566 results on '"Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity"'
Search Results
2. Varicella-zoster virus-related neurological complications: From infection to immunomodulatory therapies.
- Author
-
Hakami MA, Khan FR, Abdulaziz O, Alshaghdali K, Hazazi A, Aleissi AF, Abalkhail A, Alotaibi BS, Alhazmi AYM, Kukreti N, and Binshaya AS
- Subjects
- Humans, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpes Zoster immunology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection immunology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Nervous System Diseases virology, Nervous System Diseases immunology, Nervous System Diseases etiology, Animals, Chickenpox virology, Chickenpox immunology, Neuroinflammatory Diseases immunology, Neuroinflammatory Diseases virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human physiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity
- Abstract
The Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), classified as a neurotropic member of the Herpesviridae family, exhibits a characteristic pathogenicity, predominantly inducing varicella, commonly known as chickenpox, during the initial infectious phase, and triggering the reactivation of herpes zoster, more commonly recognized as shingles, following its emergence from a latent state. The pathogenesis of VZV-associated neuroinflammation involves a complex interplay between viral replication within sensory ganglia and immune-mediated responses that contribute to tissue damage and dysfunction. Upon primary infection, VZV gains access to sensory ganglia, establishing latent infection within neurons. During reactivation, the virus can spread along sensory nerves, triggering a cascade of inflammatory mediators, chemokines, and immune cell infiltration in the affected neural tissues. The role of both adaptive and innate immune reactions, including the contributions of T and B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, in orchestrating the immune-mediated damage in the central nervous system is elucidated. Furthermore, the aberrant activation of the natural defence mechanism, characterised by the dysregulated production of immunomodulatory proteins and chemokines, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of VZV-induced neurological disorders, such as encephalitis, myelitis, and vasculopathy. The intricate balance between protective and detrimental immune responses in the context of VZV infection emphasises the necessity for an exhaustive comprehension of the immunopathogenic mechanisms propelling neuroinflammatory processes. Despite the availability of vaccines and antiviral therapies, VZV-related neurological complications remain a significant concern, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. Elucidating these mechanisms might facilitate the emergence of innovative immunomodulatory strategies and targeted therapies aimed at mitigating VZV-induced neuroinflammatory damage and improving clinical outcomes. This comprehensive understanding enhances our grasp of viral pathogenesis and holds promise for pioneering therapeutic strategies designed to mitigate the neurological ramifications of VZV infections., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Varicella zoster virus-induced autophagy in human neuronal and hematopoietic cells exerts antiviral activity.
- Author
-
Heinz JL, Hinke DM, Maimaitili M, Wang J, Sabli IKD, Thomsen M, Farahani E, Ren F, Hu L, Zillinger T, Grahn A, von Hofsten J, Verjans GMGM, Paludan SR, Viejo-Borbolla A, Sancho-Shimizu V, and Mogensen TH
- Subjects
- Humans, Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog metabolism, Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog genetics, Virus Replication, Microtubule-Associated Proteins genetics, Microtubule-Associated Proteins metabolism, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Viral Envelope Proteins genetics, Viral Envelope Proteins metabolism, Cell Line, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins metabolism, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Autophagy, Herpesvirus 3, Human physiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Neurons virology
- Abstract
Autophagy is a degradational pathway with pivotal roles in cellular homeostasis and survival, including protection of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). The significance of autophagy as antiviral defense mechanism is recognized and some viruses hijack and modulate this process to their advantage in certain cell types. Here, we present data demonstrating that the human neurotropic herpesvirus varicella zoster virus (VZV) induces autophagy in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, in which the pathway exerts antiviral activity. Productively VZV-infected SH-SY5Y cells showed increased LC3-I-LC3-II conversion as well as co-localization of the viral glycoprotein E and the autophagy receptor p62. The activation of autophagy was dependent on a functional viral genome. Interestingly, inducers of autophagy reduced viral transcription, whereas inhibition of autophagy increased viral transcript expression. Finally, the genotype of patients with severe ocular and brain VZV infection were analyzed to identify potential autophagy-associated inborn errors of immunity. Two patients expressing genetic variants in the autophagy genes ULK1 and MAP1LC3B2, respectively, were identified. Notably, cells of both patients showed reduced autophagy, alongside enhanced viral replication and death of VZV-infected cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate a neuro-protective role for autophagy in the context of VZV infection and suggest that failure to mount an autophagy response is a potential predisposing factor for development of severe VZV disease., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Medical Virology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Reactivation of varicella zoster virus following trigeminal schwannoma resection.
- Author
-
Kumar SD, Kshitij S, Kumar SR, Kuldeep Y, Mohammad K, Kumar CV, and Nirbhay S
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Cranial Nerve Neoplasms surgery, Cranial Nerve Neoplasms virology, Cranial Nerve Neoplasms pathology, Latent Infection virology, Trigeminal Ganglion virology, Trigeminal Ganglion surgery, Trigeminal Ganglion pathology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Neurilemmoma surgery, Neurilemmoma virology, Neurilemmoma pathology, Virus Activation
- Abstract
Varicella zoster is found exclusively in humans. Infected people with this virus result in chickenpox followed by dormant virus within neural ganglia. This dormant virus, once activated, may affect any ganglia or nerves of the body but most commonly involves the thoracic, cervical and trigeminal nerves in decreasing order of frequency. We review three such cases in which manipulation of the trigeminal ganglion resulted in reactivation of varicella at homologous operative sites. Each patient underwent surgeries in which the trigeminal ganglion was manipulated for the resection of trigeminal schwannoma under a microscope through various approaches. All three patients developed reactivation of varicella at homologous operative sites. A thorough history of chickenpox infection should be taken in patients who are undergoing surgeries for trigeminal pathology. Early diagnosis should be made once any vesicular lesions are seen with prompt treatment. Reassurance and counselling are necessary in these patients. If possible, prophylaxis may be started in all such patients. Further studies are warranted to determine the exact cause of reactivation., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Simian varicella virus infection and reactivation in rhesus macaques trigger cytokine and Aβ40/42 alterations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
- Author
-
Niemeyer CS, Traina-Dorge V, Doyle-Meyers L, Das A, Looper J, Mescher T, Feia B, Medina E, Nagel MA, Mahalingam R, and Bubak AN
- Subjects
- Animals, Virus Activation, Peptide Fragments cerebrospinal fluid, Peptide Fragments blood, Varicellovirus genetics, Varicellovirus immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Herpesviridae Infections cerebrospinal fluid, Herpesviridae Infections virology, Herpesviridae Infections blood, Herpesviridae Infections immunology, Male, Herpes Zoster cerebrospinal fluid, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpes Zoster blood, Herpes Zoster immunology, Monkey Diseases virology, Monkey Diseases cerebrospinal fluid, Monkey Diseases blood, Macaca mulatta, Amyloid beta-Peptides cerebrospinal fluid, Amyloid beta-Peptides blood, Cytokines cerebrospinal fluid, Cytokines blood
- Abstract
Simian varicella virus (SVV) produces peripheral inflammatory responses during varicella (primary infection) and zoster (reactivation) in rhesus macaques (RM). However, it is unclear if peripheral measures are accurate proxies for central nervous system (CNS) responses. Thus, we analyzed cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 changes in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the course of infection. During varicella and zoster, every RM had variable changes in serum and CSF cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels compared to pre-inoculation levels. Overall, peripheral infection appears to affect CNS cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels independent of serum responses, suggesting that peripheral disease may contribute to CNS disease., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Journal of NeuroVirology, Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Herpes zoster : A Review of Clinical Manifestations and Management.
- Author
-
Patil A, Goldust M, and Wollina U
- Subjects
- Herpes Zoster complications, Herpes Zoster physiopathology, Herpesvirus Vaccines administration & dosage, Herpesvirus Vaccines classification, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Incidence, Latent Infection virology, Morbidity, Neuralgia, Postherpetic virology, Risk Factors, Vaccination, Vaccines, Synthetic administration & dosage, Disease Management, Herpes Zoster drug therapy, Herpes Zoster prevention & control, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
The Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) or human herpes virus 3 is a neurotropic human alpha herpes virus responsible for chickenpox/varicella and shingles/ Herpes zoster (HZ). This review will focus on HZ. Since HZ is secondary to varicella, its incidence increases with age. In children and youngsters, HZ is rare and associated to metabolic and neoplastic disorders. In adults, advanced age, distress, other infections (such as AIDS or COVID-19), and immunosuppression are the most common risk factors. HZ reactivation has recently been observed after COVID-19 vaccination. The disease shows different clinical stages of variable clinical manifestations. Some of the manifestations bear a higher risk of complications. Among the possible complications, postherpetic neuralgia, a chronic pain disease, is one of the most frequent. HZ vasculitis is associated with morbidity and mortality. Renal and gastrointestinal complications have been reported. The cornerstone of treatment is early intervention with acyclovir or brivudine. Second-line treatments are available. Pain management is essential. For (secondary) prophylaxis, currently two HZV vaccines are available for healthy older adults, a live attenuated VZV vaccine and a recombinant adjuvanted VZV glycoprotein E subunit vaccine. The latter allows vaccination also in severely immunosuppressed patients. This review focuses on manifestations of HZ and its management. Although several articles have been published on HZ, the literature continues to evolve, especially in regard to patients with comorbidities and immunocompromised patients. VZV reactivation has also emerged as an important point of discussion during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially after vaccination. The objective of this review is to discuss current updates related to clinical presentations, complications, and management of HZ.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Recent Issues in Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency.
