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The central Arctic Ocean (CAO) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, but the current and future exchange of the climate-forcing trace gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the CAO and the atmosphere is highly uncertain. In particular, there are very few observations of near-surface gas concentrations or direct air–sea CO2 flux estimates and no previously reported direct air–sea CH4 flux estimates from the CAO. Furthermore, the effect of sea ice on the exchange is not well understood. We present direct measurements of the air–sea flux of CH4 and CO2, as well as air–snow fluxes of CO2 in the summertime CAO north of 82.5∘ N from the Synoptic Arctic Survey (SAS) expedition carried out on the Swedish icebreaker Oden in 2021. Measurements of air–sea CH4 and CO2 flux were made using floating chambers deployed in leads accessed from sea ice and from the side of Oden, and air–snow fluxes were determined from chambers deployed on sea ice. Gas transfer velocities determined from fluxes and surface-water-dissolved gas concentrations exhibited a weaker wind speed dependence than existing parameterisations, with a median sea-ice lead gas transfer rate of 2.5 cm h−1 applicable over the observed 10 m wind speed range (1–11 m s−1). The average observed air–sea CO2 flux was −7.6 , and the average air–snow CO2 flux was −1.1 . Extrapolating these fluxes and the corresponding sea-ice concentrations gives an August and September flux for the CAO of −1.75 , within the range of previous indirect estimates. The average observed air–sea CH4 flux of 3.5 , accounting for sea-ice concentration, equates to an August and Septe

Agila modeller och metoder har funnits länge i många branscher, så även reklamfilmsproduktion. Inom audiovisuell produktion i allmänhet och reklamfilmsproduktion i synnerhet finns det en tro på att ett visst system gör arbetssättet agilt. Agilitet är dock inte alltid agilt. I denna undersökning av arbetssätt som används inom reklamfilmsproduktion och inte bara om industri och IT så visar det i sig att agila modeller och metoder inte alltid fungerar som de borde. Hybrider skapas därför mellan olika agila och sekventiella arbetssätt för att hitta något som fungerar för olika projekt. Genom metaanalysen av dokumentation så framkom det att det är många hinder på vägen för att införa nya arbetssätt och få det nya att fungera. Det finns idag ingen standardiserad modell för reklamfilmsproduktion. Inte heller nomenklatur finns standardiserad på något sätt för projekt och produktioner, inte ens för olika delar av en och samma produktion är arbetssätt och nomenklatur standardiserad. Allt detta har skapat en förvirring hos medarbetare som påverkar projekten. Kommunikation är den viktigaste aspekten av att få ett projekt och fungera. Kunskap och förståelse för hur, vad, när och varför modeller och metoder är skapade ger insikt för varje medarbetare som då kan följa arbetssättet. Det i sin tur ökar effektiviteten för individen och projektet. I denna uppsats skapas en ny grundläggande modell för audiovisuell produktion som hanterar de svårigheter som finns i nuvarande arbetsmodeller.

Vid matematikutbildningen i lärarprogrammen vid Högskolan Väst (HV) genomförs ett utvecklings- och forskningsprojekt (med flera delstudier) för att stödja lärarstudenter att utveckla specifik yrkeskunskap som förbereder dem för undervisningens komplexitet. Kontexten i den här studien är förskoleklassen, den skolform som ska knyta samman förskolans och skolans pedagogik. I en granskning av undervisningen i förskoleklassen (Skolinspektionen, 2015) framkom att endast en fjärdedel av eleverna får en undervisning som motsvarar läroplanens övergripande mål för kunskaper. Det finns därför ett stort behov av att utveckla undervisningen i förskoleklass. Detta gäller särskilt undervisningen i matematik. Teoretisk utgångspunkt i projektet är Banduras teori om självtillit i att undervisa (1997). Forskningen behandlar individens föreställningar om sin kompetens och inte den reella undervisningsförmågan. Det finns dock en tydlig koppling mellan lärares uppfattningar om sin kompetens och vad deras elever presterar. I studien undersöker vi lärarstudenters tilltro till deras egen förmåga att undervisa i matematik och hur den förändras när studenterna får genomföra micro-teaching inför sin VFU (Pekdağ et al., 2020). Studien inleddes med att studenterna fick undervisning i matematik och därefter med handledningsstöd planera en matematiklektion. Lärarutbildare och studentkollegor gav feedback via ett strukturerat observationsprotokoll i ett intilliggande hybridklassrum. Samma undervisningssession genomfördes sedan på VFU där läraren observerade och gav feedback. Datainsamling har skett genom fokusgrupper för att fånga studenternas upplevelse av micro-teaching och om/hur den förändrat deras tillit till att undervisa i matematik. Teoretiskt analysverktyg är fyra aspekter som stöd för utveckling av självtillit (Bandura, 1997). Generellt upplevde studenterna micro-teaching som lärorikt och vill gärna möta liknande upplägg igen. Kontinuerlig återkoppling på ett begränsat innehåll upplevdes

