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La anemia es un problema multidimensional que se agudiza en edades tempranas. Cuando las tasas de prevalencia de anemia superan el 40 %, la OMS lo reconoce como un grave problema de salud pública. En Perú, infantes entre edades de 6 y 36 meses presentan anemia en el 43,5 % del ámbito urbano y el 51,1 % del ámbito rural. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el impacto del acceso de agua y alcantarillado en anemia en infantes menores de 5 años, para ello, empleamos el Propensity Score Matching como técnica de evaluación de impacto y a través del uso de data de la Endes 2019. Los resultados muestran que, en general, contar con acceso a agua y alcantarillado contribuye a disminuir la presencia de esta enfermedad. Concluimos que en general, contar con servicios de agua y alcantarillado incide en disminuir la anemia en 14,6 % en hogares con infantes menores de 5 años, particularmente, contar con servicio solo de agua, contribuye en una disminución de 12,4 % y solo con servicio de alcantarillado la disminución de anemia en este grupo es de 7,6 %. Al comparar el impacto del acceso de estos dos servicios en anemia según ámbitos urbano y rural, este resulta mayor en el ámbito urbano y cuando se accede solo al servicio de agua, lo cual estaría relacionado con la mayor incidencia de acciones de cloración.

Hilliardiella oligocephala (DC.) H.Rob. var. besteri P.P.J.Herman, var. nov. Similar to H. oligocephala var. oligocephala but with narrowly elliptic to linear-elliptic leaves up to 10(–12) mm broad, 3(rarely 5)-veined, 3(5) veins prominently raised abaxially. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: Barberton District, ± 8.5 km directly SSW of Barberton, Farm Ameide 717JT, NW of Shokhohlwa Peak, S hill slope, grassland, 1591 m, (QDS: 2531 CC Komatipoort), 9 December 2008, Bester 8817 (holotype PRE). Etymology:—Named for S.P. (Pieter) Bester, colleague and diligent plant collector. Slender perennial herb with few, soft, annual, herbaceous stems from small underground rootstock. Rootstock also with fusiform tubers. Annual stems (100–)120–250(–270) mm high, unbranched or rarely with one or two short side branches, faintly to distinctly ribbed, densely brown or silvery/whitish hairy, hairs short-stalked, medifixed Tshaped with arms parallel to surface. Leaves alternate, sessile or very shortly petiolate, discolorous, narrowly elliptic, linear-elliptic, sometimes elliptic, rarely narrowly obovate or obovate, (10–)12–45(–50) × (2.0–)2.5–10.0(–12.0) mm (including petiole), apex obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded or rarely attenuate, base cuneate or shortly attenuate, margin entire, prominently 3(rarely 5)-veined from base, these raised on abaxial surface, on adaxial surface faint or sunken, rarely some reticulate veins visible between main veins, adaxial surface sparsely to more densely hairy, abaxial surface densely hairy, hairs brownish or whitish, also short-stalked, medifixed T-shaped with arms parallel to surface, similar to those on stems. Capitula homogamous, discoid, few, on very short peduncles, arranged in dense, terminal, umbellate synflorescences. Peduncle (2.0–)2.5–14.0 mm long, densely hairy. Involucre cupuliform to campanulate, (5–) 6–10 mm wide across upper part. Involucral bracts arranged in 4 or 5 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, densely white or silvery hairy and glandular-punctate; outer row narrowly triangular, linear-triangular, linear or narrowly ovate, (2.5–)3.0–4.0(–5.8) × 0.5–1.0 mm, apex usually cuspidate, reddish; second row linear-triangular, narrowly triangular, narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, (3.0–)4.0–5.0(–6.5) × (0.8–)1.0–1.5(–2.0) mm, apex attenuate or cuspidate, upper part of margin and apex usually reddish, sometimes 3-veined, visible on inside; third row narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, 4.0–5.0(–5.5) × 1.0–1.6(–2.0) mm, apex acute or attenuate, cuspidate, upper part of margin and apex usually reddish, usually 3-veined, visible on inside; fourth row narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or (very) narrowly obovate, (4–)5–6 × 1.0–1.5(–2.2) mm, apex acute or attenuate, cuspidate, apical part of margin and apex reddish, usually 3-veined, visible on inside; fifth row narrowly elliptic or narrowly obovate, (4.2–)5.5(–6.0) × 1.0– 1.5 mm, apex attenuate, cuspidate, apical part of margin and apex reddish, usually 3-veined, visible on inside. Receptacle epaleate. Disc florets bisexual, fertile, actinomorphic; corolla pinkish or purple, tubular; tube 3.5–4.5(–5.0) mm long, upper part of tube with few sessile glands and T-shaped hairs, 5-lobed; lobes 2–3 mm long, apex acute, with sessile glands and T-shaped hairs but around apex with unicellular hairs. Anthers (1.5–)2.0– 2.5 mm long, with (narrowly) ovate apical appendages, bases caudate. Style 4.0–6.0(–7.5) mm long, exserted, bifurcate; style branches reddish or purple, filiform, 1.0–1.5(–1.8) mm long, recurved, with acute hairs on outside of branches and onto the shaft below furcation, total inner surface stigmatic. Ovary/cypsela brown, ± obconical, 1.0– 1.8 mm long, densely twin hairy and glandular punctate, with distinct carpopodium. Pappus dimorphic, an outer row of laciniate scales, 0.5–1.0 mm long and inner row of barbellate bristles 4–5 mm long. Flowering time: (August)September to December. (Fig. 1B, C, 4C, D, F, 6). Diagnostic characters:— Hilliardiella oligocephala var. besteri has few, soft, slender, annual, herbaceous stems only up to 250(–270) mm high from the underground rootstock, narrowly elliptic to linear-elliptic, abaxially prominently raised 3(rarely 5)-veined leaves up to 10(–12) mm broad. Hilliardiella oligocephala var. oligocephala has narrowly or broadly ovate, cordate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, prominently raised, pinnately veined leaves. Distribution:— Hilliardiella oligocephala var. besteri is near endemic to Mpumalanga and occurs in a small area in Mpumalanga and in eSwatini (Swaziland) (Fig. 7). Additional specimens examined SWAZILAND [eSWATINI]. Havelock Mine, grassland, 4300 ft [1311 m], (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), September 1955, Miller 3013 (PRE). Havelock Mine, grassland, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), October 1955, Miller 3057 (PRE). Mbabane District, Waverley Mine, 5000 ft [1524 m], (QDS: 2630BD Carolina), 17 October 1956, Compton 26095 (PRE). Mbabane District, Ngwenya Mountain, 5500 ft [1676 m], (QDS: 2632AA Bela Vista), 18 November 1956, Compton 26332 (PRE). SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: Pilgrim’s Rest District, Sabie, Mauchsberg, 4800–5800 ft [1463–1768 m], (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg), 22 December 1932, Smuts & Gillett 2271 (PRE), Smuts & Gillett 2329 (PRE). Pilgrim’s Rest District, Mount Anderson, 7000 ft [2134 m], (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg), 24 December 1932, Smuts & Gillett 2406 (PRE). Barberton District, ± 11 km E of Barberton, Farm Twello, Sappi Plantation, moderate NW mountain slope, grassland, 1449 m, (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 13 November 2014, Bester 12085 (PRE). Barberton District, at turn-off from R40 between Barberton and Josefsdal towards Diepgezet mine, ± 18 km SSE of Barberton, gentle NW mountain slope, grassland, 1455 m, (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 26 November 2017, Bester 13858 (PRE). Barberton District, Oosterbeek farm, 5 km S of Barberton, grassland, 5200 ft [1585 m], (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 15 November 1977, De Sousa 631 (PRE). Barberton, Angle station, hill above station, (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 2 August 1978, Venter 4491 (PRE). Locality not found: Mpumalanga, Barberton, mountain tops near Bosch’s, 4000–4500 ft [1219–1372 m], September 1889, Galpin 557 (PRE).

Hilliardiella oligocephala var. oligocephala Slender perennial herb with few soft, annual, herbaceous stems from small underground rootstock. Rootstock also with narrow fusiform tubers. Annual stems 80–330, very rarely to 380, mm high, unbranched or rarely with one or two short side branches, faintly to distinctly ribbed, sparsely hairy to glabrescent basally, upwards densely silvery/ whitish hairy, hairs short-stalked, medifixed T-shaped with arms parallel to surface or very rarely sometimes with long-stalked, asymmetrically, Y-shaped hairs with arms shorter than stalk and stalk with reddish transverse cell walls. Leaves alternate, sessile or very shortly petiolate, densely set to more scattered, discolorous, ovate, broadly ovate, cordate or narrowly ovate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, lowest pair often orbicular, 10–28 × 3.5–20.0(–25.0) mm (including petiole), apex acute, attenuate, mucronate apiculate, acuminate, obtuse or rounded, often shortly cuspidate, base cuneate, attenuate, obtuse, cordate or subcordate, margin entire, often undulate and distantly, sparsely serrulate, prominently pinnately veined, these raised on abaxial surface, on adaxial surface faint or sunken, adaxial surface sparsely hairy or glabrescent, hairs scattered over surface or confined to veins, often glandular punctate towards the apex, very rarely sometimes on adaxial side near apex and along margins of apex with long-stalked, asymmetrically, Y-shaped hairs with arms shorter than stalk and stalk with reddish transverse cell walls, abaxial surface densely hairy, hairs silvery/whitish, hairs short-stalked, medifixed, T-shaped with arms parallel to surface, similar to those on stems. Capitula homogamous, discoid, very rarely heterogamous, discoid, few, on very short peduncles, arranged in dense, terminal, umbellate synflorescences or sometimes densely umbellate-racemosely arranged, rarely synflorescence more open and lax. Peduncle (2–)3–12(–15), very rarely to 28, mm long, densely hairy, often hidden by uppermost leaves. Involucre broadly obconical to campanulate, 5–9(–10) mm wide across upper part. Involucral bracts arranged in (4)5 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, densely white or silvery hairy and glandular-punctate; outer row lineartriangular or very narrowly ovate, (2.2–)2.5–4.0 × 0.2–0.5 mm, apex attenuate, usually cuspidate, usually reddish, hairy, glabrous or glabrescent, upper part of margin sometimes reddish, surface