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Purpose: To build and validate a prognostic model that predicts long-term overall survival (OS) in metastatic choroidal and ciliary body melanoma (CCBM) to facilitate patient counseling and planning, reporting, and interpreting clinical trials., Design: Retrospective cohort study with validation., Methods: We analyzed predictors of intermediate (IMT; 25-<42 months) and long-term (LT; ≥42 months) OS in a Finnish nationwide cohort of 330 patients with metastatic CCBM. Short-term (<25 months), IMT, and LT survival were compared with pairwise and ordinal logistic regression. A single-center cohort of 259 patients from Italy was used for validation. Models were compared with a deviance test., Results: Median OS was 12 and 17 months in the building and validation datasets, respectively; 40 (12%) and 31 (9%) compared with 44 (17%) and 32 (12%) patients were IMT and LT survivors, respectively. Alkaline phosphatase or lactate dehydrogenase level never exceeded 2 times the upper normal limit (UNL) in either LT cohort. Conditional to both being ≤2 times the UNL, distant metastasis-free interval (DMFI) >42 months (odds ratio [OR] 4.09-4.64; P < .001) paired with age <60 years (OR 3.23; P = .002), having no symptoms (OR 4.19; P = .005), and the largest diameter of the largest metastasis <30 mm (Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage M1a; OR 3.05; P = .001) independently predicted higher odds of surviving longer (IMT or LT) without model preference. These results were confirmed in the validation dataset., Conclusions: Alkaline phosphatase or lactate dehydrogenase >2 times the UNL essentially precluded LT survival. The most robust predictor otherwise was DMFI >42 months, followed by age <60 years, absence of symptoms, and Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage M1a., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Changes in the incidence of melanoma in children and adolescents have been reported in Europe and in the USA in the recent decades., Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of paediatric and adolescent melanomas in Finland in 1990-2014, and the associated clinical and histopathological characteristics to reveal temporal trends, such as changes in diagnostic sensitivity of Spitzoid melanomas., Methods: Information on 122 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma at 0-19 years of age in Finland in 1990-2014 were retrieved from the Finnish Cancer Registry. 73 primary melanoma archival samples were re-evaluated by two dermatopathologists to allow comparability over time., Results: A 5.6% annual increase was observed in the incidence of melanoma among children and adolescents during the study period. Fifty-six tumours were confirmed as malignant melanomas in the re-evaluation. After correction for tumour misclassification in the Cancer Registry, the age-adjusted annual incidence was estimated to have increased from 1.4/1 000 000 in 1990-1994 to 5.8/1 000 000 in 2010-2014. The change in incidence was most prominent among adolescents and in Spitzoid melanoma subtype. Melanomas diagnosed 1990-2002 and 2003-2014 did not differ in terms of their clinicopathological characteristics or prognosis (hazard ratio for melanoma-related death 1.53, 95% CI 0.30 to 7.88). Spitzoid melanomas were diagnosed at a younger age, were of higher stage and had higher Clark level than other melanomas, yet the hazard ratio for death was 0.52 (95% CI 0.10 to 2.58) for Spitzoid versus other melanomas., Conclusions: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has clearly increased among the young in Finland, especially among adolescents. No evidence for overdiagnosis of Spitzoid melanomas as the underlying cause of the increased incidence was observed.Key messageA nationwide retrospective re-evaluation of the cutaneous melanomas recorded in the Finnish Cancer Registry among patients aged 0-19 years in Finland in 1990-2014 revealed an approximately 4-fold increase in the incidence. The increase in the incidence was most prominent among adolescents and in the Spitzoid melanoma subtype. Our results contrast those reported in other countries, where the incidence of melanoma among adolescents has declined.

