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For the first time, perennial materials on the Orchidacaeae Juss. family of Chechnya are summarizedб consisting of 15 families and 29 species. The largest genus in the family – Orchis L. is represented by 8 species. The article presents information that all members of the family are protected plants listed in the Red Book of Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, and the Stavropol Territory. Some species are not included in the list of plants to be protected, including those species that have underground tuberoids and can serve as a source of salep (for instance, Platanthera bifolia, P. chlorantha, Herminium monorchis, Traunsteinera sphaerica, Dactylorhisa incarnata, D. salina, D. urvilleana). In this connection, data on the resources of family members and the potential possibilities of their use as a medicinal raw material are of interest. We have carried out resource studies of the most common species of Orchis tridentata Scop, within the North Caucasus. The obtained data allow us to expand our understanding of the species role of Orchidaceae Juss family. Пoлyчeнныe дaнныe пoзBoляют pacшиpить пpeдcтaBлeниe o poли BидoB ceмeйcтBa Orchidaceae Juss. of the North Caucasus flora in the composition of vegetation cover.

Interactions with mycorrhizal fungi have been increasingly recognized as one of the most important ecological factors determining the distribution and local abundance of orchids. While some orchid species may interact with a variety of fungal associates, others are more specific in their choice of mycorrhizal partners. Moreover, orchids that co-occur at a given site, often associate with different partners, possibly to avoid competition and to allow stable coexistence. However, whether differences in mycorrhizal partners directly affect seed germination and subsequent protocorm formation remains largely unknown. In this research, we used in vitro germination experiments to investigate to what extent seed germination and protocorm formation of Gymnadenia conopsea was affected by the origin and identity of fungal associates. Fungi were isolated from G. conopsea and three other co-occurring orchid species (Dactylorhiza viridis (Coeloglossum viride), Herminium monorchis, and Platanthera chlorantha). In total, eight fungal associates, belonging to Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae, and Serendipitaceae, were successfully isolated and cultured. While all eight fungal strains were able to promote early germination of G. conopsea seeds, only fungal strain GS2, a member of the Ceratobasidiaceae isolated from G. conopsea itself, was able to promote protocorm formation and subsequent growth to a seedling. Two other fungal strains isolated from G. conopsea only supported seed germination until the protocorm formation stage. The other five fungal strains isolated from the co-occurring orchid species did not support seed germination beyond the protocorm stage. We conclude that, although G. conopsea is considered a mycorrhizal generalist that associates with a wide range of fungi during its adult life, it requires specific fungi to promote protocorm formation and growth to a seedling. ispartof: MYCORRHIZA vol:30 issue:2-3 pages:221-228 ispartof: location:Germany status: published