- Author
-
Kennedy PGE, Mogensen TH, and Cohrs RJ
- Subjects
- Chickenpox virology, Epigenesis, Genetic genetics, Genes, Viral genetics, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Neurons virology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection epidemiology, Virus Latency physiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human metabolism, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection genetics, Virus Latency genetics
- Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpes virus which causes varicella (chicken pox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of latency in neurons in the peripheral ganglia, may reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles) as well as a variety of neurological syndromes. In this overview we consider some recent issues in alphaherpesvirus latency with special focus on VZV ganglionic latency. A key question is the nature and extent of viral gene transcription during viral latency. While it is known that this is highly restricted, it is only recently that the very high degree of that restriction has been clarified, with both VZV gene 63-encoded transcripts and discovery of a novel VZV transcript (VLT) that maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. It has also emerged in recent years that there is significant epigenetic regulation of VZV gene transcription, and the mechanisms underlying this are complex and being unraveled. The last few years has also seen an increased interest in the immunological aspects of VZV latency and reactivation, in particular from the perspective of inborn errors of host immunity that predispose to different VZV reactivation syndromes.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Deep Herpes.
- Author
-
Krystel-Whittemore M, Chan MP, Shalin SC, Sauder KJ, Hudson A, Foreman RK, Hoang MP, Brennick JB, Yan S, and Nazarian RM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, DNA, Viral genetics, Dermis drug effects, Dermis pathology, Female, Herpes Simplex diagnosis, Herpes Simplex drug therapy, Herpesvirus 1, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 1, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 2, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 2, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human genetics, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Stromal Cells drug effects, Stromal Cells pathology, Treatment Outcome, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy, Young Adult, Dermis virology, Herpes Simplex virology, Herpesvirus 1, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 2, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Stromal Cells virology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology
- Abstract
Herpes viruses are known for infecting epithelial cells and manifesting as vesicles. However, herpes viruses can also infect stromal cells. While established in the ocular setting, cutaneous stromal herpes (deep herpes) is previously unreported and may evade clinical and microscopic detection. We searched for skin biopsies with herpes stromal disease. Clinical information was retrieved via electronic medical records and pathology records system. Hematoxylin and eosin slides, immunohistochemical staining, and polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA was performed. We identified 12 specimens from 10 patients with cutaneous stromal herpes simplex virus 1/2 (n=7) or varicella-zoster virus infection (n=5). The most common site involved was the buttocks/perianal region (n=6). Ulceration was a frequent dermatologic finding (n=8). Pyoderma gangrenosum was clinically suspected in 6 specimens (50%). Eight patients (80%) were immunosuppressed. Biopsies frequently demonstrated a dense dermal mixed inflammatory infiltrate with subcutaneous extension and enlarged cells with viral cytopathic changes confirmed by herpes simplex virus 1/2 or varicella-zoster virus immunohistochemistry (n=10) or polymerase chain reaction (n=2). Most specimens (67%) lacked evidence of characteristic epidermal keratinocyte infection. This study presents the first known report of the ability of herpes virus to infect deep stromal cells of the dermis. We raise awareness of cutaneous stromal herpes in patients presenting with atypical clinical lesions, particularly while immunocompromised. Establishing the correct diagnosis is critical for initiating therapy., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Evaluation of Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine for Primary Immunization of Varicella-seronegative Transplant Recipients.
- Author
-
L'Huillier AG, Hirzel C, Ferreira VH, Ierullo M, Ku T, Selzner N, Schiff J, Juvet S, Miao C, Schmid DS, Humar A, and Kumar D
- Subjects
- Adult, Antibodies, Viral blood, Biomarkers blood, Female, Herpes Zoster Vaccine adverse effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Immunity, Cellular drug effects, Immunity, Humoral drug effects, Immunization, Male, Middle Aged, Proof of Concept Study, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, Vaccines, Synthetic administration & dosage, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection immunology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Viral Envelope Proteins immunology, Herpes Zoster Vaccine administration & dosage, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Immunogenicity, Vaccine, Organ Transplantation adverse effects, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Immunization of varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-seronegative solid organ transplant (SOT) patients using the live-attenuated varicella vaccine is generally contraindicated, leaving no widely applicable immunization option. The recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) is indicated for VZV-seropositive persons to prevent shingles but could potentially also protect VZV-seronegative persons against varicella. We performed a safety and immunogenicity evaluation of RZV in VZV-seronegative SOT recipients as an option for protection., Methods: VZV-seronegative adult SOT patients with no history of varicella/shingles vaccine or disease were given 2 doses of RZV vaccine 2-6 mo apart. Blood was drawn prevaccination (V1), before the second dose (V2), and 4 wk after the second dose (V3). Humoral immunity (anti-glycoprotein E) and cell-mediated immunity were evaluated, with polyfunctional cells defined as cells producing ≥2 cytokines., Results: Among 31 eligible VZV-seronegative SOT patients screened, 23 were enrolled. Median age was 38 y and median time since transplant procedure was 3.8 y. The most frequent transplant types were liver (35%) and lung (30%). Median anti-glycoprotein E levels significantly increased from V1 to V3 (P = 0.001) and V2 to V3 (P < 0.001), even though only 55% had a positive seroresponse. Median polyfunctional CD4 T-cell counts increased from V1 to V2 (54/106 versus 104/106 cells; P = 0.041) and from V2 to V3 (380/106; P = 0.002). Most adverse events were mild with no rejection episodes., Conclusions: RZV was safe and elicited significant humoral and cellular responses in VZV-seronegative SOT patients and has the potential to be considered as a preventive strategy against primary varicella., Competing Interests: D.K. has received clinical trials grant and consulting fees from GSK. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. P2X7 receptor antagonist BBG inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and pyroptosis to alleviate postherpetic neuralgia.
- Author
-
Zhu Y, Zhang S, Wu Y, and Wang J
- Subjects
- Animals, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Indicators and Reagents pharmacology, Neuralgia, Postherpetic metabolism, Neuralgia, Postherpetic pathology, Neuralgia, Postherpetic virology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Herpes Zoster complications, Neuralgia, Postherpetic prevention & control, Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists pharmacology, Pyroptosis, Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 chemistry, Rosaniline Dyes pharmacology
- Abstract
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication of acute herpes zoster. The treatment of PHN remains a challenge for clinical pain management. The present study investigated the P2X7 receptor antagonist brilliant blue G (BBG) whether inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and pyroptosis (a necrotic form of cell death) and alleviates PHN. Varicella zoster virus (VZV)-infected CV-1 cells were used to induce PHN model. Mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds were measured using an ascending series of von Frey filaments. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of P2X7R in nerve tissues. Western blot was used to determine the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and pyroptosis-related molecules. The expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in tissue homogenate was detected by ELISA. The PHN rat has the lower paw withdrawal threshold, but higher expression of P2X7 in nerve tissues. And, endoplasmic reticulum stress was activated and pyroptosis was increased in PHN rats. BBG can decrease pain thresholds and reduce ER stress and pyroptosis in PHN rats. In addition, ER stress activator tunicamycin (TM) can reverse the effect of BBG on the paw withdrawal thresholds, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and pyroptosis. Therefore, P2X7 receptor antagonist BBG alleviates PHN by activating ER stress and reducing pyroptosis., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Association of Achalasia With Active Varicella Zoster Virus Infection of the Esophagus.
- Author
-
Naik RD, Vaezi MF, Gershon AA, Higginbotham T, Chen JJ, Flores E, Holzman M, Patel D, and Gershon MD
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Enteric Nervous System physiopathology, Esophageal Achalasia diagnosis, Esophageal Achalasia physiopathology, Female, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection complications, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis, Enteric Nervous System virology, Esophageal Achalasia virology, Esophageal Sphincter, Lower innervation, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Virus Activation
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Histopathological Analysis of Adrenal Glands after Simian Varicella Virus Infection.
- Author
-
Niemeyer CS, Mescher T, Griggs R, Orlicky DJ, Wilkerson GK, Bubak AN, Hassell JE Jr, Feia B, Mahalingam R, Traina-Dorge V, and Nagel MA
- Subjects
- Adrenal Glands cytology, Animals, Female, Herpesviridae Infections virology, Histological Techniques, Macaca fascicularis virology, Male, Adrenal Glands pathology, Adrenal Glands virology, Herpesviridae Infections pathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity
- Abstract
Latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) has been detected in human adrenal glands, raising the possibility of virus-induced adrenal damage and dysfunction during primary infection or reactivation. Rare cases of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and insufficiency associated with VZV reactivation have been reported. Since there is no animal model for VZV infection of adrenal glands, we obtained adrenal glands from two non-human primates (NHPs) that spontaneously developed varicella from primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection, the NHP VZV homolog. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed SVV antigen and DNA in the adrenal medulla and cortex of both animals. Adrenal glands were observed to have Cowdry A inclusion bodies, cellular necrosis, multiple areas of hemorrhage, and varying amounts of polymorphonuclear cells. No specific association of SVV antigen with βIII-tubulin-positive nerve fibers was found. Overall, we found that SVV can productively infect NHP adrenal glands, and is associated with inflammation, hemorrhage, and cell death. These findings suggest that further studies are warranted to examine the contribution of VZV infection to human adrenal disease. This study also suggests that VZV infection may present itself as acute adrenal dysfunction with "long-hauler" symptoms of fatigue, weakness, myalgias/arthralgias, and hypotension.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Role of Autophagy in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection.
