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The preference in the type of halogen bond accepted by anthraquinone (C14H8O2) from two isosteric donors, namely 1,4-diiodoperfluorobenzene (C6I2F4) and 1,4-diiodoperchlorobenzene (C6I2Cl4), is reported. The two co-crystals, (C6I2F4)·(C14H8O2) and (C6I2Cl4)·(C14H8O2), are sustained primarily by I···O rather than π-type halogen bonds to form these multicomponent solids. The ability for each component to engage in two divergent halogen-bonding interactions generates a one-dimensional chain structure for each co-crystal. The bias in the halogen-bonding type is due to the difference in electrostatic potential between the carbonyl oxygen and the aromatic surface on the anthraquinone. To support this observed preference, the binding energies of the I···O halogen bond were quantified for both co-crystals by using density functional theory calculations and then compared to the interaction energy for related π-type halogen bond from previously reported structures.

Distracted driving is a major cause of car crashes. Considering the dangers of distracted driving, efforts to develop prevention and/or reduction technology are underway. The purpose of this study is to observe the level of usage of distracted-driving-reduction technology in Indonesia and model the intention to use this technology on the technology acceptance model (TAM).The participants in this study included 418 Indonesian drivers (217 males, 201 females, mean age = 30.96 years), who volunteered to fill out an online questionnaire that the researcher developed, based on the TAM. The questionnaire comprised constructs including subjective norm, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use, as well as the additional constructs of trust in technology and personal innovativeness. Participants used a five-point Likert scale to record their responses.The results showed the level of respondents' use of distracted-driving-reduction technology as 88.52%. The most frequently used technology for this purpose was Bluetooth-enabled audio systems. The factors that significantly influenced the intention to use distracted-driving-reduction technology were the subjective norm, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and personal innovativeness. The paper also discusses the implications of the results.

Este es un estudio exploratorio de tipo descriptivo para conocer en qué medida, la formación académica de los graduados en Economía y Finanzas y Banca del Centro Regional Universitario de Veraguas, Universidad de Panamá, se corresponde con las exigencias del mercado laboral y cuáles son las recomendaciones que hacen los graduados para mejorar el currículo de las carreras y la relación entre la Universidad y los egresados, aplicado a una muestra de 136 graduados; 89 de Finanzas y Banca y 47 de Economía. Los resultados indican que: el 73% de los encuestados respondió que la Universidad cubrió sus expectativas respecto al campo laboral en un 75% a 100%. El 53.2% de los economistas y el 55 % de los financistas opinó que su capacidad para ejecutar tareas en el área de la especialidad fueron habilidades desarrolladas en un 75% durante sus estudios en la Universidad. Más del 70% de los graduados tanto en Finanzas y Banca como los graduados en Economía respondieron que la preparación académica que recibieron como estudiantes respondió en más del 80% a las exigencias del mercado laboral. Sugirieron la actualización de contenidos, e hicieron énfasis en aspectos prácticos y en la participación en proyectos de investigación.

Kristine Williams,1 Ruth Herman,2 Daniel Bontempo3 1College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; 2School of Nursing, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; 3The Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas, Dole Human Development Center, Lawrence, KS, USA Purpose of the study: Assisted living (AL) residents are at risk for cognitive and functional declines that eventually reduce their ability to care for themselves, thereby triggering nursing home placement. In developing a method to slow this decline, the efficacy of Reasoning Exercises in Assisted Living (REAL), a cognitive training intervention that teaches everyday reasoning and problem-solving skills to AL residents, was tested. Design and methods: At thirteen randomized Midwestern facilities, AL residents whose Mini Mental State Examination scores ranged from 19–29 either were trained in REAL or a vitamin education attention control program or received no treatment at all. For 3 weeks, treated groups received personal training in their respective programs. Results: Scores on the Every Day Problems Test for Cognitively Challenged Elders (EPCCE) and on the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS) showed significant increases only for the REAL group. For EPCCE, change from baseline immediately postintervention was +3.10 (P

