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Background Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorders among school-age children worldwide. In a more recent follow-up study, Biederman et al. found that 78% of children diagnosed with ADHD between the ages of 6–17 years continued to have a full (35%) or a partial persistence after eleven years. Objective In this study, it was aimed to identify the factors contributing to the persistence of ADHD symptoms in elemantary school children who were prospectively assessed both in their earlier and upper grades. Methods The sample was drawn from a previous community-based study where ADHD symptoms in 3696 first/or second graders were examined in regard to their school entry age. Two years after, the families of the children that participated in the initial study were called by phone and invited to a re-evaluation session. Among those who were reached, 154 were consequently eligible and were assessed with Swanson, Nolan and Pelham questionnaire (SNAP-IV), Conners’ rating scales (CRS) and the Kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (K-SADS). Results Of the 154 children, 81 had been evaluated to have “probable ADHD” by the initial interview. Among these 81 children, 50 (61.7%) were indeed diagnosed with ADHD after two years. Initial scores of the teacher reported SNAP-IV inattention subscale predicted the ADHD diagnosis after two years, with an odds ratio of 1.0761 (p = 0.032, Wald: 4.595). Conclusions Our results suggest that high inattention symptom scores reported by the teacher in the earlier grades, might predict an ADHD diagnosis in upper grades.

Background: Approximately half of the children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder continue to meet diagnostic criteria in adulthood. The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is reported between 2.5% and 4.4% and is associated with significant impairment in quality of life and increased psychiatric comorbidity. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults remains mostly undiagnosed and/or untreated despite the availability of effective treatments. The majority of people who do not receive necessary treatment are in the nonclinical or nonpsychiatric clinical population. Screening is an important step for diagnosing adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Yet, there are no valid and reliable screening questionnaires calibrated for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5 in Turkish. Aims: We aimed to test the reliability and the validity of the Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5 screening questionnaire designed according to DSM-5 in the Turkish population. Study Design: Methodological and cross-sectional study. Methods: The translation was carried out according to the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview translation guide using a linguistic adaptation approach. We used a convenience sampling method to recruit an individual with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 68) and a control group (n = 68). The participants completed a sociodemographic form, 6-items Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5, and the previous version 18-items Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-v1.1 for the concurrent validity analysis. For the diagnostic validity, clinical diagnosis made by psychiatrists according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5 criteria was used. Internal consistency and item-total correlation coefficients, exploratory factor analyses, correlation with Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-v1.1, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were conducted. Results: The internal consistency measured by Cronbach alpha was 0.869. Item-total correlation coefficients were calculated to be between 0.602 and 0.717, and the correlations were statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5 showed to have a unidimensional factor structure explaining 60.54% of the variance. The correlation between Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5 and Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-v1.1 total score was calculated as 0.992 (P < 0.0001), and that between Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5 and Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-v1.1 attention-deficit subdimension was 0.868 (P < 0.0001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis of Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5, the area under the curve was found to be 0.916. The cut-off score was calculated as 9 of 10 with a sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 89.7%. Conclusion: Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale-5 is a valid and reliable self-report measure to assess and screen attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the Turkish population. It may be useful for both clinical and population studies.