- Author
-
Heinz J, Kennedy PGE, and Mogensen TH
- Subjects
- Herpes Zoster virology, Humans, Virus Replication, Autophagy physiology, Herpes Zoster pathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection pathology
- Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved cellular process serving to degrade cytosolic organelles or foreign material to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has also emerged as an important process involved in complex interactions with viral pathogens during infection. It has become apparent that autophagy may have either proviral or antiviral roles, depending on the cellular context and the specific virus. While evidence supports an antiviral role of autophagy during certain herpesvirus infections, numerous examples illustrate how herpesviruses may also evade autophagy pathways or even utilize this process to their own advantage. Here, we review the literature on varicella zoster virus (VZV) and autophagy and describe the mechanisms by which VZV may stimulate autophagy pathways and utilize these to promote cell survival or to support viral egress from cells. We also discuss recent evidence supporting an overall antiviral role of autophagy, particularly in relation to viral infection in neurons. Collectively, these studies suggest complex and sometimes opposing effects of autophagy in the context of VZV infection. Much remains to be understood concerning these virus-host interactions and the impact of autophagy on infections caused by VZV.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Ischemic Cerebellar Stroke in a 4-Year-Old Boy After Chickenpox: An Atypical Vascular Involvement.
- Author
-
Marques P, Pereira C, Silva F, Garcia T, and Ribeiro JA
- Subjects
- Anticoagulants therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Cerebral Arteries diagnostic imaging, Chickenpox complications, Chickenpox diagnosis, Chickenpox drug therapy, Child, Preschool, Glucocorticoids therapeutic use, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Ischemic Stroke diagnostic imaging, Ischemic Stroke drug therapy, Male, Treatment Outcome, Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency diagnostic imaging, Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency drug therapy, Cerebellum blood supply, Cerebral Arteries virology, Chickenpox virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Ischemic Stroke virology, Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency virology
- Abstract
Cerebrovascular events in pediatric population are very rare. Up to 30% may result from varicella zoster (VZV) arteriopathy, usually as a delayed complication of varicella primary infection. The most typical pattern includes involvement of anterior brain circulation arteries, probably by VZV migration from the trigeminal ganglia. Strokes related with VZV usually have a good prognosis, but risk of recurrence is greater when compared to other stroke etiologies in this age group. We report the case of a 4-year-old boy, immunocompetent, who presented a basilar artery stenosis and a cerebellar stroke, an extremely rare presentation of VZV arteriopathy. The investigation workup and treatment are detailed, as the clinical and imaging follow-up after one year., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Herpesvirus encephalitis diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction at the National Institute of Neurology of Mexico.
- Author
-
Garcia E, Fajardo QF, Figueroa R, Chavarría V, Castañeda AV, Salazar A, de la Cruz VP, Sotelo J, and Pineda B
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cytomegalovirus genetics, Cytomegalovirus pathogenicity, Cytomegalovirus Infections epidemiology, Cytomegalovirus Infections ethnology, Cytomegalovirus Infections virology, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster epidemiology, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster ethnology, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster virology, Encephalitis, Viral epidemiology, Encephalitis, Viral ethnology, Encephalitis, Viral virology, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections epidemiology, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ethnology, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections virology, Ethnicity, Female, Herpes Genitalis epidemiology, Herpes Genitalis ethnology, Herpes Genitalis virology, Herpes Simplex epidemiology, Herpes Simplex ethnology, Herpes Simplex virology, Herpesvirus 1, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 1, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 2, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 2, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 3, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 4, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 4, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 6, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 6, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Incidence, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Middle Aged, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Retrospective Studies, Roseolovirus Infections epidemiology, Roseolovirus Infections ethnology, Roseolovirus Infections virology, Cytomegalovirus Infections diagnosis, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster diagnosis, Encephalitis, Viral diagnosis, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections diagnosis, Herpes Genitalis diagnosis, Herpes Simplex diagnosis, Roseolovirus Infections diagnosis
- Abstract
The frequency of central nervous system infections due to herpesvirus have been studied in various populations; however, studies in Mexican mestizo patients are scant. This paper documents the frequency of herpesvirus encephalitis in Mexican mestizo patients from the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN) of Mexico. To study the frequency of herpetic viral encephalitis at the NINN in the period from 2004 to 2009. We reviewed clinical records from patients with clinically suspected encephalitis; polymerase chain reaction assays were done for detection of herpesviruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The total number of patients studied was 502; in 59 (12%), the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis was confirmed by PCR-based testing of CSF. Of them, 21 (36%) were positive for herpes simplex virus type 1, 15 (25%) for Epstein-Barr virus, 10 (17%) for varicella zoster virus, 8 (14%) for cytomegalovirus, 3 (5%) for human herpesvirus 6, and 2 (3%) for herpes simplex virus 2. Our results show a varied frequency of viral encephalitis in mestizo patients due to herpesviruses in a tertiary neurological center and point out the importance of modern molecular technology to reach the etiological diagnosis in cases of encephalitis.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Cost-effectiveness of varicella and herpes zoster vaccination in Sweden: An economic evaluation using a dynamic transmission model.
- Author
-
Wolff E, Widgren K, Scalia Tomba G, Roth A, Lep T, and Andersson S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chickenpox economics, Chickenpox epidemiology, Chickenpox transmission, Chickenpox Vaccine economics, Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Herpes Zoster economics, Herpes Zoster epidemiology, Herpes Zoster transmission, Herpes Zoster Vaccine economics, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Immunization Programs methods, Immunization Programs statistics & numerical data, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Models, Economic, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sweden epidemiology, Treatment Outcome, Virus Activation, Young Adult, Chickenpox prevention & control, Chickenpox Vaccine administration & dosage, Herpes Zoster prevention & control, Herpes Zoster Vaccine administration & dosage, Immunization Programs economics
- Abstract
Objectives: Comprehensive cost-effectiveness analyses of introducing varicella and/or herpes zoster vaccination in the Swedish national vaccination programme., Design: Cost-effectiveness analyses based on epidemiological results from a specifically developed transmission model., Setting: National vaccination programme in Sweden, over an 85- or 20-year time horizon depending on the vaccination strategy., Participants: Hypothetical cohorts of people aged 12 months and 65-years at baseline., Interventions: Four alternative vaccination strategies; 1, not to vaccinate; 2, varicella vaccination with one dose of the live attenuated vaccine at age 12 months and a second dose at age 18 months; 3, herpes zoster vaccination with one dose of the live attenuated vaccine at 65 years of age; and 4, both vaccine against varicella and herpes zoster with the before-mentioned strategies., Main Outcome Measures: Accumulated cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) for each strategy, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER)., Results: It would be cost-effective to vaccinate against varicella (dominant), but not to vaccinate against herpes zoster (ICER of EUR 200,000), assuming a cost-effectiveness threshold of EUR 50,000 per QALY. The incremental analysis between varicella vaccination only and the combined programme results in a cost per gained QALY of almost EUR 1.6 million., Conclusions: The results from this study are central components for policy-relevant decision-making, and suggest that it was cost-effective to introduce varicella vaccination in Sweden, whereas herpes zoster vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine for the elderly was not cost-effective-the health effects of the latter vaccination cannot be considered reasonable in relation to its costs. Future observational and surveillance studies are needed to make reasonable predictions on how boosting affects the herpes zoster incidence in the population, and thus the cost-effectiveness of a vaccination programme against varicella. Also, the link between herpes zoster and sequelae need to be studied in more detail to include it suitably in health economic evaluations., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A Case of Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis Associated With Herpes Zoster.
- Author
-
Lee JH, Lee SK, Kim JH, Kim HY, Kim MS, and Lee UH
- Subjects
- Eosinophilia drug therapy, Eosinophilia immunology, Eosinophilia virology, Female, Folliculitis drug therapy, Folliculitis immunology, Folliculitis virology, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Histamine Antagonists therapeutic use, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Skin drug effects, Skin immunology, Skin virology, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous drug therapy, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous immunology, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous virology, Steroids therapeutic use, Th2 Cells immunology, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Eosinophilia pathology, Folliculitis pathology, Herpes Zoster pathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Skin pathology, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous pathology
- Abstract
Abstract: Patients with eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), a sterile eosinophilic infiltration of hair follicles, often present with papulopustules that tend to form annular plaques. Histopathologic examination revealed eosinophilic infiltration around the pilosebaceous units and eosinophilic microabscess formation. Although the pathogenesis of EPF is unknown, T-helper type 2 immune responses were suggested to be important based on their stimulating effect on the sebaceous glands. Here, we report the first case of EPF associated with herpes zoster, indicating that herpes zoster and EPF are correlated with T-helper type 2 immune responses., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection of Neurons Derived from Neural Stem Cells.
- Author
-
Kennedy PGE and Mogensen TH
- Subjects
- Apoptosis, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Chickenpox virology, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human growth & development, Humans, Virus Activation, Virus Latency, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Neural Stem Cells virology, Neurons virology
- Abstract
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus that causes varicella (chickenpox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of ganglionic latency in neurons, it reactivates to cause herpes zoster (shingles). An analysis of VZV infection in cultures of neural cells, in particular when these have been obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or neural stem cells consisting of highly purified neuronal cultures, has revealed much data that may be of neurobiological significance. Early studies of VZV infection of mature cultured neural cells were mainly descriptive, but more recent studies in homogeneous neural stem cell cultures have used both neuronal cell markers and advanced molecular technology. Two general findings from such studies have been that (a) VZV infection of neurons is less severe, based on several criteria, than that observed in human fibroblasts, and (b) VZV infection of neurons does not lead to apoptosis in these cells in contrast to apoptosis observed in fibroblastic cells. Insights gained from such studies in human neural stem cells suggest that a less severe initial lytic infection in neurons, which are resistant to apoptosis, is likely to facilitate a pathological pathway to a latent state of the virus in human ganglia.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Elevated serum substance P during simian varicella virus infection in rhesus macaques: implications for chronic inflammation and adverse cerebrovascular events.
