., Bonisoli-Alquati, A., Al-jaibachi, R., Wagner, M., Brander, S.M., Senathirajah, K., Fernandez, M.O., Weis, J.S., Kumar, E., Jahnke, Annika, Hartmann, N.B., Alava, J.J., Farrelly, T., Carney Almroth, B., Groh, K.J., Syberg, K., Buerkert, J.S., Abeynayaka, A., Booth, A.M., Cousin, X., Herzke, D., Monclús, L., Morales-Caselles, C., Bonisoli-Alquati, A., Al-jaibachi, R., and Wagner, M.

Abstract

The ubiquitous and global ecological footprint arising from the rapidly increasing rates of plastic production, use, and release into the environment is an important modern environmental issue. Of increasing concern are the risks associated with at least 16,000 chemicals present in plastics, some of which are known to be toxic, and which may leach out both during use and once exposed to environmental conditions, leading to environmental and human exposure. In response, the United Nations member states agreed to establish an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, the global plastics treaty. The resolution acknowledges that the treaty should prevent plastic pollution and its related impacts, that effective prevention requires consideration of the transboundary nature of plastic production, use and pollution, and that the full life cycle of plastics must be addressed. As a group of scientific experts and members of the Scientists' Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty, we concur that there are six essential “pillars” necessary to truly reduce plastic pollution and allow for chemical detoxification across the full life cycle of plastics. These include a plastic chemical reduction and simplification, safe and sustainable design of plastic chemicals, incentives for change, holistic approaches for alternatives, just transition and equitable interventions, and centering human rights. There is a critical need for scientifically informed and globally harmonized information, transparency, and traceability criteria to protect the environment and public health. The right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment must be upheld, and thus it is crucial that scientists, industry, and policy makers work in concert to create a future free from hazardous plastic contamination.

Published
2024

5. Leaching of chemicals and DOC from tire particles under simulated marine conditions

Author

Foscari, Aurelio Giovanni, Schmidt, N., Seiwert, Bettina, Herzke, D., Sempéré, R., Reemtsma, Thorsten, Foscari, Aurelio Giovanni, Schmidt, N., Seiwert, Bettina, Herzke, D., Sempéré, R., and Reemtsma, Thorsten

Abstract

Tire wear particles (TWPs) represent one of the major anthropogenic pools of particles ending up in the environment. They contain a large variety of chemicals, a part of which may be released into the environment through leaching, although the influence of sunlight and other environmental factors during this process is still unclear. This laboratory study compares the leaching of organic compounds from TWP in seawater in the dark and under artificial sunlight for (i) cryo-milled tire tread (CMTT), (ii) ‘virgin’ crumb rubber (VCR) and (iii) crumb rubber immersed in the sea for ≥ 12 months prior to the experiments (WCR). Leachates were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 19 tire-derived chemicals, benzothiazoles and phenylguanidines as well as phenylendiamines by liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry. For DOC and most chemicals, the amounts released decreased in the order CMTT > VCR > WCR and increased when leaching occurred under artificial sunlight. Sunlight also led to the formation of 23 transformation processes related to 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG). In contrast, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine (4-HDPA) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) were found in lower amounts upon sunlight exposure. The 19 quantified chemicals, however, did only account for 6 – 55% of the DOC in the leachates; most of the DOC, thus, remained unexplained. This study highlights that the amount of chemicals leached from tire particles depends upon their aging history and may be modulated by environmental conditions.