OBJECTIVE: Children and adolescents facing difficult life circumstances due to social, economic and cultural adversity, form a disadvantaged group in terms of social functioning and healthy psycho-social development. The goal of this study was to evaluate the psychological resilience of high school students in Muş City – which was ranked last in the general life index among 81 provinces according to 2015 data from the Turkish Statistical Institute – and to examine different dimensions of psychological resilience in relation to a variety of variables including adverse life events and demographic characteristics. METHOD: The study sample consisted of 1025 students from the 10th and 11th grades of five different high schools operating in the city centre of Muş. Participants were asked to fill in a socio-demographic questionnaire, the List of Adverse Life Events and the 59-item Resilience and Youth Development Module (RYDM). A series of correlational and descriptive analyses were then performed. RESULTS: Correlational analyses revealed that among the demographic factors, low economic status, a criminal record and poor academic performance were associated with poor psychological resilience, while among adverse life events, the deterioration of parental economic status, frequent arguments between parents as well as a history of mental illness and alcohol/substance abuse in the family were also linked to low levels of psychological resilience. It was also determined that girls had higher scores on internal assets of RYDM (empathy, problem solving, self efficacy, communication and cooperation, goals, self awareness and educational aspirations), while exposure to a larger number of adverse life events negatively affected internal resilience assets. Finally, trauma exposure, just as the low RYDM scores, seems to be associated with frequent arguments between parents, alcohol/substance abuse in the family, male gender and a criminal record. However, there was no significant relationship between psychological resilience and trauma alone. CONCLUSION: Interventions to improve psychological resilience, which is a dynamic process, need to be comprehensive and multi-dimensional. In this context, it is crucial to elucidate the factors associated with the psychological resilience of children and adolescents exposed to a specific risk factor, such as adverse living conditions. In order to improve our understanding of psychological resilience and youth development in Turkey and to determine specific needs for interventions, future studies on various risk groups in different pilot cities – as in the example of Muş – are needed.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have an increased risk of sustaining fractures during their preschool years. Supracondylar humerus fractures (SHFs) comprise the majority of fracture surgeries in the pediatric age range. We hypothesized that ADHD symptoms would be present in children with SHFs, and this characteristic trauma may be associated with an ADHD diagnosis. Thus, we compared the ADHD symptoms of children with and without SHFs. Further, we compared the trauma characteristics, gender, proneness to injury, and presence of prior trauma history of children diagnosed with and without ADHD. We recruited 41 children who were admitted to emergency service with an SHF and 41 age- and gender-matched children without a fracture history. A semi-structured diagnostic interview and a Swanson Nolan Pelham questionnaire were used to obtain data about ADHD symptoms. A clinical intake form was utilized for further clinical data. ADHD symptoms were significantly higher in the fracture group; male gender, parent- reported proneness to injury, and prior history of trauma were significantly associated with ADHD. Orthopedic surgeons may provide early detection of ADHD by using screening tools or asking questions to caregivers and making referrals when needed. This may lead to prevention of further injuries., NA

Objective: children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to have several oral health problems, particularly traumatic dental injuries, decayed or filled teeth, and poor oral hygiene. The objective of the present study was to determine the ADHD symptoms in a group of patients with malocclusion and receiving orthodontic treatment. Methods: a total of 88 subjects with a diagnosis of malocclusion between aged 8 and 17 years were included in the study. Socio-demographic characteristics, breastfeeding history, oral habits, and dental trauma history of the subjects were acquired by a detailed questionnaire. Subjects and their parents completed questionnaires addressing ADHD, other psychiatric problems, and dental health impact on the quality of life. During the orthodontic examination, the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need was applied to confirm the diagnosis of malocclusion. Results: parent-reported psychiatric complaint occurred in almost half of the patients (n=38, 43.2%); the most frequent psychiatric complaints were inattention (n=22, 25%), opposition (n=13,14.8%), and hyperactivity (n=11, 12.5%).The estimated ADHD prevalence according to parent measure was 15.9% (n=14). Self-report measures revealed that 18.4% (n=16) had behavioral symptoms.The most affected quality of life domain was psychological discomfort. Conclusion: the findings indicate that ADHD prevalence in children with malocclusion is high. The orthodontists should have a keen eye on behavioral problems., NA

WOS: 000392360700003, PubMed ID: 27984417, Objective: In April 2012, the Turkish national education system was modified, and the compulsory school age of entry (first grade) was redefined as a minimum of 60 months and a maximum of 66 months (replacing the former minimum criterion of 72 months). In this study, we hypothesized that students starting school before 72 months (the previous age standard for the first grade) may experience (1) a greater number of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and (2) lower functioning in social, behavioral, and academic domains. Method: We performed a cross-sectional community-based study in the first and second grades of all primary schools (4356 students) located in the Kadkoy county of Istanbul, Turkey. Teachers completed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham version IV and Conners' Teacher's report forms for symptoms of ADHD, the Perceived Competence Scale for functioning, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results: Among first graders, the group that began primary school before the age of 72 months had a higher ADHD prevalence than both of the groups that began primary school between the ages of 72 to 77 months and 78 to 83 months (p < .001 for both groups). ADHD symptoms diminished and academic, social, and behavioral functioning improved with age for the first and second grade students. Conclusion: The probability of displaying ADHD symptoms (and caseness) is greater among the "earlier" beginners, whereas the "conventional" classmates exhibited better academic, social, and behavioral functioning.

In this work, we focused on classification of the participants with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and typically developing children, based on their performances during an emotion recognition experiment that we developed. We prepared an experiment environment where participants were shown images of faces of people exhibiting certain emotions up to a certain strength and then they answered the question "What is the emotion of this person?". The response and response latency of the participants were recorded and used for the classification process. Before the classification step, in order to select the relevant images which are used as features in this work, ReliefF feature selection algorithm was used. Machine learning feature selection and classification algorithms were used on different definitions of the classification problem where the differentiation between two classes against each other or one class against the other two classes were aimed. The selected features (images shown) and the classification performance changed based on the classification problem definition.