- Author
-
Bubak AN, Traina-Dorge V, Como CN, Feia B, Pearce CM, Doyle-Meyers L, Das A, Looper J, Mahalingam R, and Nagel MA
- Subjects
- Animals, Biomarkers blood, Gene Expression, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Inflammation, Macaca mulatta, Male, Risk, Stroke etiology, Stroke genetics, Stroke immunology, Stroke veterinary, Substance P blood, Substance P immunology, Tacrolimus administration & dosage, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection complications, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection genetics, Whole-Body Irradiation, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Substance P genetics, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection immunology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection veterinary, Virus Activation immunology
- Abstract
Varicella and zoster, produced by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), are associated with an increased risk of stroke that may be due to persistent inflammation and hypercoagulability. Because substance P is associated with inflammation, hypercoagulability, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture that may contribute to increased stroke risk after VZV infection, we measured serum substance P in simian varicella virus-infected rhesus macaques. We found significantly increased and persistent serum substance P concentrations during varicella and zoster compared with pre-inoculation, supporting the hypothesis that VZV-induced increases in serum substance P may contribute to increased stroke risk associated with VZV infection.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Varicella-zoster virus infection in the pediatric population with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Poland.
- Author
-
Zawitkowska J, Lejman M, Szmydki-Baran A, Zaucha-Prażmo A, Czyżewski K, Dziedzic M, Zalas-Więcek P, Gryniewicz-Kwiatkowska O, Czajńska-Deptuła A, Gietka A, Semczuk K, Hutnik Ł, Chełmecka-Wiktorczyk L, Żak I, Frączkiewicz J, Salamonowicz M, Tomaszewska R, Zając-Spychała O, Irga-Jaworska N, Bień E, Płonowski M, Bartnik M, Ociepa T, Pierlejewski F, Machnik K, Gamrot-Pyka Z, Badowska W, Brzeski T, Urbanek-Dądela A, Stolpa W, Mizia-Malarz A, Skowron-Kandzia K, Musiał J, and Styczyński J
- Subjects
- Humans, Poland epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Male, Adolescent, Female, Infant, Incidence, Retrospective Studies, Herpes Zoster epidemiology, Chickenpox epidemiology, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma epidemiology, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma complications, Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma drug therapy, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection epidemiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity
- Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection in pediatric hemato-oncology patients can be a therapeutic problem when children are exposed to immunosuppression. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of VZV infection, antiviral therapy and outcome in children with ALL treated in polish hemato-oncological centers between 2012 and 2019 years. This study included medical records of 1874 patients, aged 1 to 18 years, with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. During chemotherapy, 406 children out of 1874 (21.6%) experienced viral infections. The incidence of VZV infection in the whole group children with ALL was 1.8%. Among them, 34 (8.4%) patients were diagnosed with VZV infection. Thirty-five episodes of viral infections were identified. The median time of VCV therapy was 12 days. Herpes zoster infection occurred in 24 (70.6%) children, and varicella in 10 (29.4%) ones. The average time from the start of chemotherapy to the appearance of herpes zoster was 7.26 ± 4.05 months. VZV infection occurred mainly during the maintenance therapy, the reinduction and induction phases. There was no correlation between steroid dosage or type and subsequent zoster. The total lymphocyte count of these patients on the first day of zoster was reduced. No serious complications were observed due to this infection. All patients survived. In conclusion, a low incidence of VZV infection was observed among pediatric patients with ALL in Poland. This analysis indicates that currently used therapeutic methods are effective in children with cancer and VZV infection. The main focus should be on the prevention of delayed chemotherapy., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Herpes zoster as a potential complication of coronavirus disease 2019.
- Author
-
Pona A, Jiwani RA, Afriyie F, Labbe J, Cook PP, and Mao Y
- Subjects
- Aged, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 immunology, Female, Herpes Zoster diagnosis, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, COVID-19 virology, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. A Mysterious Case of Jaundice After Development of Skin Vesicles.
- Author
-
Chang KC, Tsai JH, and Su TH
- Subjects
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Hepatitis, Autoimmune diagnostic imaging, Hepatitis, Autoimmune drug therapy, Hepatitis, Autoimmune virology, Herpes Zoster diagnosis, Herpes Zoster drug therapy, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Jaundice diagnosis, Jaundice virology, Middle Aged, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Autoimmunity, Hepatitis, Autoimmune immunology, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Jaundice immunology
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Search for viral agents in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with multiple sclerosis using real-time PCR and metagenomics.
- Author
-
Perlejewski K, Bukowska-Ośko I, Rydzanicz M, Dzieciątkowski T, Zakrzewska-Pniewska B, Podlecka-Piętowska A, Filipiak A, Barć K, Caraballo Cortés K, Pawełczyk A, Radkowski M, and Laskus T
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Autoimmune Diseases immunology, Enterovirus isolation & purification, Enterovirus pathogenicity, Female, Herpesvirus 3, Human isolation & purification, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 4, Human isolation & purification, Herpesvirus 4, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 6, Human isolation & purification, Herpesvirus 6, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Metagenomics, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis genetics, Multiple Sclerosis immunology, Myelin Sheath genetics, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Virus Diseases genetics, Virus Diseases immunology, Young Adult, Autoimmune Diseases virology, Multiple Sclerosis virology, Myelin Sheath immunology, Virus Diseases virology
- Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unclear etiology, but there is some evidence that viral infections could be responsible for triggering autoimmune mechanisms against myelin. We searched for viral RNA and DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 34 MS patients and 13 controls using RT-PCR/PCR against common neurotropic viruses. In addition, shotgun DNA- and RNA-based metagenomics were done in 13 MS patients and 4 controls. Specific quantitative real-time RT-PCR/PCR testing revealed the presence of viral nucleic acid in seven (20.59%) MS patients and in one (7.69%) control patient. In MS patients the most frequently detected was human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6; 3 cases; 8.82%); followed by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; 2 cases; 5.88%), varicella zoster virus (VZV; 1 case; 2.94%) and Enterovirus (EV; 1 case; 2.94%). The single identified virus among controls was EBV (7.69%). DNA and RNA metagenomic assays did not identify any known eukaryotic viruses even though three of the analyzed samples were low-level positive by specific quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, we detected the presence of Herpesviridae and occasionally Enteroviridae in CSF from patients with MS but their prevalence was not significantly higher than among controls. Metagenomic analysis seems to be less sensitive than real-time RT-PCR/PCR and it did not detect any potential viral pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain in patients with central nervous system infections caused by varicella-zoster virus.
- Author
-
Tyrberg T, Nilsson S, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, and Grahn A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biomarkers blood, Biomarkers cerebrospinal fluid, Case-Control Studies, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster blood, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster cerebrospinal fluid, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster pathology, Female, Herpes Zoster Oticus blood, Herpes Zoster Oticus cerebrospinal fluid, Herpes Zoster Oticus pathology, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Viral blood, Meningitis, Viral cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis, Viral pathology, Middle Aged, Neurofilament Proteins cerebrospinal fluid, Polymerase Chain Reaction methods, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster diagnosis, Herpes Zoster Oticus diagnosis, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Meningitis, Viral diagnosis, Neurofilament Proteins blood
- Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a common cause of viral central nervous system (CNS) infection, and patients may suffer from severe neurological sequelae. The biomarker neurofilament light chain (NFL) is used for assessment of neuronal damage and is normally measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Novel methods have given the possibility to measure NFL in serum instead, which could be a convenient tool to estimate severity of disease and prognosis in VZV CNS infections. Here, we investigate the correlation of serum and CSF NFL in patients with VZV CNS infection and the association of NFL levels in serum and CSF with different VZV CNS entities. NFL in serum and CSF was measured in 61 patients who were retrospectively identified with neurological symptoms and VZV DNA in CSF detected by PCR. Thirty-three herpes zoster patients and 40 healthy blood donors served as control groups. NFL levels in serum and CSF correlated strongly in the patients with VZV CNS infection. Encephalitis was associated with significantly higher levels of NFL in both serum and CSF compared with meningitis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Surprisingly, herpes zoster controls had very high serum NFL levels, comparable with those shown in encephalitis patients. We show that analysis of serum NFL can be used instead of CSF NFL for estimation of neuronal injury in patients with VZV CNS infection. However, high levels of serum NFL also in patients with herpes zoster, without signs of CNS involvement, may complicate the interpretation.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Clinical spectrum and prognosis of neurological complications of reactivated varicella-zoster infection: the role of immunosuppression.