Treatment of primary intraocular uveal melanoma has developed considerably, its driver genes are largely unraveled, and the ways to assess its risk for metastases are very precise, being based on an international staging system and genetic data. Unfortunately, the risk of distant metastases, which emerge in approximately one half of all patients, is unaltered. Metastases are the leading single cause of death after uveal melanoma is diagnosed, yet no consensus exists regarding surveillance, staging, and treatment of disseminated disease, and survival has not improved until recently. The final frontier in conquering uveal melanoma lies in solving these issues to cure metastatic disease. Most studies on metastatic uveal melanoma are small, uncontrolled, retrospective, and do not report staging. Meta-analyses confirm a median overall survival of 10-13 months, and a cure rate that approaches nil, although survival exceeding 5 years is possible, estimated 2% either with first-line treatment or with best supportive care. Hepatic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging as surveillance methods have a sensitivity of 95-100% and 83-100%, respectively, to detect metastases without radiation hazard according to prevailing evidence, but computed tomography is necessary for staging. No blood-based tests additional to liver function tests are generally accepted. Three validated staging systems predict, each in defined situations, overall survival after metastasis. Their essential components include measures of tumor burden, liver function, and performance status or metastasis free interval. Age and gender may additionally influence survival. Exceptional mutational events in metastases may make them susceptible to checkpoint inhibitors. In a large meta-analysis, surgical treatment was associated with 6 months longer median overall survival as compared to conventional chemotherapy and, recently, tebentafusp as first-line treatment at the first interim analysis of a randomized phase III trial likewise provided a 6 months longer median overall survival compared to investigator's choice, mostly pembrolizumab; these treatments currently apply to selected patients. Promoting dormancy of micrometastases, harmonizing surveillance protocols, promoting staging, identifying predictive factors, initiating controlled clinical trials, and standardizing reporting will be critical steppingstones in reaching the final frontier of curing metastatic uveal melanoma., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is widely accepted as treatment for recurrent melanoma limited to the limbs. The use of ILP has decreased in recent years with the introduction of potentially effective new systemic therapies. We evaluated retrospectively if ILP still may be a treatment option in locally advanced melanoma. In Finland, ILP is centralized to the Comprehensive Cancer Center of Helsinki University Hospital. We included all ILP patients treated at our hospital between 2007 and 2018. Clinical factors and treatment outcomes were retrospectively evaluated. Altogether 60 patients received ILP. Toxicity was mostly transient. The overall response rate was 77% with 35% complete responses and 42% partial responses. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.1 months (range 0.6-116.5 months) and the median melanoma-specific survival (MSS) was 29.9 months (range 3.5-138.7 months). Patients with CR had superior median PFS (19.7 months, range 2.5-116.5 vs. 4.5 months, range 0.6-39.7 months, P = 0.00003) and median MSS (median MSS not reached vs. 25.9 months, range 3.5-98.7 months, P = 0.0005) compared to other responders. Younger patients (<69 years) had longer median MSS (47.2 months, range 3.5-138.7 vs. 25.9 months, range 8.4-125.4 months, P = 0.015) compared to patients over 69 years. Treatment outcomes of Finnish ILP patients were comparable to earlier studies and some long-term survivors were observed in the group of complete responders. Median PFS and OS were longer for patients achieving a CR. Treatment was well-tolerated also among older patients., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

No data exist regarding whether any first-line treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma provides overall survival (OS) benefit, if staged and compared to best supportive care (BSC). We analyzed OS in a nationwide, consecutive cohort diagnosed with metastatic uveal melanoma between January 1999 and December 2016. The Helsinki University Hospital Working Formulation was used to assign patients to stage IVa, IVb and IVc, corresponding to predicted median OS ≥12, <12-6 and <6 months, respectively. OS of 216 actively treated patients was compared by treatment and working formulation stage against 108 similarly staged, concurrent patients managed with BSC using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression. The median OS with active treatment was 18 (range, 0.7-162), 6.9 (range, 1.3-30) and 1.9 (range, 0.2-18) months in working formulation stage IVa, IVb and IVc, respectively. Patients who received chemoimmunotherapy, selective internal radiation therapy, or underwent surgical resection survived longer - median OS 13, 16 and 24 months, respectively - than those receiving conventional chemotherapy - median OS 5.1 months - but only with surgical resection their OS exceeded that with BSC, both overall and in stage IVa (P < 0.001, P = 0.010). In stage IVb and IVc, no difference in OS was observed in any comparison. Staging of patients is crucial when comparing survival after metastatic uveal melanoma. Only surgical resection for stage IVa disease provided longer OS in our national cohort. We additionally recommend stage-specific comparison of novel treatments against available BSC data., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Pediatric melanoma may have a different biological background and more favorable prognosis compared with melanoma in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate melanoma in children and adolescents in the Finnish population in terms of incidence, clinical course, treatment, prognosis and BRAFV600E-, ALK- and PD-L1-positivity of the primary tumors., Materials and Methods: Primary tumor samples and clinical records of all patients aged 0-19 years diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma in Finland in 1990-2014 were collected using the Finnish Cancer Registry database, Finnish hospitals and private pathology laboratories. BRAFV600E, ALK and PD-L1 were analyzed from 54 primary tumors and BRAFV600E from six metastasis samples., Results: A total of 122 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma were retrieved from the Cancer Registry database. The primary tumor samples of 73 patients were obtained for the review, and 56 cases were included in the study. The incidence of pediatric melanoma increased from 0.02 to 0.1/100 000 during the period 1990-2014. Spitzoid melanoma was the most common subtype (66%). The 10-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 88.7% in all patients. The 10-year-CSS did not differ in SLNB-positive or -negative groups. BRAFV600E was positive in 48%, ALK in 9% and PD-L1 in 2% of the tumors. BRAFV600E mutation was associated with 83% of melanoma deaths., Conclusions: Young melanoma patients had more favorable prognosis and a different staining profile for BRAFV600E, ALK, and PD-L1 in primary tumor than reported in adults. SLNB status was not an indicator for survival. BRAFV600E-positive patients have worse prognosis and could benefit from surveillance and treatment similarly to adults.