The combination of abandonment and intensification of agriculture has changed the agricultural landscape, especially the semi-natural nature types. This has led to a loss and endangerment of species linked to these nature types. The musk orchid is one of these species. In Norway, the species is now only found in Hvaler municipality, South-East Norway, and is listed as critical endangered (CR) in the Norwegian red list. My master’s thesis is a part of an ongoing project that started in 2014 by a former master student, where I collected data in 2016 and analysed the datasets from 2014 to 2016. The purpose of this thesis is to get a better understanding of how the last populations of musk orchid in Norway are performing, which the management authorities can use in further management. To answer this I had three main questions; i.e. (1) how the environmental factors are differing between the three locations and through the three years, (2) how the musk orchid population performance at the three locations differed over the three years, and (3) how grazing affects the two sub-populations, at one of the locations, three years after grazing ended. My results suggest that both the abiotic and biotic environmental factors are impacting the three locations differently, and the performance of the musk orchid are correlating this. The smallest individuals and lowest fertile proportion of musk orchid are found at the driest location, which also had the lowest surrounding vegetation. At the wettest location, the trend is the opposite. It also seems like grazing influences the musk orchid even three years after the area has been grazed the last. The musk orchid in the grazed sub-population is larger and have a higher proportion of fertile plants. In further management of the musk orchid at Hvaler it is crucial to continue the monitoring, to detect the whole population ant its dynamics. Another important management mean is to either hay or have grazing that will open and keep the surrounding vegetation down. But before any reintroduction of grazing at the locations which are not currently grazed, it is important to find a livestock density, size or race that will not hurt the musk orchid populations, as well as excluding grazing when the musk orchid is in the fertile stage. Kombinasjon av opphøyr og intensivering av jordbruksland har endra jordbrukslandskapet, og spesielt dei semi-naturlege naturtypane. Denne endringa har resultert i eit biomangfaldtap og trugar artar som er assosiert til desse naturtypane. Honningblomen er ein av desse artane. I Noreg er arten no berre funnen i Hvaler kommune, Søraust Noreg, og er lista som kritisk truga (CR) på den norske raudlista for artar. Eg fortsette eit prosjekt som byrja i 2014 av ein tidlegare masterstudent, der eg samla data i 2016 og analyserte datasetta frå 2014 til 2016. Føremålet med oppgåva mi er å få ei betre forståing over korleis dei siste honningblom-populasjonane presterer, slik forvaltinga kan bruke denne informasjonen til vidare forvalting. Dette vart gjort ved å spørje tre hovudspørsmål; (1) korleis miljø faktorane varierer mellom dei tre ulike lokalitetane og mellom dei tre åra, (2) korleis planta presterte i dei tre ulike lokalitetane mellom dei tre åra, og (3) korleis beiting påverkar, sjølv etter opphøyr av beiting i to sub-populasjonar i ein av lokalitetane. Resultata mine tilseier at dei tre ulike lokalitetane har forskjellig påverknad frå både dei biotiske og abiotiske miljøforholda eg målte, og at honningblom prestasjonen korrelerte med disse. Den tørraste lokaliteten hadde den kortaste omliggjande vegetasjonen, her var honningblomen minst og hadde den lågaste fertile andelen av dei tre lokalitatetane. I den våtaste lokaliteten var trenden motsett. Det ser òg ut til at beiting har ein effekt på honningblom, sjølv tre år etter at beitinga opphøyrde. Honningblom i den beita sub-populasjonen hadde større planter samt høgare proporsjon av fertile planter samanlikna med den andre sub-populasjonen. For vidare forvalting av honningblom på Hvaler er det særs viktig å fortsette overvåkinga, for å oppdage heile populasjonen og dynamikken i den. Det er òg viktig å anten drive med slått eller beiting som vil kunne opne opp og halde vegetasjonen nede. Før ein eventuelt gjeninnfører beiting i dei lokalitetane der det ikkje er beiting nå, er det viktig å finne ein beitedyrs- tetthet, størrelse og type som ikkje vil skade honningblom populasjonane. Samt halde beitedyr vekke når honningblom er i sitt fertile stadie. Fylkesmannen i Østfold M-ECOL

A study was conducted on seed morphometry of seven threatened Himalayan orchids (listed in Appendix II of CITES) belonging to three different subfamilies, and exhibiting terrestrial (Arundina graminifolia, Cypripedium cordigerum, Habenaria marginata, Herminium monorchis), mycoheterotrophic (Gastrodia falconeri) or epiphytic (Aerides multiflora, Pholidota articulata) life modes. Seeds were fusiform, filiform or ovoid in shape and their size showed direct correlation with plant habit. They were relatively smaller in epiphytes than their terrestrial or mycoheterotrophic counterparts. Seeds were truncated except in Arundina graminifolia (l/w > 6.0). Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the testa cells were longitudinally oriented, arranged either straight or in a spiral, and their periclinal walls were comparatively irregularly placed in epiphytic species. The wall thickenings were also more pronounced in epiphytes. Embryos were tiny and most of the seed space (even > 90% in Pholidota articula...

Answering the question whether or not to introduce seeds of target species in restored habitats depends on the relative importance of dispersal and recruitment limitation. Especially in orchid species, recruitment limitation is expected to be important because of their dependence on mycorrhiza for germination. Using a large seed introduction experiment we investigated the relative importance of dispersal versus recruitment limitation in the failure of three rare orchid species to colonize restored habitat patches. For all species, seeds developed successfully into protocorms in both occupied and unoccupied habitats, and no significant differences in the number of protocorms per seed packet were found between occupied and unoccupied habitats. These results show that orchid species do not necessarily suffer from recruitment limitation when introduced in restored habitats, and that manual introduction of orchid seeds can be a successful and necessary ecological restoration practice.