- Author
-
Corral C, Quereda C, Muriel A, Martínez-Ulloa PL, González-Gómez FJ, and Corral Í
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster complications, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster diagnosis, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster mortality, Female, Herpes Zoster complications, Herpes Zoster diagnosis, Herpes Zoster mortality, Herpes Zoster Oticus diagnosis, Herpes Zoster Oticus etiology, Herpes Zoster Oticus mortality, Humans, Immunosuppression Therapy, Male, Meningitis, Viral diagnosis, Meningitis, Viral etiology, Meningitis, Viral immunology, Meningitis, Viral mortality, Middle Aged, Myelitis diagnosis, Myelitis etiology, Myelitis immunology, Myelitis mortality, Neuritis diagnosis, Neuritis etiology, Neuritis mortality, Prognosis, Radiculopathy diagnosis, Radiculopathy etiology, Radiculopathy mortality, Retrospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Survival Analysis, Vasculitis diagnosis, Vasculitis etiology, Vasculitis immunology, Vasculitis mortality, Virus Activation drug effects, Virus Latency drug effects, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster immunology, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpes Zoster Oticus immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Neuritis immunology, Radiculopathy immunology
- Abstract
Immunosuppressed patients are at higher risk for developing herpes zoster (HZ), and neurological complications are frequent in them. However, the influence of immunosuppression (IS) on the severity and prognosis of neurological complications of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is unknown. We studied retrospectively patients with neurological complications due to VZV reactivation who attended our hospital between 2004 and 2019. We aimed to assess the clinical spectrum, potential prognostic factors, and the influence of the immune status on the severity of neurological symptoms. A total of 98 patients were included (40% had IS). Fifty-five patients (56%) had cranial neuropathies which included Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (36 patients) and cranial multineuritis (23 patients). Twenty-one patients developed encephalitis (21%). Other diagnosis included radiculopathies, meningitis, vasculitis, or myelitis (15, 10, 6, and 4 patients, respectively). Mortality was low (3%). At follow-up, 24% of patients had persistent symptoms although these were usually mild. IS was associated with severity (defined as a modified Rankin scale greater than 2) (odds ratio, 4.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.74-10.27), but not with prognosis. Shorter latency between HZ and neurologic symptoms was the only factor associated with an unfavorable course (death or sequelae) (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.95). In conclusion, the clinical spectrum of neurological complications in VZV reactivation is wide. Mortality was low and sequelae were mild. The presence of IS may play a role on the severity of neurological symptoms, and a shorter time between HZ and the onset of neurological symptoms appears to be a negative prognostic factor.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. The presence of herpes simplex-1 and varicella zoster viruses is not related with clinical outcome of Bell's Palsy.
- Author
-
Ordoñez G, Vales O, Pineda B, Rodríguez K, Pane C, and Sotelo J
- Subjects
- Acyclovir therapeutic use, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Viral blood, Autoimmunity, Bell Palsy immunology, Bell Palsy pathology, Bell Palsy virology, Case-Control Studies, DNA, Viral blood, DNA, Viral genetics, Facial Nerve drug effects, Facial Nerve immunology, Facial Nerve pathology, Facial Nerve virology, Female, Herpesvirus 1, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 2, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 4, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 6, Human genetics, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Remission Induction, Sex Factors, Treatment Outcome, Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Bell Palsy drug therapy, Herpesvirus 1, Human genetics, Herpesvirus 3, Human genetics
- Abstract
Bell's Palsy is the most frequent acute neuropathy of cranial nerves; it has been associated in various reports to herpes viruses. In a prospective study we searched the presence of DNA from five herpes viruses (HSV-1 and 2, VZV, EBV and HHV-6) in 79 patients at the acute phase of Bell's Palsy. Results were related with various parameters; age, gender and clinical outcome. We found the significant presence (p˂0.001) of HSV-1 and VZV in 39% and 42% of patients. However, a large percentage of cases were negative. When comparisons were made between subgroups according to gender and age no differences were found with viral findings nor with clinical outcome of palsy, which was of clinical remission in most cases (78%). Our results suggest that herpes viruses might participate in the complex mechanisms of autoimmunity of Bell's Palsy but not as determinant etiological element., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Differential Pattern of Intrathecal Humoral Immune Response and Inflammatory Cell Composition Compared with Other Viral CNS Infections.
- Author
-
Senel M, Rapp D, Mayer B, Jesse S, Süssmuth SD, Otto M, Lewerenz J, and Tumani H
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Central Nervous System Infections blood, Central Nervous System Infections cerebrospinal fluid, Central Nervous System Infections virology, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne blood, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne cerebrospinal fluid, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne virology, Female, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Immunity, Humoral genetics, Immunity, Humoral immunology, Immunoglobulin M blood, Leukocytosis blood, Leukocytosis cerebrospinal fluid, Leukocytosis diagnosis, Leukocytosis virology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Meningitis blood, Meningitis cerebrospinal fluid, Meningitis virology, Middle Aged, Simplexvirus immunology, Simplexvirus pathogenicity, Central Nervous System Infections diagnosis, Diagnosis, Differential, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne diagnosis, Meningitis diagnosis
- Abstract
To investigate whether and how cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings can contribute to distinguish tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) from herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) induced central nervous system (CNS) infections (HSV-I, VZV-I). Chart review and identification of TBE, HSV- I, and VZV-I was carried out, fulfilling the following criteria: (1) clinical signs of encephalitis and/or meningitis, (2) complete CSF analysis and confirmed viral etiology by either PCR or antibody testing in CSF, (3) hospitalized patients, and (4) available brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fifty-nine patients with 118 CSF/serum pairs were included. These comprised 21 with TBE (35 CSF/serum pairs), 20 (40 CSF/serum pairs) with HSV-I, and 18 (43 CSF/serum pairs) with VZV-I. In contrast to HSV-I and VZV-I, CSF cell differentiation in TBE showed more often an increased (>20%) proportion of granulocytes ( p < 0.01) and a more frequent quantitative intrathecal IgM synthesis ( p = 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), while the second was even more pronounced when follow-up CSF analyses were included ( p < 0.001). CSF findings help to distinguish TBE from other viral infections. In cases with CSF pleocytosis and a positive history for a stay in or near an endemic area, TBE antibodies in CSF and serum should be determined, especially if granulocytes in CSF cell differentiation and/or an intrathecal IgM synthesis is present.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Varicella Zoster Reactivation Causing Aseptic Meningitis in Healthy Adolescents: A Case Series And Review Of The Literature.
- Author
-
Barry R, Prentice M, Costello D, O'Mahony O, DeGascun C, and Felsenstein S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Chickenpox complications, Child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Meningitis, Aseptic diagnosis, Reinfection diagnosis, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection cerebrospinal fluid, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis, Virus Activation, Meningitis, Aseptic etiology, Reinfection complications, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection complications
- Abstract
We describe 3 cases of adolescent varicella-zoster virus reactivation, complicated by aseptic meningitis, presenting to our institution in a 3-year period. These cases highlight varicella-zoster virus reactivation as an important cause of aseptic meningitis in the differential diagnosis of healthy adolescents, even in the absence of a characteristic exanthem. Evidence-based management recommendations are needed.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Radiation therapy and the risk of herpes zoster in patients with cancer.
- Author
-
Shimizuguchi T, Sekiya N, Hara K, Taguchi A, Nakajima Y, Miyake Y, Shibata Y, Taguchi K, Ogawa H, Ito K, and Karasawa K
- Subjects
- Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced epidemiology, Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced pathology, Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced virology, Aged, Female, Herpes Zoster epidemiology, Herpes Zoster etiology, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms complications, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms pathology, Proportional Hazards Models, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced diagnosis, Herpes Zoster diagnosis, Neoplasms radiotherapy
- Abstract
Background: The role and impact of radiation therapy (RT) on the development of herpes zoster (HZ) has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between RT and HZ., Methods: A propensity score-matched, retrospective cohort study was conducted using institutional cancer registry data and medical records from 2011 to 2015. The risk of developing HZ in the RT and non-RT groups was compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. Associations also were explored between the RT field and the anatomic location of HZ in patients who developed HZ after RT. The expected number of HZ events within the radiation field was calculated according to the RT received by each patient; then, this number was compared with the observed number of in-field events., Results: Of 17,655 patients, propensity score matching yielded 4350 pairs; of these, 3891 pairs were eligible for comparison. The cumulative incidence of HZ in the RT group (vs the non-RT group) during the first 5 years after the index date was 2.1% (vs 0.7%) at 1 year, 3.0% (vs 1.0%) at 2 years, 3.4% (vs 1.3%) at 3 years, 4.1% vs 1.7% at 4 years, and 4.4% vs 1.8% at 5 years. The RT group showed a significantly higher risk of HZ than the non-RT group (hazard ratio, 2.59, 95% CI, 1.84-3.66). In the 120 patients who developed HZ after RT, HZ events were observed significantly more frequently within the RT field than expected (74 vs 43.8 events; P < .001)., Conclusions: Patients with cancer who received RT showed a significantly higher risk of HZ, which was commonly observed within the radiation field., (© 2020 American Cancer Society.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Determinants of neurological syndromes caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV).
- Author
-
Kennedy PG and Mogensen TH
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome complications, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome genetics, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome immunology, DNA Polymerase III genetics, DNA Polymerase III immunology, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster complications, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster genetics, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster immunology, Gene Expression, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Lymphocytes immunology, Lymphocytes pathology, Lymphocytes virology, Mutation, Nervous System immunology, Nervous System pathology, Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases complications, Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases genetics, Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases immunology, Virus Latency immunology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome virology, Encephalitis, Varicella Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Host-Pathogen Interactions immunology, Immunocompromised Host, Nervous System virology, Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases virology
- Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a pathogenic human herpes virus which causes varicella as a primary infection, following which it becomes latent in peripheral autonomic, sensory, and cranial nerve ganglionic neurons from where it may reactivate after decades to cause herpes zoster. VZV reactivation may also cause a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes, in particular, acute encephalitis and vasculopathy. While there is potentially a large number of coding viral mutations that might predispose certain individuals to VZV infections, in practice, a variety of host factors are the main determinants of VZV infection, both disseminated and specifically affecting the nervous system. Host factors include increasing age with diminished cell-mediated immunity to VZV, several primary immunodeficiency syndromes, secondary immunodeficiency syndromes, and drug-induced immunosuppression. In some cases, the molecular immunological basis underlying the increased risk of VZV infections has been defined, in particular, the role of POL III mutations, but in other cases, the mechanisms have yet to be determined. The role of immunization in immunosuppressed individuals as well as its possible efficacy in preventing both generalized and CNS-specific infections will require further investigation to clarify in such patients.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Exocytosis of Progeny Infectious Varicella-Zoster Virus Particles via a Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor Pathway without Xenophagy following Secondary Envelopment.
