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2. Multitask methods for predicting molecular properties from heterogeneous data.

Author

Fisher, K. E., Herbst, M. F., and Marzouk, Y. M.

Subjects
*KRIGING, *DENSITY functional theory, *DATA reduction
Abstract

Data generation remains a bottleneck in training surrogate models to predict molecular properties. We demonstrate that multitask Gaussian process regression overcomes this limitation by leveraging both expensive and cheap data sources. In particular, we consider training sets constructed from coupled-cluster (CC) and density functional theory (DFT) data. We report that multitask surrogates can predict at CC-level accuracy with a reduction in data generation cost by over an order of magnitude. Of note, our approach allows the training set to include DFT data generated by a heterogeneous mix of exchange–correlation functionals without imposing any artificial hierarchy on functional accuracy. More generally, the multitask framework can accommodate a wider range of training set structures—including the full disparity between the different levels of fidelity—than existing kernel approaches based on Δ-learning although we show that the accuracy of the two approaches can be similar. Consequently, multitask regression can be a tool for reducing data generation costs even further by opportunistically exploiting existing data sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Infiltration from the pedon to global grid scales: An overview and outlook for land surface modeling

Author

Vereecken, H, Weihermüller, L, Assouline, S, Šimůnek, J, Verhoef, A, Herbst, M, Archer, N, Mohanty, B, Montzka, C, Vanderborght, J, Balsamo, G, Bechtold, M, Boone, A, Chadburn, S, Cuntz, M, Decharme, B, Ducharne, A, Ek, M, Garrigues, S, Goergen, K, Ingwersen, J, Kollet, S, Lawrence, DM, Li, Q, Or, D, Swenson, S, de Vrese, P, Walko, R, Wu, Y, and Xue, Y

Subjects
Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Soil Sciences, Crop and Pasture Production, Environmental Engineering
Abstract

Infiltration in soils is a key process that partitions precipitation at the land surface into surface runoff and water that enters the soil profile. We reviewed the basic principles of water infiltration in soils and we analyzed approaches commonly used in land surface models (LSMs) to quantify infiltration as well as its numerical implementation and sensitivity to model parameters. We reviewed methods to upscale infiltration from the point to the field, hillslope, and grid cell scales of LSMs. Despite the progress that has been made, upscaling of local-scale infiltration processes to the grid scale used in LSMs is still far from being treated rigorously. We still lack a consistent theoretical framework to predict effective fluxes and parameters that control infiltration in LSMs. Our analysis shows that there is a large variety of approaches used to estimate soil hydraulic properties. Novel, highly resolved soil information at higher resolutions than the grid scale of LSMs may help in better quantifying subgrid variability of key infiltration parameters. Currently, only a few LSMs consider the impact of soil structure on soil hydraulic properties. Finally, we identified several processes not yet considered in LSMs that are known to strongly influence infiltration. Especially, the impact of soil structure on infiltration requires further research. To tackle these challenges and integrate current knowledge on soil processes affecting infiltration processes into LSMs, we advocate a stronger exchange and scientific interaction between the soil and the land surface modeling communities.

Published
2019

4. Towards long-Term standardised carbon and greenhouse gas observations for monitoring Europe's terrestrial ecosystems: A review

