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Background: Thousands of publications in recent years have addressed the induction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rodents. However, the criteria and the reference values for diagnosing this disease have not been defined. Objective: Our main objective was to carry out a systematic review to gather evidence about the criteria for biochemical and anthropometric parameters in which scientific studies have relied on to report that rats developed MetS from a previous dietary manipulation. Methods: We compiled characteristics and findings of diet-induced MetS with high-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-fat/high-carbohydrates, and cafeteria diet from PubMed and Science Direct databases published in the last 5 years. Results: The results on the principal determinants for the syndrome, published in the reviewed articles, were chosen to propose reference values in the rat models of food induction. Conclusion: The values obtained will serve as reference cut-of points in the development of the disease; in addition, the compilation of data will be useful in planning and executing research protocols in animal models.

In human ocular toxoplasmosis, serotype is related with greater severity. We analyzed Toxoplasma GRA6 serotype in 23 patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (13 confirmed, two co-infections- and eight unconfirmed cases) and 20 individuals chronically infected with Toxoplasma but without ocular involvement. In patients with ocular toxoplasmosis, we also studied host gene polymorphisms related to immune response (IL-1β; IL-1α; IL-10; IFN-γ; TNF-α, IL-12), IL-17R, TLR-9, and P2RX7. Additionally, eight patients were studied for the production of TNFα, IL1-β, IFN−γ and IL-10 by their peripheral leukocytes after ex vivo stimulation with soluble Toxoplasma antigens. There were no differences in the distribution of serotypes (GRA6-I versus GRA6 non-I) between infected individuals with- or without ocular involvement. Seropositivity for GRA6-I was associated with higher number of retinal lesions and higher levels of IL-1β. Two polymorphisms were associated with specific clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis: IL-10 -819 C/T with bilateral lesions and IL-12 + 169,774 A/C with synechia. Higher levels of IL-10 were found in patients with the allele G/G at the polymorphic region IL-10 -1082. People with a GRA6 I serotype and possessing the allele G/G at the polymorphic region TNFα-857 suffered from an increased number of retinal lesions. We found a positive association between host cytokine genes polymorphisms and GRA6 serotypes correlated with specific clinical manifestations and immune response in ocular toxoplasmosis.

We present an extension of the λ(η)-calculus with a case construct that propagates through functions like a head linear substitution, and show that this construction permits to recover the expressiveness of ML-style pattern matching. We then prove that this system enjoys the Church–Rosser property using a semi-automatic ‘divide and conquer’ technique by which we determine all the pairs of commuting subsystems of the formalism (considering all the possible combinations of the nine primitive reduction rules). Finally, we prove a separation theorem similar to Böhm's theorem for the whole formalism.

El empalme alternativo de genes produce diferentes transcritos de ARNm a partir de un solo gen. Aunque no se ha valorado su importancia en los genes de Toxoplasma, su alta frecuencia en genes eucariotas sugiere que este es uno de los mecanismos más importantes en el aumento de la diversidad proteica. Como todas las proteínas de micronemas, AMA1 es secretada por los taquizoítos de Toxoplasma durante el proceso de invasión, siendo una de las piezas indispensables para dicho proceso., INTRODUCCIÓN 10 2. OBJETIVOS 12 2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 12 2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 12 3. MARCO TEORICO 13 3.1 Toxoplasma gondii 13 3.1.1 Ciclo de vida de T. gondii 14 3.1.2 Organelas secretoras de T. gondii 15 3.1.3 Genómica de Toxoplasma gondii 16 3.2 Proteína AMA1 17 3.3 Empalme alternativo de genes 19 3.3.1 Bioinformática y empalme alternativo de genes 23 3.3.2 Evidencia Bioinformática para el empalme alternativo de genes 24 3.3.3 Empalme alternativo y proteínas relacionadas en Toxoplasma gondii 25 4. METODOLOGIA 27 4.1. Herramientas Bioinformáticas 27 4.2. Extracción y Selección de isoformas 28 4.3. Fase experimental 29 4.3.1. Cultivo de parásitos 29 4.3.2. Diseño de cebadores 29 4.3.3. Extracción de ARN del parasito y RT-PCR 31 4.3.4. PCR y Electroforesis 31 5. RESULTADOS 33 5.1. Proteína Tg-AMA1 33 5.1.1. Exones e Intrones del gen Tg-ama1 33 5.1.2. Sitios Donadores y Aceptores del gen Tg-ama1 34 5.1.3. Secuencias ESEs en los exones de Tg-ama1 36 5.1.4. Regiones transmembranales de la proteína Tg-AMA1 37 5.1.5. Señal peptídica y sitios de clivaje 39 5.2. Genes Ortólogos de Tg-AMA1 40 5.3. Identificación de Isoformas del gen Tg-ama1 42 6. DISCUSIÓN 53 6.1. Organización exón-intron del Tg-AMA1 53 6.2. Genes ortólogos de Tg-ama1 54 6.3. Empalme alternativo de Tg-AMA1 56, Pregrado, Biólogo