- Author
-
Girsch JH, Jackson W, Carpenter JE, Moninger TO, Jarosinski KW, and Grose C
- Subjects
- Autophagy physiology, Cell Line, Cell Line, Tumor, Cell Membrane metabolism, Chickenpox virology, Endosomes, Exocytosis physiology, Herpes Zoster metabolism, Herpesvirus 1, Human metabolism, Herpesvirus 1, Human pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Macroautophagy physiology, Receptor, IGF Type 2 metabolism, Vacuoles, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection metabolism, Viral Envelope Proteins metabolism, Virion, trans-Golgi Network metabolism, Glycogen Storage Disease Type II metabolism, Herpesvirus 3, Human metabolism, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection physiopathology
- Abstract
The literature on the egress of different herpesviruses after secondary envelopment is contradictory. In this report, we investigated varicella-zoster virus (VZV) egress in a cell line from a child with Pompe disease, a glycogen storage disease caused by a defect in the enzyme required for glycogen digestion. In Pompe cells, both the late autophagy pathway and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) pathway are interrupted. We have postulated that intact autophagic flux is required for higher recoveries of VZV infectivity. To test that hypothesis, we infected Pompe cells and then assessed the VZV infectious cycle. We discovered that the infectious cycle in Pompe cells was remarkably different from that of either fibroblasts or melanoma cells. No large late endosomes filled with VZV particles were observed in Pompe cells; only individual viral particles in small vacuoles were seen. The distribution of the M6PR pathway ( trans -Golgi network to late endosomes) was constrained in infected Pompe cells. When cells were analyzed with two different anti-M6PR antibodies, extensive colocalization of the major VZV glycoprotein gE (known to contain M6P residues) and the M6P receptor (M6PR) was documented in the viral highways at the surfaces of non-Pompe cells after maximum-intensity projection of confocal z-stacks, but neither gE nor the M6PR was seen in abundance at the surfaces of infected Pompe cells. Taken together, our results suggested that (i) Pompe cells lack a VZV trafficking pathway within M6PR-positive large endosomes and (ii) most infectious VZV particles in conventional cell substrates are transported via large M6PR-positive vacuoles without degradative xenophagy to the plasma membrane. IMPORTANCE The long-term goal of this research has been to determine why VZV, when grown in cultured cells, invariably is more cell associated and has a lower titer than other alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or pseudorabies virus (PRV). Data from both HSV1 and PRV laboratories have identified a Rab6 secretory pathway for the transport of single enveloped viral particles from the trans -Golgi network within small vacuoles to the plasma membrane. In contrast, after secondary envelopment in fibroblasts or melanoma cells, multiple infectious VZV particles accumulated within large M6PR-positive late endosomes that were not degraded en route to the plasma membrane. We propose that this M6PR pathway is most utilized in VZV infection and least utilized in HSV1 infection, with PRV's usage being closer to HSV1's usage. Supportive data from other VZV, PRV, and HSV1 laboratories about evidence for two egress pathways are included., (Copyright © 2020 Girsch et al.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Etiology and prognosis of encephalitis in French Guianese children: a retrospective record-based study.
- Author
-
Elenga N, Roux A, Cuadro-Alvarez E, Martin E, Kallel H, and Defo A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Cryptococcus pathogenicity, Encephalitis diagnosis, Encephalitis microbiology, Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated complications, Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated diagnosis, Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated epidemiology, French Guiana epidemiology, Haemophilus influenzae pathogenicity, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Hospitalization, Humans, Infant, Intensive Care Units, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenicity, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Streptococcus pneumoniae pathogenicity, Encephalitis epidemiology, Encephalitis etiology
- Abstract
Acute encephalitis is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children. We retrospectively identified children (≤15 years of age) admitted with suspected encephalitis at the Intensive Care Unit of the Pediatric Department of Cayenne Hospital between January 2007 and December 2018. A total of 30 children with acute encephalitis were identified. The incidence rate varied from 0 to 10.40 cases/100000 children under 15 years. Proven encephalitis was diagnosed in 73% of patients. Nine cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis were diagnosed. The causes of infection (44%) were Haemophilus influenzae, followed by Cryptococcus spp and Varicella Zoster Virus. Four children (13%) died: one case of Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of Haemophilus influenzae, one of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and one with no identified cause. Seventeen percent of children had moderate to severe neurological sequelae. The only factor associated with poor outcome was young age at the time of hospitalization (p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study highlights both vaccine-preventable pathogens and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis as the leading causes of childhood encephalitis in French Guiana., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Central nervous system infections produced by varicella zoster virus.
- Author
-
Nagel MA, Niemeyer CS, and Bubak AN
- Subjects
- Acyclovir therapeutic use, Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Central Nervous System Infections drug therapy, Central Nervous System Infections virology, Herpes Zoster drug therapy, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Meningitis drug therapy, Meningitis virology, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Central Nervous System Infections diagnosis, Herpes Zoster diagnosis, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Meningitis diagnosis
- Abstract
Purpose of Review: Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella, establishes latency, then reactivates to produce herpes zoster. VZV reactivation can also cause central nervous system (CNS) disease with or without rash. Herein, we review these CNS diseases, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment., Recent Findings: The most common CNS manifestation of VZV infection is vasculopathy that presents as headache, cognitive decline, and/or focal neurological deficits. VZV vasculopathy has also been associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and moyamoya syndrome. Rarely, VZV will produce a meningitis, encephalitis, cerebellitis, and myelopathy. Pathogenic mechanisms include direct VZV infection of affected tissue, persistent inflammation, and/or virus-induced hypercoagulability. Diagnosis is confirmed by the temporal association of rash to disease onset, intrathecal synthesis of anti-VZV antibodies, and/or the presence of VZV DNA in CSF. Most cases respond to intravenous acyclovir with corticosteroids., Summary: VZV produces a wide spectrum of CNS disorders that may be missed as some cases do not have an associated rash or a CSF pleocytosis. Clinicians must be vigilant in including VZV in their differential diagnosis of CNS infections as VZV is a ubiquitous pathogen; importantly, VZV CNS infections are treatable with intravenous acyclovir therapy and corticosteroids.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Acute zoster plasma contains elevated amyloid, correlating with Aβ42 and amylin levels, and is amyloidogenic.
- Author
-
Bubak AN, Beseler C, Como CN, Tyring SK, Haley C, Mescher T, Hassell JE Jr, Cohrs RJ, Potter H, and Nagel MA
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Amyloid beta-Peptides blood, Case-Control Studies, Female, Gene Expression, Herpes Zoster genetics, Herpes Zoster pathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human growth & development, Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics, Humans, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide blood, Male, Middle Aged, Peptide Fragments blood, Protein Aggregates, Protein Aggregation, Pathological genetics, Protein Aggregation, Pathological pathology, Amyloid beta-Peptides genetics, Herpes Zoster blood, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide genetics, Peptide Fragments genetics, Protein Aggregation, Pathological blood
- Abstract
Herpes zoster is associated with an increased dementia and neovascular macular degeneration risk and a decline in glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Because amyloid is present and pathogenic in these diseases, we quantified amyloid, Aβ40, Aβ42, and amylin in 14 zoster and 10 control plasmas. Compared with controls, zoster plasma had significantly elevated amyloid that correlated with Aβ42 and amylin levels and increased amyloid aggregation with addition of exogenous Aβ42 or amylin. These results suggest that zoster plasma contains factor(s) that promotes aggregation of amyloidogenic peptides, potentially contributing to the toxic amyloid burden and explaining accelerated disease progression following zoster.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Binding varicella zoster virus: an underestimated facet of insulin-degrading enzyme´s implication for Alzheimer´s disease pathology?
- Author
-
Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Dobrowolny H, and Steiner J
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Humans, Alzheimer Disease enzymology, Alzheimer Disease etiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Insulysin metabolism, Viral Envelope Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
We shortly discuss a possible contribution of insulin-degrading enzyme to Alzheimer´s disease pathology by binding varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E, which increases the infectivity and cell-cell spread of the virus.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption Associated With Chickenpox in a Liver Transplant Recipient.
- Author
-
Azmi M, Nasim A, Dodani S, Laiq SM, Mehdi SH, and Mubarak M
- Subjects
- Acyclovir administration & dosage, Administration, Intravenous, Adult, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Chickenpox diagnosis, Everolimus adverse effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents adverse effects, Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption diagnosis, Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption drug therapy, Male, Risk Factors, Treatment Outcome, Chickenpox virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Kaposi Varicelliform Eruption virology, Liver Transplantation adverse effects
- Abstract
A 43-year-old male patient developed varicella virus (chickenpox) 4 months after receiving a liver transplant. Within 5 days of complete recovery, he presented with widespread cutaneous vesicular eruptions involving the face, back, abdomen, and upper extremities. Tzanck smear showed ground glass inclusions in the nuclei of multinucleated giant cells, suggestive of viral pathology. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with Kaposi varicelliform eruption, a rare dermatologic emergency. He was treated with high-dose intravenous acyclovir and fully recovered.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Recurrent Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in a Patient With a Novel Toll-Like Receptor 3 Variant Linked to Compromised Activation Capacity in Fibroblasts.