Published
2023

7. List of Contributors

Author

Abbas, B., primary, Abreu, A., additional, Adams, R., additional, Adolfsson-Erici, M., additional, Afonso, A., additional, Afonso-Olivares, C., additional, Agirbas, E., additional, Aguiló, J.M., additional, Airoldi, L., additional, Aksoy, H., additional, Albentosa, M., additional, Alcaro, L., additional, Aliani, S., additional, Al-Maslamani, I., additional, Alomar, C., additional, Altin, D., additional, Álvarez, E., additional, Amaral-Zettler, L.A., additional, Amato, E., additional, Anderson, A., additional, Andrady, A.L., additional, Andrius, G., additional, Angel, D., additional, Ariese, F., additional, Arp, H.P., additional, Asensio, M., additional, Assidqi, K., additional, Avio, C.G., additional, Aytan, U., additional, Bahri, T., additional, Baini, M., additional, Bakir, A., additional, Ball, H., additional, Baranyi, C., additional, Barboza, L.G.A., additional, Barg, U., additional, Bargelloni, L., additional, Barras, H., additional, Barrera, C., additional, Barria, P., additional, Barrows, A., additional, Barth, A., additional, Batel, A., additional, Baztan, J., additional, Baztan, P., additional, Beiras, R., additional, Benedetti, M., additional, Berber, A.A., additional, Berber, N., additional, Bergmann, M., additional, Berlino, M., additional, Berrow, S., additional, Bessa, F., additional, Besseling, E., additional, Beyer, B., additional, Binaglia, M., additional, Bizjak, T., additional, Bjorndal, K.A., additional, Blust, R., additional, Boertien, M., additional, Bolten, A.B., additional, Booth, A.M., additional, Bounoua, B., additional, Bourseau, P., additional, Brahimi, N., additional, Bramini, M., additional, Brennholt, N., additional, Breuninger, E., additional, Bried, J., additional, Broderick, A., additional, Broglio, E., additional, Browne, M.A., additional, Bruzaud, S., additional, Buceta, J., additional, Buchinger, S., additional, Budimir, S., additional, Budzin-ski, H., additional, Butter, E., additional, Cachot, J., additional, Caetano, M., additional, Callaghan, A., additional, Camedda, A., additional, Capella, S., additional, Cardelli, L., additional, Carpentieri, S., additional, Carrasco, A., additional, Carriço, R., additional, Caruso, A., additional, Cassone, A.-L., additional, Castillo, A., additional, Castro, R.O., additional, Catarino, A.I., additional, Cazenave, P.W., additional, Çelik, İ., additional, Cerralbo, P., additional, César, G., additional, Chouinard, O., additional, Chubarenko, I., additional, Chubarenko, I.P., additional, Cicero, A.M., additional, Clarindo, G., additional, Clarke, B., additional, Clérandeau, C., additional, Clüsener-Godt, M., additional, Codina-García, M., additional, Cole, M., additional, Collard, F., additional, Collignon, A., additional, Collins, T., additional, Compa, M., additional, Conan, P., additional, Constant, M., additional, Cordier, M., additional, Courtene-Jones, W., additional, Cousin, X., additional, Covelo, P., additional, Cózar, A., additional, Crichton, E., additional, Crispi, O., additional, Cronin, M., additional, Croot, P.L., additional, Cruz, M.J., additional, d’Errico, G., additional, Dâmaso, C., additional, Das, K., additional, de Alencastro, L.F., additional, de Araujo, F.V., additional, de Boer, J.F., additional, de Lucia, G.A., additional, Debeljak, P., additional, Dehaut, A., additional, Deudero, S., additional, Devrieses, L., additional, Di Vito, S., additional, Díaz, A., additional, Donohue, J., additional, Doumenq, P., additional, Doyle, T.K., additional, Dris, R., additional, Druon, J.-N., additional, Duarte, C.M., additional, Duflos, G., additional, Dumontier, M., additional, Duncan, E., additional, Dussud, C., additional, Eckerlebe, A., additional, Egelkraut-Holtus, M., additional, Eidsvoll, D.P., additional, Ek, C., additional, Elena, S., additional, Elineau, A., additional, Enevoldsen, H., additional, Eppe, G., additional, Eriksen, M., additional, Ernsteins, R., additional, Espino, M., additional, Estévez-Calvar, N., additional, Ewins, C., additional, Fabre, P., additional, Faimali, M., additional, Fattorini, D., additional, Faure, F., additional, Ferrando, S., additional, Ferreira, J.C., additional, Ferreira-da-Costa, M., additional, Fileman, E., additional, Fischer, M., additional, Fortunato, A.B., additional, Fossi, M.C., additional, Foulon, V., additional, Frank, A., additional, Frenzel, M., additional, Frère, L., additional, Frias, J.P.G.L., additional, Frick, H., additional, Froneman, P.W., additional, Gabet, V.M., additional, Gabrielsen, G.W., additional, Gago, J., additional, Gajst, T., additional, Galgani, F., additional, Gallinari, M., additional, Galloway, T.S., additional, Gamarro, E.G., additional, Gambardella, C., additional, Garaventa, F., additional, Garcia, S., additional, Garrabou, J., additional, Garrido, P., additional, Gary, S.F., additional, Gasperi, J., additional, Gaze, W., additional, Geertz, T., additional, Gelado-Caballero, M.D., additional, George, M., additional, Gercken, J., additional, Gerdts, G., additional, Ghiglione, J.-F., additional, Gies, E., additional, Gilbert, B., additional, Giménez, L., additional, Glassom, D., additional, Glockzin, M., additional, Godley, B., additional, Goede, K., additional, Goksøyr, A., additional, Gómez, M., additional, Gómez-Parra, A., additional, González-Marco, D., additional, González-Solís, J., additional, Gorbi, S., additional, Gorokhova, E., additional, Gorsky, G., additional, Gosch, M., additional, Grose, J., additional, Guebitz, G.M., additional, Guedes-Alonso, R., additional, Guijarro, B., additional, Guilhermino, L., additional, Gundry, T., additional, Gutow, L., additional, Haave, M., additional, Haeckel, M., additional, Haernvall, K., additional, Hajbane, S., additional, Hamann, M., additional, Hämer, J., additional, Hamm, T., additional, Hansen, B.H., additional, Hardesty, B.D., additional, Harth, B., additional, Hartikainen, S., additional, Hassellöv, M., additional, Hatzky, S., additional, Healy, M.G., additional, Hégaret, H., additional, Henry, T.B., additional, Hermabessiere, L., additional, Hernández-Brito, J.J., additional, Hernandez-Gonzalez, A., additional, Hernandez-Milian, G., additional, Hernd, G., additional, Herrera, A., additional, Herring, C., additional, Herzke, D., additional, Heussner, S., additional, Hidalgo-Ruz, V., additional, Himber, C., additional, Holland, M., additional, Hong, N.-H., additional, Horton, A.A., additional, Horvat, P., additional, Huck, T., additional, Huhn, M., additional, Huvet, A., additional, Iglesias, M., additional, Igor, C., additional, Isachenko, I.A., additional, Ivar do Sul, J-A., additional, Jahnke, A., additional, Janis, B., additional, Janis, K., additional, Janis, U., additional, Jemec, A., additional, Jiménez, J.C., additional, Johnsen, H., additional, Jorgensen, B., additional, Jørgensen, J.H., additional, Jörundsdóttir, H., additional, Jung, Y.-J., additional, Kedzierski, M., additional, Keiter, S., additional, Kershaw, P., additional, Kerhervé, P., additional, Kesy, K., additional, Khan, F., additional, Khatmullina, L.I., additional, Kirby, J., additional, Kiriakoulakis, K., additional, Klein, R., additional, Klunderud, T., additional, Knudsen, C.M.H., additional, Knudsen, T.B., additional, Kochleus, C., additional, Koelmans, A.A., additional, Kögel, T., additional, Koistinen, A., additional, Kopke, K., additional, Korez, Š., additional, Kowalski, N., additional, Kreikemeyer, B., additional, Kroon, F., additional, Krumpen, T., additional, Krzan, A., additional, Kržan, A., additional, Labrenz, M., additional, Lacroix, C., additional, Ladirat, L., additional, Laforsch, C., additional, Lagarde, F., additional, Lahive, E., additional, Lambert, C., additional, Lapucci, C., additional, Lattin, G., additional, Law, K.L., additional, Le Roux, F., additional, Le Souef, K., additional, Le Tilly, V., additional, Lebreton, L., additional, Leemans, E., additional, Lehtiniemi, M., additional, Lenz, M., additional, Leskinen, J., additional, Leslie, H., additional, Leslie, H.A., additional, Levasseur, C., additional, Lewis, C., additional, Licandro, P., additional, Lind, K., additional, Lindeque, P., additional, Lindeque, P.K., additional, Lips, I., additional, Liria, A., additional, Liria-Loza, A., additional, Llinás, O., additional, Loiselle, S.A., additional, Long, M., additional, Lorenz, C., additional, Lorenzo, S.M., additional, Loubar, K., additional, Luna-Jorquera, G., additional, Lusher, A.L., additional, Macchia, V., additional, MacGabban, S., additional, Mackay, K., additional, MacLeod, M., additional, Maes, T., additional, Magaletti, E., additional, Maggiore, A., additional, Magnusson, K., additional, Mahon, A.M., additional, Makorič, P., additional, Mallow, O., additional, Marques, J., additional, Marsili, L., additional, Martí, E., additional, Martignac, M., additional, Martin, J., additional, Martínez, I., additional, Martínez, J., additional, Martinez-Gil, M., additional, Martins, H.R., additional, Matiddi, M., additional, Maximenko, N., additional, Mazlum, R., additional, Mcadam, R., additional, Mcknight, L., additional, McNeal, A.W., additional, Measures, J., additional, Mederos, M.S., additional, Mendoza, J., additional, Meyer, M.S., additional, Miguelez, A., additional, Milan, M., additional, Militão, T., additional, Miller, R.Z., additional, Mino-Vercellio-Verollet, M., additional, Mir, G., additional, Miranda-Urbina, D., additional, Misurale, F., additional, Montesdeoca-Esponda, S., additional, Mora, J., additional, Morgana, S., additional, Moriceau, B., additional, Morin, B., additional, Morley, A., additional, Morrison, L., additional, Murphy, F., additional, Naidoo, T., additional, Näkki, P., additional, Napper, I.E., additional, Narayanaswamy, B.E., additional, Nash, R., additional, Negri, A., additional, Nel, H.A., additional, Nerheim, M.S., additional, Nerland, I.L., additional, Neto, J., additional, Neves, V., additional, Nies, H., additional, Noel, M., additional, Nor, N.H.M., additional, Noren, F., additional, O’ Connell, B., additional, O’ Connor, I., additional, Obbard, J.P., additional, Oberbeckmann, S., additional, Obispo, R., additional, Officer, R., additional, Ogonowski, M., additional, Orbea, A., additional, Ortlieb, M., additional, Osborn, A.M., additional, Ostiategui-Francia, P., additional, Packard, T., additional, Pahl, S., additional, Palatinus, A., additional, Palmqvist, A., additional, Pannetier, P., additional, Panti, C., additional, Parmentier, E., additional, Pasanen, P., additional, Patarnello, T., additional, Pattiaratchi, C., additional, Pauletto, M., additional, Paulus, M., additional, Pavlekovsky, K., additional, Pedersen, H.B., additional, Pedrotti, M.-L., additional, Peeken, I., additional, Peeters, D., additional, Peeters, E., additional, Pellegrini, D., additional, Perales, J.A., additional, Perez, E., additional, Perz, V., additional, Petit, S., additional, Pflieger, M., additional, Pham, C.K., additional, Piazza, V., additional, Pinto, M., additional, Planells, O., additional, Plaza, M., additional, Pompini, O., additional, Potthoff, A., additional, Prades, L., additional, Primpke, S., additional, Proietti, M., additional, Proskurowski, G., additional, Puig, C., additional, Pujo-Pay, M., additional, Pullerits, K., additional, Queirós, A.M., additional, Quinn, B., additional, Raimonds, E., additional, Ramis-Pujol, J., additional, Rascher-Friesenhausen, R., additional, Reardon, E., additional, Regoli, F., additional, Reichardt, A.M., additional, Reifferscheid, G., additional, Reilly, K., additional, Reisser, J., additional, Riba, I., additional, Ribitsch, D., additional, Rinnert, E., additional, Rios, N., additional, Rist, S.E., additional, Rivadeneira, M.M., additional, Rivière, G., additional, Robbens, J., additional, Robertson, C.J.R., additional, Rocher, V., additional, Rochman, C.M., additional, Rodrigues, M., additional, Rodriguez, Y., additional, Rodríguez, A., additional, Rodríguez, G., additional, Rodríguez, J.R.B., additional, Rodríguez, S., additional, Rodríguez, Y., additional, Rogan, E., additional, Rojo-Nieto, E., additional, Romeo, T., additional, Ross, P.S., additional, Roveta, A., additional, Rowland, S.J., additional, Ruckstuhl, N.A., additional, Ruiz-Fernández, A-C., additional, Ruiz-Orejón, L.F., additional, Runge, J., additional, Russell, M., additional, Saavedra, C., additional, Saborowski, R., additional, Sahin, B.E., additional, Sailley, S., additional, Sakaguchi-Söder, K., additional, Salaverria, I., additional, Sánchez-Arcilla, A., additional, Sánchez-Nieva, J., additional, Sanderson, W., additional, Santana-Rodríguez, J.J., additional, Santana-Viera, S., additional, Santos, M.B., additional, Santos, M.R., additional, Sanz, M.R., additional, Sardá, R., additional, Savelli, H., additional, Schoeneich-Argent, R., additional, Scholz-Böttcher, B.M., additional, Sciacca, F., additional, Scofield, R.P., additional, Setälä, O., additional, Selenius, M., additional, Sempere, R., additional, Senturk, Y., additional, Shashoua, Y., additional, Sherman, P., additional, Sick, C., additional, Siegel, D., additional, Sierra, J.P., additional, Silva, F., additional, Silvestri, C., additional, Sintija, G., additional, Sire, O., additional, Slat, B., additional, Smit, A., additional, Sobral, P., additional, Sorvari, J., additional, Sosa-Ferrera, Z., additional, Sotillo, M.G., additional, Soudant, P., additional, Speidel, L., additional, Spurgeon, D.J., additional, Steer, M.K., additional, Steindal, C.C., additional, Stifanese, R., additional, Štindlová, A., additional, Stuurman, L., additional, Suaria, G., additional, Suazo, C.G., additional, Sureda, A., additional, Surette, C., additional, Svendsen, C., additional, Syberg, K., additional, Tairova, Z., additional, Talvitie, J., additional, Tassin, B., additional, Tazerout, M., additional, Tekman, M.B., additional, ter Halle, A., additional, Thiel, M., additional, Thomas, K.V., additional, Thompson, R.C., additional, Tinkara, T., additional, Tirelli, V., additional, Tomassetti, P., additional, Toorman, E., additional, Toppe, J., additional, Tornambè, A., additional, Torres, R., additional, Torres-Padrón, M.E., additional, Underwood, A.J., additional, Urbina, M., additional, Usategui-Martín, A., additional, Usta, R., additional, Valdés, L., additional, Valente, A., additional, Valentina, T., additional, van Arkel, K., additional, Van Colen, C., additional, Van Der Hal, N., additional, van Franeker, J.A., additional, Van Herwerden, L., additional, Van Loosdrecht, M., additional, van Oyen, A., additional, Vandeperre, F., additional, Vanderlinden, J-P., additional, Vani, D., additional, Vasconcelos, L., additional, Vega-Moreno, D., additional, Ventero, A., additional, Vethaak, A.D., additional, Vianello, A., additional, Vicioso, M., additional, Vieira, L.R., additional, Viršek, M.K., additional, Vos, M., additional, Wahl, M., additional, Wallace, N., additional, Walton, A., additional, Waniek, J.J., additional, Watts, A., additional, Webster, L., additional, Wesch, C., additional, Whitfield, E., additional, Wichels, A., additional, Wieczorek, A.M., additional, Wilcox, C., additional, Williams, R.J., additional, Wong-Wah-Chung, P., additional, Wright, S., additional, Wyles, K.J., additional, Young, R., additional, Yurtsever, M., additional, Yurtsever, U., additional, Zada, L., additional, Zamani, N.P., additional, and Zampetti, G., additional

