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Background Domestication, including selective breeding, can lead to morphological changes of biomechanical relevance. In birds, limb proportions and sternum characteristics are of great importance and have been studied in the past for their relation with flight, terrestrial locomotion and animal welfare. In this work we studied the effects of domestication and breed formation in limb proportions and sternum characteristics in chicken (Gallus gallus), mallard ducks (Anas plathyrhynchos) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata). Methods First, we quantified the proportional length of three long bones of the forelimb (humerus, radius, and carpometacarpus) and the hind limb (femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) in domestic chickens, mallard ducks, and Muscovy ducks and their wild counterparts. For this, we took linear measurements of these bones and compared their proportions in the wild vs. the domestic group in each species. In chicken, these comparisons could also be conducted among different breeds. We then evaluated the proportional differences in the context of static and ontogenetic allometry. Further, we compared discrete sternum characteristics in red jungle fowl and chicken breeds. In total, we examined limb bones of 287 specimens and keel bones of 63 specimens. Results We found a lack of significant change in the proportions of limb bones of chicken and Muscovy duck due to domestication, but significant differences in the case of mallard ducks. Variation of evolvability, allometric scaling, and heterochrony may serve to describe some of the patterns of change we report. Flight capacity loss in mallard ducks resulting from domestication may have a relation with the difference in limb proportions. The lack of variation in proportions that could distinguish domestic from wild forms of chicken and Muscovy ducks may reflect no selection for flight capacity during the domestication process in these groups. In chicken, some of the differences identified in the trait

This paper critically analyzes a specific form ordimension of the process of globalization, called The Globalization of Law. It deals with rules and legal institutions that go beyond the scope of the Nation-State, from which modern law was born; in recent years a huge international strengthening of this process has been observed primarily in human rights and in the defence of social demands, while living in a globalized neo-liberal economy, with powerful mainly private international protagonists , among them multinational corporations and international financial institutions, whose actions lead to massive violations of human rights; the legal tradition of these phenomena of trans nationalization is what this part of the research points to and which effort was analyzed in the research proposal for the doctoral thesis referenced., El presente trabajo analiza de manera crítica una forma o dimensión especifica del proceso de globalización, denominada La Globalización del Derecho. Se trata de normas e instituciones jurídicas que desbordan el ámbito del Estado-Nación, del cual nace el derecho moderno; en los últimos años se ha presenciado un enorme fortalecimiento internacional de este proceso principalmente en los Derechos Humanos y en la Defensa de las Reivindicaciones Sociales, al mismo tiempo que se vive en una economía globalizada de carácter neoliberal, con poderosos actores internacionales fundamentalmente privados, entre ellos las empresas multinacionales e instituciones financieras internacionales, cuyas acciones dan lugar a masivas violaciones de los Derechos Humanos; la tradición jurídica de estos fenómenos de transnacionalización es lo que apunta esta parte de la investigación, cuyo esfuerzo fue analizado en la propuesta investigativa de la tesis doctoral referenciada.