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This article explores the best practices of mentorship programs in all journals at Universitas Airlangga. The university has established a journal mentoring team, as mandated by the rector’s regulation, which is responsible for guiding journals through preparation, submission, management, policy, and overall quality improvement. A case study was conducted to explore the mentoring mechanisms at Universitas Airlangga. Mentors were selected from among experienced editors at the university, each with a distinguished background in managing their own journals. The mentorship program successfully led to the indexing of 14 journals in Scopus, one in Web of Science (WoS), 85 in the Science and Technology Index (SINTA), and 60 in Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The strategies used can be shared with other universities to assist their journal editors. The mentorship program at Universitas Airlangga has significantly improved the quality and international visibility of its academic journals. This is evidenced by the successful indexing of numerous journals in prestigious databases including Scopus, WoS, SINTA, and DOAJ. The structured mentoring, clear targets, and comprehensive institutional support were instrumental in achieving these results. This model serves as a scalable best practice for other universities seeking to improve their journal quality and global standing.

Abstract Background Cymbopogon is a member of the family Poaceae and has been explored for its phytochemicals and bioactivities. Although the antimicrobial activities of Cymbopogon spp. extracts have been extensively studied, comprehensive analyses are required to identify promising compounds for the treatment of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts in every single organ. Methods Ethanolic extracts were obtained from three Indonesian commercial species of Cymbopogon spp., namely Cymbopogon citratus (L.) Rendle, Cymbopogon nardus (DC.) Spatf., and Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. The leaf, stem, and root extracts were evaluated via metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In silico and in vitro analyses were used to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts. In addition, bioactivity was measured using cytotoxicity assays. Antioxidant assays were performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) to determine toxicity to Huh7it-1 cells using a tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using a well diffusion assay. Results GC–MS analysis revealed 53 metabolites. Of these, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- phenol (27.87%), alpha-cadinol (26.76%), and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene (20.56%) were the predominant compounds. C. winterianus and C. nardus leaves exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Contrastingly, the MTT assay showed low cytotoxicity. C. nardus leaf extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, whereas C. winterianus stem extract showed the highest activity against B. substilis. Furthermore, computational pathway analysis predicted that antimicrobial activity mechanisms were related to antioxidant activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the leaves had strong antioxidant activity, whereas both the leaves and stems showed great antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, all Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts showed low toxicity. These findings provide a foundation for future studies that assess the clinical safety of Cymbopogon spp. as novel drug candidates.

Background: Plasmodium falciparum is a malaria-causing unicellular parasite with strain 3D7 (Pf 3D7) being the most lethal. Currently, antimalarial resistance has been reported which necessitates the development of novel antimalarial drugs to combat the spread of malaria. Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders contains phytochemical compounds that are useful for various activities, including targeting Pf 3D7 proteins. This study explored novel antimalarial drugs from G. atroviridis against several target proteins of Pf 3D7 in silico . Methods: Phytocompounds from G. atroviridis were selected as ligands. After retrieval from the Protein Data Bank, the protein sequence was screened using BLASTp NCBI. Molecular docking analysis was performed on PyRx to compute binding affinity and identify the chemical interactions involved. The stability of the ligand-protein complex was evaluated using dynamic molecular approaches. Results: Our findings showed that quercetin has a high binding affinity with apicoplast DNA polymerase (−8.3 kcal/mol), glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (−7.5 kcal/mol), and plasmepsin X (−7.8 kcal/mol). Kaempferol had a high binding affinity for the cytochrome c2 domain-swapped dimer (−8.4 kcal/mol). Conclusion: Collectively, quercetin and kaempferol are potential antimalarial candidates which warrant further investigation using in vitro and in vivo designs.

Background and Aim: Mycotoxins such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites in molds that grow in raw materials or commercial feed. This interaction has a synergistic effect on mortality, body weight, feed intake, embryo abnormalities, egg production, and lymphoid organ atrophy. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the blood profile of broilers that were given feed contaminated with mycotoxin, such as the number of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC). Materials and Methods: A total of 20 day-old chicks (DOC) of Cobb broilers were given four treatments with five replicates. The number of chickens used in this research was determined using statistical calculations, and the data obtained was homogeneous so that the population was represented. Treatments included negative control with basal feed (C-), positive control with mycotoxins contamination (C+), treatment 1: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.1 g/kg (T1), and treatment 2: Mycotoxins contamination and mycotoxin detoxification 1.6 g/kg (T2). Mycotoxin contamination comprised 0.1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.1 mg/kg OTA. The treatment period for chickens was 28 days, from 8 to 35 days. A battery cage was used in this study. Chickens were kept in a closed, ventilated room and the room temperature (27°C) was monitored during the treatment period. Results: Based on the results of statistical data processing, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between chickens fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C+) and chickens not fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed (C-) and chickens given 1.6 g/kg mycotoxin detoxification (T2). Mycotoxin detoxification at a dose of 1.6 g/kg had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the heterophil, lymphocyte, and heterophil lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte, erythrocyte, and hemoglobin levels of the blood broiler in this experiment. On other parameters such as monocytes, MCH, and MCHC, treatment 2 at dose 1.6 g/kg was the best treatment, although there was no significant effect with C- and T1. Conclusion: The administration of mycotoxin detoxifiers at a dose of 1.6 g/kg increased the number of heterophils and the ratio of heterophil lymphocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and hemoglobin in broilers fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed.