Background The functional impact of breathlessness is assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale for chronic respiratory disease and with the New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA) scale for heart failure. We evaluated agreement between the scales and their concurrent validity with other clinically relevant patient-reported outcomes in cardiorespiratory disease. Methods Outpatients with stable chronic respiratory disease or heart failure were recruited. Agreement between the mMRC and NYHA scales was analysed using Cramer's V and Kendall's tau B tests. Concurrent validity was evaluated using correlations with clinically relevant measures of breathlessness, anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life. Analyses were conducted for all participants and separately in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure. Results In a total of 182 participants with cardiorespiratory disease, the agreement between the mMRC and NYHA scales was moderate (Cramer's V: 0.46; Kendall's tau B: 0.57) with similar results for COPD (Cramer's V: 0.46; Kendall's tau B: 0.66) and heart failure (Cramer's V: 0.46; Kendall's tau B: 0.67). In the total population, the scales correlated in similar ways to other patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion In outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease, the mMRC and NYHA scales show moderate to strong correlations and similar associations with other patient-reported outcomes. This supports that the scales are comparable when assessing the impact of breathlessness on function and patient-reported outcomes.

Students' poor attitudes and lack of motivation towards mathematics is a subject that is widely studied and discussed. The purpose of this study is to investigate how one lesson of cooperative work can affect students' attitudes towards mathematics and to ask students what kind of mathematical abilities they use when working with cooperative learning. The research project is conducted in two high schools in the south of sweden. Data is collected through a pre-test post-test survey with a cooperative learning activity led by the authors of this paper in between. The method of the survey is semiquantitative where we analyze the data with statistics, self determination theory (SDT) and sociocultural theory. The results show that attitudes and motivation towards mathematics can change to the better by working with cooperative learning for only one lesson. The results also show problem solving as the main skill that students use while working with cooperative learning.

Agile methods have been used for many years in some industries too organizework, that increase in productivity can be used in the advertising production. As this study indicate, agile methods in general, Scrum and Kanban in particular, are used to some extent within advertising production agencies, even though most co-workers in commercial industry do not seem to know what these methods are or how to utilise them to full extent. Through interviews with project leaders within the advertising industry, this study shows that the digital systems that they use are mostly based on Scrum and/or Kanban methods. Even so, very few co-workers or even the project leaders have any knowledge about the basics of agile work models and methods. This study has found that lesser knowledge of agile work methods in the advertising production industry may result in lower productivity and efficiency for the co-workers, which indicates it may result in higher costs and longer leadtimes for projects.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att öka kunskapen om den påverkan Coronapandemin kan ha haft på introduktion av de yngsta barnen i förskolan ur ett anknytningsperspektiv Tidigare forskning, det vill säga forskning publicerad före Coronapandemin, visar att kontinuitet, trygghet och närhet är faktorer som bidrar till lyckade introduktioner. Vi vill ta reda på om dessa kunnat uppnås även under Coronapandemin med de restriktioner kring närhet som myndigheterna gått ut med till Sveriges befolkning. Denna studie har utförts som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där deltagarna var förskollärare med minst fem års yrkeserfarenhet. Detta för att kunna täcka in tiden före och under Coronapandemin. Vårt resultat har därefter genomgått såväl en tematisk som en anknytningsteoretisk analys. Resultatet visar hur Coronapandemin påverkat introduktionen i förskolan både positivt och negativt. Till exempel upplever förskollärare att de fått mer tid till relationsskapande men också upplevt en svårighet i att hålla distans till barnen.