densely silvery hairy and glandular punctate, main vein sometimes obvious; second row linear-triangular, very narrowly ovate or rarely very narrowly obovate, 3.0–4.5(–4.8) × 0.4–0.6 mm, apex acuminate or attenuate, cuspidate, usually reddish, hairy, glabrous or glabrescent, upper part of margin sometimes reddish, surface densely silvery hairy and glandular punctate, main vein sometimes obvious and sometimes keeled in lower part; third row narrowly triangular, very narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly obovate, (3.5–)4.0–5.4 × 0.5–1.4(–1.5) mm, apex attenuate or acuminate, cuspidate, usually reddish, sparsely hairy, glabrous or glabrescent, upper part of margin usually reddish or pink-purple; surface whitish hairy and glandular punctate, main vein usually visible, often keeled in lower half, inside surface with prominent main vein or sometimes 3-veined; fourth row narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly obovate, 4.2–5.5(–6.0) × 0.5–1.4(–1.5) mm, apex acuminate or attenuate, cuspidate, usually reddish, glabrous or glabrescent, upper part of margin reddish or pink-purple, surface whitish hairy and glandular punctate, main vein usually visible, often keeled in lower half, inside surface with prominent main vein or sometimes 3-veined; fifth row narrowly ovate, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly obovate or narrowly oblong, (4.0–)4.5–5.5(–6.0) × 0.6–1.2 mm, apex attenuate, cuspidate, usually reddish, glabrous or glabrescent, upper part of margin reddish or pink-purple, surface sometimes reddish in upper part, whitish hairy and glandular punctate, main vein ± prominent and often keeled in lower half, inside surface with prominent main vein or sometimes 3-veined. Receptacle epaleate. Disc florets bisexual, fertile, sometimes few outer florets female, actinomorphic; corolla pinkish or purple, funnelform; tube 3.5–5.0(–5.5) mm long, upper part of tube with few sessile glands and T-shaped hairs, 5-lobed; lobes (1.5–)2.0–3.5(–4.0) mm long, apex acute, with sessile glands and T-shaped hairs but around apex with unicellular hairs. Anthers (1.5–)1.8–2.2(–2.5) mm long, with (narrowly) ovate apical appendages, bases caudate. Style (4.0–)4.5–6.5(–8.5) mm long, exserted, bifurcate; style branches pinkish purple, filiform, 1.0– 1.8 mm long, recurved, with acute hairs on outside of branches and onto the shaft below furcation, total inner surface stigmatic. Ovary/cypsela brown, ± obconical, 1.0– 1.5 mm long, ribbed, densely twin hairy and glandular punctate, with distinct carpopodium. Pappus dimorphic, an outer row of laciniate scales, 0.5–1.0 mm long and inner row of barbellate bristles, 3.5–5.0(–5.5) mm long. Flowering time: July to December with one record each for January, February and April. (Figs 3, 4A, B, E). Diagnostic characters:— Hilliardiella oligocephala var. oligocephala is a slender plant up to about 350 mm high, with only a few soft, herbaceous, slender stems from the underground rootstock, with narrowly or broadly ovate, cordate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, prominent pinnately veined, leaves and a few capitula arranged in dense terminal umbellate synflorescences. H. elaeagnoides is a rigid, robust plant up to 1 m high, with clumps of many rigid, erect stems from the underground rootstock, with many capitula in large, open corymbose synflorescences. Some specimens were seen with capitula more densely arranged in almost umbellate synflorescences, but their stems are still quite hard and rigid. Distribution:— Hilliardiella oligocephala var. oligocephala is endemic to South Africa and occurs in a small area around Barberton (Mpumalanga), through KwaZulu-Natal and into the Eastern Cape (Fig. 5). Not as common as H. elaeagnoides and usually overlooked because of its smaller stature. Additional specimens examined SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: Barberton District, ca. 9.8 km directly SW of Barberton, Farm Schultzenhorst 718JT, N facing mountain slope, grassland, 1618 m, (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 9 December 2008, Bester 8832 (PRE). Mukwana Heights north of house, 2.4 km S of Barberton, burnt N facing mountain slope, 3700 ft [1128 m], (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), 18 August 1974, De Souza 434b (PRE). Barberton, Saddleback Mountain, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2531CC Komatipoort), September 1889, Galpin 425 (PRE). Locality not found: “Brommers” – Mountains SE of Barberton, steep, rocky grassland, recently burnt, 10 July 1985, Onderstall 1247 (PRE). KwaZulu-Natal: Louwsburg Distr., Itala Nature Reserve, Potwe, mountain, 3800 ft [1158 m], (QDS: 2731AC Louwsburg), 8 December 1975, Brown & Shapiro 34 (PRE). Ntonjaneni Distr., 3 ½ m [5.6 km] S of Ntonjaneni on road to Melmoth, dense grassveld, recently burnt, 3400 ft [1036 m], (QDS: 2831CB Nkandla), 8 October 1946, Codd 1796 (PRE). Ngoye Forest [Umgoye/Ongoye Forest], grassland between exposed rock faces, 1600 ft [488 m], (QDS: 2831DC Nkandla), 11 December 1973, Stirton 446 (PRE). Zululand, Hlabisa district, west of Charter’s Creek, amongst grasses in sandy soil near vlei, 100 ft [30 m], (QDS: 2832AB Mtubatuba), 5 December 1955, Ward 2847 (PRE). St Lucia, S of Lake, Dukuduku State forest, moist riverine forest/thicket, 20 m, (QDS: 2832AD Mtubatuba), 9 December 1989, Hobson 370 (PRE). Witbank, Balgowan, [Lion’s River Distr.], dolorite outcrop, grassland, 4800 ft [1463 m], (QDS: 2930AC Pietermaritzburg), 12 October 1964, Moll 1219 (PRE). Greytown, 3420 ft [1042 m], (QDS: 2930BA Pietermaritzburg), Oct-Nov 1931, Wylie s.n. TvlMus 33875 (PRE). Pietermaritzburg, Silverglen Nature Reserve, NE of Umlazi Nursery, recently burnt grassland, (QDS: 2930DD Pietermaritzburg), 21 October 1985, Ngwenya 181 (PRE). [Pinetown], Kloof, 1500 ft [457 m], (QDS: 2930DD Pietermaritzburg), 14 September 1893, Schlechter 3203 (PRE). Hill near Pinetown, 1500 ft [457 m], (QDS: 2930DD Pietermaritzburg), 29 August 1893, Wylie s.n. Nat. Herb. 495 (PRE, 2 specimens). Weza State Forest, foothills of Ngeli Mountain near Loveday [Lovedale?] lookout, grassland, (QDS: 3029DA Kokstad), 20 November 1986, Van Wyk 7561 (PRE). District Alexandra, Station Dumisa, Farm Friedenau, 600 m, (QDS: 3030AD Port Shepstone), 31 January 1908, Rudatis 235 (PRE). District Alexandra, Station Dumisa, Campbellton, 800 m, (QDS: 3030AD Port Shepstone), 8 November 1912, Rudatis 1745 (PRE). Dududu, 2 km W of the Cedars, gentle slope, recently burnt grassland, loamy soil, (QDS: 3030BA Port Shepstone), 5 November 1992, Sikhakhane 268 (PRE). Port Edward, Clearwater, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 22 August 1982, Abbott 241 (PRE). Just outside Port Edward on road to Bizana, hillside, grassland, recently burned, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 20 September 1996, Germishuizen 8659 (PRE). Vague locality: Zululand, 1–2000 ft [305–610 m], April 1895, Wylie / Medley Wood 5755 (PRE). Eastern Cape: Griqualand East, near Clydesdale, Mount Malowe, grassy slopes, 3500 ft [1069 m], (QDS: 3029BD Kokstad), November 1885, Tyson 2148 (PRE, 2 specimens). Bizana Commonage, grassveld, 2500 ft [762 m], (QDS: 3029DD Kokstad), 22 November 1945, Acocks 12257 (PRE). Bizana District, flats 0.5 miles [0.8 km] W of town, sour grassveld, 762 m, (QDS: 3029DD Kokstad), 22 November 1945, Story 587 (PRE). Ntsubane Forest Station near Lusikisiki, grassy plains, (QDS: 3129BC Port St Johns), 2 February 1929, Galpin 10993 (PRE). Transkei, Mkambati Nature Reserve, burnt grassland, 230 m, (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 19 February 1985, Shackleton 228 (PRE). Transkei, 1.3 myl [2.1 km] vanaf die kantore by Mkambati op pad na die hospitaal, in onlangs gebrande grasveld [2.1 km from the offices at Mkambati on the way to the hospital, in recently burnt grassveld], (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 9 July 1976, Van Wyk 1555 (PRE). Flora of Coffee Bay, Tembuland, on grassy slopes, (QDS: 3129CC Port St Johns), November 1919, Tyson s.n. PRE44465 (PRE). Bizana District, Umtentu mouth, open grassveld, 100 ft [30 m], (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 17 August 1953, Story 4171 (PRE). District Kentani, margin of woods, 1500 ft [457 m], (QDS: 3228CB Butterworth), 1901, Pegler 64 (PRE). Kentani, (QDS: 3228CB Butterworth), November 1906, Pegler s.n. TvlMus4126 (PRE).

Hilliardiella elaeagnoides (DC.) N.Swelankomo & J.C.Manning in Swelankomo et al. (2016: 50). = Webbia elaeagnoides Candolle (1836: 73). = Cacalia elaeagnoides (DC.) Kuntze (1891: 968). = Vernonia elaeagnoides (DC.) Schultz Bipontinus (1844: 668), non Kunth (1818). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal: Zwischen Omsamwubo und Omsamcaba, auf Grasfeldern, 1000–1500 fuss [between Umzimvubu/Mzimvubu and Umsikaba/Msikaba, on grassland, 305–457 m], (QDS: 3129BC/BD/DA Port St Johns), 18 February 1832, Drege 5077 (lectotype: G-DC, designated here; isolectotype: P, barcode P022661, all seen as images). (Lectotypes chosen as recommended by McNeill (2014). (Information on Drège localities from Drège (1843), Glen & Germishuizen (2010) and labels on Paris specimens). = Vernonia kraussii Schultz Bipontinus (1844: 668); Sch.Bip. in Walpers (1843: 947), nom. nud. in syn. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal: In graminosis ad radicem (Octobri) et in summitate mont. Tafelbergen [in grassy places at the foot and the top of Table Mountain], (QDS: 2930DA], August 1839, Krauss 462 (lectotype: MO, barcode MO 391699, designated here; isolectotypes: P, barcode P 022670, TUB, barcode 004988, all seen as images). Note:— Schultz Bipontinus (1844) cited two Krauss specimens: 48 and 462. Specimens of Krauss 462 are housed in MO, P, TUB (JSTOR 2022, P online). The TUB specimen with barcode 004988 has two labels attached to it, one label with the number 48 and the date October 1839, and the second label with the number 462 and the date August 1839. The MO specimen was selected as the lectotype to eliminate any confusion. Only one specimen of Krauss 48 was seen on the P online website. Rigid, robust plant up to 1 m high, with many rigid, erect stems from underground rootstock, with ovate to subrotund, pinnately veined leaves up to 20(–25) mm broad, with many capitula in large, open, corymbose synflorescences. For full description see Swelankomo et al. (2016). (Figs 1A, 2). Distribution: —Widespread in southern and tropical Africa.