- Author
-
Liang F, Glans H, Enoksson SL, Kolios AGA, Loré K, and Nilsson J
- Subjects
- Adult, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex genetics, Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex virology, Female, Fibroblasts virology, Herpes Zoster genetics, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus genetics, Humans, Immunocompromised Host genetics, Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Mutation genetics, Toll-Like Receptor 3 genetics
- Abstract
Background: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised individuals after reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). Recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus are uncommon because the reactivation efficiently boosts anti-VZV immunity. A 28-year-old female presented to our clinic with a history of multiple recurrences of zoster ophthalmicus., Methods: Whole-exome sequencing (WES), analyses of VZV T-cell immunity, and pathogen recognition receptor function in primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and fibroblasts were performed., Results: Normal VZV-specific T-cell immunity and antibody response were detected. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous nonsynonymous variant (c.2324C > T) in the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) gene resulting in formation of a premature stop-codon. This alteration could potentially undermine TLR3 signaling in a dominant-negative fashion. Therefore, we investigated TLR3 signaling responses in APCs and fibroblasts from the patient. The APCs responded efficiently to stimulation with TLR3 ligands, whereas the responses from the fibroblasts were compromised., Conclusions: We report a novel TLR3 variant associated with recurrent zoster ophthalmicus. Toll-like receptor 3 responses that were unaffected in APCs but diminished in fibroblasts are in line with previous reports linking TLR3 deficiency with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Mechanisms involving compromised viral sensing in infected cells may thus be central to the described immunodeficiency., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Multiple cranial nerve injury in Ramsay Hunt Syndrome: a case report.
- Author
-
Kaplama ME
- Subjects
- Aged, Antiemetics administration & dosage, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Deglutition Disorders diagnosis, Deglutition Disorders etiology, Ear Auricle physiopathology, Ear Auricle virology, Facial Paralysis diagnosis, Facial Paralysis physiopathology, Facial Paralysis virology, Female, Hearing Loss, Sensorineural diagnosis, Hearing Loss, Sensorineural virology, Humans, Neurologic Examination methods, Physical Examination methods, Treatment Outcome, Cranial Nerves physiopathology, Cranial Nerves virology, Diphenhydramine administration & dosage, Herpes Zoster Oticus diagnosis, Herpes Zoster Oticus drug therapy, Herpes Zoster Oticus physiopathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Methylprednisolone administration & dosage, Valacyclovir administration & dosage
- Abstract
Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt Syndrome) is characterized by facial nerve paralysis, ear pain and auricular skin rash. It occurs as a result of reactivation oflatent varicella zoster virus infection in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. Major clinical symptoms include 7th nerve paralysis or cranial nerve paralysis and vesicles along the nerve with cocomitant ear pain. Other cranial nerve involvement although uncommon, can be found in some cases. In this study, a 74-year-old female patient had ipsilateral 8th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves injury. Cranial nerve paralysis accompanied with injury has been repor ted in R amsay Hunt Syndrome.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Fulminant central nervous system varicella-zoster virus infection unexpectedly diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in an HIV-infected patient: a case report.
- Author
-
Fang M, Weng X, Chen L, Chen Y, Chi Y, Chen W, and Hu Z
- Subjects
- Adult, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases drug therapy, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases etiology, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases virology, Cerebrospinal Fluid virology, DNA, Viral cerebrospinal fluid, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Male, Metagenome, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection etiology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases diagnosis, HIV Infections virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human genetics, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection can be diagnosed clinically once classical rash occurs but the diagnosis is challenging when typical rash is absent. We reported a case of fulminant central nervous system (CNS) VZV infection in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient without typical VZV-related rash. CNS VZV infection was unexpected identified by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS)., Case Presentation: A 28-year-old HIV-infected patient presented with neurological symptoms for 3 days. The patient, who was not suspected of VZV infection at admission, quickly progressed to deep coma during the first 24 h of hospitalization. An unbiased mNGS was performed on DNA extract from 300 μL cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the BGISEQ-50 platform. The sequencing detection identified 97,248 (out of 38,561,967) sequence reads uniquely aligned to the VZV genome, and these reads covered a high percentage (99.91%) of the VZV. Presence of VZV DNA in CSF was further verified by VZV-specific polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Altogether, those results confirmed CNS VZV infection., Conclusions: This study suggests that mNGS may be a useful diagnostic tool for CNS VZV infection. As mNGS could identify all pathogens directly from CSF sample in a single run, it has the promise of strengthening our ability to diagnose CNS infections in HIV-infected patients.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Diffuse varicella zoster virus reactivation in critically ill immunocompromised patient.
- Author
-
Malherbe J, Iachkine J, du Cheyron D, and Valette X
- Subjects
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Aged, Critical Illness therapy, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Immunocompromised Host physiology, Intensive Care Units organization & administration, Male, Rituximab therapeutic use, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection physiopathology, Virus Activation drug effects, Immunocompromised Host immunology, Virus Activation physiology
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Antiviral bioactivity of renewable polysaccharides against Varicella Zoster .
- Author
-
Abu-Galiyun E, Huleihel M, and Levy-Ontman O
- Subjects
- Cell Line, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Virus Replication drug effects, Acyclovir pharmacology, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, Polysaccharides pharmacology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy
- Abstract
Although several effective treatments exist against Varicella zoster virus (VZV), resistant strains have emerged and the treatment is usually not definite and may have various undesired side effects. Thus, alternative treatment options are necessary. Here we studied the inhibitory effects of natural polysaccharides (PSs) obtained from renewable sources, varied by their structure and charge, on VZV infection in vitro , using a plaque assay. In terms of selectivity indices, almost all the tested PSs were very active; in the order of λ > ἰ > G > κ > P against VZV compared to Acyclovir as a reference drug and exhibited dose-dependent behavior. Our results, which showed a strong inhibition of VZV infection when the cells were treated with ἰ only at the time of infection or only post infection may indicate a multistep inhibitory effect. It seems that ἰ may block different stages of the virus replication cycle including early steps such as absorption and penetration to the host cells and also late steps after the penetration into the host cells. These results are part of an on-going research that highlights the PSs as potential novel nontoxic candidates that can be used against VZV, and contributes to the elucidation of their mode of action.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Primary varicella zoster virus infection-related hemiparesis and fatal neurological complications in an immunocompetent girl.
- Author
-
Deoshatwar AR, Behera SP, Kumar N, Misra BR, Deval H, Bondre VP, and Mittal M
- Subjects
- Acute Febrile Encephalopathy diagnosis, Acute Febrile Encephalopathy immunology, Acute Febrile Encephalopathy therapy, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Fatal Outcome, Female, Glasgow Coma Scale, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human isolation & purification, Humans, Paresis diagnosis, Paresis immunology, Paresis therapy, Respiration, Artificial, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection therapy, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, Acute Febrile Encephalopathy virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Paresis virology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection complications
- Abstract
Competing Interests: None
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Hepatitis, Pancreatitis and Rash in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
- Author
-
Zandvakili I, Lloyd JW, and Giridhar KV
- Subjects
- Acyclovir therapeutic use, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents adverse effects, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic adverse effects, Exanthema diagnosis, Exanthema drug therapy, Exanthema immunology, Female, Hepatitis diagnosis, Hepatitis drug therapy, Hepatitis immunology, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Humans, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell diagnosis, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell drug therapy, Opportunistic Infections diagnosis, Opportunistic Infections drug therapy, Opportunistic Infections immunology, Pancreatitis diagnosis, Pancreatitis drug therapy, Pancreatitis immunology, Recurrence, Sulfonamides adverse effects, Treatment Outcome, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection diagnosis, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection immunology, Exanthema virology, Hepatitis virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Immunocompromised Host, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell immunology, Opportunistic Infections virology, Pancreatitis virology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Wolf's Isotopic Response after Herpes Zoster Infection: A Study of 24 New Cases and Literature Review.
- Author
-
Wang T, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Qu T, Liu Y, and Jin H
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Dermatitis immunology, Dermatitis pathology, Female, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpes Zoster pathology, Humans, Impetigo immunology, Impetigo pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Skin pathology, Skin virology, Skin Diseases pathology, Skin Diseases surgery, Skin Neoplasms immunology, Skin Neoplasms pathology, Young Adult, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Skin immunology, Skin Diseases immunology
- Abstract
Wolf's isotopic response refers to the occurrence of a new skin disease at the exact site of an unrelated skin disease that had previously healed. Various cutaneous lesions have been described after herpes zoster. This study included 24 patients with Wolf's isotopic response after herpes zoster infection, which presented as manifestations ranging from inflammatory disease to carcinoma. Histopathological examinations in 12 patients and immunohistochemical analyses in 10 patients allowed exploration of secondary microscopic changes in the lesions. CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios were normal and infiltrating cells included mast cells, eosinophils, and tumour cells. Our study has described additional patients with confirmed Wolf's isotopic response following herpes zoster infection; moreover, it has extended the spectrum of Wolf's isotopic response to include impetigo. We suggest Wolf's isotopic response classification categories for herpes zoster-associated Wolf's isotopic response. Additionally, clinicians should consider the possibilities of different diseases in Wolf's isotopic response, especially malignancies.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Measures for concordance and discordance with applications in disease control and prevention.