När en pandemi drabbade världen år 2020 påverkades flera företag och den arbetsrättsliga åtgärden permittering blev viktigt för att företagen ekonomiskt skulle överleva, på grund av den minskade efterfrågan på produktion och arbetskraft. Till följd av pandemin, ställdes det krav på att regeringen vidtog åtgärder i lagregleringen för att motverka de ekonomiska konsekvenserna genom att underlätta och effektivisera möjligheten för arbetsgivare att använda sig av permittering. Det finns spår av permittering redan från 1800-talet och hur permitteringsersättningen rättsligt ska regleras har ett flertal gånger i historien varit en viktig diskussionsfråga mellan regeringen och LO och SAF. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda vem som har varit ansvarig eller drabbats av kostnaden för permitteringsersättningen till arbetstagare över tid, utifrån fyra viktiga aktörer, arbetstagare, arbetsgivare, arbetslöshetskassan samt staten. Fokus har varit att utreda hur gällande rätt om ersättningen har utvecklats och förändrats över tid fram tills idag samt jämföra hur det svenska systemet skiljer sig från andra länder. Genom att utreda uppsatsens syfte kommer läsaren att få en djupare insikt i samspelet mellan de fyra aktörerna och en förståelse för hur regleringen gällande permittering och korttidsarbete ser ut, samt vilken problematik som har funnits. Det svenska systemet för permittering/korttidsarbete har genom historien inte varit bestående och det har påverkats hårt av historiska ekonomiska kriser. Arbetsmarknadens parter, SAF och LO, har förstått betydelsen av permittering som åtgärd och har därmed länge försökt påverka regleringen på området. I förhållande till andra länder, har det svenska systemet inte heller ansetts vara konkurrenskraftigt på grund av systemets uppbyggnad. Den största utmaningen genom historien gällande permitteringsersättning har varit att på ett gynnsamt sätt tillgodose alla parters intressen., When the pandemic hit the world in 2020, several companies were affected, and the use of short time work became important for the companies to survive financially, due to the reduced demand of production and labor. As a result of the pandemic, the Swedish government was required to take measures in the legislation to counteract the economic consequences by facilitating the possibility for employers to use short time work. There are traces of short time work as early as the 19th century, and how the compensation for short time work is to be legally regulated has several times in history been an important issue of discussion between the government and the social partners, LO and SAF. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate who has been responsible for the allowance of short time work to employees through history, based on four important actors. The focus has been to investigate how the applicable law on allowance has developed and changed over time until today, and to compare how the Swedish system differs from other countries. By investigating the purpose of the essay, the reader will gain a deeper insight into the interaction between the four actors, and an understanding of what the regulation regarding short-time work looks like, as well as what type of problems that have existed through time. The Swedish system for short time work has never been permanent and has therefore been affected by historical economic crises, several times. The social partners, SAF and LO, have understood the importance of short time work and have therefore tried to influence regulation in this area. In relation to other countries, the Swedish system has not been considered competitive due to the structure of the system. The biggest challenge in the history of short time work has been to satisfy the interests of the four actors in a favorable way.

Objective: The benefit of bibloc over monobloc appliances in treating obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has not been evaluated in randomized trials. We hypothesized that these types of appliances would be equally effective. Material and methods: In this multicentre, randomized equivalence trial, patients with OSA received one type of bibloc or one type of monobloc treatment. At baseline, a 1-night polygraphy study was done, and this was repeated after 1 year. The outcome was any change in the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) and the limits of equivalence between the two devices were set at ±5 AHI units. Results: Of 302 patients, 146 were randomly assigned to bibloc and 156 to monobloc appliances. In 88 and 104 patients, respectively, there were significant reductions in the AHI (p < .001) with a mean change of −16.7 (95% CI −19.4 to −14.1) in the bibloc and −11.8 (−14.9 to −8.7) in the monobloc groups. The proportions of responders defined as having an AHI <10 were 68% and 65% for the bibloc and monobloc groups, respectively. Treatment-related adverse events were mild, transient and the dropouts were more frequent in the bibloc group. Conclusions: Both types of treatments positively and significantly reduced respiratory disturbances, but at the 1-year follow-up, they were not significantly different in treating OSA, with a numerically greater reduction of the AHI value with the bibloc appliance. However, the higher proportion of treatment-related adverse events and higher proportion of dropouts among bibloc users should be balanced against the advantage of a greater reduction in the AHI.