Published
2017
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8. Defining the Baselines and Standards for Microplastics Analyses in European Waters (JPI-O BASEMAN)

Author

Gerdts, G., primary, Thomas, K., additional, Herzke, D., additional, Haeckel, M., additional, Scholz-Böttcher, B., additional, Laforsch, C., additional, Lagarde, F., additional, Mahon, A.M., additional, Pedrotti, M.L., additional, de Lucia, G.A., additional, Sobral, P., additional, Gago, J., additional, Lorenzo, S.M., additional, Noren, F., additional, Hassellöv, M., additional, Kögel, T., additional, Tirelli, V., additional, Caetano, M., additional, Collignon, A., additional, Lips, I., additional, Mallow, O., additional, Seatala, O., additional, Goede, K., additional, and Licandro, P., additional

Published
2017
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9. PLASTOX: Direct and Indirect Ecotoxicological Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms

Author

Booth, A., primary, Sakaguchi-Söder, K., additional, Sobral, P., additional, Airoldi, L., additional, Sempere, R., additional, Van Franeker, J.A., additional, Magnusson, K., additional, Doyle, T., additional, Salaverria, I., additional, Van Colen, C., additional, Herzke, D., additional, Orbea, A., additional, Gabrielsen, G.W., additional, Nies, H., additional, and Galloway, T., additional

Published
2017
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11. Correspondence regarding the Perspective “Addressing the importance of microplastic particles as vectors for long-range transport of chemical contaminants: perspective in relation to prioritizing research and regulatory actions”

Author

Glüge, Juliane, Ashta, N.M., Herzke, D., Lebreton, L., Scheringer, M., Glüge, Juliane, Ashta, N.M., Herzke, D., Lebreton, L., and Scheringer, M.