A new approach to reveal the dynamics of taxa on incompletely investigated territories was developed. The decline/expansion rate of orchids in the North Western part of European Russia (Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov Regions, an area approx. 195 000 km 2 .) was estimated using this method. The method is based on comparison of numbers of grid cells where a certain species was recorded in various time intervals using specially designed software. More than 9000 records were used, however the territory remained insufficiently and unevenly studied both spatially and over time. The study revealed a statistically significant (p

Changes in agricultural practices and land use, with abandonment of low-intensity grazing and the transformation of semi-natural meadows into cultivated agricultural areas, have shown negative impacts on several plant species and communities across Europe. These changes are likely to have driven have driven many species, such as orchids, close to local and regional extinction. In this study, I investigate reproductive output and growth responses of Herminium monorchis, a critically endangered orchid species in Norway, to experimental grazing. Because livestock grazing may alter plant densities, I also examine the relation of reproduction to conspecific plant density and floral display. Additionally, I compare the historical abundance of H. monorchis populations in Norway to historical data of grazing livestock densities and the change in area of semi-natural mown meadows. I found that H. monorchis set fewer fruits per flower but grows taller under experimental grazing. Reproduction was not related to conspecific plant density or floral display. Furthermore, the number of fruits set was positively related to soil salinity, which is surprising since very few orchids are known to be halophytes. The historical data show that the number of H. monorchis populations has decreased significantly since 1907, and this decrease was best explained by a reduction in the number of goats and a reduction in the area of semi-natural mown meadows. My results suggest that the Norwegian population of H. monorchis should not be exposed to livestock grazing during the fertile reproductive stage. The positive relation of H. monorchis populations to natural mown area and number of goats suggests managing the extant populations or establishing new by applying mowing of vegetation and grazing by goats. Endringer av driftsformer og arealbruk i landbruket, i form av mindre lav-intensitetsbeiting og omgjøring av semi-naturlig slåtte- og beitemark til kultiverte landbruksarealer, har vist negative påvirkninger på flere plantearter og plantesamfunn i Europa. Disse endringene ser ut til å ha drevet mange plantearter, som orkidéer, nær lokal eller regional utryddelse. I dette studiet undersøker jeg hvordan reproduksjon og vekst hos honningblom (Herminium monorchis), en kritisk truet orkidé i Norge, påvirkes av eksperimentell beiting. Beiting fra husdyr kan påvirke plantetetthet, derfor ser jeg på hvordan reproduksjon hos honningblom er tilknyttet tetthet av artsfrender og antall blomster per plante. I tillegg sammenligner jeg antall populasjoner av honningblom med historiske data på antall beitedyr og arealmessig endring i semi-naturlig slåttemark. Jeg fant ut at honningblom produserer færre frukter per blomst, men vokser høyere under eksperimentell beiting. Reproduksjon hadde ingen sammenheng med plantetetthet eller antall blomster. Videre fant jeg at antall frukt per blomst var positivt tilknyttet konsentrasjonen av salt i jorden, noe som er overraskende siden svært få orkidéer er kjent som halofytter. De historiske dataene viser at antall populasjoner av honningblom har sunket signifikant siden 1907. Denne nedgangen ble best forklart av nedgang i antall geiter og areal med semi-naturlig slåttemark. Mine resultater tilsier at bruk av beitedyr for å fremme honningblom i Norge kan virke mot sin hensikt om beiting skjer i plantens reproduktive stadium. Om beiting skal brukes som tiltak for å fremme honningblom i Norge, bør honningblomindividene skånes for beitedyr i den tiden på året plantene er sitt fertile stadium og setter blomsterstand. Sammenhengen honningblompopulasjoner har vist med areal naturlig slåttemark og antall geiter, foreslår at allerede eksisterende eller potensielt nye populasjoner av honningblom i Norge bør legges under forvaltningstiltak som mekanisk slått eller beiteregimer med geit. M-ECOL

The musk orchid Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. is one of Norway’s rarest vascular plants, listed as Critically Endangered in the Red-list for species. Since 2011 the species has also been listed as a Priority Species under the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act. Its distribution in Norway is restricted to three populations at Asmaløy, Hvaler municipality, Østfold county. In 2014 we established 80 permanent plots to monitor the populations, and to increase our understanding of important population processes. The three localities differed widely, one being a rich fen, one a salt meadow and the third a dry, short-statured meadow. Flowering was strongly correlated with plant size, and plant size varied among the three localities. The population size varied between 2014 and 2015, but not synchronously among the localities, due to a certain proportion of the population being dormant (i.e. without aboveground biomass) each year. A long-term monitoring of individual ramets will provide a better understanding of the key processes affecting population viability, so that management actions can be better targeted.