Mauritius raspberry (Rubus rosifolius) is an exotic plant cultivated in Indonesia. Studies showed that the productivity of exotic plants is reducing due to a lack of pollination agent for their origin region. Several methods could be applied to overcome this problem. The study aimed to find the most effective method for pollinating this plant among four pollination regimes: Self-pollination, wild insects, stingless bees (Tetragonula laeviceps), and hand-pollination. The observation was conducted on the insect pollinators' activities (visitation rate, flower constancy, and flower handling time), pollination efficiency, and quality of the fruits produced (fruit volume). The results showed a higher visitation rate (10 to 70 per hour), higher flower constancy (visited from 07.00 to 16.00), and longer flower handling time (13.6 s) of T. laeviceps on raspberry flowers than other insects. High activities related to better raspberry pollination success (96%) and bigger fruits produced. Based on this study, applying stingless bees as pollination agents for exotic plants was the best and potentially applicable to other exotic crops.

Exploration of the utilization of plant-based natural materials as raw materials for medicines is still being carried out today. Various secondary metabolite compounds from plants have been found in recent decades, one of which is Alpinia galanga L. (greater galangal). The world community has long recognized the Alpinia galanga L. plant as a raw material for traditional medicinal herbs that can help cure several diseases, such as ulcers, headaches, rheumatism, migraines, and diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of the potential of medicinal ingredients from derivatives of metabolite compounds in Alpinia galanga L. has continued in this modern era by researchers through the science of herbal medicine. Researchers have found that all parts of this plant, including leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and rhizomes, have secondary metabolite compounds that have the potential to be developed for medicine. One part that contains an abundance of secondary metabolites, such as 1,8-cineole, α-fenchyl acetate, β-farnesene, β-bisabolene, α-bergamotene, β-pinene, 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACE), galangin, phenylpropanoid, and β-sitosterol diglucoside (AG-7), is the rhizome. Research related to the bioactivity test of these secondary metabolite compounds is still being conducted by researchers to reveal other amazing potentials of Alpinia galanga L. Therefore, this review article provides information related to the ethnomedicinal profile, phytochemicals, and various medical potentials of Alpinia galanga L.

Background In cases of ovarian failure due to malnutrition, stem cell therapy is ineffective due to the lack of viability and differentiation of transplanted cells, resulting in low adaptation and survival rates. This study aimed to investigate whether stem cells cultured under low oxygen (O2) tension improve the adaptability and viability of cells in rats with ovarian failure. Methods After four days of culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 21% oxygen (normoxia) as the T2 group and 1% oxygen (low O2 or hypoxia) as the T1 group, 200 million bone marrow-derived MSCs per rat were transplanted into female rats with ovarian failure (15 rats per treatment group). A total of 15 fertile and 15 infertile rats were categorized as the C+ and C− groups, respectively. Results The slight increase gradually in cells expressing HSP70, VEGF-1, and GDF-9 was reported in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups, respectively. Caspase-3 expression was reported to decrease gradually in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups. Meanwhile, Graafian follicle count was reported to increase gradually in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups, respectively. Conclusions Based on those parameters, MSCs cultured under low O2 tension were more effective than those cultured under normoxic conditions as a treatment for female rats with ovarian failure.

Aglaonema is one of the ornamental plant commodities often affected by falling prices in the ornamental plant market. This phenomenon requires a strategy for storing seeds of rare and exotic cultivars for the short and medium term. In vitro storage is one way to anticipate it. This study aims to obtain the suitable composition of in vitro growing media for storing Aglaonema plants by slow growth storage (SGS). This study used a completely randomized design with one factor, consisting of seven treatments, i.e., media 1/4 Murashige and Skoog (MS), 1/2 MS, and full MS, with the addition of 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1 Benzyl aminopurine (BAP), and the addition of Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) 1.0 mg L-1 and 2.0 mg L-1. The results showed that the composition of the planting medium on ¼ MS + BAP 1.0 mg L-1 + IAA 1.0 mg L-1 was the best for slow-growth storage of Aglaonema in vitro.

Context: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is used in traditional medicine as an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. Aims: To determine the molecular mechanism and potential of garciniaxanthone derivate compounds from G. mangostana as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and prevent cytokine storm through in silico approach. Methods: Ligand and protein samples were obtained from databases such as PubChem and Protein Databank, then drug-likeness analysis using Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muege rules on SwissADME server, prediction of antiviral probability through PASSOnline server. Furthermore, molecular docking simulation with PyRx v1.0 software (Scripps Research, USA) with an academic license, identification of interactions and chemical bond positions of ligands on the target by PoseView server, 3D visualization of PyMOLv.2.5.2 software (Schrödinger, Inc., USA) with an academic license, molecular dynamics simulation for molecular stability prediction by CABS-flex v2.0 server, target prediction of antiviral candidate compounds by SwissTargetPrediction server, pathway analysis through STRING v11.5 database, and toxicity by ProTox-II server were used. Results: Garciniaxanthone C from G. mangostana was found to be a drug-like molecule with low toxicity. This can be a candidate for SARS-Cov-2 antiviral through inhibitor activity on two viral enzymes consisting of Mpro and replicase with a binding affinity value that is more negative than other garciniaxanthone derivates and is stable. Garciniaxanthone C is predicted to bind and inhibit pro-inflammatory proteins that trigger cytokine storms, such as NFKB1 and PTGS2. Conclusions: Garciniaxanthone derivative compounds from G. mangostana may be candidates for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and preventing cytokine storm through garciniaxanthone C activity.