Author

Franz, D, Acosta, M, Altimir, N, Arriga, N, Arrouays, D, Aubinet, M, Aurela, M, Ayres, E, López-Ballesteros, A, Barbaste, M, Berveiller, D, Biraud, S, Boukir, H, Brown, T, Brömmer, C, Buchmann, N, Burba, G, Carrara, A, Cescatti, A, Ceschia, E, Clement, R, Cremonese, E, Crill, P, Darenova, E, Dengel, S, D'Odorico, P, Filippa, G, Fleck, S, Fratini, G, Fuß, R, Gielen, B, Gogo, S, Grace, J, Graf, A, Grelle, A, Gross, P, Grönwald, T, Haapanala, S, Hehn, M, Heinesch, B, Heiskanen, J, Herbst, M, Herschlein, C, Hörtnagl, L, Hufkens, K, Ibrom, A, Jolivet, C, Joly, L, Jones, M, Kiese, R, Klemedtsson, L, Kljun, N, Klumpp, K, Kolari, P, Kolle, O, Kowalski, A, Kutsch, W, Laurila, T, De Ligne, A, Linder, S, Lindroth, A, Lohila, A, Longdoz, B, Mammarella, I, Manise, T, Jiménez, SM, Matteucci, G, Mauder, M, Meier, P, Merbold, L, Mereu, S, Metzger, S, Migliavacca, M, Mölder, M, Montagnani, L, Moureaux, C, Nelson, D, Nemitz, E, Nicolini, G, Nilsson, MB, De Beeck, MOM, Osborne, B, Löfvenius, MO, Pavelka, M, Peichl, M, Peltola, O, Pihlatie, M, Pitacco, A, Pokorný, R, Pumpanen, J, Ratié, C, Rebmann, C, Roland, M, Sabbatini, S, Saby, NPA, Saunders, M, Schmid, HP, Schrumpf, M, Sedlák, P, and Ortiz, PS

Subjects
ICOS, GHG exchange, carbon cycle, standardised monitoring, observational network, Agronomy & Agriculture
Abstract

Research infrastructures play a key role in launching a new generation of integrated long-Term, geographically distributed observation programmes designed to monitor climate change, better understand its impacts on global ecosystems, and evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies. The pan-European Integrated Carbon Observation System combines carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, H 2 O) observations within the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. High-precision measurements are obtained using standardised methodologies, are centrally processed and openly available in a traceable and verifiable fashion in combination with detailed metadata. The Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem station network aims to sample climate and land-cover variability across Europe. In addition to GHG flux measurements, a large set of complementary data (including management practices, vegetation and soil characteristics) is collected to support the interpretation, spatial upscaling and modelling of observed ecosystem carbon and GHG dynamics. The applied sampling design was developed and formulated in protocols by the scientific community, representing a trade-off between an ideal dataset and practical feasibility. The use of open-Access, high-quality and multi-level data products by different user communities is crucial for the Integrated Carbon Observation System in order to achieve its scientific potential and societal value.

Published
2018

8. How to adequately represent biological processes in modeling multifunctionality of arable soils

Author

Vogel, Hans-Jörg, Amelung, W., Baum, C., Bonkowski, M., Blagodatsky, S., Grosch, R., Herbst, M., Kiese, R., Koch, S., Kuhwald, M., König, Sara, Leinweber, P., Lennartz, B., Müller, C.W., Pagel, H., Rillig, M.C., Rüschhoff, Judith Sophia, Russell, D., Schnepf, A., Schulz, S., Siebers, N., Vetterlein, Doris, Wachendorf, C., Weller, Ulrich, Wollschläger, Ute, Vogel, Hans-Jörg, Amelung, W., Baum, C., Bonkowski, M., Blagodatsky, S., Grosch, R., Herbst, M., Kiese, R., Koch, S., Kuhwald, M., König, Sara, Leinweber, P., Lennartz, B., Müller, C.W., Pagel, H., Rillig, M.C., Rüschhoff, Judith Sophia, Russell, D., Schnepf, A., Schulz, S., Siebers, N., Vetterlein, Doris, Wachendorf, C., Weller, Ulrich, and Wollschläger, Ute

Abstract

Essential soil functions such as plant productivity, C storage, nutrient cycling and the storage and purification of water all depend on soil biological processes. Given this insight, it is remarkable that in modeling of these soil functions, the various biological actors usually do not play an explicit role. In this review and perspective paper we analyze the state of the art in modeling these soil functions and how biological processes could more adequately be accounted for. We do this for six different biologically driven processes clusters that are key for understanding soil functions, namely i) turnover of soil organic matter, ii) N cycling, iii) P dynamics, iv) biodegradation of contaminants v) plant disease control and vi) soil structure formation. A major conclusion is that the development of models to predict changes in soil functions at the scale of soil profiles (i.e. pedons) should be better rooted in the underlying biological processes that are known to a large extent. This is prerequisite to arrive at the predictive models that we urgently need under current conditions of Global Change.