Hilliardiella oligocephala (DC.) H. Robinson (1999: 230). = Webbia oligocephala Candolle (1836: 73). = Vernonia oligocephala (DC.) Sch.Bip. in Walpers (1843: 947). = Vernonia kraussii var. oligocephala (DC.) Harvey (1865: 51). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal: ‘ Zwischen Omsamculo und Omcomas, in den Dünen und auf Grashöhen am Gestade, 200 ft, 19 März 1832’ [between Umzimkulu/Mzimkulu and Umkomaas, on grassy heights and the beach, 61 m], (QDS: 3030BB/BC/CB/ DA Port Shepstone), 19 March 1832, Drege 5076 (lectotype: G-DC, barcode G00464306, designated here; isolectotypes: P, barcodes P022663, P022664, all seen as images). (Lectotypes chosen as recommended by McNeill (2014). Slender perennial herbs with few soft, annual, herbaceous stems from small underground rootstock. Rootstock also with narrow fusiform tubers. Annual stems unbranched or rarely with one or two short side branches, faintly to distinctly ribbed, sparsely hairy to glabrescent basally, upwards densely silvery/whitish hairy, hairs short-stalked, medifixed T-shaped with arms parallel to surface or very rarely sometimes with long-stalked, asymmetrically, Y-shaped hairs with arms shorter than stalk and stalk with reddish transverse cell walls. Leaves alternate, sessile or very shortly petiolate, densely set to more scattered, discolorous, margin entire, often undulate and distantly, sparsely serrulate, adaxial surface sparsely hairy or glabrescent, hairs scattered over surface or confined to veins, often glandular punctate towards the apex, abaxial surface densely hairy, hairs silvery/whitish, hairs short-stalked, medifixed, T-shaped with arms parallel to surface, similar to those on stems. Capitula homogamous, discoid, very rarely heterogamous, discoid, few, on very short peduncles, arranged in dense, terminal, umbellate synflorescences or sometimes densely umbellateracemosely arranged, rarely synflorescence more open and lax. Peduncle densely hairy, often hidden by uppermost leaves. Involucre broadly obconical to campanulate. Involucral bracts arranged in (4)5 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, densely white or silvery hairy and glandular-punctate. Receptacle epaleate. Disc florets bisexual, fertile, sometimes few outer florets female, actinomorphic; corolla pinkish or purple, infundibuliform. Anthers with (narrowly) ovate apical appendages, bases caudate. Style exserted, bifurcate; style branches pinkish purple, filiform, recurved, with acute hairs on outside of branches and onto the shaft below furcation, total inner surface stigmatic. Ovary/cypsela brown, ± obconical, ribbed, densely twin hairy and glandular punctate, with distinct carpopodium. Pappus dimorphic, an outer row of laciniate scales and inner row of barbellate bristles. Key to the varieties Leaves ovate, broadly ovate, cordate or narrowly ovate, elliptic or broadly elliptic, lowest pair often orbicular, up to 28 × 20(–25) mm (including short petiole), prominently pinnately veined........................................................................................ var. oligocephala Leaves narrowly elliptic, linear-elliptic, sometimes elliptic, rarely narrowly obovate or obovate, up to 45(–50) × 10(–12) mm (including short petiole), prominently 3(rarely 5)-veined from base, these raised on abaxial surface.............................................. var. besteri

b. Callilepis laureola var. paucicephala P.P.J.Herman, var. nov. Similar to C. laureola var. laureola but can be distinguished by its few-headed corymbose synflorescences in contrast to the solitary capitula of C. laureola var. laureola . It differs from C. retiefiae, which also has few-headed corymbose synflorescences, by its narrowly ovate leaves. Callilepis retiefiae has linear-elliptic leaves. It differs from the other taxa with corymbose synflorescences by its narrow, subequal involucral bracts in contrast to the broader, imbricate involucral bracts of the taxa with corymbosely arranged synflorescences. Type: — SWAZILAND [eSWATINI]. Stegi District [Siteki], Namahasha Road, burnt area, 1500 ft [457 m], (QDS: 2631BD Mbabane), 4 May 1959, Compton 28849 (holotype PRE (PRE703289); isotypes NBG image, PRE (PRE189390). Fig. 30. Etymology:— paucicephala = few-headed. Erect, perennial herbs with tufts of annual stems from underground rootstock, up to ± 560 mm high. Stems unbranched or sparsely branched, branching corymbosely upwards, ribbed, glabrous, with occasional hair or sparsely to densely villose, with hair tufts in leaf axils. Leaves sessile, lowest opposite or subopposite, alternate upwards, ovate to narrowly ovate or broadly ovate, decreasing in size upwards and passing into peduncular bracts, (20–)25–55(–78) × 6–25(–38) mm, apex acute or acuminate, base subcordate and semi-amplexicaul in broader/lower leaves, in upper/narrower leaves cuneate or broadly cuneate, margin whitish or paler than rest of blade, entire or sparsely and minutely serrulate in upper part of leaf, glabrous, with occasional hair or sparsely to more densely villose, blade glabrous, with occasional hair or sparsely villous, 3(5)-veined from base. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, in open, few-headed corymbs. Involucre hemispherical, (10–)15–20(–22) mm wide. Involucral bracts in 2 to 4(5) rows, subequal, inner grading into outer paleae; outer row narrowly triangular or narrowly ovate, (3.5–)4.0–6.0(–7.0) × (0.8–)1.0– 1.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate, margin sometimes membranous, glabrous or sometimes hairy near base (overflow from peduncle), surface glabrous; second row narrowly triangular, ovate or narrowly ovate, 4.0–4.5(–8.0) × (1.0–)1.5–2.0 mm, apex acute to acuminate, margin sometimes very narrowly membranous, glabrous, pectinate or hairy, surface glabrous; third row triangular, ovate or narrowly ovate, 5–7 × (1.5–)2.0(–2.2) mm, apex acuminate, margin very narrowly membranous, glabrous or faintly and sparsely pectinate in lower part, blade glabrous; fourth and fifth row/ray paleae ovate or narrowly ovate, 4.0–8.5 × (1.0–)2.0 mm, apex acuminate, margin membranous in lower part, often pectinate and often folded inwards, surface glabrous. Receptacle paleate, paleae boat-shaped, (5.0–)6.0– 7.5 mm long with 1.0– 1.5 mm long, acute to apiculate, dark apex, glabrous. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, arranged in 1 or 2 rows; corolla white or cream; tube 1.5–2.0(–4.0) mm long, limb (10.0–)12.0–17.5 × (3.0–)4.0–4.5(–6.0) mm, unlobed or minutely 2-lobed; staminodes apparently absent. Styles (1.5–)3.0 mm long, bifurcate, rarely undivided, exserted; style branches (0.5–)1.0 mm long, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, basally separated but apically confluent in broad band or entire inner surface stigmatic. Ray ovaries obconical-trigonous, 2–3(–4) mm long, glabrous. Ray cypselae usually obconical-trigonous, 2.5–4.0 × (1.5–) 1.8 mm, glabrous, ribbed, cypselae of inner ray florets often laterally compressed, similar to those of disc florets. Ray pappus dimorphic, consisting of one long awn, (2.5–)3.0–4.5(–5.0) mm long, two (three) shorter awns, (1.5–)2.0–3.0 mm long, and few smaller oblong, obtuse scales in between, ± 1 mm long. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile, many; corolla dark (purplish), tubular below, slightly widening upwards towards lobes; tube 3–4 mm long, glabrous, 5-lobed; lobes narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.0 mm long, acute, recurved. Anthers 5, exserted, 1.5–2.0(–2.5) mm long, apical appendages narrowly ovate, 0.5(–0.8) mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.5–1.0 mm long, ciliate. Styles 3–4(–5) mm long, bifurcate, sometimes exserted; style branches oblong, (0.8–)1.0– 1.2 mm long, apex (shallowly) broadly conical or obtuse, with acute hairs on outside at base of cone, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, confluent apically in broad band or entire inner surface stigmatic. Disc ovaries obovate, 3.0–3.5(–4.8) mm long, laterally compressed, glabrous. Disc cypselae obovate, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, laterally compressed, ribbed, glabrous. Disc pappus dimorphic, consisting of one long awn, 3–4 mm long, one(two) shorter awn(-s), 1.8–3.0 mm long, rarely two additional linear awns in between, 1.0– 1.5 mm long and smaller, obtuse scales in between, (0.5–)1.0 mm long. Flowering time: recorded from November to as late as June, but usually after veld fires. Distinguishing characters:— Callilepis laureola var. paucicephala can be distinguished by its mostly narrowly ovate to ovate, prominently 3-veined leaves with acuminate or attenuate, sometimes acute apex and subcordate, rounded or obtuse base, stems, leaf margins and leaf surfaces sparsely to more densely villous, rarely glabrous, fewheaded corymbose synflorescences with narrow, subequal involucral bracts, white or creamy ray florets, purplish or blackish disc florets, and glabrous cypselae. Distribution:— Callilepis laureola var. paucicephala occurs in eSwatini (Fig. 31) and also in Mozambique. It seems the two varieties can grow together in the same locality as can be seen from the Compton 31143 collection: there are two specimens with this number housed in PRE, the one specimen is C. laureola var. laureola (barcode PRE 189391-0) and the other var. paucicephala (barcode PRE 703288). The image of the Compton 31143 specimen in NBG (barcode NBG0055712-0) is C. laureola var. paucicephala. Additional specimens examined SWAZILAND [eSWATINI]. Mliba, Low Veld, growing on dry rocks by streamside, 2000 ft [610 m], (QDS: 2631BA Mbabane), 9 January 1970, Barrett 474 (PRE). Manzini District, Mpisi, 1500 ft [457 m], (QDS: 2631BC Mbabane), 20 December 1961, Compton 31143 (NBG barcode NBG0055712-0, image, PRE barcode PRE 703288). Stegi District [Siteki], 5 miles [8 km] S of Stegi, 2500 ft [762 m], (QDS: 2631BD Mbabane), 25 November 1958, Compton 28384 (NBG image, PRE (2 sheets)). Blue Jay Ranch, 2 miles [3.2 km] SE of W entrance to Umbuluzi Gorge, Lubombo Mountains, open grassveld, 1300 ft [396 m], (QDS: 2632AA Bela Vista), 10 April 1977, Culverwell 747 (PRE). E of Siteki towards S tributary of the Mnzimyane River near the Mtonjane dip tank on farm of Mr Carmaichael, gentle hill slope, grassland, 433 m, (QDS: 2632AC Bela Vista), 2 December 2006, Koekemoer 3411 (PRE). Stegi District [Siteki], Palata, 2000 ft [610 m], (QDS: 2632CA Bela Vista), 11 January 1962, Compton 31206 (NBG image, PRE). Vague locality: between Black Mbelusi and Komatie, 21 June 1911, Burtt-Davy 10665 (PRE 4991) (PRE)., Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613