Objectives: Patients with otosclerosis more often complain about postoperative taste disturbance than patients with chronic otitis media, which seems paradoxical. We aim to investigate if and potentially why this seems to be the case, since the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is thought to be severely traumatized less frequently during surgery in the former than in the latter. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Hospital of Vastmanland, Vasteras, Sweden. Patients: Sixty-five adults undergoing primary middle ear surgery were included. Thirty-seven were operated on for chronic suppurative otitis media with or without cholesteatoma (CSOM) and 28 for otosclerosis. Interventions: Middle ear surgery due to otosclerosis or CSOM. Subjective and objective taste measurements and quality of life (QoL) questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: Taste was assessed using electrogustometry (EGM) and the filter paper disc (FPD) method before and up to 1 year after surgery. Questionnaires on taste disturbance, including a visual analogue scale (VAS), and QoL were completed before and up to 1 year after surgery. Results: Subjective taste disturbance anytime during the 1-year follow-up were reported by 62 and 46%, respectively. The difference in EGM 1 week after surgery compared with preoperative EGM was significantly greater among CSOM patients than otosclerosis. One year postoperatively, the difference is non-significant. Conclusion: Surgery for CSOM causes greater initial and more long-lasting taste disturbances as compared with surgery for otosclerosis. One-year postoperative taste normalizes for both CSOM and otosclerosis patients according to VAS and EGM measurements. No real change in QoL was seen 1-year postoperatively., Authors in thesis list of papers: Berling Holm K, Knutsson J, Rosenblad A, von Unge M.

Introduction Breathlessness is a cardinal symptom in cardiorespiratory disease. An instrument for measuring different aspects of breathlessness was recently developed, the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile (MDP). This study aimed to validate the MDP in terms of the underlying factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity in Swedish outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. Methods Outpatients with stable cardiorespiratory disease and breathlessness in daily life were recruited. Factor structure of MDP was analysed using confirmatory factor analysis; internal consistency was analysed using Cronbach's alpha; and test-retest reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for patients with unchanged breathlessness between assessments (baseline, after 30-90 min and 2 weeks). Concurrent validity was evaluated using correlations with validated scales of breathlessness, anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life. Results In total, 182 outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease and breathlessness in daily life were included; 53.3% were women; main diagnoses were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (24.7%), asthma (21.4%), heart failure (19.2%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (18.7%). The MDP total, immediate perception and emotional response scores, and individual item scores showed expected factor structure and acceptable measurement properties: internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha, range 0.80-0.93); test-retest reliability at 30-90 min and 2 weeks (ICC, range 0.67-0.91); and concurrent validity. There was no evidence of a learning effect. Findings were similar between diagnoses. Discussion MDP is a valid instrument for multidimensional measurement of breathlessness in Swedish outpatients across cardiorespiratory diseases.

Introduction Breathlessness is the cardinal symptom in both cardiac and respiratory diseases, and includes multiple dimensions. The multidimensional instrument Dyspnoea-12 has been developed to assess both physical and affective components of breathlessness. This study aimed to perform a clinical validation of the Swedish version of Dyspnoea-12 in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. Methods Stable outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease and self-reported breathlessness in daily life were recruited from five Swedish centres. Assessments of Dyspnoea-12 were performed at baseline, after 30-90 min and after 2 weeks. Factor structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Concurrent validity at baseline was evaluated by examining correlations with lung function and several instruments for the assessment of symptoms and health status. Results In total, 182 patients were included: with the mean age of 69 years and 53% women. The main causes of breathlessness were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 25%), asthma (21%), heart failure (19%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (19%). Factor analysis confirmed the expected underlying two-component structure with two subdomains. The Dyspnoea-12 total score, physical subdomain score and affective subdomain scores showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.94, 0.84 and 0.80, respectively) and acceptable reliability after 2 weeks (ICC total scores 0.81, 0.79 and 0.73). Dyspnoea-12 showed concurrent validity with the instruments modified Medical Research Council scale, COPD Assessment Test, European Quality of Life-Five Dimensions-Five levels, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and with forced expiratory volume in 1 s in percentage of predicted value. The results were consistent across different