Information taken from two long-term demographic studies on Orchis morio L. and Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. is used to explore some of the factors which influence flowering. The proportion of plants which flowered each year varied considerably between species, flowering in O. morio exceeding 40% in all years except one over an 18 year period; over a 30 year period (1966–95), the number of plants of Herminium in flower never exceeded 36% of the population and no inflorescences were produced in 1977 and 1991. The relationship between flowering in Herminium in a given year and the monthly rainfall and temperature for the current and 3 previous years was analysed using logistic regression. Best fits were obtained using data for the summer months in the previous year, with an increasing flowering rate with rainfall and a decline with temperature. It is hypothesized that drought and high temperatures in the summer reduce leaf area and cause premature senescence and the death of leaves, with the result that not enough carbohydrates are stored to enable plants to support or initiate inflorescences the following year. For species such as Orchis morio which produce leaves in the autumn and remain green, summer drought causes no problems as they have no above ground organs. Factors which influence flowering in this species are as yet unknown.

The availability of N and P plays a critical role in orchid growth and survival; the aim of the present review is to give an overview over the mechanisms which contribute to the critical response. In the first heterotrophic and subterranean phase of orchid development, growth is entirely dependent on mycorrhizal fungi (for reviews see Hadley 1982; Harley & Smith 1983; Hadley & Pegge 1989). The nutrient metabolism of developing orchid individuals is adapted to this symbiosis: reductions in orchid nitrogen metabolism are permitted which can be considered adaptations to the parasitic habit during at least this phase (cf. Press et al. 1986). Furthermore, also in later life the nitrogen and phosphate fluxes are thoroughly affected (Alexander & Hadley 1984; Alexander et al. 1984). As a consequence, nutrient effects on orchid growth may occur via the symbiotic association, and may originate by affecting growth of the symbiotic fungi, or by affecting the symbiotic interaction between orchid and fungi (Dijk & Eck 1995c). Changes in orchid nutrient metabolism during the course of development reflect changes in the physiology of the symbiosis. The resulting development in orchid nutrient metabolism forms a further need to distinguish between the various stages in the life cycle, most notably between the germination and seedling stage and the C-autotrophic adult stage!. Once above ground, orchids as slowly growing and often low, rosette-forming species are very sensitive to eutrophication, which favours more competitive species to a much larger degree than orchids (Dijk & Olff 1994; Silvertown et al. 1994).

Background and Aims. The presence of novel structures in orchid flowers, including auricles, rostellum and bursicles on the gynostemium and a lobed labellum, has prompted long-standing homology disputes, fuelled by conflicting evidence from a wide range of sources. Re-assessment of this debate using an improved model is timely, following recent phylogenetic insights and on the cusp of a revolution in developmental genetics. Methods. We use new data from floral development and anatomy in the small-flowered terrestrial orchid Herminium monorchis as a model to explore organ homologies in orchid flowers within the context of a review of recent literature on developmental genetics. Key Results. The apex of the median carpel of Herminium is trilobed, and the bursicles develop from its lateral lobes, relatively late in flower ontogeny. The bursicles enclose the viscidia, which adhere to the tapetal remnants to form a caudicle linking the viscidium with the pollinium. The auricles are initiated earlier than the bursicles, but they also remain unvascularized. The deeply trilobed labellum possesses three vascular traces, in contrast with the lateral petals, each of which contains a single vascular trace. The two lateral labellum traces diverge from the traces supplying the two adjacent lateral sepals. Data from flower ontogeny and anatomy conflict with respect to organ homologies. Conclusions. Much progress has recently been made in understanding the exceptional differentiation shown by orchids among perianth segments, focusing on multiple copies of the DEF/AP3 subclass of B-class MADS-box genes. In contrast, untangling homologies of profound congenital union of multiple floral organs forming the orchid gynostemium is hampered by their profound congenital union, which we ascribe to overlap in gene expression between organs. Thus, the functional morphology of the orchid flower could ultimately reflect extreme synorganization and associated genetic integration. Analogizing the deeply lobed orchid labellum with a compound leaf, we speculate that KNOX genes could be implicated not only in their demonstrated role in spur development but also in the development of both the characteristic lobed morphology of the orchid labellum and the lobing of the median carpel that differentiates the bursicles and rostellum.