- Author
-
Aerts M, Juga AJ, and Hens N
- Subjects
- Datasets as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Major diagnosis, Depressive Disorder, Major prevention & control, Female, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections prevention & control, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Male, Mozambique epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Parvovirus B19, Human pathogenicity, Probability, Spouses, Models, Statistical
- Abstract
Bivariate binary response data appear in many applications. Interest goes most often to a parameterization of the joint probabilities in terms of the marginal success probabilities in combination with a measure for association, most often being the odds ratio. Using, for example, the bivariate Dale model, these parameters can be modelled as function of covariates. But the odds ratio and other measures for association are not always measuring the (joint) characteristic of interest. Agreement, concordance, and synchrony are in general facets of the joint distribution distinct from association, and the odds ratio as in the bivariate Dale model can be replaced by such an alternative measure. Here, we focus on the so-called conditional synchrony measure. But, as indicated by several authors, such a switch of parameter might lead to a parameterization that does not always lead to a permissible joint bivariate distribution. In this contribution, we propose a new parameterization in which the marginal success probabilities are replaced by other conditional probabilities as well. The new parameters, one homogeneity parameter and two synchrony/discordance parameters, guarantee that the joint distribution is always permissible. Moreover, having a very natural interpretation, they are of interest on their own. The applicability and interpretation of the new parameterization is shown for three interesting settings: quantifying HIV serodiscordance among couples in Mozambique, concordance in the infection status of two related viruses, and the diagnostic performance of an index test in the field of major depression disorders.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Progeny Varicella-Zoster Virus Capsids Exit the Nucleus but Never Undergo Secondary Envelopment during Autophagic Flux Inhibition by Bafilomycin A1.
- Author
-
Girsch JH, Walters K, Jackson W, and Grose C
- Subjects
- Autophagy, Cell Line, Cell Nucleus metabolism, Cytoplasm metabolism, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection drug therapy, Viral Load drug effects, Virulence drug effects, Virus Assembly, Capsid metabolism, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Macrolides pharmacology, Varicella Zoster Virus Infection virology, trans-Golgi Network metabolism
- Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that lacks the herpesviral neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. The underlying hypothesis of this project was that inhibitors of autophagy reduce VZV infectivity. We selected the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 for analysis because of its well-known antiautophagy property of impeding acidification during the late stage of autophagic flux. We documented that bafilomycin treatment from 48 to 72 h postinfection lowered VZV titers substantially ( P ≤ 0.008). Because we were unable to define the site of the block in the infectious cycle by confocal microscopy, we turned to electron microscopy. Capsids were observed in the nucleus, in the perinuclear space, and in the cytoplasm adjacent to Golgi apparatus vesicles. Many of the capsids had an aberrant appearance, as has been observed previously in infections not treated with bafilomycin. In contrast to prior untreated infections, however, secondary envelopment of capsids was not seen in the trans -Golgi network, nor were prototypical enveloped particles with capsids (virions) seen in cytoplasmic vesicles after bafilomycin treatment. Instead, multiple particles with varying diameters without capsids (light particles) were seen in large virus assembly compartments near the disorganized Golgi apparatus. Bafilomycin treatment also led to increased numbers of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm, some of which contained remnants of the Golgi apparatus. In summary, we have defined a previously unrecognized property of bafilomycin whereby it disrupted the site of secondary envelopment of VZV capsids by altering the pH of the trans -Golgi network and thereby preventing the correct formation of virus assembly compartments. IMPORTANCE This study of VZV assembly in the presence of bafilomycin A1 emphasizes the importance of the Golgi apparatus/ trans -Golgi network as a platform in the alphaherpesvirus life cycle. We have previously shown that VZV induces levels of autophagy far above the basal levels of autophagy in human skin, a major site of VZV assembly. The current study documented that bafilomycin treatment led to impaired assembly of VZV capsids after primary envelopment/de-envelopment but before secondary reenvelopment. This VZV study also complemented prior herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus studies investigating two other inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus function: brefeldin A and monensin. Studies with porcine herpesvirus demonstrated that primary enveloped particles accumulated in the perinuclear space in the presence of brefeldin A, while studies with herpes simplex virus 1 documented an impaired secondary assembly of enveloped viral particles in the presence of monensin., (Copyright © 2019 Girsch et al.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. [Therapy of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia].
- Author
-
Hüning S, von Dücker L, Kohl WK, and Nashan D
- Subjects
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging immunology, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Herpes Zoster drug therapy, Herpes Zoster Vaccine immunology, Humans, Middle Aged, Neuralgia, Postherpetic drug therapy, Herpes Zoster complications, Herpes Zoster Vaccine administration & dosage, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Neuralgia, Postherpetic prevention & control, Vaccination
- Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by the reactivation of varicella zoster virus. The incidence of herpes zoster and associated problems increases with age. With a life-long prevalence of 30%, every second 85-year-old person experiences HZ once in his lifetime. Three therapeutic columns are based on antiviral, topical and analgetic therapies. An extreme handicap is acute and persistent pain which can develop into postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Those pain symptoms are predominantly neuropathic. The management of acute and chronic manifestation of pain may be challenging. HZ vaccination represents a substantial improvement in terms of prevention of herpes zoster and reduction of long-term complications, such as PHN. The permanent vaccination commission of the Robert Koch Institute recommends vaccination with dead virus for all persons over the age of 60 years. Risk groups like immunosuppressed patients are advised to be vaccinated starting at the age of 50 years.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Neurologic Acyclovir Toxicity in the Absence of Kidney Injury.
- Author
-
Patel J, Hayes B, Bauler L, and Mastenbrook J
- Subjects
- Acyclovir therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents toxicity, Ceftriaxone therapeutic use, Emergency Service, Hospital organization & administration, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Exanthema etiology, Herpes Zoster drug therapy, Herpes Zoster physiopathology, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurotoxicity Syndromes etiology, Acyclovir toxicity, Brain Diseases etiology
- Abstract
Background: Herpes zoster (zoster) also commonly known as "shingles," occurs following re-activation of the varicella zoster virus. It contributes a large cost burden to the U.S. health care system, with an estimated 1 million cases costing $1 billion annually. The current gold standard treatment is acyclovir, which limits viral replication. However, acyclovir has been reported to cause neurotoxicity in patients with acute or chronic kidney disease., Case Report: This case presents an occurrence of acyclovir-induced toxic encephalopathy in a patient with normal renal function. A 63-year-old male presented to the emergency department with ataxia, tremors, fluctuating aphasia, confusion, agitation, and fatigue. Results of imaging, lumbar puncture, and laboratory studies directed clinicians toward acyclovir toxicity, despite a normal creatinine level. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Emergency physicians will likely be the first point of contact in the health care system following the onset of acyclovir toxicity. With an increasing incidence of zoster disease, such atypical toxic manifestations may increase. Early recognition is important to avoid permanent neurologic compromise., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Cerebrovascular events after herpes zoster infection: a risk that should be not underestimated.
- Author
-
Zuin M, Rigatelli G, and Adami A
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Cerebrovascular Disorders immunology, Cerebrovascular Disorders prevention & control, Cerebrovascular Disorders virology, Herpes Zoster immunology, Herpes Zoster prevention & control, Herpes Zoster virology, Herpes Zoster Vaccine administration & dosage, Herpesvirus 3, Human drug effects, Herpesvirus 3, Human immunology, Humans, Risk Factors, Vaccination, Cerebrovascular Disorders etiology, Herpes Zoster complications, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity
- Abstract
The occurrence of a cerebrovascular event after a herpes zoster (HZ) infection represents a nightmare in clinical practice, especially in those patients with concomitant cardiovascular comorbidities/risk factors and disease related per se to a higher risk of zoster infection. Moreover, the absence of a consensus opinion regarding a specific and adequate prevention of cerebrovascular events in these patients further complicates the treatment. Accumulating evidences demonstrated that HZ and HZ ophtalmicus (HZO) increase the risk of cerebrovascular events in the short-and long-term periods. Moreover, patient's ages < 40 years old, despite having fewer traditional cardiovascular comorbidities, demonstrated a higher risk of cerebrovascular events after both HZ and HZO infection. Further prospective studies are needed to analyse the role of antiviral treatments and vaccination in these subjects to clarify if they could be able to reduce the risk of stroke after a zoster infection. In the meanwhile, physicians must be aware of a higher risk of cerebrovascular events, especially in younger patients, with few cardiovascular risk factors, after an HZ infection.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Association between Herpes Zoster and Osteoporosis: A Nested Case-Control Study Using a National Sample Cohort.
- Author
-
Min C, Bang WJ, Oh DJ, Sim S, and Choi HG
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Female, Herpes Zoster complications, Herpes Zoster physiopathology, Herpes Zoster virology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoporosis complications, Osteoporosis physiopathology, Osteoporosis virology, Republic of Korea epidemiology, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Herpes Zoster epidemiology, Herpesvirus 3, Human pathogenicity, Osteoporosis epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: Chronic inflammatory disease might affect osteoporosis; however, few studies have reported the association between herpes zoster and osteoporosis. The goal of this study was to estimate the association between herpes zoster and osteoporosis in Korean residents., Methods: The Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, which includes individuals aged ≥ 50 years, was assessed from 2002 to 2013. In total, 68,492 osteoporosis participants were matched with 68,492 control participants at a ratio of 1:1 by age, sex, income, and region of residence. We assayed the prior histories of herpes zoster in the osteoporosis and control groups. The diagnoses of herpes zoster and osteoporosis were based on ICD-10 codes and claim codes. Crude and adjusted models of odds ratios (ORs) were explored using conditional logistic regression analyses, and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. The participants were stratified according to age, sex, income, and region of residence. Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the role of age and sex., Results: The rate of herpes zoster in the osteoporosis group (5.1% [3,487/68,492]) was higher than that in the control group (4.0% [2,738/68,492]). The adjusted OR of herpes zoster in the osteoporosis group was 1.17 (95% CI = 1.11-1.24). In the subgroup analyses, the adjusted OR was 1.34 (95% CI = 1.01-1.78) among males aged < 65 years, 1.20 (95% CI = 1.12-1.29) among females aged < 65 years, and 1.19 (95% CI = 1.04-1.36) among males aged ≥ 65 years., Conclusion: The ORs of herpes zoster were increased among the osteoporosis patients. This correlation was reliable in all subgroups by age and sex except group of women ≥ 65 years old., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.