Background: The clinical benefit of bibloc over monobloc appliances in treating obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has not been evaluated in randomized trials. We hypothesized that the two types of appliances are equally effective in treating OSA. Objective: To compare the efficacy of monobloc versus bibloc appliances in a short-term perspective. Patients and methods: In this multicentre, randomized, blinded, controlled, parallel-group equivalence trial, patients with OSA were randomly assigned to use either a bibloc or a monobloc appliance. One-night respiratory polygraphy without respiratory support was performed at baseline, and participants were re-examined with the appliance in place at short-term follow-up. The primary outcome was the change in the apnoea–hypopnea index (AHI). An independent person prepared a randomization list and sealed envelopes. Evaluating dentist and the biomedical analysts who evaluated the polygraphy were blinded to the choice of therapy. Results: Of 302 patients, 146 were randomly assigned to use the bibloc and 156 the monobloc device; 123 and 139 patients, respectively, were analysed as per protocol. The mean changes in AHI were −13.8 (95% confidence interval −16.1 to −11.5) in the bibloc group and −12.5 (−14.8 to −10.3) in the monobloc group. The difference of −1.3 (−4.5 to 1.9) was significant within the equivalence interval (P = 0.011; the greater of the two P values) and was confirmed by the intention-to-treat analysis (P = 0.001). The adverse events were of mild character and were experienced by similar percentages of patients in both groups (39 and 40 per cent for the bibloc and monobloc group, respectively). Limitations: The study shows short-term results with a median time from commencing treatment to the evaluation visit of 56 days and long-term data on efficacy and harm are needed to be fully conclusive. Conclusion: In a short-term perspective, both appliances were equivalent in terms of their positive effects for treating OSA a

Psykisk ohälsa som kan ha sin grund i att ha vuxit upp med alkoholberoende föräldrar är problematisk. Psykiatrisjuksköterskan bör vara medveten om hur en främjad psykisk hälsa för denna målgrupp kan uppnås inom den psykiatriska vården. Det är därför viktigt att beskriva hur psykiatrisjuksköterskor arbetar personcentrerat med denna patientgrupp i vårdsituationer. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur psykiatrisjuksköterskan inom vuxenpsykiatrin genom personcentrerad omvårdnad främjar psykisk hälsa för vuxna med föräldrar som har ett alkoholmissbruk. Metod: Data samlades in från sex semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatmaterialet presenterade följande kategorier: Skapa förtroende och tillit, Identifiera behov av insatser, Arbeta i team kring patienten, Få patienten att ta ansvar för sina egna val samt Låta patienten påverka planerade insatser. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna som deltog i studien menade att motivering och stärkande av patienten att ta ansvar var centrala aspekter., Mental illness that may be due to having grown up with alcohol addicted parents is problematic. The psychiatric nurse should be aware of how a promoted mental health for this target group can be achieved in psychiatric careIt is therefore important to describe how psychiatric nurses work person-centered with this patient group in care situations. Aim: To describe how nurses within adult psychiatric care throw Person-Centered care can promote continuous development of psychiatric health regarding adults with parents who have an alcohol abuse. Method:Data was collected from six semi-structured interviews and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Result: The result material presented the following categories; Create Confidence and trust, Identify need for efforts, Work in team around patient, Get patient to take responsibility for their own choices, and Let the patient affect planned efforts. Conclusion: The nurses who participated in the study argued that the motivation and strengthening of the patient to take responsibility were central aspects.

Objectives: Patients with otosclerosis more often complain about postoperative taste disturbance than patients with chronic otitis media, which seems paradoxical. We aim to investigate if and potentially why this seems to be the case, since the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) is thought to be severely traumatized less frequently during surgery in the former than in the latter. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Hospital of Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden. Patients: Sixty-five adults undergoing primary middle ear surgery were included. Thirty-seven were operated on for chronic suppurative otitis media with or without cholesteatoma (CSOM) and 28 for otosclerosis. Interventions: Middle ear surgery due to otosclerosis or CSOM. Subjective and objective taste measurements and quality of life (QoL) questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures: Taste was assessed using electrogustometry (EGM) and the filter paper disc (FPD) method before and up to 1 year after surgery. Questionnaires on taste disturbance, including a visual analogue scale (VAS), and QoL were completed before and up to 1 year after surgery. Results: Subjective taste disturbance anytime during the 1-year follow-up were reported by 62 and 46%, respectively. The difference in EGM 1 week after surgery compared with preoperative EGM was significantly greater among CSOM patients than otosclerosis. One year postoperatively, the difference is non-significant. Conclusion: Surgery for CSOM causes greater initial and more long-lasting taste disturbances as compared with surgery for otosclerosis. One-year postoperative taste normalizes for both CSOM and otosclerosis patients according to VAS and EGM measurements. No real change in QoL was seen 1-year postop, Funding Agencies:Regional Research Council of Uppsala - Örebro, Sweden Västmanland County Council Research Foundation, Sweden Centre for Clinical Research, Västeras, Uppsala University, Sweden