Abstract

Important clarifications regarding the long-range environmental transport of chemical additives contained in floating plastic debris are presented.

Published
2022

14. The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC): let’s cooperate!

Author

Dulio, V. Koschorreck, J. van Bavel, B. van den Brink, P. Hollender, J. Munthe, J. Schlabach, M. Aalizadeh, R. Agerstrand, M. Ahrens, L. Allan, I. Alygizakis, N. Barcelo’, D. Bohlin-Nizzetto, P. Boutroup, S. Brack, W. Bressy, A. Christensen, J.H. Cirka, L. Covaci, A. Derksen, A. Deviller, G. Dingemans, M.M.L. Engwall, M. Fatta-Kassinos, D. Gago-Ferrero, P. Hernández, F. Herzke, D. Hilscherová, K. Hollert, H. Junghans, M. Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. Keiter, S. Kools, S.A.E. Kruve, A. Lambropoulou, D. Lamoree, M. Leonards, P. Lopez, B. López de Alda, M. Lundy, L. Makovinská, J. Marigómez, I. Martin, J.W. McHugh, B. Miège, C. O’Toole, S. Perkola, N. Polesello, S. Posthuma, L. Rodriguez-Mozaz, S. Roessink, I. Rostkowski, P. Ruedel, H. Samanipour, S. Schulze, T. Schymanski, E.L. Sengl, M. Tarábek, P. Ten Hulscher, D. Thomaidis, N. Togola, A. Valsecchi, S. van Leeuwen, S. von der Ohe, P. Vorkamp, K. Vrana, B. Slobodnik, J.

Abstract

The Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC) is currently under development as a joint research and innovation programme to strengthen the scientific basis for chemical risk assessment in the EU. The plan is to bring chemical risk assessors and managers together with scientists to accelerate method development and the production of necessary data and knowledge, and to facilitate the transition to next-generation evidence-based risk assessment, a non-toxic environment and the European Green Deal. The NORMAN Network is an independent, well-established and competent network of more than 80 organisations in the field of emerging substances and has enormous potential to contribute to the implementation of the PARC partnership. NORMAN stands ready to provide expert advice to PARC, drawing on its long experience in the development, harmonisation and testing of advanced tools in relation to chemicals of emerging concern and in support of a European Early Warning System to unravel the risks of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and close the gap between research and innovation and regulatory processes. In this commentary we highlight the tools developed by NORMAN that we consider most relevant to supporting the PARC initiative: (i) joint data space and cutting-edge research tools for risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern; (ii) collaborative European framework to improve data quality and comparability; (iii) advanced data analysis tools for a European early warning system and (iv) support to national and European chemical risk assessment thanks to harnessing, combining and sharing evidence and expertise on CECs. By combining the extensive knowledge and experience of the NORMAN network with the financial and policy-related strengths of the PARC initiative, a large step towards the goal of a non-toxic environment can be taken. © 2020, The Author(s).

Published
2020

15. The NORMAN Association and the European Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC): let’s cooperate!

Author

Dulio, V., Koschorreck, J., van Bavel, B., van den Brink, P., Hollender, J., Munthe, J., Schlabach, M., Aalizadeh, R., Agerstrand, M., Ahrens, L., Allan, I., Alygizakis, N., Barcelo, D., Bohlin‑Nizzetto, P., Boutroup, S., Brack, Werner, Bressy, A., Christensen, J.H., Cirka, L., Covaci, A., Derksen, A., Deviller, G., Dingemans, M.M.L., Engwall, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Gago‑Ferrero, P., Hernández, F., Herzke, D., Hilscherová, K., Hollert, H., Junghans, M., Kasprzyk‑Hordern, B., Keiter, S., Kools, S.A.E., Kruve, A., Lambropoulou, D., Lamoree, M., Leonards, P., Lopez, B., López de Alda, M., Lundy, L., Makovinská, J., Marigómez, I., Martin, J.W., McHugh, B., Miège, C., O’Toole, S., Perkola, N., Polesello, S., Posthuma, L., Rodriguez‑Mozaz, S., Roessink, I., Rostkowski, P., Ruedel, H., Samanipour, S., Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, E.L., Sengl, M., Tarábek, P., Ten Hulscher, D., Thomaidis, N., Togola, A., Valsecchi, S., van Leeuwen, S., von der Ohe, P., Vorkamp, K., Vrana, B., Slobodnik, J., Dulio, V., Koschorreck, J., van Bavel, B., van den Brink, P., Hollender, J., Munthe, J., Schlabach, M., Aalizadeh, R., Agerstrand, M., Ahrens, L., Allan, I., Alygizakis, N., Barcelo, D., Bohlin‑Nizzetto, P., Boutroup, S., Brack, Werner, Bressy, A., Christensen, J.H., Cirka, L., Covaci, A., Derksen, A., Deviller, G., Dingemans, M.M.L., Engwall, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Gago‑Ferrero, P., Hernández, F., Herzke, D., Hilscherová, K., Hollert, H., Junghans, M., Kasprzyk‑Hordern, B., Keiter, S., Kools, S.A.E., Kruve, A., Lambropoulou, D., Lamoree, M., Leonards, P., Lopez, B., López de Alda, M., Lundy, L., Makovinská, J., Marigómez, I., Martin, J.W., McHugh, B., Miège, C., O’Toole, S., Perkola, N., Polesello, S., Posthuma, L., Rodriguez‑Mozaz, S., Roessink, I., Rostkowski, P., Ruedel, H., Samanipour, S., Schulze, Tobias, Schymanski, E.L., Sengl, M., Tarábek, P., Ten Hulscher, D., Thomaidis, N., Togola, A., Valsecchi, S., van Leeuwen, S., von der Ohe, P., Vorkamp, K., Vrana, B., and Slobodnik, J.

Abstract

The Partnership for Chemicals Risk Assessment (PARC) is currently under development as a joint research and innovation programme to strengthen the scientific basis for chemical risk assessment in the EU. The plan is to bring chemical risk assessors and managers together with scientists to accelerate method development and the production of necessary data and knowledge, and to facilitate the transition to next-generation evidence-based risk assessment, a non-toxic environment and the European Green Deal. The NORMAN Network is an independent, well-established and competent network of more than 80 organisations in the field of emerging substances and has enormous potential to contribute to the implementation of the PARC partnership. NORMAN stands ready to provide expert advice to PARC, drawing on its long experience in the development, harmonisation and testing of advanced tools in relation to chemicals of emerging concern and in support of a European Early Warning System to unravel the risks of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and close the gap between research and innovation and regulatory processes. In this commentary we highlight the tools developed by NORMAN that we consider most relevant to supporting the PARC initiative: (i) joint data space and cutting-edge research tools for risk assessment of contaminants of emerging concern; (ii) collaborative European framework to improve data quality and comparability; (iii) advanced data analysis tools for a European early warning system and (iv) support to national and European chemical risk assessment thanks to harnessing, combining and sharing evidence and expertise on CECs. By combining the extensive knowledge and experience of the NORMAN network with the financial and policy-related strengths of the PARC initiative, a large step towards the goal of a non-toxic environment can be taken.

Published
2020

16. Large-scale monitoring of the exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and mercury in the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla):Clinical-chemical effects and the role of diet

Author

Eulaers, Igor, Ambus, P, Sonne, Christian, Bossi, Rossana, Dietz, Rune, Helander, B., Herzke, D., Jaspers, VLB, Johansson, Venla, Johnsen, Trond V, Krogh, Anne Kirstine H, Krone, O., Lepoint, Gilles, Løseth, Mari Engvig, Nygaard, T., Sun, Jiachen, Søndergaard, Jens, and Bustnes, J.O.

Subjects
humanities
Abstract

Large-scale monitoring of the exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and mercury in the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla): clinical-chemical effects and the role of diet I. Eulaers, Aarhus University AU Arctic Research Centre / Department of Bioscience; C. Sonne, Aarhus University AU Arctic Research Centre; P. Ambus, Copenhagen University / Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource management; R. Bossi, Aarhus University / Dept of Environmental Science; R. Dietz, Aarhus University AU Arctic Research Centre / Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre; B. Helander, Swedish Museum of Natural History / Environmental Research & Monitoring; D. Herzke, Norwegian Institute for Air Research / FRAM Centre Tromso; V. Jaspers, Norwegian University of Science & Technology / Biology; V. Johansson, University of Helsinki / Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; T.V. Johnsen, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA; A.K. Krogh, Copenhagen University / Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; O. Krone, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research; T. Laaksonen, Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke; G. Lepoint, University of Liege; M.E. Løseth, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology / Biology; T. Nygård, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA; C. Stjernegaard, Copenhagen University / Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences; J. Sun, University of Antwerp / Department of Biology; J. Søndergaard, Aarhus University AU Arctic Research Centre; J.O. Bustnes, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research NINA; K. Skarphedinsson, Icelandic Institute of Natural History Although bird of prey nestlings are considered valuable sentinels of local environmental contamination, an effort to evaluate their extended suitability for large-scale monitoring was yet to be endeavoured. We have therefore sampled blood and body feathers from white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) nestlings along the Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, German, Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic coasts. This large-scale effort represents the anticipated exposure spectrum and has documented individual traits (age, crop content, foraging habitat and trophic level) that may confound contaminant exposure and effects. Body feathers and blood plasma were analysed for mercury (Hg) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), respectively, and a range of blood clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) was quantified as well. Finally, stable carbon (foraging habitat) and nitrogen (trophic level) isotopes were analysed in the same body feathers. Our first results confirm elevated exposure to Hg and PFASs in Baltic nestlings and lower exposure in Norway and Iceland. Notable Hg hotspots are located along the Swedish coast and in Finnish Lapland, while only the central Swedish and Finnish Baltic seem to be hotspots for PFASs. We did not observe a significant overall relationship between trophic level and contaminant exposure, which supports the notion of locally elevated environmental background levels. Multiple regression models investigating the simultaneous effects of individual contaminant exposure, age, short-term food ingestion, foraging habitat and trophic level indicate that the latter two stable isotope based dietary descriptors also show relationships with BCCPs indicative for liver, kidney and blood metabolism. Moreover, short-term diet ingestion (recorded crop content) as well as an individual’s age influences these same BCCPs as well as a range of elements. Finally, the models show the potential effect of Hg and PFAS exposure on clinical health as significant relationships where found between the contaminant levels and BCCPs indicative of liver and kidney functioning. We will present a more thorough data analysis of this expanding dataset in order to show the feasibility and importance of large-scale monitoring, which allows evaluating the efficiency of dedicated contaminant Conventions as well as the impact of increasing environmental change.

Published
2019

17. Levels and trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic environment – An update

Author

Muir, D. (D.), Bossi, R. (Rossana), Carlsson, P. (Pernilla), Evans, M. (Marlene), De Silva, A. (A.), Halsall, C. (Crispin), Rauert, C. (Cassandra), Herzke, D. (D.), Hung, H. (Hayley), Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.), Rigét, F. (F.), Roos, A. (Anna), Muir, D. (D.), Bossi, R. (Rossana), Carlsson, P. (Pernilla), Evans, M. (Marlene), De Silva, A. (A.), Halsall, C. (Crispin), Rauert, C. (Cassandra), Herzke, D. (D.), Hung, H. (Hayley), Letcher, R.J. (Robert J.), Rigét, F. (F.), and Roos, A. (Anna)

Abstract

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife. Previous reviews by Butt et al. and Letcher et al. have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009. The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work, generally published between 2009 and 2018, with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and their precursors. Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006–2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) as well as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere, all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station (Svalbard). Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard. An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s. Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic, East and West Greenland, and Svalbard. Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s. However there have been recent (post 2010) increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard. Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes. Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean, especially from the North Atlantic. While the effectiveness of biological sampling for te

Published
2019
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18. Levels and trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic environment – An update

Author

Muir, D., Bossi, R., Carlsson, P., Evans, M., De Silva, A., Halsall, C., Rauert, C., Herzke, D., Hung, H., Letcher, R., Rigét, F., Roos, A., Muir, D., Bossi, R., Carlsson, P., Evans, M., De Silva, A., Halsall, C., Rauert, C., Herzke, D., Hung, H., Letcher, R., Rigét, F., and Roos, A.

Abstract

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife. Previous reviews by Butt et al. and Letcher et al. have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009. The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work, generally published between 2009 and 2018, with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) and their precursors. Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006–2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) as well as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere, all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station (Svalbard). Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard. An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s. Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic, East and West Greenland, and Svalbard. Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s. However there have been recent (post 2010) increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard. Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes. Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean, especially from the North Atlantic. While the effectiveness of biological sampling for te

Published
2019

19. Zürich statement on future actions on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)

Author

Ritscher, A., Wang, Z., Scheringer, M., Boucher, J.M., Ahrens, L., Berger, Urs, Bintein, S., Bopp, S.K., Borg, D., Buser, A.M., Cousins, I., DeWitt, J., Fletcher, T., Green, C., Herzke, D., Higgins, C., Huang, J., Hung, H., Knepper, T., Lau, C.S., Leinala, E., Lindstrom, A.B., Liu, J., Miller, M., Ohno, K., Perkola, N., Shi, Y., Haug, L.S., Trier, X., Valsecchi, S., van der Jagt, K., Vierke, L., Ritscher, A., Wang, Z., Scheringer, M., Boucher, J.M., Ahrens, L., Berger, Urs, Bintein, S., Bopp, S.K., Borg, D., Buser, A.M., Cousins, I., DeWitt, J., Fletcher, T., Green, C., Herzke, D., Higgins, C., Huang, J., Hung, H., Knepper, T., Lau, C.S., Leinala, E., Lindstrom, A.B., Liu, J., Miller, M., Ohno, K., Perkola, N., Shi, Y., Haug, L.S., Trier, X., Valsecchi, S., van der Jagt, K., and Vierke, L.

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made chemicals that contain at least one perfluoroalkyl moiety, –CnF2n–. To date, over 4,000 unique PFASs have been used in technical applications and consumer products, and some of them have been detected globally in human and wildlife biomonitoring studies. Because of their extraordinary persistence, human and environmental exposure to PFASs will be a long-term source of concern. Some PFASs such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) have been investigated extensively and thus regulated, but for many other PFASs, knowledge about their current uses and hazards is still very limited or missing entirely. To address this problem and prepare an action plan for the assessment and management of PFASs in the coming years, a group of more than 50 international scientists and regulators held a two-day workshop in November, 2017. The group identified both the respective needs of and common goals shared by the scientific and the policy communities, made recommendations for cooperative actions, and outlined how the science–policy interface regarding PFASs can be strengthened using new approaches for assessing and managing highly persistent chemicals such as PFASs.

Published
2018

20. Negligible Impact of Ingested Microplastics on Tissue Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Northern Fulmars off Coastal Norway

Author

Herzke, D., Anker-Nilssen, T., Haughdahl, T., Nøst, T., Götsch, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Langset, M., Fangel, K., and Koelmans, A.A.

Subjects
Microplastics, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Tissue concentrations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, genetic structures, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Charadriiformes, Environmental Chemistry, Ingestion, Animals, Life Science, 14. Life underwater, Northern fulmar, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pollutant, WIMEK, biology, Ecology, Norway, General Chemistry, Aquatische Ecologie en Waterkwaliteitsbeheer, biology.organism_classification, Gastrointestinal Contents, Vis, 13. Climate action, Indicator species, Environmental chemistry, Bioaccumulation, Environmental science, Plastic pollution, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

The northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) is defined as an indicator species of plastic pollution by the Oslo-Paris Convention for the North-East Atlantic, but few data exist for fulmars from Norway. Moreover, the relationship between uptake of plastic and pollutants in seabirds is poorly understood. We analyzed samples of fulmars from Norwegian waters and compared the POP concentrations in their liver and muscle tissue with the corresponding concentrations in the loads of ingested plastic in their stomachs, grouped as "no", "medium" (0.01-0.21 g; 1-14 pieces of plastic), or "high" (0.11-0.59 g; 15-106 pieces of plastic). POP concentrations in the plastic did not differ significantly between the high and medium plastic ingestion group for sumPCBs, sumDDTs, and sumPBDEs. By combining correlations among POP concentrations, differences in tissue concentrations of POPs between plastic ingestion subgroups, fugacity calculations, and bioaccumulation modeling, we showed that plastic is more likely to act as a passive sampler than as a vector of POPs, thus reflecting the POP profiles of simultaneously ingested prey.

Published
2016

21. Contaminants in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) exposed to plastic

Author

Ask, A., Anker-Nilssen, T., Herzke, D., Trevail, Alice, van Franeker, J.A., Gabrielsen, G.W., Ask, A., Anker-Nilssen, T., Herzke, D., Trevail, Alice, van Franeker, J.A., and Gabrielsen, G.W.

Abstract

Northern fulmars are seabirds which feed exclusively at sea, and as such, they are useful indicators of ocean health. Marine plastic pollution is an ever-increasing and global issue that affects the northern fulmar as they are frequently found to have ingested plastic. In this report we investigate whether the amount of ingested plastic affects the concentration of certain plastic-adsorbed toxicants in their tissues. Marine plastic pollution is a field of utmost importance. It is our hope that this continues to be an area which receives increased attention in order to elucidate the potential harmful effects plastics have on the northern fulmar and ocean health, in general.

Published
2016

29. Persistent organic pollutants in feathers and blood from nestling raptors of Northern Norway: linkage to stable isotopes and specific ecology

Author

Jaspers, Veerle, Eulaers, Igor, Covaci, Adrian, Herzke, D., Schnug, L., Johnsen, T., Halley, D.J., Eens, Marcel, and Bustnes, J.O.

Subjects
animal structures, food and beverages, Biology
Abstract

As part of an ongoing project to assess the impact of organic pollutants and biological stressors on the fitness and survival of avian top predators in different northern ecosystems, we collected body feathers and blood samples from nestlings of three different raptor species. Here we investigate the concentrations and profiles of POPs in blood and feathers, the relationships between them and their relation to trophic position (determined by stable isotopes) and ecology. We found that concentrations of most POPs could be quantified in feathers from nestlings, with p,p-DDE and sum PCBs as the most important compounds. Concentrations in feathers were significantly related to concentrations in blood in most cases. Furthermore, concentrations of POPs in feathers could also be related to concentrations of stable isotopes in the feathers, except for the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Further research is necessary to conclude on the usefulness of nestling raptor feathers for biomonitoring purposes.

Published
2009

30. Nye miljøgifter i luft - 2007. Bromerte flammehemmere og perfluorerte stoffer i luft

Author

Schlabach, M., Herzke, D., and Manø, S.

Subjects
Bakgrunnskonsentrasjoner, Miljøkjemi, Luft, PFAS, Flammehemmere, Miljøgifter, BFH
Abstract

Denne undersøkelsen rapporterer konsentrasjonsnivåer av de nye organiske miljøgiftene bromerte flammehemmere og polyfluorerte alkylstoffer i luft på bakgrunnsmålestasjonene Birkenes og Zeppelinfjell, Ny-Ålesund.

Published
2008

31. Screening of selected metals and new organic contaminants 2007. Phosphorus flame retardents, polyfluorinated organic compounds, nitro-PAHs, silver, platinum and sucralose in air, wastewater treatment falcilities, and freshwater and marine recipients

Author

Green, N., Schlabach, M., Bakke, T., Brevik, E., Dye, C., Herzke, D., Huber, S., Plosz, B., Remberger, M., Schøyen, M., Uggerud, H.T., Vogelsang, C., and Green, N. - Project manager

Subjects
pfc, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP], nitro-pah, pfr, natoional screening, miljøgifter - marint, nasjonal screeningundersøkelse
Abstract

Årsliste 2008 This investigation take accound of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), polyfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs), nitro-PAHs, silver, platinum, and sucralose in air, samples from wastewater treatment facilities, seawater, marine and freshwater sediment, blue mussel and cod liver taken in 2007 (with the exception of 2 sediment samples from 2003). The survey covers 54 individual compounds and 2 metals from 59 sites, of which 5 are for air sampling, 22 for wastewater treatment facilities, 3 for freshwater sediment and 29 for the marine environment. Samples of air also included dust and road dust. Waste treatment facilities included domestic wastewater treatments plants, a landfill, a car demolishing site and a fire fighting test site. The report should be a guideline in the planning of environmental monitoring where these substances are concerned. Statens Forurensningstilsyn

Published
2008

32. Arctic POPs

Author

Herzke, D. and Heimstad, E.S.

Subjects
Miljøgifter
Published
2004

33. Perfluorinated and other persistent halogenated organic compounds in European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and common eider (Somateria mollissima) from Norway : A suburban to remote pollutant gradient

Author

Herzke, D., Nygard, T., Berger, Urs, Huber, S., Rov, N., Herzke, D., Nygard, T., Berger, Urs, Huber, S., and Rov, N.