Endogenous stem cell (ESC) exploration refers to an increase in the number of stem cells residing in the human body. This can be achieved by administering natural substances, such as honey, which can activate stem cells. Numerous studies have explored the potential of honey for animal and human health, including its antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-osteoporosis, anti-malnutrition, and anti-fertility properties. Here, we review the scientific data on the importance of honey as a potential natural substance, and how its ability to activate endogenous stem cells can lead to new therapeutic strategies for different diseases. Honey majorly contributes to stem cell proliferation and differentiation and consequently tissue repair via mobilization and homing of endogenous stem cells toward damaged tissues. Altogether, bioactive compounds in honey or phytochemicals are potential compounds for enhancing stem cell therapeutics for several degenerative diseases.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has led to an urgent need for novel antimicrobial drugs. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials in silico and in vitro of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ethanolic extract. The extracts were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify the compounds. In silico antimicrobial studies were performed to gain insights into the possible mechanism of action of the active compounds as antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic extracts were assessed using the agar well diffusion method against the Surabaya strain of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant properties of the extract were done using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) and ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] inhibition assays. The phytochemical screening revealed that the extract has high flavonoids and polyphenols contents. The GC-MS analysis detected the presence of 52 bioactive substances, with n-hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid, benzofuran 2,3-dihydro-. quinic acid, neophytadiene as major compound. Molecular docking studies showed that these compounds have a high binding affinity towards the target proteins, thereby inhibiting their activities. The ethanolic extract of P. amaryllifolius Roxb. exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The IC50 were 11.96 ± 4.01 μg/ml and 26.18 ± 7.44 μg/ml for DPPH and ABTS. The diameters of inhibition zones (DIZ) and percentage of inhibition (PI) were calculated and varied for every single pathogen 16.44 ± 1.21mm/66.76 ± 4.92% (50%) and 21.22 ± 0.11mm/82.49 ± 3.91% (50%) for E. coli and S. aureus (DIZ/PI) respectively. Overall, this study provides information on the mechanism responsible for P. amaryllifolius Roxb. extract as a natural antimicrobe and lays the foundation for further studies to isolate and characterize the active compounds as antimicrobial candidates.

Abstract Background Malaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo. Methods The extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay. Result The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED50 = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei. Conclusion This study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.

Context: COVID-19 was caused by the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 until now. The problem comes when antiviral drugs have not yet been found and patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can trigger a cytokine storm condition due to the effects of viral replication. Indonesia has various kinds of medicinal plants, such as Sonchus arvensis L., which are used as medicinal plants. Aims: To analyze the activity of the inhibitor as SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agents from n-hexane fractions of S. arvensis leaves. Methods: The sample was collected from GC-MS analysis, PubChem, and Protein Databank database, then drug-likeness identification using Lipinski Rule of Five server and bioactive prediction of bioactive compounds as inhibitor activity was conducted by Molinspiration server. Furthermore, the docking simulation was performed using PyRx 0.9.9 software to determine the binding activity, molecular interaction by Discovery Studio software to identify position and interaction type, 3D molecular visualization by PyMol 2.5. software, and dynamic by CABS-flex 2.0 server to predict interaction stability. Results: α-Amyrin and β-amyrin from n-hexane fractions of S. arvensis leaves had activity as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors through interactions on helicase, RdRp, Mpro, and RBD-Spike, both compounds had more negative binding affinity than control drug and can produce stable chemical bond interactions in the ligand-protein complexes. However, the results were merely computational, so they must be validated through an in vivo and in vitro research approach. Conclusions: Sonchus arvensis L. leaves were predicted to have SARS-CoV-2 antiviral through inhibitor activity by α-amyrin and β-amyrin.

The forest conversion into oil palm plantations in Belitung impacts the plant source for pollen and nectar to support the honey bee Apis dorsata. This study aimed to identify the plants used by A. dorsata as pollen sources in honey and bee bread in honey bee nests and to analyze the vegetation composition and structure surrounding the sunggau (artificial nesting site) in Belitung Regency. Honey from A. dorsata was collected from bee nests in sunggau on Kampak Island and Tanjung Rusa. The pollen grains from 20 ml honey were acetolysed and counted until 1,200 grains for each honey sample. In Kampak Island, we found eight pollen types in honey dominated by Rhizophora mucronate mangrove pollen and eleven pollen types in bee bread dominated by Melaleuca cajuputi. The pollen type in honey in Tanjung Rusa was similar to those in Kampak Island, and nine pollen types were found in the bee bread dominated by Elaeis guineensis. The vegetation analysis revealed that mangrove and heath forests in Kampak Island were dominated by Lumnitzera littorea and Melaleuca cajuputi, respectively. The results of this study confirm the bees' notable use of the mangrove ecosystem, which adds conservation value, especially in supporting bee management efforts in Belitung.

This study investigated the response of Physalis angulata L. to salt stress in terms of its growth, physiology, and production using a randomized block design with three replicates. For greenhouse cultivation, 21-day-old seedlings were cultivated in polybags containing Mediterranean soil and subjected to salinity treatments at concentrations set at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80,100,120,140,160, and 180 mM. Growth, physiology, and production parameters were measured 90 d after planting. Growth, stomatal density, yield, and fruit physical attributes were reduced at 80 mM and higher salinity. Salinity also increased the physiological responses and chemical features of the fruit. However, P. angulata grew faster and exhibited better yield and fruit quality at a salinity of 20 mM (2.25 dS m−1). Therefore, P. angulata can be cultivated in moderately saline soils, allowing for efficient land use.