Purpose: The CheckMate 066 trial investigated nivolumab monotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with previously untreated BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma. Five-year results are presented herein., Patients and Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind, phase III study, 418 patients with previously untreated, unresectable, stage III/IV, wild-type BRAF melanoma were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks or dacarbazine 1,000 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), and secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety., Results: Patients were followed for a minimum of 60 months from the last patient randomly assigned (median follow-up, 32.0 months for nivolumab and 10.9 months for dacarbazine). Five-year OS rates were 39% with nivolumab and 17% with dacarbazine; PFS rates were 28% and 3%, respectively. Five-year OS was 38% in patients randomly assigned to dacarbazine who had subsequent therapy, including nivolumab (n = 37). ORR was 42% with nivolumab and 14% with dacarbazine; among patients alive at 5 years, ORR was 81% and 39%, respectively. Of 42 patients treated with nivolumab who had a complete response (20%), 88% (37 of 42) were alive as of the 5-year analysis. Among 75 nivolumab-treated patients alive and evaluable at the 5-year analysis, 83% had not received subsequent therapy; 23% were still on study treatment, and 60% were treatment free. Safety analyses were similar to the 3-year report., Conclusion: Results from this 5-year analysis confirm the significant benefit of nivolumab over dacarbazine for all end points and add to the growing body of evidence supporting long-term survival with nivolumab mono-therapy. Survival is strongly associated with achieving a durable response, which can be maintained after treatment discontinuation, even without subsequent systemic therapies.

Importance: This analysis provides long-term follow-up in patients with BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma receiving first-line therapy based on anti-programmed cell death 1 receptor inhibitors., Objective: To compare the 3-year survival with nivolumab vs that with dacarbazine in patients with previously untreated BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma., Design, Setting, and Participants: This follow-up of a randomized phase 3 trial analyzed 3-year overall survival data from the randomized, controlled, double-blind CheckMate 066 phase 3 clinical trial. For this ongoing, multicenter academic institution trial, patients were enrolled from January 2013 through February 2014. Eligible patients were 18 years or older with confirmed unresectable previously untreated stage III or IV melanoma and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 but without a BRAF mutation., Interventions: Patients were treated until progression or unacceptable toxic events with nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks plus dacarbazine-matched placebo every 3 weeks) or dacarbazine (1000 mg/m2 every 3 weeks plus nivolumab-matched placebo every 2 weeks)., Main Outcome and Measure: Overall survival., Results: At minimum follow-ups of 38.4 months among 210 participants in the nivolumab group (median age, 64 years [range, 18-86 years]; 57.6% male) and 38.5 months among 208 participants in the dacarbazine group (median age, 66 years [range, 25-87 years]; 60.1% male), 3-year overall survival rates were 51.2% (95% CI, 44.1%-57.9%) and 21.6% (95% CI, 16.1%-27.6%), respectively. The median overall survival was 37.5 months (95% CI, 25.5 months-not reached) in the nivolumab group and 11.2 months (95% CI, 9.6-13.0 months) in the dacarbazine group (hazard ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.36-0.59; P < .001). Complete and partial responses, respectively, were reported for 19.0% (40 of 210) and 23.8% (50 of 210) of patients in the nivolumab group compared with 1.4% (3 of 208) and 13.0% (27 of 208) of patients in the dacarbazine group. Additional analyses were performed on outcomes with subsequent therapies. Treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 15.0% (31 of 206) of nivolumab-treated patients and in 17.6% (36 of 205) of dacarbazine-treated patients. There were no deaths due to study drug toxic effects., Conclusions and Relevance: Nivolumab led to improved 3-year overall survival vs dacarbazine in patients with previously untreated BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01721772.