Published
2024

9. A comprehensive assessment of carbon dioxide removal options for Germany

Author

Borchers, Malgorzata, Förster, Johannes, Thrän, Daniela, Beck, Silke, Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Korte, Klaas, Gawel, Erik, Markus, Till, Schaller, Romina Luz, Rhoden, I., Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Herbst, M., Heß, D., Kalhori, A., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Li, Z., Oschlies, A., Reusch, T.B.H., Sachs, T., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Wu, J., Yeates, C., Mengis, N., Borchers, Malgorzata, Förster, Johannes, Thrän, Daniela, Beck, Silke, Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Korte, Klaas, Gawel, Erik, Markus, Till, Schaller, Romina Luz, Rhoden, I., Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Herbst, M., Heß, D., Kalhori, A., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Li, Z., Oschlies, A., Reusch, T.B.H., Sachs, T., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Wu, J., Yeates, C., and Mengis, N.

Abstract

To reach their net-zero targets, countries will have to compensate hard-to-abate CO2 emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Yet, current assessments rarely include socio-cultural or institutional aspects or fail to contextualize CDR options for implementation. Here we present a context-specific feasibility assessment of CDR options for the example of Germany. We assess 14 CDR options, including three chemical carbon capture options, six options for bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and five options that aim to increase ecosystem carbon uptake. The assessment addresses technological, economic, environmental, institutional, social-cultural and systemic considerations using a traffic-light system to evaluate implementation opportunities and hurdles. We find that in Germany CDR options like cover crops or seagrass restoration currently face comparably low implementation hurdles in terms of technological, economic, or environmental feasibility and low institutional or social opposition but show comparably small CO2 removal potentials. In contrast, some BECCS options that show high CDR potentials face significant techno-economic, societal and institutional hurdles when it comes to the geological storage of CO2. While a combination of CDR options is likely required to meet the net-zero target in Germany, the current climate protection law includes a limited set of options. Our analysis aims to provide comprehensive information on CDR hurdles and possibilities for Germany for use in further research on CDR options, climate, and energy scenario development, as well as an effective decision support basis for various actors.

Published
2024

15. Cyclicity of non-associative products on D-branes

Author

Herbst, M., Kling, A., and Kreuzer, M.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematics - Quantum Algebra
Abstract

The non-commutative geometry of deformation quantization appears in string theory through the effect of a B-field background on the dynamics of D-branes in the topological limit. For arbitrary backgrounds, associativity of the star product is lost, but only cyclicity is necessary for a description of the effective action in terms of a generalized product. In previous work we showed that this property indeed emerges for a non-associative product that we extracted from open string amplitudes in curved background fields. In the present note we extend our investigation through second order in a complete derivative expansion. We establish cyclicity with respect to the Born--Infeld measure and find a logarithmic correction that modifies the Kontsevich formula in an arbitrary background satisfying the generalized Maxwell equation. This equation is the physical equivalent of a divergence-free non-commutative parameter, which is required for cyclicity already in the associative case., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure, LaTeX2e

Published
2003
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17. Inverse modelling of in situ soil water dynamics: investigating the effect of different prior distributions of the soil hydraulic parameters

Author

Scharnagl, B., Vrugt, J. A, Vereecken, H., and Herbst, M.

Subjects
minimum relative entropy, ground-penetrating radar, steady-state conditions, field-scale, heterogeneous soils, vadose zone, improved identifiability, pedotransfer functions, outflow experiments, information-content
Abstract

In situ observations of soil water state variables under natural boundary conditions are often used to estimate the soil hydraulic properties. However, many contributions to the soil hydrological literature have demonstrated that the information content of such data is insufficient to accurately and precisely estimate all the soil hydraulic parameters. In this case study, we explored to which degree prior information about the soil hydraulic parameters can help improve parameter identifiability in inverse modelling of in situ soil water dynamics under natural boundary conditions. We used percentages of sand, silt, and clay as input variables to the ROSETTA pedotransfer function that predicts the parameters in the van Genuchten-Mualem (VGM) model of the soil hydraulic functions. To derive additional information about the correlation structure of the predicted parameters, which is not readily provided by ROSETTA, we employed a Monte Carlo approach. We formulated three prior distributions that incorporate to different extents the prior information about the VGM parameters derived with ROSETTA. The inverse problem was posed in a formal Bayesian framework and solved using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation with the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm. Synthetic and real-world soil water content data were used to illustrate the approach. The results of this study demonstrated that prior information about the soil hydraulic parameters significantly improved parameter identifiability and that this approach was effective and robust, even in case of biased prior information. To be effective and robust, however, it was essential to use a prior distribution that incorporates information about parameter correlation.