Foliar nutrients containing macronutrients, micronutrients and a combination of both were applied to Physalis peruviana, P. alkekengi and P. ixocarpa to determine their effect on fruit quality. A randomised complete block design study was conducted in a greenhouse on Madura Island, Indonesia. This study showed significant interactions between Physalis species and foliar nutrition to the physicochemical character of the fruit. Each species responded differently to the given nutrients. The combination of 1 g/L macronutrient (P and K) and 0.0625 g/L micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Cu, B, Mo and Mn) resulted in the highest fruit antioxidant activity, vitamin C, total soluble solids and redness of the three Physalis species. Generally, macronutrients and micronutrients in combination can be recommended to increase the quality of Physalis fruit.

Background and Aim: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted into the testes of rats with testicular failure can help rescue fertility. However, the low viability of transplanted MSCs limits the success of this treatment. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of MSCs cultured under hypoxia to increase the fertility rate in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Materials and Methods: Bone marrow-derived MSCs (200 million cells/rat) were transplanted into male rat models with induced infertility (10 rats/treatment group) after 4 days of culture in 21% O2 (normoxia) and 1% O2 (hypoxia). Ten fertile and 10 untreated infertile rats served as controls. In the infertile male rats that had been fasted from food for 5 days, the fasting condition induced malnutrition and then resulted in testicular failure. Results: The results indicated that the MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions were more effective than those cultured in normoxic conditions as a treatment for testicular failure in infertile male rats based on the increased number of cells expressing p63 as a quiescent cell marker and ETV5 as a transcription factor expressed in Sertoli and germ cells. Furthermore, the structure of the seminiferous tubules, which contain spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, and spermatid, Sertoli, and Leydig cells, was improved in infertile male rats treated with the MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion: The testicular transplantation of MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions was an effective treatment for testicular failure in rats.

Sida is a pantropical weed that can be annual or perennial. Several species have been identified in Indonesia. Sida cordifolia, S. rhombifolia, S. alnifolia, S. rhomboidea, S. acuta, S. glutinosa, and S. mysorensis were chosen for this study because they are representative of the species that are extensively spread in Indonesia. This study aims to update taxonomic information on the Sida genus in Indonesia. A phenogram was created using the data that was derived from the scoring of 70 morphological features. At PAST, the phenogram was created using cluster analysis, and Principal Cluster Analysis was used to determine the reason for clustering. The first cluster shows the separation of Sida acuta from all OTUs at a distance of 0.30. The second cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida cordifolia from OTU Sida glutinosa and OTU Sida mysorensis cluster at a distance between 0.20 until 0.25. The third cluster shows the separation of OTU Sida rhomboidea from OTU Sida rhombifolia and OTU Sida alnifolia cluster at a distance that was close to 0.20. The biggest value of PCA results is -0.45 and belongs to awn tip which is a character of mericarps. It demonstrates how crucial the mericarp trait is to identifying and appreciating the diversity of the genus Sida.

Background: Malnutrition is the imbalance between intake and nutritional needs, resulting in a decrease in body weight, composition, and physical function. Malnutrition causes infertility due to intestinal and liver degeneration,which may progress to testicular and ovarian degeneration. Methods: An infertile female rat model with a degenerative ovary was induced with malnutrition through a 5-day food fasting but still had drinking water. The administration of (T1) 30% (v/v) and (T2) 50% (v/v) forest honey (Apis dorsata) were performed for ten consecutive days, whereas the (T+) group was fasted and not administered forest honey and the (T−) group has not fasted and not administered forest honey. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, IL-13 and TNF-α cytokine expressions, and ovarian tissue regeneration were analyzed. Results: Superoxide dismutase was significantly different (p

This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of stingless bee Tetragonula cf. biroi pollination on the fruit formation of bitter melon Momordica charantia plants. We used hoods on the observed bitter melon plants. In the first hood, stingless bees are inserted to help pollinate 100 bitter melon plants, while in the other hoods, stingless bees are not inserted so that there is no assistance in pollinating the other 100 bitter melon plants. The method used is the focal sampling method for 25 days of observation. Based on the results of the study, stingless bee pollination assistance increased the percentage of the number of flowers that became fruit by 390%, the weight of seeds/fruit by 64%, number of seeds/fruit by 260%, fruit weight by 163%, fruit diameter by 91%, and fruit length by 86%. In addition to the size of the fruit, the shape of the bitter melon pollinated by bees is standard (long and straight). In contrast, the bitter melon that does not get pollination assistance grows with a bent shape resembling the letter "C." Bitter melon is an agricultural commodity that needs pollinating agents such as stingless bees because of its monoecy.