Callilepis leptophylla Harvey (1865: 136); Claassen (1969: t. 1554); Hilliard (1977: 288); Retief & Herman (1997: 297). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. ‘Betchuanaland’, Machalisberg [North-West, Magaliesberg], (QDS: 2527DC Rustenburg), October 1841, Zeyher 1043 (lectotype SAM /NBG barcode SAM0038644-1, image, designated here; isolectotypes K barcode K000410210, P barcodes P00063646, P00063647, S barcode S14-14636, SAM/NBG barcodes SAM0038644-2, SAM0038644-3, all images). Note:—On the SAM specimen (barcode SAM0038644-2) the number 164.10 is written in pencil. According to Glen & Germishuizen (2010), this number denotes the locality where the specimen was collected and the month of collection; the year also given by Glen & Germishuizen (2010). Erect, perennial herbs with tufts of annual stems from underground rootstock, 200–600 mm, rarely up to 1 m, high. Stems unbranched or branched, becoming pedunculoid upwards, ribbed, glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, usually with hair tufts in leaf axils. Leaves subopposite, alternate or spirally arranged, sometimes some lowest leaves opposite, sessile, linear or filiform, rarely very narrowly obovate or linear-elliptic, decreasing in size upwards and passing into peduncular bracts, (5–)10–80 × ≤ 0.5–1.5(–2.0) mm, margin entire, sometimes sparsely and minutely serrulate in upper part, sometimes whitish or paler than rest of leaf blade, glabrous or with occasional hair or more hairy, blade glabrous, with occasional hair or more hairy, with prominent single main vein or in broader leaves sometimes with 2 faint side veins parallel to main vein. Capitula solitary, heterogamous, radiate. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, (12–)15–25(–30) mm wide. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4 rows, subequal, inner grading into outer (ray) paleae; outer row linear-triangular, narrowly triangular or rarely narrowly ovate-acuminate, 5–10 × 0.5–1.5(rarely up to 2.5) mm, margin sometimes very narrowly membranous, sometimes sparsely and minutely pectinate, glabrous or sometimes with few short hairs or rarely long hairs, surface glabrous, rarely with few hairs basally; second row narrowly triangular or narrowly to very narrowly ovate, acuminate to long acuminate, 5–10 × 0.8–1.8 mm, margin often very narrowly membranous, sometimes sparsely and minutely pectinate, glabrous or sometimes with few short hairs or rarely long hairs, surface glabrous, rarely with few hairs basally; third row narrowly ovate to ovate, 5–10 × 1.0– 2.5 mm, apex acuminate to long acuminate, margin narrowly membranous in lower half or all along, sparsely and minutely pectinate, glabrous or sometimes with few short hairs or rarely long hairs, surface glabrous, rarely with few hairs basally; fourth row/inner ray palea narrowly ovate, (long) acuminate, 5–10 × 1.5–2.0 mm, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed apically, margin membranous in lower part, slightly or distinctly folded inwards, upwards narrowly membranous, faintly pectinate and glabrous or with few short hairs, surface glabrous. Receptacle conical, paleate; paleae boat-shaped, 4–7 mm long with 0.5–2.5 mm long acute to apiculate, dark apex, glabrous, enveloping inner ray and disc florets, often persistent for some time after florets have been shed. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, arranged in 1 to 3 rows; corolla white, cream, creamy white or yellowish; tube 0.5–2.5(–3.0) mm long, usually with 1 to 5 staminodes, 1.0– 2.5 mm long; limb (8–)10–15(–20) × 2–6(–8) mm, unlobed or minutely 2- or 3-, rarely 4-, lobed. Styles 2–5 mm long, exserted, bifurcate, branches sometimes unequal, rarely unlobed; style branches oblong, obtuse, 0.5–1.5 mm long, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, confluent apically or entire inner face stigmatic. Ray ovaries obovate, trigonous, 2–5 mm long, glabrous, with membranous wing on side of longest pappus awn or sometimes on all three angles and continuing up into pappus awns but shape and wings not always distinguishable in very young ovaries. Ray cypselae usually asymmetrically obovate, trigonous, 4–5 × 2–3 mm, ribbed, glabrous, cypsela of inner ray florets often laterally compressed, similar to those of disc florets. Ray pappus dimorphic, of awns and scales; longest awn (2.5–)3.0–4.0(–5.5) mm long, opposite ray limb, 2 shorter awns (1.5–)2.0–3.0(–4.0) mm long, rarely only one short awn or 3 short awns, with elliptic-obtuse lacerate scales among awns, ± 1 mm long. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile, many; corolla purple, violet or blackish, rarely white; tube 3–5 mm long, tubular below, with parallel sides basally, between basal and upper part often with ring-like thickening and from there widening narrowly funnelshaped upwards, 5-lobed; lobes 1–2 mm long, narrowly ovate, acute, recurved. Anthers 5, exserted; 1.5–2.0 mm long, with narrowly ovate apical appendages, 0.5–1.0 mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.5–1.0 mm long, ciliate. Styles 2.5–5.0(–5.5) mm long, bifurcate; style branches oblong, 0.5–1.5(–2.0) mm long, apex conical or obtuse with ring of acute hairs outside at base of cone, with broad marginal stigmatic areas confluent apically or entire inner face stigmatic. Disc ovaries obovate, 2.5–5.0 mm long, laterally compressed, glabrous, with membranous wing on side of longest pappus awn and continuing up on it. Disc cypselae asymmetrically obovate, 4.0–5.5 × 2.0– 3.5 mm, laterally compressed, glabrous, ribbed, margins elongated upwards into pappus awns. Disc pappus dimorphic, of awns and scales; inner pappus awn longest, (2.5–)3.0–4.0(–5.0) mm long, opposite acute or apiculate palea apex, one shorter awn (1.5–)2.0–3.5(–4.5) mm long, sometimes 2 shorter awns; with scales in between awns, acute to obtuse, ± 1(2) mm long, apices lacerate. Flowering time August to January, May and June, with peak in October and November. Figs 1 B, C, 2 B, 6 A, 7 C, 8 A, B, 9 B, 13. Distinguishing characters:— Callilepis leptophylla is easily recognisable by its linear or filiform leaves with a prominent single main vein, solitary capitula with subequal, narrow involucral bracts, white ray florets and mostly dark purplish or rarely white disc florets, and glabrous cypselae. Growing in grassland, it is one of the first spring flowers to appear. In the following specimens white or paler disc florets were recorded: white ray and disc florets (Bester 16667, PRE); disc florets pink (Koekemoer 2534, PRE); rays white, discs maroon in bud, white when open, ageing dark brown to black (Reddy et al. 609, PRE). Distribution:— Callilepis leptophylla is near endemic in northern and eastern South Africa and is widely distributed from Limpopo, North-West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, eSwatini and KwaZulu-Natal (Fig. 14). According to Victor (2016), the Red List Status of C. leptophylla is Least Concern. Additional specimens examined SWAZILAND [eSWATINI]. Near Sandlane Border Post on road to Bhunya, grassland, gentle slope, well-drained, 1416 m, (QDS: 2630DB Carolina), 20 November 2002, Koekemoer 2534 (PRE). Inter Dalriach et Forbe’s Reef, in colle saxoso, in terra “High Veld” dicta, 6500 ped. [between Dalriach and Forbes Reef, on rocky hills, in area called “High Veld”, 1981 m], (QDS: 2631AA/AC Mbabane), December 1905, Bolus 12001 (PRE). Mbabane District, Dalriach, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 25 October 1957, Compton 27142 (NBG image, PRE). Mbabane District, Ukutula, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 13 November 1955, Compton 25250 (NBG image, PRE). Mbabane District, Ukutula, 4000 ft [1219 m], (flowering after fire in March), (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 17 June 1958, Compton 27884 (PRE). Mbabane District, Poliniane River, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 27 September 1962, Dlamini s.n. PRE 702612 (PRE). Mbabane District, Black Mbuluzi Valley, 4000 ft [1219 m], (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 1 October 1958, Compton 28069 (NBG image, PRE). Mbabane District, Black Mbuluzi Valley, burnt area, 3500 ft [1067 m], (QDS: 2631AC Mbabane), 22 September 1959, Compton 29077 (PRE). SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo: Pietersburg Division, hillside at Haenertsburg, (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), 20 October 1938, Hafström & Acocks 1545 (PRE). Grassland westl. von Haenertsburg (Nähe Str. R 71) [W of Haenertsburg, near R 71, grassland], 1500 m, (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), 15 November 1991, Leverkusen RSA 16691 (PRE). Haenertsburg, (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), November 1913, Pott s.n. TvlMus13295 (PRE). Woodbush State Forest, Wegränder [roadside], 1600 m, (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), 15 November 1991, Leverkusen RSA 16791 (PRE). Woodbush (N Tvl), Mountain Home Farm, common on grassland ridges, 5100 ft [1554 m], (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), 18 December 1935, Mogg 14702 (PRE). Woodbush Forest Station, (QDS: 2329DD Pietersburg), December 1924, Van Dam s.n. PRE 59624 (PRE). Woodbush, Pypkop, mountain slope, grassland, 1821 m, (QDS: 2330CC Tzaneen), 4 November 2010, Kremer-Kohne 34 (PRE). Near Tzaneen, open rocky grassland, (QDS: 2330CC Tzaneen), 24 November 1985, Onderstall 1278 (PRE). Geelhoutkop, (QDS: 2428AD Nylstroom), January 1918, Breyer s.n. TvlMus18014 (PRE). Potgietersrus District, Sterkrivier Dam [Doorndraaidam?], deep sandy soil, (QDS: 2428BD Nylstroom), 21 October 1972, Van Vuuren 1840 (PRE). Warmbad, Gedeelte 19 van Gedeelte F van die plaas Cyferfontein Nr 434 [section 19 of section F of the farm Cyferfontein Nr 434], (QDS: 2428CC Nylstroom), 14 October 1972, Hanekom 1880 (PRE). Waterberg District, Nylstroom area, ± 100 m after Kranskop turn-off to Nylstroom along N1 highway, gentle E facing hill slope, savanna, sandy loam soil, 1391 m, (QDS: 2428CD Nylstroom), 4 October 2000, Burgoyne & Klapwijk 4 (PRE). Warmbaths, (QDS: 2428CD Nylstroom), 21 October 1909, Leendertz s.n. TvlMus7586 (PRE). Potgietersrust, ad urbem P., in steppo aperto [at the town Potgietersrust, in open grassland], (QDS: 2429AA Zebediela), 16 October 1930, Fries, Norlindh & Weimarck 1944 (PRE), Fries, Norlindh & Weimarck 1944a (PRE). Pyramid Estate near Potgietersrust, mountain tops, 5600 ft [1707 m], (QDS: 2429AA Zebediela), 27 October 1922, Galpin 9145 (PRE). Zebediela, Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve, savanna, sandy granitic soil, 4500 ft [1372 m], (QDS: 2429AA Zebediela), 28 January 1968, Huntley 1086 (PRE). Pietersburg, Wolkberg Plateau, 16 miles [25.7 km] S of Boyne, sandy soil, (QDS: 2429BB Zebediela), 5 February 1961, Van Vuuren 1307 (PRE). The Downs 34 KT, slight NE facing slope, short sparse woodland, dark brown sand, 1481 m, (QDS: 2430AA Pilgrim’s Rest), 20 May 1986, Krynauw 1234 (PRE). The Downs, Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, slight N facing slope, well-drained sandy soil, (QDS: 2430AA Pilgrim’s Rest), 8 October 1984, Stalmans 194 (PRE). Serala Peak, Farm Wolkberg 634 LT, open short montane grassland, slight NE facing slope, grey-brown sandy loam soil, 1760 m, (QDS: 2430AA Pilgrim’s Rest), 10 September 1985, Venter 10887 (PRE). North-West: Wolhuterskop, (QDS: 2527DA Rustenburg), August 1909, Crawley s.n. TvlMus10405 (PRE). Gauteng:Rustenburg, Uitkomst 499 JQ, naby suidwestelike hoekpaal, grasveld, effense konkawe noordfronthelling met dolomiet dagsome en sanderige leemgrond, 5000 ft [near south-western corner pole, grassveld, slight concave N facing slope with dolomite outcrops and sandy loam soil, 1524 m], (QDS: 2527DD Rustenburg), 19 November 1970, Coetzee 427 (PRE, PRU). Pretoria District, Zoutpan [Tswaing Meteorite Crater], (QDS: 2528AC Pretoria), December 1911, Van Dam s.n. PRE 59601 (PRE). Pretoria, Onderstepoort, (QDS: 2528CA Pretoria), 27 September 1912, Theiler 9199 [PRE 740036] (PRE). Pretoria, Rietondale flats, grassveldt, (QDS: 2528CA Pretoria), November 1934, Leemann s.n. PRE 43264 (PRE). Pretoria, Swartspruit, (QDS: 2528CA Pretoria), 27 October 1917, Pole-Evans 401 (PRE). Pretoria, 4800 ft [1463 m], (QDS: 2528CA Pretoria), 15 November 1893, Schlechter 3697 (PRE, 2 sheets; PRU); TvlMus1950 (PRE). Pretoria, National Botanical Garden, grassland N and NW from Education Building, welldrained sandy soil, recently burned, 1364 m, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 4 November 2003, Bester 4324 (PRE). Pretoria, National Botanical Garden, grassland S of road to nursery, sandy red soil, burnt in winter, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 1 December 1993, Hobson 1970 (PRE, PRU). Pretoria, Botanical Research Institute, open grassland, occurs naturally in area, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 28 November 1986, Joffe 147 (PRE). Pretoria, wild National Botanical Garden, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 9 October 1967, Collett 61 / Killick s.n.?