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of major trauma on individual and population health. METHODS: Data from a regional trauma registry were used, including all trauma fatalities and nonfatal severely injured patients (injury severity score >15) in 1999 and 2000. The impact of fatalities was expressed in terms of years of life lost (YLL). The impact of severe injury on survivors was expressed in terms of years lived with disability (YLD). Disability weights were based on quality of life at 15 months after injury, measured with EuroQol-5D. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. FINDINGS: There were 567 fatalities and 335 survivors. At the individual level, trauma fatalities (32 YLLs per patient) and nonfatal cases of major trauma (12 YLDs per patient) both led to a substantial loss of healthy life years. Each victim of major trauma contributed an average of 25 DALYs to the burden of disease. At the population level, major trauma caused 10 DALYs per 1000 inhabitants. Road-traffic injury was the main contributor to the population burden of major trauma. CONCLUSION: Both at individual and population levels, major trauma has a massive impact on health. Most severely injured victims of road-traffic crashes reach the hospital and have good chances of survival. Injury prevention and trauma care policies should aim at further reduction of both fatalities and permanent consequences among survivors.

Background: A variety of techniques for measuring lower limb loading exists, each with their own limitations. A new ambulatory biofeedback system was developed to overcome these limitations. In this study, we described the technical aspects and validated the accuracy of this system. Methods: A bench press was used to validate the system in the static situation. Ten healthy volunteers were measured by the new biofeedback system and a dual-belt instrumented treadmill to validate the system in the dynamic situation. Results: Bench press results showed that the sensor accurately measured peak loads up to 1000 N in the static situation. In the healthy volunteers, the load curves measured by the biofeedback system were similar to the treadmill. However, the peak loads and loading rates were lower in the biofeedback system in all participants at all speeds. Conclusions: Advanced sensor technologies used in the new biofeedback system resulted in highly accurate measurements in the static situation. The position of the sensor and the design of the biofeedback system should be optimized to improve results in the dynamic situation.

Background: New research findings, changes in legislation and the use of information technology in nursing, require continuous in-service training of psychiatric nurses to cope with, reflect on and modify their clinical practice based on emerging knowledge. Many international studies have been conducted on the importance of in-service training and authors agree that in-service training improves the quality of nursing care. However, few studies have been conducted on in-service training in South Africa and psychiatric nursing. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to explore and describe the needs and benefits of in-service training for psychiatric nurses; and to formulate recommendations for in-service training. Method: The research project followed a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. Six focus group interviews were conducted and the following questions were asked: ‘What are your in-service training needs as psychiatric nurses?’, ‘What are the benefits of doing in service training?’ and ‘What can be done to ensure that in-service training is done continuously?’ Data were analysed through the use of content analysis and Tesch’s eight steps of data analysis were used. Results: The findings of this research included three main themes, namely, that on-going in-service training is necessary, in-service training is beneficial to psychiatric nurses and that challenges exist with regard to in-service training. Conclusion: The findings confirmed the need for ongoing in-service training which has many advantages for psychiatric nurses. Aspects that hinder in-service training need to be addressed by planning ahead and by implementing the recommendations as identified by the psychiatric nurses and their managers. Agtergrond: Nuwe navorsingsbevindinge, veranderinge in wetgewing en die gebruik van inligtingstegnologie in verpleegkunde, vereis deurlopende indiensopleiding van psigiatriese verpleegkundiges om hulle kliniese praktyk soos gebaseer op opkomende kennis, te hanteer, daarop te reflekteer en dit aan te pas. Internasionaal is daar baie studies gedoen oor die belang van indiensopleiding en outeurs stem saam dat indiensopleiding die kwaliteit van verpleegsorg verbeter. Daar is egter nog net ’n paar studies oor indiensopleiding in Suid-Afrika en psigiatriese verpleegkunde gedoen. Doelwitte: Die doelwitte van die studie was om die behoeftes en voordele van indiensopleiding vir psigiatriese verpleegkundiges te verken en te beskryf en om aanbevelings te formuleer vir indiensopleiding. Metode: Die navorsingsprojek het ’n kwalitatiewe, verkennende, beskrywende en kontekstuele benadering gevolg. Ses fokusgroeponderhoude was gedoen en die volgende vrae was gevra: ‘Wat is jou indiensopleiding behoeftes as ’n psigiatriese verpleegkundige?’, ‘Wat is die voordele daarvan om indiensopleiding te doen?’ en ‘Wat kan gedoen word om te verseker dat indiensopleiding deurlopend gedoen word?’. Data was ontleed deur die gebruik van Tesch se agt stappe van data analise. Resultate: Die bevindinge van die navorsing sluit drie hooftemas in, naamlik, dat deurlopende indiensopleiding is nodig, indiensopleiding is voordelig vir psigiatriese verpleegkundiges en daar is verskeie uitdagings in indiensopleiding. Gevolgtrekking: Die bevindinge bevestig die behoefte aan indiensopleiding wat baie voordele het vir psigiatriese verpleegkundiges. Aspekte wat indiensopleiding verhinder moet aangespreek word deur vooruit te beplan en deur aanbevelings, soos geïdentifiseer deur psigiatriese verpleegkundiges en hulle bestuurders, te implementeer.