Abstract Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive damage on the structure of tooth-supporting tissues. The aim of the study is determining the combination photodynamic effect of diode laser 405 nm treatments and the administration of doxycycline 0.1% within 1, 3, 5, and 7 days on a Wistar rat model of periodontitis. Methods Samples were induced with Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC33277 to allow periodontitis development and were treated with combination of doxycycline and laser diode, then statistical analysis was carried out (One-Way ANOVA test and the post-hoc Duncan test; Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney follow-up test for non-parametric data). Samples were divided into five groups, laser exposure used was 405-nm diode laser with energy density of 8 J/cm2. The expression level of histomorphometric was calculated by measuring the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and the distance between the CEJ-AV. Results The results showed that the combination treatment of doxycycline and laser exposure yielded immunomodulatory effects. The expression level of fibroblast and the distance between CEJ-AV bone showed that the combination of doxycycline and laser therapy exerted healing effect in rat models of periodontitis on day 5 and 7. Conclusion The combination of doxycycline 0.1% and diode laser therapy provides a healing effect in rats models of periodontitis.

Microbes such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) can easily contaminate raw chicken meat in clean conditions, causing decay and unpleasant scents. This study aims to characterize gas patterns by comparing fresh chicken meat and E. coli bacteria contaminated chicken meat based on shelf life using a Gas Sensor Array (GSA) system (MQ2, MQ3, MQ7, MQ8, MQ135, and MQ136) on electronic nose. The findings revealed GSA capability to detect a variety of typical gas patterns formed by the samples. This gas detection property is indicated by the appearance of the variance in the sensors output voltage pattern for each sample variation. The data for fresh and contaminated samples were classified by the random forest (RF) classifier with 99.25% and 98.42% precision, respectively. Furthermore, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier correctly identified the fresh and contaminated samples with 98.61% and 86.66% accuracy, respectively. This finding offers insight for GSA capability in classifying chicken meat contaminated with E. coli using an RF and SVM.

Microalgae are a group of micro-sized photosynthetic organisms that range from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Microalgae are widely used as a source of natural food, cosmetic ingredients, food ingredients, and a source of pigments. This study aims to identify species of four microalgae isolates named B1, B2, B3, and S2 from Bangkalan Mangrove Waters and Sowan Tuban Northern Waters, and to determine their astaxanthin pigment concentration under 1 M NaCl. Species identification was carried out through a molecular approach by utilization of an 18S rRNA gene marker. A quantitative test of astaxanthin concentration was carried out by spectrophotometric analysis. Molecular identification results show that isolates B1 and B3 are closely related to Chlorella sp., while isolates B2 and S2 are closely related to Picochlorum maculatum. Moreover, under salinity stress condition of 1 M NaCl shown a significant decrement of astaxanthin production compared to the control treatment. At 1 M NaCl, the astaxanthin content of isolate B1 was 4x10-5 mgL-1, isolate B2 was 2x10-5 mgL-1, isolate B3 was 1x10-5 mgL-1, and isolate S2 was 6x10-6 mgL-1. All in all, isolate S2 has the highest astaxanthin among the other isolates at normal conditions, while under salt stress regime, isolate B1 shown to be the best source for astaxanthin.

This study was to evaluate the effect of plant media variation, time of fertilization, and combination of both on the growth of orchid plant Dendrobium sylvanum Rchb. f. in acclimatization phase. This study was designed using 6x4 factorial experimentation. The first factor was the variation of plant media: charcoals, coconut husk, bagasse, mixing of charcoal and coconut husk, combination of charcoal and bagasse, combination of coconut husk and bagasse. The second factor was fertilization time: no fertilization, 7 day-fertilization, 14 day-fertilization, and 20 day-fertilization for three months. The data were analysed by using Two Way MANOVA (α = 5%) and Duncan test. Based on the results, there were differences between media variation and fertilization time on the increase of leaf length and width, stem diameter, and root length of Dendrobium orchid in acclimatization phase. Combination of bagasse and coconut husk media showed the best result on media treatment. The best of fertilization time was 14 days. Moreover, the best of interaction between media and fertilization time showed by the combination of bagasse and coconut husk with 14 days-fertilization.

Coffea liberica is a variety of coffee that tolerant to marginal land, especially peatlands. One of propagation methods in C. liberica is somatic embryogenesis (SE) which producing large number of true-to-type plant seedlings in a short time. This research aimed at studying the effect of application of plant growth regulator (PGR) on quality and weight of somatic embryo of C. liberica. Somatic embryo in development stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin as benzyl amino purin (BAP) and auxin as 2,4-dichlorophe-noxyacetic acid (2,4-D). While cotyledonary embryo in germination stage was induced by Murashige and Skoog medium containing cytokinin (BAP) and auxins as 2,4-D, indole acetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The results showed that the application of auxins and cytokinins on development stage affected the formation of embryos, texture of calli, color of calli and embryos, and weight of somatic embryo. It also influenced the shoot and root formation, color and weight of geminating embryos of C. liberica at the germinating stage. During the development stage, addition of 1 mg/L BAP in the absence of 2,4-D in MS medium produced the highest quality of somatic embryo of C. liberica. This medium also produced heaviest somatic embryos but with lighter callus. While in germination stage, all medium treatments produced a typical germinating embryo. Coffea liberica germinating embryo growth optimally on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP as a single chemical or 0.5 mg/L BAP in combination with 0.5 mg/L IAA for shooting development. Whereas on rooting development, addition of 0.5 mg/L NAA on MS medium produced an optimal germinating embryo. Moreover, germination embryo of C. liberica recorded the highest in terms of dry weight on MS media with addition of 0.5 mg/L BAP. Application of appropriate concentration of auxin and cytokinin is needed to support the formation of somatic embryo and germinating embryo.

Reutealis trisperma oil is a new source for biodiesel production. The predominant fatty acids in this plant are stearic acid (9%), palmitic acid (10%), oleic acid (12%), linoleic acid (19%), and α-eleostearic acid (51%). The presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid, and α-eleostearic acid decreases the oxidation stability of R. trisperma biodiesel. Although several studies have suggested that the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) enzyme is involved in the regulation of fatty acid desaturation, little is known about the genetic information of FAD2 in R. trisperma . The objectives of this study were to isolate, characterize, and determine the relationship between the R. trisperma FAD2 fragment and other Euphorbiaceae plants. cDNA fragments were isolated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence obtained by sequencing was used for further analysis. In silico analysis identified the fragment identity, subcellular localization, and phylogenetic construction of the R. trisperma FAD2 cDNA fragment and Euphorbiaceae. The results showed that a 923-bp partial sequence of R. trisperma FAD2 was successfully isolated. Based on in silico analysis, FAD2 was predicted to encode 260 amino acids, had a domain similarity with Omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, and was located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The R. trisperma FAD2 fragment was more closely related to Vernicia fordii (HM755946.1).

Malaria is still a global health problem. Plasmodium is a single-cell protozoan parasite that causes malaria and is transmitted to humans through the female Anopheles mosquito. The previous study showed that Sonchus arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity. Several treatments are needed for callus quality improvement for antimalarial compound production. This study aimed to examine the effect of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] on growth (morpho-anatomical structure and biomass), secondary metabolite production, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of S. arvensis L. callus. In this study, leaf explants were grown in Murashige and Skoog medium with a combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, one mg/L) and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP, 0.5 mg/L) with dolomite (50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L). The 21 days callus ethanolic and methanolic extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antiplasmodial test was performed on a blood culture infected with Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 using the Rieckmann method. The results showed that dolomite significantly affected callus growth, metabolite profile, and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Dolomite (150 mg/L) showed the highest biomass (0.590 ± 0.136 g fresh weight and 0.074 ± 0.008 g dry weight). GC-MS analysis detected four compounds from callus ethanolic extract. Pelargonic acid, decanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid were major compounds. One new terpenoid compound is based on TLC analysis. S. arvensis L. callus has antiplasmodial activity with the IC50 value of 5.037 μg/mL. It was three times lower than leaf methanolic extract and five times lower than leaf ethanolic extract.

Objective: This research aimed at the discovering the effects of light, sucrose concentration and repetitive subculture on the growth of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. calluses based on biomass, morphological characters and metabolic profiles. Methods: The second and third leaves of young J. gendarussa Burm.f. were isolated and cultured in solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the addition of 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L benzyl amino purine (BAP). Different sucrose concentrations, varying from 0 to 5%, were included in the medium. The cultures were incubated under light and dark conditions for 6 weeks. Repetitive subculture was carried out every 2 weeks for a total of four times, and 3% sucrose gave the best callus growth. Dry calluses were extracted with methanol, and their metabolic profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Compound identification was performed by comparing the mass spectra to references from the WILEY version 7n.1 library. Results: Among the 12 conditions tested for the prolonged 6-week culture, the 2–5 % sucrose treatments under light and 3–5 % sucrose treatments under dark exhibited the highest dry weight. For repetitive subculture, the highest wet and dry weights were identically detected under both light and dark conditions after the second repetitive subculture. A total of 19 metabolites was identified by GC/MS, with major compounds being taraxasterol, monoplex D, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, and palmitic acid. Conclusion: Light, sucrose concentration, and repetitive subculture all significantly impacted the growth and metabolic profiles of J. gendarussa Burm.f. calluses. A concentration of 3% sucrose demonstrated the best growth of callus and could be further applied for mass production.

The data of root anatomical structure and the formation of aerenchyma tissues of five varieties of tobacco under waterlogging stress were obtained by modified paraffin method. Each tobacco varieties performed distinct anatomical adaptation response, including changes of cortical tissue, stele diameter, xylem diameter and the formation of aerenchyma under periodic waterlogging stress. Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum, Periodic Waterlogging Stress, Anatomy of the roots

Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) is an Indonesian medicinal plant that has many benefits as drug and male contracetive. For industrial needs, Gandarusa must be available in large quantity. Hairy root culture is one of methode to produce phytochemistry compound. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of various density of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LB510 on hairy roots induction of gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) leaf plant. Leaf explants were inoculated in MS liquid medium with various density of OD600 = 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; and 0.5. Explants were co-cultivated for 2 days on MS solid medium without any hormone then sub-cultured on MS solid medium containing antibiotic cefotaxim 300 ppm, in dark condition. The data were analyzed descriptively and statistically. The results showed that various density of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain LB510 was affected the lenght of hairy roots induction of J. gendarussa Burm.f., but these was not effected toward lenght formation time and number of hairy root. The treatment of OD600 0.2 was the best treatment for hairy root induction on Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. This data could be used for optimized the quality of methode of hairy root induction.

Avicennia marina is one species used for building coastal ecosystem stabilization in Surabaya shores because of its tolerance to high salinity level and resistance to wave energy. Their existence is threatened by various factors i.e. land conversion, pollution and interisland bridge existence.  Growth of A. marina is currently limited by seed dormancy. In an effort to increase propagation efficiency, seed viability and vigor were compared based on collection dates and pericarp removal methods. The results showed no relationship between salinity levels of soaking water or seed buoyancy and seed viability or seed vigor. Collection dates may influence seed viability and vigor. Seeds collected in October and November germinated more quickly than those collected in December, although there were no differences in total germination. Hand-peeled seeds germinated more slowly than soaked seeds for all collections, but with no differences in total germination. Seeds collected in October and November grew more vigorously than those collected in December.