( 3836 [FPA]) PRE 30281 (PRE). Pretoria, BRI PNBG [Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria National Botanical Garden], recently mown grassland, well-drained loam soil, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 2 October 1984, Turner 232 (PRE). Pretoria, Silverton, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 27 October 1959, Schlieben & Strey SKF834 (PRE). Pretoria, Silverton, on bank alongside fence along Premier Mine Road, (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 28 October 1925, Smith 1085 (PRE). Pretoria Distrik, Roodeplaatdamnatuurreservaat, goedgedreineerde sandgrond [Pretoria District, Roodeplaatdam Nature Reserve, well-drained sandy soil], (QDS: 2528CB Pretoria), 15 October 1979, Van Rooyen 1941 (PRE, PRU). Pretoria District, open veld E of Christoburg and S of Laudium, gentle S facing hill slope, grassland, recently burned, 1431 m, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 29 October 2021, Bester 16667 (PRE). Pretoria, Pinedene near Irene, shallow gravelly soil, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 27 October 1904, Burtt-Davy 2309 (PRE). Irene, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 30 October 1906, Leendertz s.n. TvlMus(909)8704 (PRE). Pretoria, Klapperkop, S valleys, 4500 ft [1372 m], (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 8 October 1928, Mogg 15418 (PRE). Pretoria, Fountains, hillside, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), November 1928, Munro P.S. 164 (PRE). Pretoria District, Irene, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), October 1929, Obermeyer 92 (TvlMus27715) (PRE). Pretoria, Groenkloof, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 9 October 1924, Pole-Evans 464 (PRE, 2 sheets). Pretoria, Fountains, hillside in grass, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 22 October 1928, Repton 37 (PRE). Pretoria, N slope of Klapperkop, ± halfway up the hillside, 4520 ft [1378 m], (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 13 September 1925, Smith 584 (PRE). Pretoria, Waterkloof, hill slope, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 18 November 1919, Verdoorn 46 (PRE). Pretoria, [?Fountains Valley—not on original label], hill slopes, (QDS: 2528CC Pretoria), 22 October 1928, Verdoorn 529 (PRE). Pretoria, between Government House and Old Fort on Hill Crest, amongst grasses, 4550 ft [1387 m], (QDS: 2528CA/CC Pretoria), 14 November 1926, Smith 3339 (PRE). Pretoria, Pretoria University Farm, near wireless masts, dense grassveld, (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 6 October 1946, Codd 1764 (PRE). Pretoria, University Farm, (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 1 November 1947, Robertson 6 (PRE). Pretoria, 10 miles [16 km] SE of Pretoria on Delmas road, grassveld, (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 1956, Letty 355 (PRE). Pretoria, Garstfontein, open grassveld among rock outcrop, (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 24 October 1937, Repton 1122 (PRE). Pretoria District, Rietvlei Reserve, grass hillslopes, E of vlei, red soil, 4500 ft [1372 m], (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 9 October 1947, Repton 3434 (PRE). Pretoria, La Montagne, rant N van Chambord W/S [hill N of Chambord flats], (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 30 September 1978, Van Wyk 2411 (PRE, PRU). Pretoria, Faerie Glen, langs Moreletta spruit, vleigrond [along Moreletta spruit, clayey soil], (QDS: 2528CD Pretoria), 3 December 1984, Van Wyk 6855 (PRE). Bronkhorstspruit, Ogies, Goedvertroudt, Farm 499 JR, gentle mountain slope, welldrained sandy loam soil, grassland, 1554 m, (QDS: 2528DD Pretoria), 6 November 2009, Swelankomo 330 (PRE). Krugersdorp, Zwartkrans Caves, (QDS: 2627BB Potchefstroom), October 1898, Gilfillan 7a (PRE 2335) (PRE). Johannesburg, kaal erwe langs Monkor en Jukskeiweg en omgewing in Kelland [empty plots along Monkor and Jukskei roads and surroundings in Kelland], (QDS: 2627BB Potchefstroom), 2 November 1976, Liebenberg 8495 (PRE). Randburg District, Robindale, park on the corner of Bellairs Street and Gaiety Avenue, on basalt, base of ridge, 1800 m, (QDS: 2627BB Potchefstroom), 24 September 1997, Reddy, R. A., Reddy, K. B. & Reddy, P. 493 (PRE). Roodepoort District, 2 km NE of WWR [Witwatersrand] Botanical Garden [Walter Sisulu Botanical Garden], Stallion Road, Ruimsig Entomological Reserve, on basalt, flat grassland, 1630 m, (QDS: 2627BB Potchefstroom), 3 October 1997, Reddy, R. A., Reddy K. B. & Reddy P. 609 (PRE). Johannesburg, ad pagum Rosebank [in Rosebank area], (QDS: 2628AA Johannesburg), 25 October 1930, Fries 5382 [? 115] (PRE). Johannesburg, (QDS: 2628AA Johannesburg), December 1908, Leendertz s.n. TvlMus6086 (PRE). Doornfontein 24 farm, Johannesburg, rocky hillside, (QDS: 2628AA Johannesburg), 13 November 1948, Prosser P 1131 (PRE). Mpumalanga: Pilgrimsrest, slope above Blijde River [Blyde River] at the lower end of the town, (QDS: 2430DD Pilgrim’s Rest), 18 November 1937, Galpin 14555 (PRE). Pilgrim’s Rest, farm Ledovine 507 KT, closed grassland, slight E facing slope, dark brown clayey loam soil, 457 m, (QDS: 2430DD Pilgrim’s Rest), 18 November 1986, Raal & Raal 907 (PRE). Witbank, Loskopdam, Nooitgedacht, sandgrond [sandy soil], (QDS: 2529AC Witbank), 21 October 1967, Theron 1579 (PRE, PRU). Middelburg District, Loskopdam Nature Reserve, Bushveld, 3100–4500 ft [945–1372 m], (QDS: 2529AC/AD Witbank), 5 October 1959, Mogg 30546 (PRE). Middelburg District, 10 km NNE of Roossenekal, Mapochs grounds, Farm Sterkstroom, gentle NW facing slope, savanna, recently burned, well-drained sandy soil, 1449 m, (QDS: 2529BB Witbank), 24 October 2010, Bester 10305 (PRE). Middelburg, Tautesberg, side of kloof, dry and moist situations, (QDS: 2529BD Witbank), 9 November 1933, Young A 173 (PRE). Middelburg District, ± 15 km N of Middelburg on road to Loskopdam, grassland, black turf soil, roadside, recently burned, 1576 m, (QDS: 2529CB Witbank), 26 October 2010, Bester 10338 (PRE). Near Witbank Station, (QDS: 2529CC Witbank), December 1905, Gilfillan 7200 (PRE). Middelburg, Pokwani, (QDS: 2529CD Witbank), October 1921, Rogers 24837 (TvlMus 24255) (PRE). Farm Weltevrede 224, Witklip road, red brown clay soil, (QDS: 2530AD Lydenburg), 8 November 1984, Steyn 31 (PRE). Carolina District, ± 11 km NNW of Badplaas, gentle NW facing hill slope, grassland, welldrained loam soil, 1192 m, (QDS: 2530DC Lydenburg), 27 November 2017, Bester 13889 (BNRH image, PRE). Witba, Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 19-24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613, {"references":["Harvey, W. H. (1865) Callilepis, DC. In: Harvey, W. H. & Sonder, O. W. (Eds.) Flora capensis 3. Hodges, Smith and Co., Dublin, pp. 44 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 821","Claassen, C. (1969) Callilepis leptophylla. Flowering Plants of Africa 39: t. 1554.","Hilliard, O. M. (1977) Compositae in Natal. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 659 pp.","Retief, E. & Herman, P. P. J. (1997) Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, 681 pp.","Glen, H. F. & Germishuizen, G. (2010) Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Edition 2. Strelitzia 26. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 489 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 145034","Victor, J. E. (2016) Callilepis leptophylla Harv. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Available from: http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 2999 - 6 (accessed: 1 October 2021)."]}

Callilepis corymbosa Herman & Koekemoer (2014: 254). Type: — SWAZILAND [eSWATINI]. Lubombo Province: SE of Sitsatsaweni at the top of the Mnyame River Gorge, gentle mountain slope, grassland, recently burned, 413 m, (QDS: 2632AC Bela Vista; GPS: 26°27’34”S 32°5’43”E), 24 November 2002, Koekemoer 2596 (holotype PRE!; isotypes BNRH, MO, US). Fig. 34. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the capitula which are arranged in terminal corymbs. Erect, perennial herb with tufts of annual stems from underground rootstock, up to 1.2 m high. Stems unbranched basally, branching corymbosely upwards, glabrous, ribbed. Leaves alternate or spirally arranged, linear, decreasing in size upwards and passing into peduncular bracts, 42–65 × 1–2 mm, apex acute to acuminate, often mucronate, base cuneate, margin whitish or paler than rest of blade, glabrous, entire to distantly (minutely) serrulate in upper half, blade glabrous, with prominent main vein. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, up to ± 26 arranged in loose corymbs terminally. Involucre obconical to subglobose or cup-shaped, 8–10 mm wide. Involucral bracts in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, straw-coloured, glabrous; outer row shallowly triangular or ovate, 3–4 × 1.5–2.0 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, margin membranous, pectinate, main vein dark, keeled and broadening towards apex; second row broadly triangular or ovate, 4.0–4.5 × 2.0– 2.5 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, margin membranous, pectinate, main vein dark, slightly keeled and broadening towards apex; third row triangular or ovate, 4.0–4.5 × 2 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, margin membranous, pectinate, main vein dark, slightly broadening towards apex; fourth row ovate or elliptic, 4.5–5.0 × 2 mm, margin membranous, pectinate, main vein darkish, broadening upwards and with sunken oil glands; fifth row elliptic or oblong, 5.0–5.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, margin membranous, pectinate, main vein darkish, broadening upwards and with sunken oil glands; sixth row narrowly elliptic, oblong to obovate, 5–6 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute, mucronulate, margin membranous, pectinate in upper part, main vein darkish, broadening upwards and with sunken oil glands. Receptacle conical, paleate; paleae boat-shaped, straw-coloured, keeled, 5–6 mm long, with 0.5–1.5 mm long, acute, brownish apex, with dark midline, margins pectinate, with few longish hairs along keel, enveloping disc florets. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, up to 15, in single row; corolla glabrous, white; tube 1.5–2.5 mm long, staminodes 0, 2 or 3; limb oblong-elliptic, 6.5–9.0 × 2–4 mm, (minutely) 3-lobed. Styles 2.8–3.5 mm long, bifurcate, exserted; style branches oblong or linear-elliptic, 0.3–0.8 mm long, obtuse, sometimes unequal, stigmatic areas marginal, confluent at apex. Ray ovaries brownish or greyish purple, obovate-trigonous, 2–3 mm long, surface glabrous, margins long twin hairy ciliate. Mature cypsela not seen. Ray pappus dimorphic, consisting of straw-coloured awns arising from tips of cypsela ribs and scales in between awns; one long awn 3–4 mm long, one or two shorter awns 2.5–3.5 mm long; interspersed with two to four oblong, lacerated, chartaceous scales, 1–2 mm long. Disc florets actinomorphoc, bisexual, fertile; corolla glabrous, white, tubular below, slightly widening upwards towards lobes; tube 2.5–4.0 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes ovate, 1.5–2.5 mm long, acute. Anthers 5, 1–2 mm long; apical appendages ovate, 0.5–1.0 mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.5–1.0 mm long, ciliate. Styles 3.5–4.0 mm long, bifurcate; style branches linear or narrowly oblong, 0.8–1.5 mm long, apex conical with acute hairs outside at base of cone, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, confluent at apex or entire inner surface stigmatic. Disc ovaries brownish or greyish purple, obovate, 3–4 mm long, laterally compressed, occasionally weakly 3-angled, usually with midrib on one surface, surface glabrous, margins long twin hairy ciliate. Mature cypsela not seen. Disc pappus dimorphic, consisting of straw-coloured awns and scales in between; one long awn 3.5–4.0 mm long, one or two shorter awns ± 3 mm long, interspersed with three or four oblong, lacerated, chartaceous scales 1.5–2.0 mm long. Flowering time: recorded for November, December and February. Figs 10 B, 11 C, D, 34. Diagnostic characters: — Callilepis corymbosa is characterised by its glabrous stems, leaves and involucral bracts, linear leaves with a single main vein, leaf margins entire to distantly serrulate in the upper half, capitula arranged in loose corymbs, imbricate involucral bracts with the outer bracts shorter than the inner bracts, white ray and disc florets, surfaces of the ovaries (and cypselae?) glabrous but long twin hairy ciliate along the margins. Distribution:— Callilepis corymbosa is currently known from two localities in Mpumalanga and the type locality in eSwatini (Fig. 33). Additional specimens examined SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: SATICO, northern boundary, Louws Creek area, N aspect, grassland, 956 m, (QDS: 2531CB Komatipoort), 5 December 2011, Burrows & Turpin 12112 (BNRH image, PRE). S of Malelane, SSW of Spargo Dam, Farm ‘Sherlock’ Serenity Lodge, open rocky grassveld on steep NW slope, (QDS: 2531DA Komatipoort), 13 February 2004, McMurtry 11707 (PRE).