The research was conducted to the characteristics of carcass evaluate crossbred between cockerel of kampung chicken and Lohman layer hen. Sixteen crossbred chickens and 16 kampung chickens were reared under a similar management from 2 - 12 weeks old. The chickens were given a commercial feed which contains 21% crude protein at 2 - 4 week old, and 14% crude protein and metabolizable energy 2800 kcal/kg at 4 - 12 weeks old. The data of carcass weight, rear back weight, fore back weight, breast weight, and thigh weight were collected. Meat and bone on breast and thigh were separated. The results showed that with under similar management and feeding, the carcass values of crossbred chicken were not significantly different with kampung chicken. The crossbred chickens have meat production rate of 2.83 times as compared to kampung chicken. Higher crude protein than 14% with a balance metabolizable energy will increase the quantity and quality of crossbred chicken carcass. (Animal Production 4(2): 71-76 (2002) Key Words : Carcass, Crossbred Kampung Chicken

Abstract During World War II, when Axis theories of racial supremacy became purported antonyms to Allied values, leaders of “non-white” countries gained a new framework for challenging a global order grounded in racialized notions of fitness for self-government. But the story is more complex than a sole focus on the international sphere allows, as those leaders who adopted anti-racist rhetoric to challenge their disadvantaged position in international politics were sometimes architects of racial hierarchy at home. This article examines how anti-racist struggles within Panama and the Canal Zone mapped onto the anti-imperialist project of a racist Panamanian state. Scholars of race and international relations have highlighted the challenges that anti-imperialist struggles posed to racialized criteria for international legitimacy, on the one hand, and the impact of geopolitical conflict on domestic struggles for racial equality, on the other. The view from the Canal Zone reveals the interplay between those two phenomena. Foregrounding Latin America in a history of the global politics of anti-racism precludes escape into binary visions of a world divided between colonizers and colonized, a racist Global North and an anti-racist Global South, or a tidy color line that splits humanity in two.

The treatment of American Indian place-names provides a window into the growth of American nationalism since 1776 and attitudes towards Indians by the new settler society. Originally ignored or erased by European colonists, Indian place-names became a subject of fascination and scholarship from the late-nineteenth century, at the same time that Indians themselves were marginalized to reservations. A large body of literature produced by non-Natives sometimes frames these place names as "romantic," and other times as distinctly unromantic. In the voluminous literature on this topic, the treatment of Indians and their place-names reflects diverse and shifting attitudes towards American Indians in United States culture, as elaborated by Philip Deloria and Robert Berkhofer. Drawing on approximately 120 texts on Indian place-names, this study uses the lens of romance, a polyvalent term with various implications, to examine how non-Native writings on these toponyms reveals attitudes towards Indians themselves and their place in the American nationalist imagination.