Background In broiler farming, vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is essential. Nonetheless, during the post-vaccination phase, production may be negatively impacted by mycotoxin contamination in feed. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of toxin binders on antibody titer and large intestine histopathology after ND vaccination in broiler with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) toxication. Methods A total of 20 broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 5 replications i.e. (C-) broiler groups with basal feed, (C+) broiler groups with AFB1 and OTA feed contamination, (T1) and (T2) broiler groups with exposed AFB1, OTA, and toxin binders as feed additives with dose 1.1 g/kg and 1.6 g/kg feed, respectively. ND vaccination was carried out on day 7 and 21. Antibody titers were evaluated from serum samples of broiler on days 14, 28, and 35 for further hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Histopathology of the cecum and colon organs was evaluated using HE staining on day 36. HI test and histological scoring were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s test with a p < 0.05 in SPSS v.26 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results As a result, histopathological improvement of the cecum and colon was reported based on mucosal rupture, hemorrhage and necrosis on day 35. An increase in the mean antibody titer compared to days 14 and 28 was observed on day 35, with significant changes observed in serum samples based on the C+ group, which was significantly different from the C- and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study revealed that toxin binder dose of 1.6 g/kg can increase antibody titer and histopathology of cecum and colon in broiler chickens after ND vaccination fed with mycotoxin-contaminated feed.

The aim of this research was to know the effect of 3-indole-acetic acid (IAA) and 6-bensilaminopurine (BAP) and optimumconcentration of IAA+BAP toward growth and development of the leaf culture of Aglaonema sp. var. Siam Pearl, Aglaonema sp.var. Lady Valentine, and Aglaonema sp. var. Lipstik. The explants were taken from the leaf. The explants were cultured in solid MSmedium with addition various concentration of IAA 0,5 mg/l, 2 mg/l, 3 mg/l, 5 mg/l, and 8 mg/l and BAP 5mg/l. Observation had beenconducted for 16 weeks to know the response the development of explants leaves such as the periphery of explants coloured of brown,leaves explants of arch shaped, the colour of explants to change for pale, and to form callus. The data were include of the number ofexplants which able to form callus, time of callus formation, the colour and texture callus, and stage of development explants wereanalyzed descriptively. The result of 16 weeks observation showed that the addition of IAA and BAP on the leaves explants to give thedifferent effects. Aglaonema sp. var. Lipstik can form callus by treatment of 5 mg/l IAA:5mg/l BAP, and 8 mg/l IAA:5 mg BAP. Thecolour of callus are clear, the shape of globular, with friable textures.

Characteristic and anatomical study of Gigantochloa apus was carried out to know the fiber structure, morphological, physical, and chemical properties on various age and part of culm height. The research was done by ex post facto design and the data was analyzed by observational description. For anatomical observation, materials were processed using paraffin, PEG, and wood method and maceration for fiber structure. The result showed that inter-nodus amount, diameter, and wall thickness was increase in older culm. Fiber length was 3.8 mm in average, and older culms have longer fiber than the young ones and within the same culm, the lower part had longer fibers than the upper part. The fresh density (0.97-1.17 g/ml) and the oven dry density (0.57-0.79 g/ml) of this bamboo, it was higher for the older culm than younger culm. Liquor sorption (in NaOH 5% solution) into bamboo chips was fairly good. The sorption into the young bamboo was faster and better than into older bamboo. Young bamboo culms contain more water than older culms and the top part within the same culm contain litte water than lower part. The total cellulose in young bamboo culm was higher than the older (64%-54%), but the lignin on the contrary in lower (14%-28%). At the bottom part, the lignin was higher than the upper prt. The ash content was high (1.6%-4.5%) and its fluctuated based on age and the height part of culm.

Background In cases of ovarian failure due to malnutrition, stem cell therapy is ineffective due to the lack of viability and differentiation of transplanted cells, resulting in low adaptation and survival rates. This study aimed to investigate whether stem cells cultured under low oxygen (O 2) tension improve the adaptability and viability of cells in rats with ovarian failure. Methods After four days of culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 21% oxygen (normoxia) as the T2 group and 1% oxygen (low O 2 or hypoxia) as the T1 group, 200 million bone marrow-derived MSCs per rat were transplanted into female rats with ovarian failure (15 rats per treatment group). A total of 15 fertile and 15 infertile rats were categorized as the C+ and C− groups, respectively. Results The slight increase gradually in cells expressing HSP70, VEGF-1, and GDF-9 was reported in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups, respectively. Caspase-3 expression was reported to decrease gradually in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups. Meanwhile, Graafian follicle count was reported to increase gradually in C+, T2, T1, and C− groups, respectively. Conclusions Based on those parameters, MSCs cultured under low O 2 tension were more effective than those cultured under normoxic conditions as a treatment for female rats with ovarian failure.

Background Stem cell therapy shows applications potential for malnutrition-induced ovarian failure in rat models. However, it is ineffective because of the lack of viability and differentiation of transplanted stem cells, resulting in low adaptation and survival rates. We aimed to determine whether stem cells cultured under low oxygen (O 2) tension improves the adaptability and viability of stem cells, as well as ovarian failure. Methods After four days of culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 21% oxygen (normoxia) as the T2 group and 1% oxygen (low O 2 or hypoxia) as the T1 group, 200 million bone marrow-derived MSCs per rat were transplanted into female rats with ovarian failure (15 rats per treatment group). A total of 15 fertile and 15 infertile rats were categorized as the C+ and C− groups, respectively. Results The slight increase gradually in cells expressing HSP70 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 0.5 a±0.53, 1.7 a±0.82, 6.2 b±1.5, and 9.6 c±1.3, respectively), decrease gradually in cells expressing caspase-3 as an apoptosis indicator (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 0.2 a±0.42, 0.6 a±0.52, 4.8 b±1.03, and 7.3 c±1.42, respectively), and increase gradually in cells expressing VEGF-1 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 10.8 c±1.55, 8.7 b±0.48, 0.4 a±0.52, and 0.2 a±0.42, respectively) and GDF-9 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 5.8 c±1.47, 4.6 b±0.97, 0.5 a±0.53, and 0.3 a±0.48, respectively) were used as markers for viability and differentiation in ovarian tissue, indicating that MSCs cultured under low O 2 tension were more effective than those cultured under normoxic conditions as a treatment for female rats with ovarian failure. Furthermore, infertile female rats treated with MSCs cultivated under low O 2 tension had an enhanced ovarian tissue shape, as indicated by the increasing Graafian follicle count gradually (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 8.9 c±0.74, 4.5 b±0.71, 0.5 a±0.53, and 0.4 a±0.52, respectively). Conclusions MSCs cultured under low O 2 tension are an effective treatment for malnourished rats with ovarian failure.

Background: Stem cell therapy shows applications potential for malnutrition-induced ovarian failure in rat models. However, it is ineffective because of the lack of viability and differentiation of transplanted stem cells, resulting in low adaptation and survival rates. We aimed to determine whether stem cells cultured under low oxygen (O 2) tension improves the adaptability and viability of stem cells, as well as ovarian failure. Methods: After four days of culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in 21% oxygen (normoxia) as the T2 group and 1% oxygen (low O 2 or hypoxia) as the T1 group, 200 million bone marrow-derived MSCs per rat were transplanted into female rats with ovarian failure (15 rats per treatment group). A total of 15 fertile and 15 infertile rats were categorized as the C+ and C− groups, respectively. Results: The slight increase in cells expressing HSP70 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 0.5 a±0.53, 1.7 a±0.82, 6.2 b±1.5, and 9.6 c±1.3, respectively), decrease in cells expressing caspase-3 as an apoptotic inhibitor (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 0.2 a±0.42, 0.6 a±0.52, 4.8 b±1.03, and 7.3 c±1.42, respectively), and increase in cells expressing VEGF-1 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 10.8 c±1.55, 8.7 b±0.48, 0.4 a±0.52, and 0.2 a±0.42, respectively) and GDF-9 (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 5.8 c±1.47, 4.6 b±0.97, 0.5 a±0.53, and 0.3 a±0.48, respectively) were used as markers for viability and differentiation in ovarian tissue, indicating that MSCs cultured under low O 2 tension were more effective than those cultured under normoxic conditions as a treatment for female rats with ovarian failure. Furthermore, infertile female rats treated with MSCs cultivated under low O 2 tension had an enhanced ovarian tissue shape, as indicated by the increasing Graafian follicle count (C+, T2, T1, and C− groups were 8.9 c±0.74, 4.5 b±0.71, 0.5 a±0.53, and 0.4 a±0.52, respectively). Conclusions: MSCs cultured under low O 2 tension are an effective treatment for malnourished rats with ovarian failure.

Background: Malnutrition is the imbalance between intake and nutritional needs, resulting in a decrease in body weight, composition, and physical function. Malnutrition causes infertility due to intestinal and liver degeneration,which may progress to testicular and ovarian degeneration. Methods: An infertile female rat model with a degenerative ovary was induced with malnutrition through a 5-day food fasting but still had drinking water. The administration of (T1) 30% (v/v) and (T2) 50% (v/v) forest honey ( Apis dorsata) were performed for ten consecutive days, whereas the (T+) group was fasted and not administered forest honey and the (T−) group has not fasted and not administered forest honey. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, IL-13 and TNF-α cytokine expressions, and ovarian tissue regeneration were analyzed. Results: Superoxide dismutase was significantly different ( ppppp Conclusion: The 10-day administration of 50% (v/v) forest honey can be an effective therapy for ovarian failure that caused malnutrition in the female rat model.

Background: Malnutrition is a crucial issue that contributes to approximately 45% of deaths among children under 5 years old and even >50% of deaths when accompanied by diarrhea. Several studies have stated that the use of honey can overcome cases of infertility due to malnutrition. Methods: An infertile female rat model with a degenerative ovary was induced with malnutrition through a 5-day food fasting but still had drinking water. The administration of (T1) 30% (v/v) and (T2) 50% (v/v) forest honey ( Apis dorsata) were performed for ten consecutive days, whereas the (T+) group was fasted and not administered forest honey and the (T−) group has not fasted and not administered forest honey. Superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, IL-13 and TNF-α cytokine expressions, and ovarian tissue regeneration were analyzed. Results: Antioxidant activity (SOD) was significantly different ( ppppp Conclusion: The 10-day administration of 50% (v/v) forest honey can be an effective therapy for ovarian failure that caused malnutrition in the female rat model.