Callilepis glabra Candolle (1836: 671). = Callilepis laureola var. glabra (DC.) Sonder in Harvey (1865: 136); Hilliard (1977: 287); Wild (1980: 92). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Natal [KwaZulu-Natal]: Omsamculo, Grasshöhe, 400 ft [Umzimkulu, grassy hills, 122 m], (QDS: 3030CB Port Shepstone), 3 May 1832, Drege 5115 (lectotype G-DC barcode G00456480!, designated here; isolectotypes P barcodes P00063632, P00063633, P00063634). Fig. 4. = Callilepis glabra var. kraussii Schulz Bipontinus (1844: 673). Type: —[South Africa.] In arenosis graminosis circa Natalbai [in sandy grassveld, Natal Bay (?Durban)], (QDS: probably 2931CC Stanger), Julio 1839, [July 1839], Krauss 281 (lectotype TUB barcode TUB-005377, image, designated here; isolectotypes P barcode P 00063636, image, TUB barcode TUB-005378, image). Erect, perennial herb with tufts of annual stems from underground rootstock, 300–450(–550) mm high. Stems sparsely branched or unbranched, becoming pedunculoid upwards, ribbed, glabrous or very rarely with occasional hair, but with sparse hair tufts in leaf axils. Leaves sessile, opposite or subopposite in lower half of stem, upper alternate, narrowly elliptic or elliptic, rarely broadly elliptic, sometimes lower leaves narrowly ovate or ovate, decreasing upwards and passing into peduncular bracts, (10–)15–50(–52) × 3–15(–25) mm, apex acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse, base cuneate, narrowly cuneate, obtuse to rounded or rarely almost subcordate, margin glabrous or very rarely with occasional hair, whitish or paler than rest of blade, entire, or sometimes sparsely and minutely serrulate in upper part of leaf, blade glabrous, 3(rarely 5)-veined from base, but sometimes prominent main vein and 2 faint side veins. Capitula solitary, heterogamous, radiate. Involucre hemispherical, 15–25(–30) mm wide. Involucral bracts in 3 or 4, rarely only 2 or up to 5 rows, subequal, glabrous, inner grading into outer paleae; outer row linear, linear-triangular, narrowly triangular, rarely very narrowly elliptic or very narrowly ovate, (5.8–)6.0–11.0(–14.0) × 0.8–1.5 mm, apex (long) acuminate or acute, margin paler or narrowly to very narrowly membranous, sometimes faintly pectinate in lower part, surface glabrous; second row linear, linear-triangular, narrowly triangular, oblong or narrowly oblong or (rarely) narrowly ovate, (5.6–)6.0–10.0(–13.0) × 1.0– 1.8 mm, apex acute or (long) acuminate, margin paler, narrowly or very narrowly membranous, sometimes faintly pectinate in lower part, surface glabrous; third row/ray palea linear, linear-triangular, narrowly triangular, (very) narrowly ovate, rarely oblong or rarely narrowly obovate, (5.0–)6.0–8.0(–11.5) × 1.0–2.0(– 2.5) mm, apex acute or acuminate to long acuminate, margin narrowly to very narrowly membranous, sometimes faintly pectinate in lower part or all along, sometimes folded inwards, surface glabrous; fourth row/ray palea linear-triangular, narrowly ovate, 5.5–11.5 × 1–2 mm, apex (long) acuminate, margin (very narrowly) membranous, sometimes folded inwards, sometimes faintly pectinate in lower half, surface glabrous; fifth row/ray palea narrowly ovate, 6.5–7.0 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, apex acuminate, margin membranous, faintly pectinate in lower part, lower part folded inwards, surface glabrous. Receptacle paleate, paleae boat-shaped, (4.5–)5.0–7.5(–9.0) mm long with 1.0–1.5(–2.0) mm long acute or acuminate, dark apex, glabrous, often with very narrow membranous wing along back. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, arranged in 1, 2 or 3 rows; corolla white, cream or light yellow; tube (0.5–)1.0–2.5(–3.0) mm long, limb (10–)12–16(–23) × 3.0–6.5(–9.0) mm, minutely 2- or 3-lobed or unlobed. Staminodes (0)1 to 3, ± 1–2 mm long. Styles (2.0–)2.8–3.5(–4.2) mm long, exserted, bifurcate, branches sometimes unequal or often undivided, undivided styles (2.8–)3.0– 3.5 mm long; style branches oblong or linear-elliptic, (0.4–) 0.5–1.5 mm long, uneven or sometimes one lobe under-developed, unlobed style branch oblong, 0.5–1.2 mm long, apex obtuse, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, basally separated but apically confluent in broad band or entire inner surface stigmatic. Ray ovaries obovatetrigonous, 2.0–3.5(–4.0) mm long, or those of inner ray florets often laterally compressed as in disc florets, glabrous. Ray cypselae (only two seen) usually obovate-trigonous, 3.5–4.5 × 1.8–2.0 mm, glabrous. Ray pappus dimorphic, consisting of one long awn, 2.5–4.5(–5.0) mm long, (one)two shorter awns, (1.5–)2.0– 3.5 mm long and few smaller obtuse scales in between, ± 1.0(–1.5) mm long, apices often lacerate. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile, many; corolla purple, maroon, brown, violet-black or black; tube (2.0–)3.0–4.0(–4.5) mm long, tubular with parallel sides basally, between basal and upper part often with ring-like thickening and from there widening narrowly funnelshaped upwards, 5-lobed; lobes narrowly ovate, 1–2 mm long, acute, recurved. Anthers 5, 1.5–2.0 mm long, exserted, apical appendages narrowly ovate, 0.5 mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.5–1.0 mm long, ciliate. Styles (2–)3–4(–5) mm long, exserted, bifurcate, upper part below branches sometimes cup-shaped; style branches oblong or linear, (0.5–)0.8–1.0(–1.2) mm long, apex broadly conical, with acute hairs outside at base of cone, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, basally separated but apically confluent in broad band, or entire inner surface stigmatic. Disc ovaries obovate, (2–) 3–5 mm long, laterally compressed, glabrous, margins slightly winged. Disc cypselae (4 seen) obovate, (4.0–)5.0(–5.5) × (2.2–)2.5(–3.0) mm, laterally compressed, ribbed, glabrous. Disc pappus dimorphic, consisting of one (rarely two) long awn(-s), 2.5–4.0 mm long, one (rarely two) shorter awn(-s), 1.5–3.0(–3.5) mm long and smaller, oblong-obtuse scales in between, 1–2 mm long, apices often lacerate. Flowering time: July to June (throughout the year). Figs 19, 20. Diagnostic characters:— Callilepis glabra can be recognised by totally glabrous plants except for hair tufts in the leaf axils, its narrowly elliptic or elliptic, rarely broadly elliptic leaves, sometimes lower leaves narrowly ovate or ovate, leaves are ± regularly set along the stems and ± similar in size throughout for a specific specimen, arranged more obviously opposite in ± lower half of stems, apex acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse, base cuneate, narrowly cuneate, obtuse to rounded or rarely almost subcordate, solitary capitula with narrow, subequal involucral bracts, white, cream or light yellow ray florets, purplish or blackish disc florets and glabrous cypselae. Callilepis salicifolia also has elliptic leaves, but they taper on both sides towards the apex and base, the apex is usually attenuate, acuminate or acute and the base narrowed petiole-like, attenuate or narrowly cuneate to cuneate, and it has a different distribution. Distribution:— Callilepis glabra is endemic to South Africa and has a small distribution area in southern KwaZulu-Natal and north-eastern Eastern Cape, usually found near the coast (Fig. 18). Additional specimens examined SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal: In apertis, Claremont, Umgebung von Durban [open places, Claremont near Durban], 15 m, (QDS: 2930DD Pietermaritzburg), 26 June 1893, Schlechter 2835 (PRE, 2 sheets). Inanda District, Verulam, disturbed ground, 1000 ft [305 m], (QDS: 2931CA Stanger), 28 July 1965, Moll 1841 (NU image, PRE). Berea, open places, 250 ft [76 m], (QDS: 2931CC Stanger), 13 June 1893, Medley Wood 4873 (PRE). Scottburgh near Durban, (QDS: 3030BD Port Shepstone), July 1914, Wahl s.n. TvlMus14028 (PRE). Umtentweni District, coastal, grassveld, (QDS: 3030CB Port Shepstone), December 1956, Repton 4515 (PRE). Port Edward District, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Farm Clearwater, near cottage, steep, rocky slope, grassland, recently burned, (QDS: 3030CC Port Shepstone), 18 July 1995, Germishuizen 8068 (PRE). Port Shepstone, Uvongo Beach, short grass/bush clump vegetation, 300 ft [91 m], (QDS: 3030CD Port Shepstone), March 1967, Liebenberg 7984 (PRE). Port Shepstone, Uvongo Beach, in kort gras op sandgrondbult [in short grass on hillock in sandy soil], 300 ft [91 m], (QDS: 3030CD Port Shepstone), April 1968, Liebenberg 8104 (PRE). Port Shepstone District, Shelley Bay, sandy soil, littoral shrub, (QDS: 3030CD Port Shepstone), December 1930, Mogg 12124 (PRE). South Coast, St Michaels-on-Sea, (QDS: 3030CD Port Shepstone), 12 January 1937, Mogg 13427 (PRE). Port Shepstone District, Marina Beach, sandy hills, (QDS: 3030CD Port Shepstone), 9 August 1965, Strey 5945 (NU image, PRE). Port Shepstone, (QDS: 3030CB/ CD Port Shepstone), June 1904, Burtt-Davy 2405 (PRE). Port Shepstone, (QDS: 3030CB/CD Port Shepstone), April 1897?, No Collector 408?/ PRE 4991 (PRE). Omsamcaba, 800 ft [Umsikaba, 244 m], (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 21 February 1832, Drege 5115 (P barcode P 00063623, image). Port Edward, Clearwater, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 23 July 1982, Abbott 119 (PRE, PRU). Just outside Port Edward on road to Bizana, hillside, grassland, recently burned, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 20 September 1996, Germishuizen 8666 (PRE). 2 km from Umtamvuna bridge on Port Edward road, seaward slope of grassland, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 10 December 1985, Pienaar 769 (PRE). 3 km from Umtamvuna River bridge on road to Port Edward, roadside grassveld, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 10 December 1985, Pienaar 791 (PRE). Port Edward, burnt hillside, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 12 September 1981, Stirton 9067 (PRE). Port Shepstone District, Port Edward hills, mountain grassveld, ± 600 ft [183 m], (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 25 October 1962, Strey 4500 (PRE). Eastern Cape: Lusikisiki District, Mkambati Leper Institute, Skotogi camp, grassveld, (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 27 October 1955, Marais 976 (PRE). Lusikisiki District, Umsikaba river mouth, Pondoland, (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 20 January 1937, Mogg 13324 (PRE). Mkambati Game Reserve, moderate rocky slope, loam soil, grassland, 53 m, (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 16 January 1997, Sebothoma 199 (PRE). Mkambati Game Reserve, moderate rocky slope, loam soil, grassland, 53 m, (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 16 January 1997, Sebothoma 223 (PRE). Port St. Johns, Lusikisiki Distrik [District], monding van Mkwenirivier suid van Goss Point, in grasveld op noordelike oewer van rivier [mouth of Mkweni River south of Goss Point, north bank of river, grassveld], (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 13 July 1976, A.E. Van Wyk 1626 (PRE). Transkei, Mkambathi, 1.3 myl vanaf hospitaal, volop in afgebrande veld [1.3 miles [2.1 km] from hospital, common in burnt veld], (QDS: 3129BD Port St Johns), 9 July 1976, Venter 822 (PRE). Mkambati Game Reserve, at Horseshoe Waterfall, rocky outcrop, moderate slope, grassland, 175 m, (QDS: 3130AA Port Edward), 16 January 1997, Germishuizen 9121 (PRE). No locality, no date: Watt & Brandwyk 207 (PRE)., Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 30-34, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613, {"references":["Candolle, A. P. de (1836) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 5. Treuttel & Wurtz, Paris, 706 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Harvey, W. H. (1865) Callilepis, DC. In: Harvey, W. H. & Sonder, O. W. (Eds.) Flora capensis 3. Hodges, Smith and Co., Dublin, pp. 44 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 821","Hilliard, O. M. (1977) Compositae in Natal. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 659 pp.","Wild, H. (1980) The Compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area, 12 - Inuleae (continued). Kirkia 12 (1): 23 - 113.","Schultz Bipontinus, C. H. (1844) Enumeratio Compositarum a cl. Dr. Krauss annis 1838 - 40 in Capite bonae spei et ad portum Natalensem lectarum. Flora 39: 672 - 682."]}