Published
2011

19. Effect of surface machining on the environmentally-assisted cracking of Alloy 182 and 316L stainless steel in light water reactor environments: results of the collaborative project MEACTOS

Author

Zimina, M., Ritter, S., Zajec, B., Vankeerberghen, M., Volpe, L., Hojná, A., Bosch, R. W., Scenini, F., Burke, M. G., Que, Z., Sáez-Maderuelo, A., Meadows, P. J., Grimm, M., Herbst, M., Legat, A., Maurotto, A., Novotny, R., and Seifert, H. P.

Subjects
General Chemical Engineering, Light water reactor, Initiation, General Materials Science, Stress corrosion cracking, General Chemistry, Weld metal, Stainless steel
Abstract

The main objective of the EU-funded project mitigating environmentally-assisted cracking through optimisation of surface condition (MEACTOS) was to gain knowledge on the ability of different surface machining procedures to mitigate environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) in typical light water reactor structural materials and environments. Surfaces of cold-worked (CW) type 316L austenitic stainless steel and nickel-based weld metal Alloy 182 flat tapered tensile specimens were machined using different processes. EAC initiation susceptibility of these specimens was evaluated using constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests under simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions and assessed using constant load experiments. More than a hundred tests were performed covering about 10 years of autoclave testing time. Only minor or no measurable improvements in EAC initiation susceptibility as a function of surface treatments (grinding or advanced machining) compared to the standard industrial face milling were demonstrated. In most cases, the stress thresholds for EAC initiation determined in constant load tests confirmed the trend obtained from CERT tests. This paper summarises the most important results and conclusions concerning the EAC initiation behaviour for the CW 316L and Alloy 182 under reducing PWR and oxidizing BWR conditions.

Published
2023

20. Netto-Null-2050 Wegweiser - Strategische Handlungsempfehlungen und mögliche Wege für ein CO2-neutrales Deutschland bis 2050, Forschung von 2019 bis 2021 - Version 1.0

Author

Abetz, V., Baetcke, L., Ball, C., Bauer, F., Beck, Silke, Berkel, M., Blome, T., Borchers, Malgorzata, Brinkmann, T., Bruhn, D., Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Dornheim, M., El Zhobi, J., Fogel, S., Förster, Johannes, Fuchs, S., Gardian, H., Gawel, Erik, Görl, K., Groth, M., Hamedimastanabad, H., Hampel, U., Harpprecht, C., Herbst, M., Heß, D., Jacob, D., Kalhori, A., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Klassen, T., Köhnke, F., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Korte, Klaas, Kuckshinrichs, W., Li, Z., Markus, Till, Mayer, M., Mengis, N., Monnerie, N., O Corcora, T., Oschlies, A., Pardo Parez, L.C., Prats Salvado, E., Pregger, T., Preuschmann, S., Rau, B., Rechid, D., Reusch, T., Rhoden, I., Riehm, J., Roeb, M., Rolletter, M., Sachs, T., Sattler, C., Sauer, J., Schaller, Romina Luz ; orcid:0000-0003-2245-046X, Schätzler, K., Schill, E., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Schultz, M., Simon, S., Steiner, U., Steuri, B., Stevenson, A., Sun, J., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Thrän, Daniela, Unger, S., Vögele, S., Waczowicz, S., Weihermüller, L., Xiao, M., Yeates, C., Zwickel, P., Abetz, V., Baetcke, L., Ball, C., Bauer, F., Beck, Silke, Berkel, M., Blome, T., Borchers, Malgorzata, Brinkmann, T., Bruhn, D., Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Dornheim, M., El Zhobi, J., Fogel, S., Förster, Johannes, Fuchs, S., Gardian, H., Gawel, Erik, Görl, K., Groth, M., Hamedimastanabad, H., Hampel, U., Harpprecht, C., Herbst, M., Heß, D., Jacob, D., Kalhori, A., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Klassen, T., Köhnke, F., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Korte, Klaas, Kuckshinrichs, W., Li, Z., Markus, Till, Mayer, M., Mengis, N., Monnerie, N., O Corcora, T., Oschlies, A., Pardo Parez, L.C., Prats Salvado, E., Pregger, T., Preuschmann, S., Rau, B., Rechid, D., Reusch, T., Rhoden, I., Riehm, J., Roeb, M., Rolletter, M., Sachs, T., Sattler, C., Sauer, J., Schaller, Romina Luz ; orcid:0000-0003-2245-046X, Schätzler, K., Schill, E., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Schultz, M., Simon, S., Steiner, U., Steuri, B., Stevenson, A., Sun, J., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Thrän, Daniela, Unger, S., Vögele, S., Waczowicz, S., Weihermüller, L., Xiao, M., Yeates, C., and Zwickel, P.