Background: Nivolumab was associated with higher rates of objective response than chemotherapy in a phase 3 study involving patients with ipilimumab-refractory metastatic melanoma. The use of nivolumab in previously untreated patients with advanced melanoma has not been tested in a phase 3 controlled study., Methods: We randomly assigned 418 previously untreated patients who had metastatic melanoma without a BRAF mutation to receive nivolumab (at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight every 2 weeks and dacarbazine-matched placebo every 3 weeks) or dacarbazine (at a dose of 1000 mg per square meter of body-surface area every 3 weeks and nivolumab-matched placebo every 2 weeks). The primary end point was overall survival., Results: At 1 year, the overall rate of survival was 72.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.5 to 78.9) in the nivolumab group, as compared with 42.1% (95% CI, 33.0 to 50.9) in the dacarbazine group (hazard ratio for death, 0.42; 99.79% CI, 0.25 to 0.73; P<0.001). The median progression-free survival was 5.1 months in the nivolumab group versus 2.2 months in the dacarbazine group (hazard ratio for death or progression of disease, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.56; P<0.001). The objective response rate was 40.0% (95% CI, 33.3 to 47.0) in the nivolumab group versus 13.9% (95% CI, 9.5 to 19.4) in the dacarbazine group (odds ratio, 4.06; P<0.001). The survival benefit with nivolumab versus dacarbazine was observed across prespecified subgroups, including subgroups defined by status regarding the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Common adverse events associated with nivolumab included fatigue, pruritus, and nausea. Drug-related adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 11.7% of the patients treated with nivolumab and 17.6% of those treated with dacarbazine., Conclusions: Nivolumab was associated with significant improvements in overall survival and progression-free survival, as compared with dacarbazine, among previously untreated patients who had metastatic melanoma without a BRAF mutation. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb; CheckMate 066 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01721772.).

Defining clinical factors influencing outcome after local recurrence or in-transit metastasis may help us to improve treatment and develop follow-up guidelines. A retrospective review of melanoma patients with local recurrence in the primary tumor scar or with in-transit metastasis was carried out. Outcome and survival were analyzed for 99 patients. In univariate analysis, factors related to overall survival following local recurrence at the time of the first relapse were initial stage [P=0.002, hazard ratio (HR) 1.9], site of primary tumor (P=0.02, HR 1.1), Breslow thickness (P=0.002, HR 1.2), Clark classification (P=0.01, HR 1.7), ulceration (P=0.01, HR 2.1), presence of satellite tumor (P=0.03, HR 2.7), and development of lymph node or distant metastases during follow-up (P<0.001, HR 7.0). Local recurrence within 2 years after surgery of primary melanoma correlated with worse survival (P=0.02, HR 2.1). Patients with local recurrence as first relapse often have a poor prognosis if the disease recurs within 2 years after primary surgery.

Radical surgery is not feasible for all osteosarcoma patients. Overall survival for non-extremity osteosarcoma, as well as for patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis remains poor. For such patients, radical radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy may present an effective treatment approach. This report describes the results of conservative treatment for osteosarcoma patients not suitable for surgery. Seven out of 71 consecutive osteosarcoma patients were treated non-surgically at the Helsinki University Central Hospital either due to the inoperability of the tumour or the patient's choice of therapy. Staging procedures and measurement of tumour size were performed using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Six patients were treated with chemo-radiotherapy, and one patient received radiotherapy alone. Five patients received computer-assisted dose-planned radiotherapy with curative intent (total dose 60-70.5 Gray), and two patients received radiotherapy as palliation. Radiotherapy relieved symptoms efficiently. Median time to local failure was 2.6 years (range 0.5-16.9+ years). Five year after treatment termination four patients were alive, and one of them remained disease-free. For selected patients not suitable for surgery, radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy provides an option to reduce symptoms caused by the primary tumour and improve quality of life. For some patients, this approach may (even) produce long-term remission.

We have observed that an early increase in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of metastatic melanoma patients during chemoimmunotherapy is the most favourable independent prognostic factor. In this study, 87 patients with metastatic melanoma were monitored for peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) before and during chemoimmunotherapy (dacarbazine, vinblastine, lomustine and bleomycin or dacarbazine alone plus interferon-alpha) to confirm our previous observation. Blood samples were systematically obtained from patients who received either of these chemoimmunotherapies. The frequencies of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were monitored by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies OKT4 (CD4+, T-helper cells) and OKT8 (CD8+, T-suppressor cells). The overall response rate was 46.5%, and the median overall survival was 9.3 months. Patients with pre-treatment CD4+ levels above the mean level, who later responded to therapy, had a median survival of 28.1 months vs. 10.2 months for responders with low pre-treatment CD4+ levels (P=0.053, log-rank test). Responders with decreasing CD8+ levels had a median survival of 27.8 months vs. 10.8 months for responders with increasing CD8+ levels (P=0.04, log-rank test). Similarly, responding patients with an increasing CD4+/CD8+ ratio had a median survival of 28.1 months vs. 10.5 months for those with decreasing ratios (P=0.002, log-rank test). Non-responders showed no difference in median survival irrespective of low or high pre-treatment CD4+ lymphocytes, increasing or decreasing CD8+ levels, or increasing or decreasing CD4+/CD8+ ratios. This follow-up study confirms that the monitoring of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes may provide important predictive and prognostic information in metastatic melanoma patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy.