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Chlorella sorokiniana merupakan salah satu mikroalga penghasil astaxantin. Produksi astaxantin C. sorokiniana dapat meningkat pada kondisi kultur yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memastikan identitas C. sorokiniana secara molekuler menggunakan ITS, dan 18S rDNA, serta untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produksi astaxantin C. sorokiniana berdasarkan perlakuan cahaya. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini meliputi kultivasi mikroalga C. sorokiniana, isolasi DNA, uji kuantitatif DNA, identifikasi molekuler melalui proses amplifikasi DNA dengan PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) menggunakan marka molekuler ITS dan 18S rDNA, visualisasi hasil PCR dengan elektroforesis menggunakan GelDoc diikuti sekuensing DNA. Produksi astaxantin mikroalga C. sorokiniana dihitung selama 10 hari dibawah perlakuan cahaya matahari dan sinar UV. Identifikasi molekuler C. sorokiniana menggunakan ITS memperoleh dengan ukuran fragmen sebesar 500 pb, sedangkan fragmen 18S rDNA sebesar 600 pb. Pertumbuhan mikroalga C. sorokiniana kontrol pada hari ke-10 dengan kerapatan 15×106 sel/ml, sedangkan pada perlakuan cahaya matahari dan sinar UV pada hari ke-10 dengan kerapatan 38,45×106 sel/ml. Konsentrasi astaxantin yang dihasilkan mikroalga C. sorokiniana pada perlakuan kontrol mencapai tertinggi 0.3306 mg/mL dan pada perlakuan cahaya matahari dan sinar UV meningkat mencapai 0,3874 mg/mL. Chlorella sorokiniana is one of the astaxanthin-producing microalgae. Astaxanthin production of C. sorokiniana can be increased under optimal culture conditions. This study aims to determine the molecular identity of C. sorokiniana using ITS and 18S rDNA, as well as to determine the growth and production of astaxanthin C. sorokiniana based light treatment. The methods used in this study included C. sorokiniana microalgae cultivation, DNA isolation, DNA quantitative testing, molecular identification through the process of DNA amplification with PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) using ITS and 18S rDNA molecular markers, visualization of PCR results by electrophoresis using GelDoc followed by sequencing DNA. The astaxanthin production of C. sorokiniana microalgae was calculated for 10 days under sunlight and UV light treatment. Molecular identification of C. sorokiniana using ITS obtained a fragment size of 500 bp, while the 18S rDNA fragment was 600 bp. The growth of C. sorokiniana microalgae was controlled on day 10 with a density of 15×106 cells/ml, whereas in the treatment of sunlight and UV light on day 10 with a density of 38,45×106 cells/ml. The concentration of astaxanthin produced by C. sorokiniana microalgae in the control treatment reached 0,3306 mg/mL and in the sunlight and UV light treatments it increased to 0,3874 mg/mL.

Bioethanol is an energy source that can be used to reduce the use of fossil fuels. It has some advantages such as biodegradable, and non-toxic because the main ingredients come from biomass and produce fewer pollutants. Anabaena sp. is Cyanobacteria that can be used as the main ingredient of bioethanol, its advantages are that it does not compete with food, its growth is fast and it contains carbohydrates. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carbohydrate content of Anabaena sp. The stages of the research carried out were Anabaena sp. cultivated for 30 days in freshwater using Walne media, then harvested. The collected biomass was then tested using proximate analysis with two replications. In this study, the data obtained in the form of growth of Anabaena sp. and carbohydrate content was presented in the form of tables and graphs. The results showed that Anabaena sp. which was cultivated for 30 days and harvested biomass was carried out in an exponential phase (day 14), had a carbohydrate content of 25.43 %, protein of 53.70 %, and lipid of 2.40 %. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the biomass of Anabaena sp. has a carbohydrate content of 25.43 % and has the potential as the main ingredient of bioethanol.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of COVID-19 in the late of 2019 resulted in the massive screening of drugs, including natural products, to support the current vaccines. Apium and Foeniculum vegetables are members of the Apiaceae family that potentially used to be natural immunosuppressant. AIM: The purpose of this research is to analyze the phylogenetic position between these two plants as well as find out their secondary metabolites potency against COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) and the papain-like protease (PLpro). METHODS: The phylogenetic analysis of Apium and Foeniculum from Indonesia was carried out based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the bioactive virtual screening assay was completed through AutoDock Vina software. CONCLUSION: Overall, Apium and Foeniculum have close relationships among the members of Apiaceae after maximum likelihood analysis. Furthermore, it also has 70 similar bioactive compounds that some of these potentially inhibit both of COVID-19 proteases.

Bioinformatics as an interdisciplinary science, combine biology, computer science, information technology, mathematics, and statistics in order to analyze and interprete biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for in silico analysis of biological questions using mathematical and statistical techniques. In silico analysis allows indirect simulation through a series of instructions put into a device, usually a computer. Nowadays, the simulation of biological aspects, especially genetics, with in silico method has been widely applied for several fields. The ABO blood type inheritance system in humans has rules that its mechanism can be applied into the Wolfram software programming, for example showing the possibility of blood groups being inherited from blood type O pairs with AB. The latest statistical data regarding the number of Indonesians who have reported their blood type has not yet reached 25% of the total population of Indonesia. Wolfram software is expected to be an accurate and fast blood type detector to record the entire population of Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to simulate Blood Type Inheritance with Wolfram Software Programming on ABO blood type inheritance data and see the suitability of the simulation results with real blood type inheritance data. The method used to simulate blood type inheritance is a survey of 12 families for the data of blood group, the next step is to enter the data one by one into the simulation model to observe the output results then matched with real data to determine the results of ABO blood type inheritance. Simulation of blood type inheritance can be done by programming the Wolfram Mathematica software and blood type data from 12 families can be simulated through the ABO blood inheritance system on Wolfram Mathematica, with details of the simulation predicting the blood groups of 2 families, simulation of 9 families according to real data, and simulation of 1 family does not match the real data.

Mikroalga merupakan organisme eukariot bersel satu yang habitatnya berada di perairan. Suatu spesies mikroalga koleksi kultur BBPBAP Jepara berpotensi menghasilkan astaxantin dalam jumlah tinggi. Namun, spesies ini belum di karakterisasi secara molekuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh karakter morfologi dan molekuler pada isolat mikroalga dari BBPBAP Jepara menggunakan 18S rDNA guna memastikan spesies untuk pengembangan potensinya. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi kultivasi mikroalga, pengamatan pola pertumbuhan, pengamatan morfologi, isolasi DNA, amplifikasi menggunakan marka 18S rDNA, elektroforesis, analisis data sekuens, dan filogenetik menggunakan aplikasi NJ Plot dan MEGA 7. Hasil karakterisasi secara morfologi sel isolat mikroalga BBPBAP Jepara memperlihatkan bentuk bulat, berwarna hijau dengan ukuran 4,5 μm, tidak memiliki flagela, dan motilitas yang pasif. Hasil karakterisasi molekuler menggunakan 18S rDNA dari isolat mikroalga BBPBAP memperlihatkan kemiripan tertinggi dengan Chlorella sorokiniana sebesar 99%. Microalgae are single-celled eukariyotic organisms whose habitat is in the waters. A species of microalgae from the Jepara BBPBAP culture collection was potential to produce high amounts of astaxantin. However, this species has not been detected molecularly previously. This study aimed to obtain the morphological and molecular characters of microalgae isolates from BBPBAP Jepara using 18S rDNA to ascertain the species and its potential development. The stages of the research carried out include; microalgae cultivation, growth pattern observation, morphological observation, DNA isolation, amplification using 18S rDNA markers, electrophoresis, sequence data analysis, and phylogenetic using NJ Plot and MEGA applications 7. Results of morphological characterization of the Jepara BBPBAP showed that cell of microalgae isolates had a round shape, green color with a size of 4.5μm, has no flagella and passive motility. The results of the molecular characterization using 18S rDNA showed that isolate BBPBAP had highest similarity with Chlorella sorokiniana about 99%.

Recently, expanded consideration has been paid to the business and potentiality of microalgae. Some microalgae are at present being studied for their capacity to find important metabolites for the drug industry or aquacultural applications. Concerning these biotechnological challenges, there is a consistent exertion accommodated in both finding and taking advantage of new microalgal assets and fostering their putative business results or modern valorizations. The crude methanol extracts of three microalgae, Dunaliella salina, Tetraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana, have been investigated for antibacterial activity using the disk diffusion method against aquatic pathogens of fish, shrimp, and shellfish e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescence and Vibrio harveyi. This research aimed to analyze the antibacterial activity of crude extract of these microalgae against aquatic pathogens. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity. The result showed that only T. chuii has the inhibition zone for both tested bacteria P. fluorescence and V. harveyi with the inhibition zone of 3.0 ± 0.6 mm on 100 µg. g–1 of extract concentration and 4.20 ± 1.1 mm against P. fluorescence on 10000 µg. g–1 of extract concentration. While D. salina and I. galbana have inhibition zone only for V. harveyi with the inhibition zone of 4.4 ± 0.6 mm and 3.2 ± 0.7 mm on 10000 µg. g–1 of extract concentration. These three microalgae may have potential use in aquatic pathogens as antimicrobial agents. It would be possible to develop biologically active compounds of microalgae as a functional feed for aquaculture.

Penaeus monodon is one of the most important farmed crustaceans. Its also known as Asia Tiger Shrimp because its carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with red and white. The use of synthetic antibiotic in aquaculture had caused problems related to health and environmental safety. Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Dunaliella salina are photosynthetic microalgae. Silver nano particle in microalgae C. pyrenoidosa and D. salina had synthesized and showed their growth stability. They offer a potency to be exploited to supported growth and survival of shrimp larvae. The objective of the study was the application of silver nano particle in microalgae C. pyrenoidosa and D. salina on P. monodon larvae. The research methodology was carried out by making microalgae C. pyrenoidosa and D. salina containing silver nano particle and used as feed of shrimp larvae. Observations were made on the growth and survival of shrimp larvae compared to both microalgae and common feed. The results showed that the P. monodon larvae have the higher growth and survival rate with microalgae C. pyrenoidosa at the beginning of their growth compared to D. salina . However, microalgae without nanosilver and common feed showed a better result for growth and activity of shrimp larvae.

Nitrat dan fosfat adalah unsur nutrien yang menjadi pembatas kelimpahan fitoplankton. Kandungan nitrat dan fosfat di perairan muara akan dipengaruhi oleh faktor biologi, fisika dan kimia perairan, yang menyebabkan timbulnya suatu persebaran. Hal tersebut menjadi permasalahan di Muara Sungai Bodri, Kendal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kandungan nitrat dan fosfat beserta pola persebarannya, serta keterkaitannya dengan struktur populasi fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator kesuburan perairan di Perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan metoda observasi dengan pendekatan spatio-temporal. Sejumlah 9 stasiun penelitian dan 3 kali waktu sampling yaitu 30 Juni, 1 September dan 27 Oktober 2018. Kandungan nitrat dan fosfat serta kelimpahan fitoplankton ditetapkan sebagai variabel terikat. Sedangkan parameter fisika dan kimia perairan seperti suhu, salinitas, derajat keasaman (pH), oksigen terlarut, kecerahan dan arus ditetapkan sebagai variabel kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kandungan nitrat berkisar 0,49-0,9 mg/l serta kandungan fosfat berkisar 0,01-0,29 mg/l yang menunjukkan bahwa perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal dalam kondisi subur/eutrofik. Kelimpahan fitoplankton menunjukkan nilai kisaran diantara 2.356 sampai dengan 162.626 sel/l, yang tersusun oleh 5 kelas dan 45 jenis/species dengan pola persebaran berbentuk konvergen yang bertumpu pada stasiun 3 dan 5. Perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal menunjukkan tingkat kesuburan yang tinggi atau eutrofik. Nitrate and Phosphate are the nutrient element which influence as limiting factor to the phytoplankton population. Nitrate and Phosphate in the water were influence by physical and chemical factors, and will affect to the distribution. The distribution of nitrate and phosphate will affect the distribution of phytoplankton population. The purpose of the research is to analyze the distribution of phytoplankton population due to the influence of nitrate and phosphate contents at Bodri Estuary, Kendal. The research was apllied based on the spatio-temporel approach. There are 9 stations and triple sampling of 30 June, 1st Septembre and 27 Octobre, 2018. The nitrate and phosphate contents and phytoplankton abundance was set as dependent variables. The parameters temperature, salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, transparency and current were used as variable control. The research result show the nitrate content range between 0,49-0,9 mgr./l and the phosphate content range between 0,01-0,29 mgr./l, which indicate that the Bodri Estuary, Kendal is eutrophic. The distribution of nitrate and phosphate contens show a model of convergen on west area of sampling and tend to along the coastline in the east part. The phytoplankton abundance show a range of 2.356 - 162.626 cell /l, which composed of 5 Class and 45 species.

Semarang dengan berbagai kekayaan Sumber Daya Hayati (SDH) yang sangat melimpah, terutama dalam hal ini kelapa belum dimanfaatkan dan diolah secara optimal, sehingga kontribusinya dalam peningkatan ekonomi masyarakat masih belum dirasakan. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, kami akan mengadakan kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat melalui penerapan IPTEKS yang sudah kami lakukan dalam skala laboratorium, berupa diversifikasi produk olahan berbasis santan kelapa yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil). Tujuan program pengabdian masyarakat adalah mengaplikasikan teknologi fermentasi oleh bakteri asamlaktat menggunakan santan kelapa untuk pembuatan VCO dan pupuk cair di kelompok PKK dan guru-guru di Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah Walisongo Jerakah Semarang. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan praktek tentang pembuatan VCO dan penanganan limbahnya menjadi pupuk cair. Hasil dari Pengabdian ini adalah produk, metode/teknologi tepat guna, dan publikasi. Diharapkan pembuatan produk VCO dan pupuk cair yang dihasilkan memberi manfaat pengetahuan tentang fermentasi dan dapat digunakan sebagai usaha inisiasi bisnis bagi kelompok PKK dan guru di Jerakah Semarang.

Fungi has an important role as decomposer since they can produce hydrolytic enzymes. The enzyme produced by fungi can be useful for industrial and biotechnology purposes. Aspergillus section Flavi are known to have the ability in producing several enzymes. The aims of this study were to find out the ability of Aspergillus section Flavi from Diponegoro University Culture Collection in producing amylase, protease and cellulase enzymes and also identify the species using phenotypic method. The fungal enzymatic activity was examined by calculating enzymatic index on specific media. The results showed that all isolates have a potential as enzyme producers. Phenotypic identification were characterized based on macro- and micromorphology. Isolates F130, F80CB, F138 dan F10A were identified as A.tamarii, while F43 and F20A were identified as A.flavus.

One of the most common methods for purifying RNA is using TRIzol reagent because of its simplicity and economic feasibility. However, the drawback of this method is frequently the low quality of extracted RNA due to contaminants from the residue of phenol and guanidinium thiocyanate from the reagents. This study aimed to evaluate the improvement in the quality and concentration of RNA after the optimisation treatment. One-month-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stem was used in this research. TRIzol or acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform-based method was given optimisation treatments of the initial sample amount, twice chloroform extraction, overnight precipitation at low temperature, and three times final washing with ethanol. The results showed no significant improvement (p > 0.05) in the purity ratio A260/A280. At the same time, there was a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in RNA yield and purity ratio A260/A230. The quality of RNA was verified using agarose-formaldehyde electrophoresis gel. Eight of nine samples (89%) from the optimised group had better RNA integrity characterised by sharp bands for 28S and 18S rRNA. Furthermore, a representative sample from the optimised group was successfully synthesised into complementary DNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers of the ubiquitin (UBI3) gene. To sum up, optimised TRIzol-based protocol provides meaningful insight to produce RNA with better quality and suitability for downstream applications.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using organism have spurred great interest as a antimicrobial and biomedical agents. Green microalgae have advantages as they are easily available , grow rapidly and producing varieties metabolites. Synthesized of AgNPs from microalgae C. vulgaris offer environmentally antimicrobial agent. The objectives of the study is producing AgNPs microalgae using C. vulgaris as eco-friendly antimicrobial agent. The research methods was conducted by synthesizing silver nanoparticle microalgae using C. vulgaris following by characterization under UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscope ( SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The research result showed AgNPs C. vulgaris microalgae were produced with and without agitation treatment under different condition. The synthesized AgNPs C. vulgaris exhibited a maximum absorption at 312 nm and 398 nm, and EDX analysis had determine d that abundance chemical elements present ed in a sample were carbon and silver. The TEM analysis revealed that they are spherical form. The spot of EDX analysis showed the presence of silver atoms. The SEM analysis shows the spherical shaped with some silver particle inside of the cell. These resut indicated that formation of silver nanoparticle microalgae using C. vulgaris has been succesfully obtained under the treatment.

Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULCC) are occurring rapidly around the globe, particularly in developing island nations. We use the lens of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to determine potential policies to address LULCC due to increasing population, suburbia, and rubber plantations in Semarang, Indonesia between 2006 and 2015. Using remote sensing, overlay analysis, optimized hot spot analysis, expert validation, and Continuous Change Detection and Classification, we found that there was a spread of urban landscapes towards the southern and western portions of Semarang that had previously been occupied by forests, plantations, agriculture, and aquaculture. We also witnessed a transition in farming from agriculture to rubber plantations, a cash crop. The implications of this study show that these geospatial analyses and big data can be used to characterize the SDGs, the complex interplay of these goals, and potentially alleviate some of the conflicts between disparate SDGs. We recommend certain policies that can assist in preserving the terrestrial ecosystem of Semarang (SDG 15) while creating a sustainable city (SDG 11, SDG 9) and providing sufficient work for individuals (SDG 1) in a growing economy (SDG 8) while simultaneously maintaining a sufficient food supply (SDG 2).

Background Microbial community has an essential role in various fields, especially the industrial sector. Microbes produce metabolites in the form of enzymes, which are one of the essential compounds for industrial processes. Unfortunately, there are still numerous microbes that cannot be identified and cultivated because of the limitations of the culture-based method. The metagenomic approach is a solution for researchers to overcome these problems. The main body of the abstract Metagenomics is a strategy used to analyze the genomes of microbial communities in the environment directly. Metagenomics application used to explore novel enzymes is essential because it allows researchers to obtain data on microbial diversity, reaching of 99% and various types of genes encoding an enzyme that has not yet been identified. Basic methods in metagenomics have been developed and are commonly used in various studies. A basic understanding of metagenomics for researchers is needed, especially young researchers to support the success of the research. Short conclusion Therefore, this review was done in order to provide a deep understanding of metagenomics. It also discussed the application and basic methods of metagenomics in the exploration of novel enzymes, especially in the latest research. Several types of enzymes, such as cellulases, proteases, and lipases, which have been explored using metagenomics, were reviewed in this article.

The Citrus sp. from Parang Island Karimunjawa is a wild type of Citrus plant that grow on salt area and exhibits a high level of vitamin C. Due to its ability, morphological, molecular and nutritional characterization needs to be carried out to improve its potential. The study was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory and the Integrated Laboratory of Diponegoro University from 2016 to 2017. The characterization was based on the morphplogical appearence of the tree, its fuits, and leaves. Its DNA barcoding consists of 18S ribosomal RNA and the ITS region on the plants is dispersed along the coastal ends and the centre of the island. Furthermore, the nutritional characterization consists of an edible fruit part, a high vitamin C level and protein content. The research showed that the Citrus sp. on the coastal ends and at the center of Parang Island Karimunjawa exhibits a close relation with the C. hystrix and members of Papeda clade. However, the morphology of the Citrus is quite different from the common C. hystrix in Indonesia. The nutritional content also shows that the Vitamin C content is higher than that of the C. hystrix by almost four times. The features of the Citrus sp. in Parang Island Karimunjawa have potential and showed possibility to improve its superiority in industrial applications and breeding programs. Key words: Karimunjawa, Parang, Citrus, 18S rRNA, ITS, nutrition.

Background and Objective: Tegal duck is a domestic waterfowl species known as a major producer of eggs that is traditionally used for making the famous salted egg by the local people. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of the Tegal duck through the gene encoding 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Methodology: We amplified and sequenced part of the 18S rRNA and COI gene of Tegal duck. These data were used to determine their similarity with other Anas species retrieved from GenBank and analyzing phylogenetic relationship. Results: The size of the PCR product of partial 18S rRNA was approximately 485 bp, whereas the size of the partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the COI gene sequence was 751 bp. The 18S rRNA data showed that the Tegal duck is closely related to A. platyrhynchos (84.4% similarity). The COI gene data of the Tegal duck confirmed this relationship, with 99% homology with A. platyrhynchos voucher NHMO-BC399. However, the COI gene fragment of the Tegal duck also showed 99% homology with A. poecilorhyncha. Conclusion: Tegal duck has a close phylogenetic relationship with not only A. platyrhynchos but also A. poecilorhyncha.

The identification and the characterization of genetic diversity of rice was the first step in the rice plant breeding program. This study aimed to detect indica or japonica sub-species on upland rice Situ Bagendit and inbred rice Ciherang using molecular markers ORF 29-TrnC (GCA) on the chloroplast genome. Rice was included to the indica sub-species if the 32 bp insertion on ORF 29-TrnC (GCA) sequence was found, on the contrary, if the deletion 32 bp on ORF 29-TrnC (GCA) was found then it was included to the japonica sub-species. DNA isolation was examined from the leaves of the rice plants, and then it tested quantitatively to determine the transparency and DNA concentration from the isolation results. PCR amplification was performed using a pair of primers CP2 and it was followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The visualization of the DNA bands used the gel documentation. Sequencing of PCR products produced a long base 390 bp in Situ Bagendit rice and 390 bp in Ciherang rice. Analysis of the sequences showed that the insertions occurred throughout the 32 bp in Situ Bagendit rice and the insertions occurred throughout the 32 bp in Ciherang rice. The results showed that upland rice Situ Bagendit and inbred rice Ciherang were included in the indica sub-species. The knowledge of variety of genetics of rice can be used as bio-information in the plant breeding program. Further, the knowledge can be used to protect in genetic power source, the selection and the composing of superior varieties of rice which is tolerant with kinds of biotic and abiotic factor.

The holothuroid spawning can be succesful depend on varoius factors such as salinity, temperature, primary productivity and other physiological adaptation toward environment influence s . The salinity fluctuation is one of the environment factors, which influence and can cause various osmotic pressure of coelomic fluid of Holothoroid and also gonad maturity stage. Holothuroid ( sea cucumber ), Paracaudina australis , is overexploited in Kenjeran waters , Surabaya , East Java . The study was aimed to reveal relationship between gonad maturity stage and level of osmotic work of sea cucumber P . australis. Fifty samples of P . australis were collected monthly. Coelomic fluid samples of approximately 200–1000 µ l were obtained from all samples using disposable insulin syringes. T here were 37 holothuroids classified in the late maturity (stage 5), 74 holothuroid in the earlier maturity stage (stage 1). Gonad maturity stage 5 (late maturity) could be reached on December 2016. Contrasly, the gonad maturity stage 1 (earlier maturity) was found on August 2016. The analysi s of coelomic fluid showed that the average value of level of osmotic work ranged 70 to 91 mOsm/L H 2 O in the earlier gonad maturity stage. Contrasly, in the late maturity, the average value of level of osmotic work ranged 118 to 156 mOsm/L H 2 O . There is relationship between gonad maturation stage and level of osmotic work. From stage of gonad maturity 1 to 5, there were upward trend level of osmotic work in coelomic fluid of P . australis. Keyword s : g onad m aturity, o smotic , Paracaudina australis