0. Callilepis normae Herman & Koekemoer (2014: 258). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: NE of Lydenburg [Mashishing], on Mount Anderson Ranch, farm Goedverwacht, SE of guest cottages, gentle mountain slope, 1899 m, (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg; GPS: 25°00’33”S 30°36’09”E), 14 February 2014, Koekemoer 4573 (holotype PRE; isotypes BC, BNRH, MO, NH, P, US). Fig. 35. Etymology:—Named for Mrs Norma Mary Rattray, hotelier and conservationist. Together with her husband (since 1972), M.L. P. Rattray, they were the first private individuals to establish a Big Five eco-tourism reserve as well as the first water catchment reserve. They are the owners of the Mount Anderson Ranch where the type species was collected for the first time (Herman & Koekemoer 2014). Erect, perennial herb with tufts of annual stems from woody underground rootstock, rootstock deltoid, up to 110 mm in diameter at top, aromatic (smells like fennel: Foeniculum vulgare Miller (1768: FOEN)). Stems up to 1.2 m high, simple below, branching corymbosely in upper half, ribbed, glabrous. Leaves alternate or spirally arranged, filiform, up to 80 mm long, ± 0.5 mm broad, decreasing in size upwards, apex acute, margin entire, whitish or paler than rest of blade, glabrous. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, up to ± 16 in loose terminal corymbs. Involucre obconical, 10(–12) mm long, 10–12(–15) mm wide. Involucral bracts in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, straw-coloured, glabrous except for hairy apices; outer row narrowly triangular, 2.2 × 0.5–1.0 mm, acute OR ovate, 3–4 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, apex long acuminate, purplish, margin narrowly membranous, pectinate, midline keeled; second row triangular to narrowly triangular, 3 × 1.5 mm OR ovate, 3.5–4.5 × 1.5–2.0 mm, apex acute to acuminate, purplish, margin narrowly membranous, pectinate, midline keeled, sometimes with row of dark oil glands along margin; third row ovate or narrowly ovate, 4–5 × 2.0– 2.2 mm, apex acute, purplish, margin membranous, pectinate, apically sometimes with two or four rows dark oil glands along margin or otherwise midline dark, broadening slightly towards apex; fourth row ovate, 5–7 × 2.2–3.0 mm, apex acute, purplish, margin membranous, pectinate, apically sometimes with dark oil glands in two rows or otherwise midline dark, elliptically broadened near apex; fifth row narrowly elliptic or oblong, 7.5–8.5 × 3.0– 3.5 mm, apex acute, purplish, margin membranous, pectinate, midline with dark oil glands, elliptically broadened near apex; sixth row oblong to narrowly obovate, 8.5–10.0 × 3.0– 3.5 mm, apex acute, purplish, margin membranous, pectinate, midline with dark oil glands. Receptacle conical, paleate; paleae straw-coloured, narrowly boat-shaped, 7–10 × 1–4 mm, apex acute to bluntly acute, margins pectinate, midline dark, sometimes membranous winged and sparsely pectinate, glabrous except for hairy apices, enveloping disc florets. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, up to ± 12 in one row, corolla glabrous, white; tube 2.5–3.0 mm long, with staminodes; limb 8–9 × 4–5 mm, oblong to elliptic, narrowing abruptly towards tube, apex minutely 2- or 3-lobed. Styles 3.5–4.0 mm long, bifurcate, but often 3-furcate, exserted; style branches linear or oblong, 1 mm long, apex obtuse, with broad marginal stigmatic areas confluent at apex. Ray ovaries trigonous-obconical to narrowly trigonous-obconical, 4.0–4.5 × 1.2–1.5 mm, surface densely covered with long twin hairs. Mature cypsela not seen. Pappus dimorphic, consisting of 3 or 4 awns, up to 4 mm long, slightly broadening towards base, interspersed by 5 or 6 flat, chartaceous scales, up to 2 × 1 mm, apices and margins pectinate. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile; corolla glabrous, white; tubular below, slightly widening upwards; tube 3–5 mm long, 5-lobed; lobes up to 2 mm long, acute, recurved. Anthers 5, purplish, 2 mm long; apical appendages narrowly ovate, 0.8–1.0 mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.8–1.0 mm long, ciliate. Styles 3.5–5.0 mm long, bifurcate; style branches linear, 1.0– 1.4 mm long, apex conical or obtuse, with acute hairs outside at base, with marginal stigmatic areas, confluent at apex or entire inner surface stigmatic. Disc ovaries very narrowly obovate, 4–5 × 1.0– 1.5 mm, laterally compressed, surface densely covered with long twin hairs. Mature cypsela not seen. Pappus dimorphic, consisting of 3 or 4 awns, 3–4 mm long, slightly broadening towards base, interspersed by 5 or 6 flat, chartaceous scales, 1.5–2.0 × 1 mm, apices and margins pectinate. Flowering time: January and February (late summer). Figs 1D, 2 C, D, 7 B, D, 10 C, D, 12 A, B, 35. Diagnostic characters:— Callilepis normae is characterised by its glabrous stems, leaves and involucral bracts, filiform leaves with entire margins, capitula arranged in loose terminal corymbs with imbricate involucral bracts, the outer bracts shorter than the inner bracts, white ray and disc florets, and twin hairy ray and disc ovaries (cypselae?). Distribution:— Callilepis normae is endemic to Mpumalanga and is, except for specimens from the type locality, known from only two other localities in Mpumalanga (Fig. 31). According to Von Staden (2015), the Red List Status of C. normae is Rare. Additional specimens examined SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga: Pelgrimrus Distrik, Ohrigstad[dam]natuurreservaat, steil suidoosfront glooiing, in vlak klipperige grond [Pilgrimsrest District, Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve, steep SE facing slope, shallow stony soil], (QDS: 2430DC Pilgrim’s Rest), 23 January 1976, Theron 3568 (PRE, PRU). Lydenburg District, [Mashishing], Mount Anderson Catchment Reserve, farm Goedverwacht 152JT, Golden Hill, hillside, WNW aspect, rocky quartzite, montane grassland, 1916 m, (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg), 1 February 2014, Burrows & Burrows 14008 (BNRH image, PRE). Golden Hill, Goedverwacht farm, Mt Anderson, moderate hill slope, grassland, (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg), 1 February 2014, Raimondo s.n. (PRE 0863365-0) (PRE). On mountain slope ± 2 km from Sterkspruit Nature Reserve gate towards Lydenburg, lefthandside of road, grassland, (QDS: 2530BA Lydenburg), 20 January 2022, Steyn 661 (PRE)., Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 58-60, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613, {"references":["Herman, P. P. J. & Koekemoer, M. (2014) Two new species of Callilepis (Asteraceae) from southern Africa with corymbose inflorescences. Phytotaxa 183 (4): 254 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 183.4.4","Miller, P. (1768) The gardeners dictionary, ed. 8. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541","Von Staden, L. (2015) Callilepis normae, Callilepis caerulea. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Availabale from: http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 2999 - 8; http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 3105 - 1 (accessed: 1 October 2021)."]}

Callilepis laureola Candolle (1836: 671); Harvey (1865: 136); Wild (1980: 92); Hilliard (1977: 287); Retief & Herman (1997: 297); Cron et al. (2019: 464). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape: Zwischen Omsamwubo und Omsamcaba, an sumpfigen Oertern, Grasplätzen, 800 ft, [between Omsamwubo [Umzimvubu] and Omsamcaba [Umsikaba], in marshy areas, grassland, 244 m], (QDS: probably between 3129BD and 3129DA Port St Johns), February 1832, Drege 5115 (lectotype G-DC barcode G00456541, designated here; isolectotype P barcode P00063630 (the label has a ‘b’ on it, suggesting laureola)). Fig. 5. Localities and dates from Drege (1843) and Glen & Germishuizen (2010). = Callilepis hispida Candolle (1836: 671). = Callilepis laureola var. hispida (DC.) Sonder in Harvey (1865: 136). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal / Eastern Cape: Zwischen Omtendo und Omsamculo, auf Grashöhen, unter 500 Fuss [between Omtendo [Umtentu] and Omsamculo [Umzimkulu], on grassy heights, below 152 m], (vague locality, QDS: probably between 3030CB Port Shepstone/3130AA Port Edward), 9 May 1832, Drege 5114 (lectotype G-DC barcode G 00456444, image!, designated here; isolectotypes P barcodes P 00063638, P 00063639? (sterile specimen), P 00063640, all images, PRE barcode PRE 189425). The exact date from the Paris specimen (barcode P 00063638). Localities and dates from Drege (1843) and Glen & Germishuizen (2010). Fig. 3. Erect, perennial herbs with tufts of annual stems from underground rootstock. Stems unbranched or sparsely branched, becoming pedunculoid upwards or corymbosely branched upwards, ribbed, glabrous or sparsely to densely villous, often densely villous immediately below capitula, with tufts of hairs in leaf axils. Leaves sessile, lower opposite or subopposite, upwards alternate, sometimes alternate all along, narrowly to broadly ovate, sometimes some upper narrowly elliptic, rarely some narrowly obovate, decreasing in size upwards and passing into peduncular bracts, apex acuminate or attenuate, sometimes acute, base subcordate, rounded or obtuse, especially in lower leaves, or narrowly to broadly cuneate in upper leaves, margin sometimes whitish or paler than rest of blade, entire or sometimes in some leaves sparsely and minutely serrulate in upper part of leaf, glabrous or sparsely to more densely villous, blade glabrous or sparsely to more densely villous, hairs sometimes concentrated along main veins on upper surface, 3(5)- veined from base. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, solitary or in open, few-headed corymbs. Involucre hemispherical. Involucral bracts in (2)3 or 4(5) rows, subequal, inner grading into outer paleae. Receptacle paleate, paleae boatshaped with a dark apex, back sometimes with narrow membranous wing. Ray florets zygomorphic, female, fertile, rarely some neuter in a capitulum, arranged in 1, 2 or 3 rows; corolla white, cream, creamy, cream-white, yellow, lemon-yellow, sulphur yellow or pale greenish yellow; with or without staminodes. Styles exserted, bifurcate, lobes equal or sometimes unequal, rarely undivided. Ovaries obovate-trigonous, those of second and third rows of ray florets laterally compressed similar to disc floret ovaries, glabrous. Ray cypselae usually obconical-trigonous, those of second and third rows of ray florets obovate and laterally compressed, straw-coloured, glabrous, ribbed, each angle(margin) ending in a pappus awn. Ray pappus dimorphic, consisting of awns and scales in between. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile, many; corolla dark (purplish), tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, exserted, apical appendages narrowly ovate, bases caudate and calcarate, tails ciliate. Styles bifurcate, sometimes exserted but mostly hidden within anther ring. Ovaries obovate, laterally compressed, glabrous. Disc cypselae obovate, laterally compressed, ribbed, glabrous. Disc pappus dimorphic, consisting of awns and smaller scales in between awns. Key to varieties: 1a. Capitula solitary.......................................................................................................................................................... a. var. laureola 1b. Capitula arranged in few-headed corymbose synflorescences...........................................................................b. var. paucicephala, Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613, {"references":["Candolle, A. P. de (1836) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 5. Treuttel & Wurtz, Paris, 706 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Harvey, W. H. (1865) Callilepis, DC. In: Harvey, W. H. & Sonder, O. W. (Eds.) Flora capensis 3. Hodges, Smith and Co., Dublin, pp. 44 - 530. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 821","Wild, H. (1980) The Compositae of the Flora Zambesiaca area, 12 - Inuleae (continued). Kirkia 12 (1): 23 - 113.","Hilliard, O. M. (1977) Compositae in Natal. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, 659 pp.","Retief, E. & Herman, P. P. J. (1997) Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, 681 pp.","Cron, G. V., Herman, P. P. J., Howis, S., Koekemoer, M., McKenzie, R. J., Ngoepe, N., Nonyane, F. M., Swelankomo, N. & Welman, W. G. (2019) Asteraceae. In: Bredenkamp, C. L. (Ed.) A Flora of the Eastern Cape Province. Strelitzia 41 (1). South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 423 - 682.","Drege, J. F. (1843) Zwei pflanzengeographische Documente, nebst einer Einleitung von Dr. E. Meyer. Regensburg, Leipzig, 230 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 87612","Glen, H. F. & Germishuizen, G. (2010) Botanical exploration of southern Africa. Edition 2. Strelitzia 26. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 489 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 145034"]}

