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The so-called Mpemba effect, i.e. the observation that the warmer of two otherwise identical systems cools faster when both are refrigerated in the same thermal reservoir, is a hotly debated topic in condensed mater physics and statistical mechanics. Although it has been found in several non-equilibrium model systems, its very existence in water, the system in which it has been historically reported, is still open to question. Here we show using numerical simulations that a Mpemba effect is indeed present in water. We find that the effect occurs when equipartition of energy is not present in the initial state. Interestingly, the effect is observed without the intervention of a phase transition, and it is therefore seen to be a purely non-equilibrium relaxation effect.

We describe a robust and efficient chain-of-states method for computing Minimum Energy Paths~(MEPs) associated to barrier-crossing events in poly-atomic systems. The path is parametrized in terms of a continuous variable $t \in [0,1]$ that plays the role of time. In contrast to previous chain-of-states algorithms such as the Nudged Elastic Band or String methods, where the positions of the states in the chain are taken as variational parameters in the search for the MEP, our strategy is to formulate the problem in terms of the second derivatives of the coordinates with respect to $t$, {\em i.e.\/} the state {\em accelerations\/}. We show this to result in a very transparent and efficient method for determining the MEP. We describe the application of the method in a series of test cases, including two low-dimensional problems and the Stone-Wales transformation in $\mbox{C}_{60}$., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in JCP

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and its properties under conditions of high temperature and pressure are crucial to understand the interior of of large gaseous planets and other astrophysical bodies. At ultra high pressures solid hydrogen has been predicted to transform into a quantum fluid, because of its high zero point motion. Here we report first principles two phase coexistence and Z method determinations of the melting line of solid hydrogen in a pressure range spanning from 30 to 600 GPa. Our results suggest that the melting line of solid hydrogen, as derived from classical molecular dynamics simulations, reaches a minimum of 367 K at about 430 GPa, at higher pressures the melting line of the atomics Cs IV phase regain a positive slope. In view of the possible importance of quantum effects in hydrogen at such low temperatures, we also determined the melting temperature of the atomic CsIV phase at pressures of 400, 500, 600 GPa, employing Feynman path integral simulations. These result in a downward shift of the classical melting line by about 100 K, and hint at a possible secondary maximum in the melting line in the region between 500 and 600 GPa, testifying to the importance of quantum effects in this system. Combined, our results imply that the stability field of the zero temperature quantum liquid phase, if it exists at all, would only occur at higher pressures than previously thought., Comment: Submitted to JCP

The problem of two-dimensional, independent electrons subject to a periodic potential and a uniform perpendicular magnetic field unveils surprisingly rich physics, as epitomized by the fractal energy spectrum known as Hofstadter's Butterfly. It has hitherto been addressed using various approximations rooted in either the strong potential or the strong field limiting cases. Here we report calculations of the full spectrum of the single-particle Schr\"{o}dinger equation without further approximations. Our method is exact, up to numerical precision, for any combination of potential and uniform field strength. We first study a situation that corresponds to the strong potential limit, and compare the exact results to the predictions of a Hofstadter-like model. We then go on to analyze the evolution of the fractal spectrum from a Landau-like nearly-free electron system to the Hofstadter tight-binding limit by tuning the amplitude of the modulation potential.

In this letter we present a calculation of the temperature-pressure phase diagram of Si in a range of pressures covering from -5 to 20 GPa and temperatures up to the melting point. The phase boundaries and triple points between the diamond, liquid, $\beta$-Sn and ${Si}_{34}$ clathrate phases are reported. We have employed efficient simulation techniques to calculate free energies and to numerically integrate the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, combined with a tight binding model capable of an accuracy comparable to that of first-principles methods. The resulting phase diagram agrees well with the available experimental data., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, accepted in PRL