Answering the question whether or not to introduce seeds of target species in restored habitats depends on the relative importance of dispersal and recruitment limitation. Especially in orchid species, recruitment limitation is expected to be important because of their dependence on mycorrhiza for germination. Using a large seed introduction experiment we investigated the relative importance of dispersal versus recruitment limitation in the failure of three rare orchid species to colonize restored habitat patches. For all species, seeds developed successfully into protocorms in both occupied and unoccupied habitats, and no significant differences in the number of protocorms per seed packet were found between occupied and unoccupied habitats. These results show that orchid species do not necessarily suffer from recruitment limitation when introduced in restored habitats, and that manual introduction of orchid seeds can be a successful and necessary ecological restoration practice.

The embryology of Herminium monorchis (Orchidaceae) was studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), a new technique for embryological studies. This technique may contribute new information to plant embryology. Herminium monorchis has a monosporic embryo sac development. The mature embryo sac is 8-nucleate. Two integuments, both 2-layered, are formed, but only the inner takes part in formation of the micropyle. Double fertilization takes place. The primary endosperm nucleus does not divide, but remains alive at least at the 3-celled stage of embryo development. The three antipodals do not show any sign of degeneration at this stage. THE GENUS Herminium Guett. of the Orchidaceae comprises 30 species. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. is the only species occurring in Europe. The main distribution of the genus is temperate Eurasia, Thailand, the Philippine Islands, and Java (Willis, 1973). Treub (1879) described the embryos of several orchids with their remarkable suspensor haustoria. Among other orchids studied by Treub the late stages in embryo development of H. monorchis were investigated. Mohana Rao and Sood (1979) described the embryo development of H. angustifolium. Investigations of the male and female gametophytes of the same species were made by Sood and Mohana Rao (1986). The aim of the present study is to give a further contribution to the knowledge of the embryology in Herminium. In my embryological studies of the Orchidaceae I use a confocal scanning laser microscope (Fredrikson, Carlsson, and Franksson, 1988). The unique optical sectioning technique makes it possible to study unstained ovules individually. The equilibrium orientation ofthe ovules is such that perfect longitudinal sections can usually be obtained. The sections are only 1 ,um thick and undistorted, and inherently in perfect alignment. The three-dimensional structure of the embryo sac can easily be studied. The sections are photographed from a TV screen.

Ophrys monorchis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 947. 1753. "Habitat in Europae pratis uliginosis." RCN: 6851. Lectotype (Baumann & al. in Mitteilungsbl. Arbeitskr. Heim. Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 21: 489, Abb. 21. 1989): Herb. Linn. No. 1056.22, middle specimen (LINN). Generitype of Herminium Linnaeus. Current name: Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. (Orchidaceae). Note: Epithet spelled “monochris” in the protologue. Ophrys monorchis is the basionym of Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br., the type of Herminium. Linnaeus knew this species from several different parts of Sweden. Baumann & al. assume the type (which Linnaeus associates with his Flora Suecica account of 1745) to have been collected by Linnaeus in Skåne in 1741, although the material bears no annotation that might confirm this., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part O), pp. 696-717 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 704, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

476. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. Einorchis Blüte. Gelbgrün. 5-7. Standort. Kollin bis subalpin. Wechselfeuchte, basenreiche, nährstoffarme, humusreiche Böden. Magerwiesen. Literatur. G: Auf dem Hirschengraben in Zürich (2). Äusserster Stadtgraben (1). - K: In feuchten Wiesen hin und wieder. Bei der Schipfe; Dübendorf; Zürichberg. - Nach JÄGGI (1883a) kam die Art früher auch am Katzensee vor. - Me: Verbreitet. Herbar. 3: Uto (1839, 1850, 1875); ob Friesenberg, 680 m (1885, 1887); Chrusen (1911); zw. Friesenberg und Kolbenhof, 580 m (1894). 7: Zürichberg (1841, 1883), ob Forster (1851), ob der Morgensonne (1872); Wiese an der Tobelhofstr. (1872); Sagentobel beim Klösterli (1872). AEa: Aeugsterberg (1931). HAa: südwestlich Schnabelübergang (1910). HIc: Chrutzelenmoos (1931); Seitenried (1913); Untere Halde (1914). HOb: Albishang unter Bürglen (1920). HOc: Schwyzerhüsli (1927); Grindelmoos (1932). Verbreitung. Selten. U: 1, H: 1/0, E: 3>0, W: A. - Eurasien. Veränderungen. >/>/>. - g. - Gefährdung. EN//CR/EN/NT. Verbreitungsmuster. n., Published as part of Elias Landolt, 2001, Orchidaceae, pp. 232-258 in Flora des Sihltals von der Stadt Zürich bis zum Höhronen, Basel :Fachstelle Naturschutz Kanton Zürich on page 244, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.248047