Abstract

Samples of two marine bird species, European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and common eider (Somateria mollissima) sampled at a remote coastal site in Norway were analysed for POPs and PFCs. Additionally samples of common eider were analysed from two other locations in Norway, representing a gradient from "densely populated" to "remote". The variety, concentration and distribution of lipophilic POPs in comparison to PFCs were investigated. PCBs were the dominating group of contaminants in the analysed egg samples. Shag eggs had median sum PCBs levels of 4580 ng/g l.w. in 2004. Six different PBDE congeners could be detected in the shag eggs. BDE 47 and 100 were the main contributors with 24 and 27 ng/g l.w. respectively, sum PBDEs was 90 ng/g l.w. Relatively high concentrations of chlordanes were found witha total sum of 903 ng/g l.w. Of other OCs, toxaphene 26 and 52 together (sum 657 ng/g l.w.) and HCB (165 ng/g l.w.) were contributing majorly to the egg burden. Sum HCHs were low; only 54 ng/g l.w. PFOS was the main PFC in egg, plasma and liver samples. Similar median levels of 29,32 and 27 ng/g w.w. were observed. PFOSA, PFHxS, and PFDcA were observed additionally in all shag samples at minor concentrations with the exception of elevated levels observed in liver for PFOSA and PFDcA with median levels of 7.6 and 7.9 ng/g w.w., respectively. In common eider eggs, the POP concentrations decreased up to 1/8th along the sampled spatial gradient from suburban to remote. of the 9 detected PFCs, PFOS dominated all samples by one order of magnitude, followed by PFOA. Sum PFC concentrations were twice as high at the two fjord sites compared to the remote site. Shorter chained PFCAs like PFOA and PFNA could be detected in the eider eggs whilst being absent in shag eggs.

Published
2009
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45. The search for alternative aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) with a low environmental impact: Physiological and transcriptomic effects of two Forafac® fluorosurfactants in turbot

Author

Hagenaars, A., Meyer, I.J., Herzke, D., Pardo, B.G., Martinez, P., Pabon, M., De Coen, W., and Knapen, D.

Subjects
*ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis, *TRANSCRIPTION factors, *SURFACE active agents, *PSETTA maxima, *FOAM, *DIGESTIVE organs, *PROTEIN microarrays, *IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, *ENVIRONMENTAL toxicology, *GENE expression
Abstract

Abstract: Fluorosurfactants are the key components in aqueous film forming foams (AFFF). They provide these fire fighting agents with the required low surface tension and they enable film formation on top of lighter fuels to prevent burn back. Development of effective and environmentally acceptable PFOS alternatives is one of the most important priorities in the fire fighting foam industry. DuPont™ offers the fluorosurfactant mixtures Forafac®1157 and Forafac®1157N for the formulation of AFFFs which are alternatives to the persistent and toxic perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS). Ecotoxicological testing of these inadequately documented mixtures is necessary to include them in AFFF hazard and risk assessment. Juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were exposed for 14 days to 0.1; 0.5 and 1.5mg/L of the fluorosurfactant mixtures used in Forafac®1157 and Forafac®1157N. In an initial transcriptomics experiment, microarray analysis revealed differentially expressed transcripts of genes which were mainly involved in digestion and in the immune system. This discovery-driven screening approach offered the basis for new hypotheses that were tested in two subsequent experiments in which food intake, energy reserves, growth and a set of haematological parameters were examined. Additionally, effects of the two mixtures were compared to those of PFOS. Based on the results of this study, the mode of action of Forafac®1157N was the activation of the acute phase reaction resulting in increased leukocyte concentrations and the inhibition of growth due to the high energetic cost of toxicant exposure. For Forafac®1157, evidences of immunosuppression were found on the transcriptional level and the altered differential leukocyte profiles indicated that stress was induced in these fish. However, food intake, energy reserves and growth were not compromised, even at high exposure concentrations, which was in contrast to the effects seen after PFOS exposure. Taking into account that Forafac®1157 appeared to be less toxic than PFOS, this mixture could be considered as a more environmentally acceptable PFOS alternative for the use in AFFFs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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46. PFAS Exposure is Associated with a Lower Spermatic Quality in an Arctic Seabird.

Author

Humann-Guilleminot S, Blévin P, Gabrielsen GW, Herzke D, Nikiforov VA, Jouanneau W, Moe B, Parenteau C, Helfenstein F, and Chastel O

Subjects
Animals, Male, Arctic Regions, Birds, Testosterone blood, Charadriiformes, Fluorocarbons, Spermatozoa drug effects
Abstract

Several studies have reported an increasing occurrence of poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in Arctic wildlife tissues, raising concerns due to their resistance to degradation. While some research has explored PFAS's physiological effects on birds, their impact on reproductive functions, particularly sperm quality, remains underexplored. This study aims to assess (1) potential association between PFAS concentrations in blood and sperm quality in black-legged kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ), focusing on the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa, sperm velocity, percentage of sperm motility, and morphology; and (2) examine the association of plasma levels of testosterone, corticosterone, and luteinizing hormone with both PFAS concentrations and sperm quality parameters to assess possible endocrine disrupting pathways. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between the concentration of longer-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA; C11-C14) in blood and the percentage of abnormal sperm in kittiwakes. Additionally, we observed that two other PFAS (i.e., PFOSlin and PFNA), distinct from those associated with sperm abnormalities, were positively correlated with the stress hormone corticosterone. These findings emphasize the potentially harmful substance-specific effects of long-chain PFCAs on seabirds and the need for further research into the impact of pollutants on sperm quality as a potential additional detrimental effect on birds.

Published
2024
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47. From microplastics to pixels: testing the robustness of two machine learning approaches for automated, Nile red-based marine microplastic identification.

Author

Meyers N, De Witte B, Schmidt N, Herzke D, Fuda JL, Vanavermaete D, Janssen CR, and Everaert G

Subjects
Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Microplastics analysis, Machine Learning, Environmental Monitoring methods, Oxazines analysis
Abstract

Despite the urgent need for accurate and robust observations of microplastics in the marine environment to assess current and future environmental risks, existing procedures remain labour-intensive, especially for smaller-sized microplastics. In addition to this, microplastic analysis faces challenges due to environmental weathering, impacting the reliability of research relying on pristine plastics. This study addresses these knowledge gaps by testing the robustness of two automated analysis techniques which combine machine learning algorithms with fluorescent colouration of Nile red (NR)-stained particles. Heterogeneously shaped uncoloured microplastics of various polymers-polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-ranging from 100 to 1000 µm in size and weathered under semi-controlled surface and deep-sea conditions, were stained with NR and imaged using fluorescence stereomicroscopy. This study assessed and compared the accuracy of decision tree (DT) and random forest (RF) models in detecting and identifying these weathered plastics. Additionally, their analysis time and model complexity were evaluated, as well as the lower size limit (2-4 µm) and the interoperability of the approach. Decision tree and RF models were comparably accurate in detecting and identifying pristine plastic polymers (both > 90%). For the detection of weathered microplastics, both yielded sufficiently high accuracies (> 77%), although only RF models were reliable for polymer identification (> 70%), except for PET particles. The RF models showed an accuracy > 90% for particle predictions based on 12-30 pixels, which translated to microplastics sized < 10 µm. Although the RF classifier did not produce consistent results across different labs, the inherent flexibility of the method allows for its swift adaptation and optimisation, ensuring the possibility to fine-tune the method to specific research goals through customised datasets, thereby strengthening its robustness. The developed method is particularly relevant due to its ability to accurately analyse microplastics weathered under various marine conditions, as well as ecotoxicologically relevant microplastic sizes, making it highly applicable to real-world environmental samples., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2024
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48. The time for ambitious action is now: Science-based recommendations for plastic chemicals to inform an effective global plastic treaty.