Nannochloropsis and Chaetoceros are microalgae that commonly used as natural feed for aquaculture animals. These microalgae are able to produce secondary metabolites that is used as an antioxidant. The objective of the study was to analyze the antioxidant activity from both microalgae using the DPPH method in relation with their DNA quality and quantity. The method for DNA isolation optimation was Doyle and Doyle method with slight modification. The results of this research showed the percentage of inhibition of Nannochloropsis and Chaetoceros were 9.72 % and 5.78%, respectively. While optimization of DNA isolation exhibited that Nannochloropsis was 193,5 ng/ul with a purity of 1,99 while Chaetoceros was 93.9 ng / µl with a purity of 2.00.

Nutmeg oil has an important function as natural tropical biomedicine activity which commonly found in Batang region. This essential oil is one of the dominant traditional export product from Batang instead of patchouli oil, Clove oil, and lemongrass oil. The objective of the research was to analyze chemical compound of essential oil of nutmeg leaves from Batang region produced by traditional destillation. Research methods was conducted by GCMS method. The biomedical activity against some tropical diseases was analysed in-silico. The results showed that essential oil from nutmeg leaves showed potential antimicroabial activities in silico againts several tropical diseases in skin. The GCMS result showed 2-.BETA.-PINENE and .gamma.-Terpinene as the major compound with values 34,46% and 30,28%.

The needs of herbal medicine tend to increase because of their little side effect and complications. Citronella oil has been under an attention due to progressive need for new biochemical effects to establish a novel production from this essential oil. The chemical properties of essential oil of Citronella grass from Batang Indonesia, distilled from leaves and shoots of Cymbopogon winterianus were found to be within the specifications set by Indonesia National Standart for Essential Oil. The result of GC-MS analysis showed 30 component with the major components of essential oil: Isopulegol, Tricyclo[5.2.1.0(1,5)]decane, LINALOOL L, Butanoic acid, Citronellyl acetate, Geranyl acetate, and Elemol. Comparison with commercial citronella oil showed different concentrations in the essential oil of Citronella grass from Batang Indonesia. Essential oil of Citronella grass from Batang Indonesia was also showed antimicrobial and dermatophic activity according to PASS analysis.

Recent decades showing remarkable development of the biotechnology of microalgae.Valuable product for food, nutrition and other applications will extend into broader area. Natural nutrition production from microalgae are not yet competitive with their synthetic levels. Chlorella is widely used as a health food and feed supplement, as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Protoplast fusion was found to be an efficient method in improving its nutrition production and diversification in Chlorella vulgaris. The research was carried out by application of protoplast fusion on interspecific microalgae of C. vulgaris. The fusant was subjected for analysis of nutrition content by GCMS methods on C. vulgaris powder from 100 L liquid cultivation of fusant. The research result gained fusant in high mass production level. Nutrition analysis of fusants showed 17 amino acid with high concentration glutamic acid (14495.52 ppm) followed by leucine (10856.97 ppm) and Aspartic acid (10378 ppm). Palmitic acid (1.59%) was showed highest concentration in its lipid acid profile. Lipid analysis also showed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with concentration 1.0987% and DHA 0.2%. Surprisingly, the fusant also revealed Omega 9 instead of Omega 3 and Omega 6. The research result showed potential acquisition of improvement nutrition by protoplast fusian application on microalgae.

The abundant number of existing species of microalgae in the environment constitutes biodiversity, which supports potential commercial exploitation of many novel products like carotenoid. Microalgae represent a sustainable source of any kinds of natural carotenoid. Aquaculture requires antioxidant supplements such as carotenoids but are unable to synthesize de novo. Carotenoids are needed to improve survival. The production of carotenoids has been one of the activities in microalgae. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify microalgae that can produce carotenoid from Demak marine waters. Production of carotenoid was measured using Spectrophotometer according to AOAC methods. The research found some potentially carotenogenic microalgae member of diatom in the aquatic environment of Demak which is thought to be a species of Melossira, Thalassiotrix, Rhizosolenia, Navicula, Climacodium, Achanthes, Loxophyllum, and Trichodesmium. These species potentially produce carotenoid and antioxidant properties with variety range.