Herminium Monorchis (L.) R. Br., Einknollige Herminie Stengel 8-25 cm hoch. Blätter am Grunde des Stengels, oft 2, an großen Pflanzen bis 5, lanzett-lich, bis H) cm lang, 5-7mal so lang wie breit; über der Mitte des Stengels gelegentlich 1-3 trag-blattähnliche Blätter. Tragblätter die Perigonblätter meist nicht erreichend. Außere Perigonblätter oval, 2,5-3 mm lang und 1,3-1,6 mm breit; innere Perigonblätter 3,5-1 mm lang, unterhalb der Mitte etwa 7,5 mm breit, dann plötzlich verschmälert und im obern Teil nur 0,2-0,7 mm breit, stumpf, gelbgrün; Lippe so lang wie die innern Perigonblätter, etwa in der Mitte mit 2 senkrecht abstehenden Abschnitten; Mittelteil von gleicher Form wie die äußere Hälfte der innern Perigonblätter. - Blüte: Später Frühling und früher Sommer. Zytologische Angaben. 2n = 40: Material von Hohenhausen (Zürich) (Heusser 1938), aus Holland (Kuphuis 1963, Gadeli.a und Kuphcis 1963). Standort. Kollin, montan und subalpin. Kalkhaltige, ziemlich trockene, sandige bis lehmige, ungedüngw Boden. Mesobrometen. die nur 1mal je Jahr gemäht oder extensiv beweidet werden. In der montanen und subalpinen Stufe auch auf feuchteren Wiesen. Verbreitung. Eurasiatische Pflanze: Nordgrenze durch Südengland, Südskandinavien, Südfinnland, Südgrenze durch Pyrenäen (?), Alpen, Apennin, Gebirge der Balkanhalbinsel, Kaukasus, in Asien zwischen 50 und (>0 NIA weiter südlich in Tienschan, Himalaja und in südchinesischen Gebirgen, ostwärts bis ostasiatische Küsten. Verbreitungskarte von Meusel (1964). Im Gebiet verbreitet, nicht häufig., Published as part of H. E. Hess, E. Landolt & R. Hirzel, 1976, Orchidaceae, Orchideen, pp. 593-637 in Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete. Band 1: Pteridophyta bis Caryophyllaceae, Basel :Birkhaeuser on page 614, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213768

1. H. monorchis (L.) R. Br. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 191 (1813). Tuber solitary at anthesis, 2-4 others appearing later on slender, underground stolons. Plant 7-25 cm. Lower leaves 2— 3(—4), 20-70 x 3-10 mm, elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate, the upper 0-2, linear-subulate, bract-like. Spike 1 -5-9 cm, slender, sometimes secund, usually rather lax. Flowers yellowish-green, honey-scented. Outer perianth-segments 2-5-3 mm, ovate- lanceolate, obtuse, the inner c. 3-5 mm, oblong-lanceolate, often shallowly lobed near base. Labellum 3-5-4 mm; lobes oblong, the 2 lateral projecting at right angles or curved for­ wards, much shorter than the middle. 2n = 40. Grassland. Much of Europe, but absent from the extreme north and most of the Mediterranean region and the south-west. Au Be Br Bu Cz Da Fe Ga Ge He Ho |H u It Ju No Po Rm Rs (N, B, C, W, E) Su., Published as part of D. M. Moore (ed.), 1980, CCIII Orchidaceae, pp. 325-350 in Flora Europaea, Vol 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae, Camebridge :Cambridge University Press on page 331, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215522