8. Callilepis caerulea (Hutch.) Leins (1971a: 108); Retief & Herman (1997: 296). = Zoutpansbergia caerulea Hutchinson (1946: 350); Venter (1995: 20); Coates Palgrave (2002: 1147); Hahn (2002: 122); Herman & Condy (2015: 165). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Transvaal [Limpopo]: Zoutpansberg [Soutpansberg], Crewe Farm, West Zoutpansberg [Soutpansberg], north slopes of the mountains, 5200 ft [1585 m], (QDS: 2229DC Waterpoort), 23 August 1930, Hutchinson & Gillett 4435 (holotype K barcode K000410213, image!; isotype K barcode K000410214, image!). Etymology:— caerulea = blue, deep sky blue. Glabrous shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Branches dark brown or reddish brown, with remains of leaf bases. Leaves alternate or spirally arranged, ± subsessile or very shortly petiolate or with petiole-like base, obovate, narrowly obovate or rarely very narrowly obovate, 20–70(–75) × 3.5–13.0(–15.0) mm, apex obtuse or bluntly acute, base attenuate or petiole-like, margins bluntly serrulate in upper half, entire in lower part, glabrous, blade glabrous, with prominent main vein and two faint side veins from base parallel to main vein, fading upwards. Capitula heterogamous, radiate, solitary or up to 5 terminally in axils of upper leaves, shortly pedunculate; peduncle 10–30 mm long. Involucre campanulate or urceolate, (7–) 8–15 mm wide. Involucral bracts in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate, outer shorter than inner, glabrous, straw coloured, usually with dark or purplish midline ending in elliptic to narrowly obovate resin blotch or resin lines at apex of each bract; outer row consisting of 2 to 4 bracts, shallowly to broadly triangular or ovate, 5–6 × (2.5–)3.0–4.0(–5.0) mm, apex acute, centrally keeled basally, margin narrowly membranous; often also one or two smaller bracts at base of capitulum, broadly triangular, 4.0–4.5 × 2.5(–2.8) mm, keeled, margin membranous; second row ovate or broadly ovate, 6.0–7.0(–8.5) × (3.0–)3.5–5.0(–6.0) mm, apex acute to obtuse, sometimes also somewhat keeled, margin narrowly membranous; third row ovate, broadly ovate or elliptic, (6.5–)7.0–8.5 × (4.0–)4.5–5.5(–6.0) mm, apex acute to subacute, margin narrowly membranous; fourth row ovate or elliptic, 7.5–10.0 × (3.5–)4.0–5.0(–5.5) mm, apex acute to subacute, margin membranous; fifth row ovate or elliptic, (8.0–)8.5–10.0 × (3.0–)3.5–4.5(–5.0) mm, apex acute, mucronate, margin membranous; sixth row narrowly ovate, elliptic or oblong, 8.5–10.0 × (2.5–)3.0–4.0(–4.5) mm, apex acute, mucronate, margin membranous. Receptacle flat or conical, paleate; paleae straw coloured, outer paleae (ray paleae) transition between inner involucral bracts and disc paleae, linear-ovate to narrowly ovate, 9–10 mm long, apex acute, often also with dark blotch apically, with infolded, membranous margins; disc paleae narrowly boat-shaped, 9–11(–12) mm long, apex acuminate, apex usually purplish or dark and blade with dark mid-line, margins membranous, keeled, keel with narrow membranous wing, enveloping inner ray and disc florets. Ray florets arranged in 1 or 2 rows, zygomorphic, female, fertile, very rarely bisexual with one or two fertile stamens; corolla white, glabrous; tube (2.5–)3.0–5.0 mm long, with 1, 2 or 3 staminodes, (2.0–)2.5(–4.0) mm long; limb (7.0–)7.5–12.0(– 13.0) × 2.5–4.5(–5.0) mm, elliptic, apex minutely 3-lobed. Styles (3–)4–5(–6) mm long, bifurcate, shortly exserted or sometimes hidden in tube; style branches rose-pink in fresh state, linear, 1.0–1.5(–2.0) mm, apex obtuse, with broad marginal stigmatic areas, confluent apically or stigmatic areas covering inside of branches; in bisexual ray florets, style branches as in disc florets. Ray ovaries/cypselae brownish to straw coloured, linear-obconical, narrowly obovate or narrowly oblong, 4.0–5.5 × 1.0– 1.5 mm, trigonous, margins long twin hairy ciliate, surfaces glabrous. Pappus dimorphic, consisting of 3(4) awns interspersed with small scales, awns from cypsela margins; inner awn (opposite ray limb) longest, (3.0–)4.0–5.5(–6.0) mm long, other 2(3) awns shorter, 2.5–4.5(–5.0) mm long; scales oblong, 0.5 mm long, apices lacerate. Disc florets actinomorphic, bisexual, fertile, many; corolla white or purplish blue, glabrous, tubular basally, slightly widening towards lobes; tube 5.0–6.0(–6.5) mm long, lower part of tube thickened, 5-lobed; lobes narrowly ovate, 1.5–2.0 mm long, acute, recurved. Anthers 5, rose-pink or purplish in fresh state, exserted, 2.0– 2.5 mm long, apical appendages narrowly ovate, 0.5–1.0 mm long, bases caudate and calcarate, tails 0.5–1.2 mm long, ciliate. Styles 4.0–6.0(–6.5) mm long, bifurcate; style branches rose-pink or purplish in fresh state, linear or oblong, (1.0–)1.5–2.0 mm long, apex obtuse or conical, with acute hairs outside, with broad marginal stigmatic areas or stigmatic areas covering inside of branches. Disc ovaries/cypselae brownish to straw coloured, linear-obconical, narrowly obovate or narrowly oblong, 4.5–6.5 × 1.0– 1.5 mm, laterally compressed or sometimes faintly triangular, margins long twin hairy ciliate, surfaces glabrous. Pappus dimorphic, consisting of 2(3) awns interspersed with small scales, awns from margins of cypselae; one long awn 4.0–5.5(–6.0) mm long, one(two) shorter awn(-s) (2.0–)3.0–5.0(– 5.5) mm long; scales oblong, 0.5–0.8 mm long, apices lacerate. Flowering time: recorded from February to December, with a peak from April to July (autumn and winter). Note on Venter 6189 and 6197 (PRE): flowers honey scented. Figs 1 A, 2 A, 6 B, 10 A, 11 A, B, 32. Diagnostic characters: — Callilepis caerulea is the only species in the genus that is a shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Its glabrous leaves are alternate or spirally arranged, ± subsessile or with a petiole-like base, obovate, narrowly obovate or rarely very narrowly obovate, with an obtuse or bluntly acute apex, leaf margins are bluntly serrate in the upper half but entire in the lower part and with 2 faint veins from the leaf base parallel to the main vein, disappearing upwards, capitula solitary or up to 5 terminally in the axils of the upper leaves and shortly pedunculate, involucral bracts glabrous, arranged in 5 or 6 rows, imbricate, the outer shorter than the inner, ray florets white, disc florets white or purplish blue, and cypselae have long twin hairy ciliate margins but glabrous surfaces. Distribution: — Callilepis caerulea is endemic to the Blouberg and Soutpansberg in Limpopo (Fig. 33).According to Von Staden (2015), the Red List Status of C. caerulea is Least Concern. ‘It is a range-restricted (EOO 1960 km ²) but locally common species that is not in danger of extinction’ (Von Staden 2015). Additional specimens examined SOUTH AFRICA. Limpopo: Western Soutpansberg, Blue Gums Road, Farm Crewe, ± 15 km from Louis Trichardt [Makhado], moderate N slope, Soutpansberg Arid Mountain Bushveld, ridge and ledges, 1680 m, (QDS: 2229DC Waterpoort), 1 May 1996, Bester & Willis 3752 (PRE). Mutale District, along the road between Mufulwi and Tshumulungwi in the Soutpansberg Mountain on a rocky outcrop, gentle slope, grassland, 1115 m, (QDS: 2230CB Messina), 22 March 2002, Koekemoer 2259 (PRE). Tshanda [Tsaande?] Road in Soutpansberg, high altitude woodland, slight slope, W aspect, 1110 m, (QDS: 2230CB? Messina), 23August 2000, E. van Wyk EVW0116 (PRE). Sibasa District, Tate Vondo Forest Reserve, Tshilungwi, rocky mountain top, 1160 m, (QDS: 2230CD Messina), 8 December 1977, Hemm 404 (PRE, PRU). Matshavhawe area on dirt road towards Khunda, mountain, SE slope, mountain bushveld, 1585 m, (QDS: 2230CD? Messina), 19 October 2006, Nkuna & Mabatha 2167 (PRE). Venda, ± 1 km vanaf Dzamba op pad na Rambuda, Bosgroep, ligte skadu, O-aspek, matige helling [± 1 km from Dzamba on road to Rambuda, slight shadow, slight E aspect], (QDS: 2230CD Messina), 12 April 1980, A.E. van Wyk 4081 (PRE, PRU). Venda, Dzamba, (QDS: 2230CD Messina), 22 May 1982, A.E. van Wyk 5664 (PRE, PRU). Venda, Gogogo, hoog teen kruin in oop veld [high up against summit in open veld], (QDS: 2230CD Messina), 6 October 1981, Van Wyk & Theron 4692 (PRE, PRU). Venda, Dzamba, rotsagtig, humusryk en sanderige grond [rocky, humus rich, sandy soil], (QDS: 2230CD Messina), 6 October 1981, Van Wyk & Theron 4860 (PRE, PRU). Zoutpansberg [Soutpansberg], Farm “Llewellyn 35 LS”, high hill west of house, E slope, high montane scrub, 4810 ft [1466 m], (QDS: 2329AB Pietersburg), 20 July 1981, Venter 6197 (PRE). Soutpansberg, plateau next to Letsjume on “Bergplaas 40 LS”, exposed sunny ridges, 5400 ft [1646 m], (QDS: 2329AB Pietersburg), 23 June 1981, Venter 6229 (PRE). Vivo, Mount Letsume on Soutpansberg, open montane grassveld, slight S slope, 1740 m, (QDS: 2329AB Pietersburg), 4 July 1985, Venter 10771 (PRE). Locality not found: Western Soutpansberg, Goro Game Reserve, [incomplete grid reference: 2329], no date, Willis s.n. PRE 590985 (PRE). Limpopo: Pietersburg District, Blaauwberg [Blouberg], in kloof leading to Trig. Beacon, 5600 ft [1707 m], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 29 April 1954, Codd 8757 (PRE). Pietersburg Division, Blaauwberg [Blouberg], on massive rock and on ledges above streams, S slopes, 5000 ft [1524 m], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 1 June 1953, Esterhuysen 21460 (PRE, 2 sheets). Louis Trichardt District, Blaauwberg [Blouberg] near Trig. Beacon, on boulders and ledges, S slope, 5000 ft [1524 m], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 31 May 1953, Esterhuysen s.n. PRE 42800 (PRE). Pietersburg District, Blaauwberg [Blouberg], growing in riverbed, 5500 ft [1676 m], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 10 May 1933, Leeman 116 (PRE). Pietersburg District, Blaauwberg [Blouberg], in kloof naby kruin van berg [in kloof near summit of mountain], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 26 April 1961, Van der Schijff 5401 (PRE, PRU). Baltimore District, Blouberg, middleupper slope, rock slabs, S facing slope, (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 3 December 1990, Van Jaarsveld 11411 (PRE). Blaauwberg [Blouberg], Farm “Leipzig 264 LR”, S slope of Lenare near top, high montane scrub forest, 4020 ft [1225 m], (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 15 July 1981, Venter 6167 (PRE). Top of Blaauwberg [Blouberg] above Farm “In der Mark”, gallery bush, grows on cliffs, 1495 m, (QDS: 2328BB Baltimore), 17 July 1981, Venter 6189 (PRE). No locality: High mountain forest, 4885 ft [1489 m], [locality not recorded on label but grid reference on label suggests Blouberg, 2329AB], 23 May 1982, Venter 8752 (PRE)., Published as part of Herman, Paul P. J., 2022, A taxonomic revision of the genus Callilepis (Asteraceae) in South Africa, pp. 1-62 in Phytotaxa 563 (1) on pages 52-56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.563.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7073613, {"references":["Leins, P. (1971 a) Neukombinationen einiger Inuleen. Mitteilungen der Botanischen Staatssammlung Munchen 9: 107 - 108.","Retief, E. & Herman, P. P. J. (1997) Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: Keys and diagnostic characters. Strelitzia 6. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, 681 pp.","Hutchinson, J. (1946) A botanist in southern Africa. Gawthorn, London, 686 pp.","Venter, F. (1995) Notes on Zoutpansbergia caerulea Hutch.; a little-known tree from northern Transvaal. Trees in South Africa 44 (1 & 2): 20 - 22.","Coates Palgrave, M. (2002) Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of southern Africa, 3 rd Edition. Struik, Cape Town, 1212 pp.","Hahn, N. (2002) Endemic flora of the Soutpansberg. Unpublished M. Sc. - thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 219 pp.","Herman, P. P. J. & Condy, G. (2015) Zoutpansbergia caerulea (Asteraceae: Inuleae). Flowering Plants of Africa 64: 162 - 167.","Von Staden, L. (2015) Callilepis normae, Callilepis caerulea. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants version 2020.1. Availabale from: http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 2999 - 8; http: // redlist. sanbi. org / species. php? species = 3105 - 1 (accessed: 1 October 2021)."]}