This research aims to study morphological ossicles of sea cucumber Paracaudina australis which belongs to Ordo Molpadida and Family Caudinidae. Samples P australis were taken randomly from the Kenjeran Waters, Surabaya. Samples P. australis were preserved by alchohol 96% for studying ossicles. According the research result, the types of ossicles in dorsal and ventral were dominated by button, rod and eyeglasses shape. In the dorsal tissue and ventral tissue, there are no rod shape bone. Calcarious ring of P. australis conssists of 16 radial shapes and 12 interradial shapes. Ossicles shapes in the anterior tissue are more variety than in the posterior tissue. Its conclude that the eyeglasses shape and number 8 shape are dominant in all of tissue P. autralis.

Protoplast fusion was found to be an efficient method in improving carotenoid production from fusant of carotenogenic microalgae D. salina and C. vulgaris. Molecular characterization is needed for identifying the dominant parental genome in the fusant using ribosomal DNA sequences. The research was carried out by analyzing the gene encodes for 18S rDNA of fusant and determining relationship of fusant with D. salina and C. vulgaris species from GenBank. Quantitative analysis showed that C. vulgaris was not remarkably dominant in fusant with 84 % similarity compare to D. salina with 82 % similarity. The result indicated that the fusant gained both character from their parents.

Red chili is a commercial crop for the food industry in Indonesia. There are some categories of red chili based on their pungency. The hot chili usually has more capsaicin than the sweet chili. Some cultivars may have more resistance to pathogen infection than the others. This research aimed to analyze the disease resistance of red chili cultivars from Indonesia against pathogenic Fusariumoxysporum and the correlation with capsaicin contents. Disease resistance was examined by determination of the Disease Severity Index (DSI) 15 dpi (days post inoculation). The correlation was analyzed by the regression coefficient. The result showed that the most resistance cultivar against F. oxysporum was Branang, while Lembang-1displayed the contrary. There was not a correlation of capsaicin content with the chili resistance to F. oxysporum.

Microbial contamination has caused public health problems in the world population. This problem has spurred the development of methods to overcome and prevent microbial invasion. The extensive use of antibiotics has facilitated the continued emergence and spread of resistant organisms. Synthesized of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) on microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa offer environmentally safe antimicrobial agent. The present study is focused on the biosynthesis of AgNPs using microalgae C. pyrenoidosa. The research methods was conducted by insertion of nanosilver particle into microalgae cells with and without agitation to speed up the process of formation nanosilver microalgae. The formation of microalgae SNP was analyzes by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) methods. The research result showed that nanosilver microalgae biosynthesis using the agitation treatment was exhibited better performance in particle insertion and cell stability, comparing with no agitation treatment. However, synthesis of nanosilver microalgae tend to reduce the cell size.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a prime horticultural commodity. One of the varieties of potato that widely cultivated in Indonesia is Granola. This study characterized the variety Granola based on the 18S sequences of rRNA gene fragment. The 18S sequences were used to distinguish the Granola and determine the differentiating characters from other Solanum based on those sequences data. The characterization was completed in three main steps including DNA isolation from potato leaf using Doyle & Doyle method, amplification of the 18S gene fragment, and DNA sequencing. The amplification of 18S gene fragment by a PCR method obtained 528 bp sequences. The BLAST search using NCBI web service confirmed that Granola potato has 99% matching sequence with S. tuberosum. The phylogenetic reconstruction further indicates the S. tuberosum var. Granola used in this study deeply nested with the reference sequence X67238.1, a potato from Europe.

Microphytobentos and their associated mieofauna ('klekap") have important role in milkfish pond ecosystem expecially traditional fish pond. Microphytobenthos and their associated meiofauna not only consists of unicellular microalgae from class Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae but also a lot of meiofauna such as Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusc, Arthropoda, etc. Microphytobenthos and their associated meiofauna inhabit in the upper most surface sediment layer. They also have important role in the primary and secondary productivity. This research has purpose to investigate the composition of proximate in the microphytobenthos and their associated meiofauna. Microphytobenthos and their associated meiofauna were taken from three milkfish ponds in Pati area, Central of Jawa, Indonesia. Samples were taken directly by hand core from 3 stations with 3 replications. The research result showed that the value of protein content had range 6.9±0.33 - 7.73±0.37 %-dw, the value of carbohydrate content had range 10.44±1.2 - 12.59±0.15 %-dw, the value of lipid content had range 0.86±0.07 - 0.96±0.07 %-dw. It concluded that the third station has higher value of protein, lipid and carbohydrate compared than the first and the second station.

Itik Tegal adalah salah satu sumber plasma nutfah ternak Indonesia yang belum memiliki informasi asal usul dan identitas genetik, sedangkan ini sangat diperlukan sebagai dasar dalam usaha persilangan dan pemuliaan untuk menghasilkan itik hibrida unggul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas genetik itik Tegal menggunakan gen sitokrom oksidase subunit 1 ( CO1 ) dengan primer BirdF1 dan BirdR1. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara isolasi DNA dari otot paha itik, diikuti amplifikasi gen CO1, dan sekuensing. Sekuen gen CO1 digunakan untuk analisis hubungan kekerabatan dengan mengkonstruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan metode neighbor-joining dengan analisis bootstrap 1.000 ulangan. Model Kimura 2-parameter digunakan untuk menghitung jarak genetik dengan pairwise distance . Hasil penelitian memperoleh fragmen gen CO1 itik Tegal. Fragmen tersebut homolog dengan sekuen gen CO1 Anas platyrhynchos voucher NHMO-BC400. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan itik Tegal memiliki hubungan kekerabatan paling dekat dengan A. platyrhynchos yang terdistribusi di Skandinavia dan Amerika Utara, A. poecilorhyncha yang terdistribusi di Asia tropis dan timur, serta Tadorna tadorna yang terdistribusi di China. Kata kunci: gen CO1, genetik, itik Tegal

The paper industry contributed the environment pollution due to chlor substances. Utilization of alkalothermophilic xylanase enzyme as a biocatalyst in the production of paper may become an environmentally friendly biobleaching alternative. Bacillus halodurans CM1 produces xilanase enzyme that had optimal activity at pH 9 and temperature 70°C. Previous study showed that this CM1 strains has several xilanase genes. The cloning of one of these alkalothermophiic xylanase ( alkxyn ) gene has been already conducted. This study aimed to clone a lkxyn gene that encode alkalothermophilic xylanase enzyme from B. halodurans CM1 into Escherichia coli DH5α. Amplification of a lkxyn has been carried out using primers for amplification xylanase 30 kDa. The a lkxyn gene fragment was inserted into pGEM-T Easy vector and then transformed into E. coli DH5α. The results showed that the recombinant of E. coli DH5α harboring alkxyn gene from B. halodurans CM1 has been obtained. The sequences analysist based on BLAST showed that a lkxyn fragment has homology (99%) with the alkaliphilic xylanase gene from Bacillus sp. 31 which encodes alkaliphilic xilanase (Genebank assession number: JF912895.1). Keywords : cloning , Bacillus halodurans CM1, xylanase, a lkalothermophilic .

Patchouli essential oil is an dominant product from Batang but its production has not been able to meet export needs. The main problem in the production of essential oil of patchouli is limited amount of seeds and dry season effect on the growth of patchouli. On the other hand, society units of patchouli essential oil is very dependent on the availability of raw materials of patchouli. Searching of patchouli local varieties must develop in order to encourages of sustainibility of patchouli production. The purpose of this activity is search and propagate patchouli plant from local varieties that can survive in different seasons of the year according to the climatic conditions of Batang. The study was conducted with the search and propagation of patchouli plant varieties used by farmers in Batang which is Sidikalang varieties and local varieties originating from Batang region and the surrounding area. Furthermore, the vegetative propagation using cuttings will be use followed by its growth observation during dry and rainy season. Results showed that the activities of patchouli plant local varieties of Bandungan, Kendal and Batang showed the best growth in the dry season. Key words: patchouli, vegetatif growth, essential oil.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a unicellular green algae that grows in fresh water with carotenoids consisting of β-carotene, α-carotene, anthaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein. C. vulgaris usually it lives in sea water with carotenoids, chlorophyll, tocopherol, ubiquinone and proteins. The quality of them is improved by protoplast fusion and identified further using moleculer analysis. This study aims to find out the characterization and identification of molecular fusan that is obtained from interspecies C. pyrenoidosa and C. vulgaris protoplast fusion process using 18SrDNA. Both C. pyrenoidosa and C. vulgaris are combined by protoplast fusion and then they were performed the isolation of DNA with CTAB modification method, followed by PCR gradient using primers 18S Chlorella and performed DNA sequencing. The result show that there are different characters between masterplan and fusan based on growth of fresh water and sea water medium. The success frequency of fusan as a result from protoplast fusion in the fresh water media is 21% and 6% for sea water medium. The results of the alignment between fresh water fusan and C. vulgaris masterplan from GeneBank shows that the base sequence homology is 93% C. pyrenoidosa masterplan from GeneBank is 90%. The result of molecular identification towards the sequence of fresh water fusan bases shows that there is a kinship relationship with the masterplan of C. pyrenoidosa 18S Chlorella and Chlorosphaera klebsii microalgae compared with some other species from Chlorophyta group with similarity value as many as 91%. It shows that the high variety genetic is based on variations of the base sequence and has a kinship with other species in the Chlorophyta group. Keywords : Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Protoplast Fusion, DNA Sequensing, 18SrDNA.