Author

Brander SM, Senathirajah K, Fernandez MO, Weis JS, Kumar E, Jahnke A, Hartmann NB, Alava JJ, Farrelly T, Almroth BC, Groh KJ, Syberg K, Buerkert JS, Abeynayaka A, Booth AM, Cousin X, Herzke D, Monclús L, Morales-Caselles C, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Al-Jaibachi R, and Wagner M

Subjects
United Nations, Environmental Policy, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Humans, International Cooperation, Plastics, Environmental Pollution prevention & control
Abstract

The ubiquitous and global ecological footprint arising from the rapidly increasing rates of plastic production, use, and release into the environment is an important modern environmental issue. Of increasing concern are the risks associated with at least 16,000 chemicals present in plastics, some of which are known to be toxic, and which may leach out both during use and once exposed to environmental conditions, leading to environmental and human exposure. In response, the United Nations member states agreed to establish an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, the global plastics treaty. The resolution acknowledges that the treaty should prevent plastic pollution and its related impacts, that effective prevention requires consideration of the transboundary nature of plastic production, use and pollution, and that the full life cycle of plastics must be addressed. As a group of scientific experts and members of the Scientists' Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty, we concur that there are six essential "pillars" necessary to truly reduce plastic pollution and allow for chemical detoxification across the full life cycle of plastics. These include a plastic chemical reduction and simplification, safe and sustainable design of plastic chemicals, incentives for change, holistic approaches for alternatives, just transition and equitable interventions, and centering human rights. There is a critical need for scientifically informed and globally harmonized information, transparency, and traceability criteria to protect the environment and public health. The right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment must be upheld, and thus it is crucial that scientists, industry, and policy makers work in concert to create a future free from hazardous plastic contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Susanne M Brander reports financial support was provided by National Science Foundation. Andy Booth reports financial support was provided by The Research Council of Norway. Andy Booth reports financial support was provided by European Commission. Annika Jahnke reports financial support was provided by Heimholtz Association. Dorte Hertz reports financial support was provided by The Research Council of Norway. Amila Abeynayaka reports financial support was provided by European Union Horizon Europe Research and Innovation. Susanne Brander reports a relationship with Southern California Coastal Water Research Project that includes: consulting or advisory. Brander previously consulted for the Environmental Defense fund and is on advisory boards or groups for the Plastic Pollution Coalition, as well as the Department of Toxic Substances Control (California) and the San Francisco Estuary Institute. Martin Wagner is an unremunerated member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Food Packaging Forum Foundation and received travel support for attending annual board meetings. Marina Fernandez is a member of the Endocrine Society's delegation at the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution. All authors are members of the Scientists Coalition for an Effective Plastics Treaty, and Susanne Brander, Martin Wagner, Marina Fernandez, Trisia Farrelly, Kristian Syberg, Amila Abeynayaka, and Bethanie Carney Alroth are Scientists Coalition Steering Committee Members. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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49. Towards reliable data: Validation of a machine learning-based approach for microplastics analysis in marine organisms using Nile red staining.

Author

Meyers N, Everaert G, Hostens K, Schmidt N, Herzke D, Fuda JL, Janssen CR, and De Witte B

Subjects
Animals, Oxazines, Fishes, Mytilus edulis, Gastrointestinal Tract, Plastics, Machine Learning, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Microplastics analysis, Aquatic Organisms, Environmental Monitoring methods
Abstract

Microplastic (MP) research faces challenges due to costly, time-consuming, and error-prone analysis techniques. Additionally, the variability in data quality across studies limits their comparability. This study addresses the critical need for reliable and cost-effective MP analysis methods through validation of a semi-automated workflow, where environmentally relevant MP were spiked into and recovered from marine fish gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) and blue mussel tissue, using Nile red staining and machine learning automated analysis of different polymers. Parameters validated include trueness, precision, uncertainty, limit of quantification, specificity, sensitivity, selectivity, and method robustness. For fish GITs a 95 ± 9 % recovery rate was achieved, and 87 ± 11 % for mussels. Polymer identification accuracies were 76 ± 8 % for fish GITs and 80 ± 13 % for mussels. Polyethylene terephthalate fragments showed more variability with lower accuracies. The proposed validation parameters offer a step towards quality management guidelines, as such aiding future researchers and fostering cross-study comparability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Published
2024
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50. Cross-cutting studies of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Arctic wildlife and humans.

Author

Lohmann R, Abass K, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Bossi R, Dietz R, Ferguson S, Fernie KJ, Grandjean P, Herzke D, Houde M, Lemire M, Letcher RJ, Muir D, De Silva AO, Ostertag SK, Rand AA, Søndergaard J, Sonne C, Sunderland EM, Vorkamp K, Wilson S, and Weihe P

Subjects
Arctic Regions, Animals, Humans, Animals, Wild, Ursidae, Environmental Exposure statistics & numerical data, Fluorocarbons analysis, Environmental Pollutants metabolism, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Alkanesulfonic Acids analysis
Abstract

This cross-cutting review focuses on the presence and impacts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the Arctic. Several PFAS undergo long-range transport via atmospheric (volatile polyfluorinated compounds) and oceanic pathways (perfluorinated alkyl acids, PFAAs), causing widespread contamination of the Arctic. Beyond targeting a few well-known PFAS, applying sum parameters, suspect and non-targeted screening are promising approaches to elucidate predominant sources, transport, and pathways of PFAS in the Arctic environment, wildlife, and humans, and establish their time-trends. Across wildlife species, concentrations were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), followed by perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA); highest concentrations were present in mammalian livers and bird eggs. Time trends were similar for East Greenland ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). In polar bears, PFOS concentrations increased from the 1980s to 2006, with a secondary peak in 2014-2021, while PFNA increased regularly in the Canadian and Greenlandic ringed seals and polar bear livers. Human time trends vary regionally (though lacking for the Russian Arctic), and to the extent local Arctic human populations rely on traditional wildlife diets, such as marine mammals. Arctic human cohort studies implied that several PFAAs are immunotoxic, carcinogenic or contribute to carcinogenicity, and affect the reproductive, endocrine and cardiometabolic systems. Physiological, endocrine, and reproductive effects linked to PFAS exposure were largely similar among humans, polar bears, and Arctic seabirds. For most polar bear subpopulations across the Arctic, modeled serum concentrations exceeded PFOS levels in human populations, several of which already exceeded the established immunotoxic thresholds for the most severe risk category. Data is typically limited to the western Arctic region and populations. Monitoring of legacy and novel PFAS across the entire Arctic region, combined with proactive community engagement and international restrictions on PFAS production remain critical to mitigate PFAS exposure and its health impacts in the Arctic., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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