A series of [2+2] cycloaddition reactions involving trans-1,2-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene that is templated by three 2,4,6-trihalophenols is reported. In each case, the co-crystal undergoes a quantitative and stereoselective photoreaction to generate the corresponding cyclobutane, namely rctt-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)cyclobutane. The reliability of these phenols to engage in the combination of homogenous and face-to-face π–π stacking interactions along with O–H⋯N hydrogen bonds places the carbon–carbon double bond within the reactant in a suitable position to photoreact. In addition, density functional theory calculations supported the occurrence of the homogeneous stacking pattern which is required to form these photoreactive co-crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) manufactured in Anniston, Alabama, from 1929 to 1971 caused significant environmental contamination. The Anniston population remains one of the most highly exposed in the world.Reports of increased diabetes in PCB-exposed populations led us to examine possible associations in Anniston residents.Volunteers (n = 774) from a cross-sectional study of randomly selected households and adults who completed the Anniston Community Health Survey also underwent measurements of height, weight, fasting glucose, lipid, and PCB congener levels and verification of medications. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the relationships between PCBs and diabetes, adjusting for diabetes risk factors. Participants with prediabetes were excluded from the logistic regression analyses.Participants were 47% African American, 70% female, with a mean age of 54.8 years. The prevalence of diabetes was 27% in the study population, corresponding to an estimated prevalence of 16% for Anniston overall; the PCB body burden of 35 major congeners ranged from 0.11 to 170.42 ppb, wet weight. The adjusted OR comparing the prevalence of diabetes in the fifth versus first quintile of serum PCB was 2.78 (95% CI: 1.00, 7.73), with similar associations estimated for second through fourth quintiles. In participants < 55 years of age, the adjusted OR for diabetes for the highest versus lowest quintile was 4.78 (95% CI: 1.11, 20.6), whereas in those ≥ 55 years of age, we observed no significant associations with PCBs. Elevated diabetes prevalence was observed with a 1 SD increase in log PCB levels in women (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.28); a decreased prevalence was observed in men (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.33, 1.41).We observed significant associations between elevated PCB levels and diabetes mostly due to associations in women and in individuals < 55 years of age.

BackgroundResidents of Anniston, Alabama, live near a Monsanto plant that manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from 1929 to 1971 and are relatively heavily exposed.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to determine the relationship, if any, between blood pressure and levels of total serum PCBs, several PCB groups with common actions or structure, 35 individual PCB congeners, and nine chlorinated pesticides.MethodsLinear regression analysis was used to determine the relationships between blood pressure and serum levels of the various contaminants after adjustment for age, body mass index, sex, race, smoking, and exercise in 394 Anniston residents who were not taking antihypertensive medication.ResultsOther than age, total serum PCB concentration was the strongest determinant of blood pressure of the covariates studied. We found the strongest associations for those PCB congeners that had multiple ortho chlorines. We found the associations over the full range of blood pressure as well as in those subjects whose blood pressure was in the normal range. The chlorinated pesticides showed no consistent relationship to blood pressure.ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, serum concentrations of PCBs, especially those congeners with multiple ortho chlorines, were strongly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Using storytelling from his experiences with the Western Apache, Keith Basso elaborates the notion that “wisdom sits in places,” that is, the way in which social and cultural knowledge and guidance—wisdom—is based on experience. Because experience occurs in places, landscapes (and their stories and place names) can come to encode social and cultural knowledge. This notion of geography as philosophy would not have been foreign to the ancient Greeks to whom the discipline is often traced, but geography today, with some notable exceptions, is only slowly returning to the quest for wisdom. As an academic discipline, geography must struggle against the limitations of the larger (post)modern episteme within which it is situated. A genuine engagement with Indigenous geography may open a pathway out of this fix.What I call “modern geography”—meaning the Anglophone geography that has emerged during the past two centuries with influence from France and Germany—grew as both a tool and a product of the colonial era. The discipline helped map out the civilized and the uncivilized and the place of each in a world of empires. Its scholars at times justified territorial expansion with hints at world domination, laid out “scientific” justifications for racial inequality, or provided the technical tools and know-how for conquest and colonial rule. In the process, Western notions of geography—of space, time, and human- environment relations—were imposed on the rest of the world. The hegemonic power of the resulting modernist worldview continues to perpetuate in part through its intimate relationship with global capitalism. It is important to bear in mind that what is now held forth as a “rational” worldview has its roots in a European culture war—the Reformation. Although this worldview is accepted as common sense today, it embodies a distinct ideology that enabled the colonization of the world and the commodification of nature.

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated reported prevalence and diagnostic methods for identifying Candida africana, an opportunistic yeast associated with vaginal and oral candidiasis. A comprehensive literature search yielded 53 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 2 of which were case studies. The pooled prevalence of C. africana among 20,571 participants was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.7–1.3%), with significant heterogeneity observed (I 2 = 79%, p