Published
2023

23. Calculating fire danger of cured grasslands in temperate climates - the elements of the Grassland Fire Index (GLFI).

Author

Wittich, K.-P., Böttcher, C., Stammer, P., and Herbst, M.

Subjects
GRASSLAND fires, TEMPERATE climate, EXTREME weather, METEOROLOGICAL services, FIRE weather, WILDFIRES, FOREST fires
Abstract

Background. Increasing extreme weather events due to climate change require updated environmental monitoring and prediction systems in Germany. Aim. The Grassland Fire Index (GLFI), developed by the German Meteorological Service ~15 years ago for temperate climates, was revised to improve fire-danger predictions during the fire season. Our paper gives insight into the new model version. Methods. The former fire-behaviour core, i.e. Fosberg's Fire Weather Index (FWI), is replaced by the standardised fire-reaction intensity, a different fuelmoisture of extinction term, and a replica of the fire-spread rate of the Canadian FFBP-System. A standardised ease-of-ignition index is added as a measure of ignition success. The fire module is supplied with diurnal dead-grass fuel-moisture calculations based on the water-budget and energy-balance concept. Key results. The GLFI output is compared with diurnal fuelmoisture measurements and results of Wotton's Grass-Fuel-Moisture model, Fosberg's FWI, and Cheney's rate of spread equation. The GLFI computes periods with a high fuel moisture more realistically, whereas it exceeds Cheney's rate-of-fire spread systematically at lower wind speeds, which leads to higher danger ratings during calm-air conditions (as requested by users). Conclusions and Implications. The GLFI estimates dead-fuel moisture and fire danger on open, horizontal topography according to the current scientific level. Model extensions are necessary to run the model on complex topography under varying greenness and occasional frost conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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36. Global maps of soil temperature

Author

Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), Lenoir, J. (Jonathan), Lembrechts, J. J. (Jonas J.), van den Hoogen, J. (Johan), Aalto, J. (Juha), Ashcroft, M. B. (Michael B.), De Frenne, P. (Pieter), Kemppinen, J. (Julia), Kopecky, M. (Martin), Luoto, M. (Miska), Maclean, I. M. (Ilya M. D.), Crowther, T. W. (Thomas W.), Bailey, J. J. (Joseph J.), Haesen, S. (Stef), Klinges, D. H. (David H.), Niittynen, P. (Pekka), Scheffers, B. R. (Brett R.), Van Meerbeek, K. (Koenraad), Aartsma, P. (Peter), Abdalaze, O. (Otar), Abedi, M. (Mehdi), Aerts, R. (Rien), Ahmadian, N. (Negar), Ahrends, A. (Antje), Alatalo, J. M. (Juha M.), Alexander, J. M. (Jake M.), Allonsius, C. N. (Camille Nina), Altman, J. (Jan), Ammann, C. (Christof), Andres, C. (Christian), Andrews, C. (Christopher), Ardo, J. (Jonas), Arriga, N. (Nicola), Arzac, A. (Alberto), Aschero, V. (Valeria), Assis, R. L. (Rafael L.), Assmann, J. J. (Jakob Johann), Bader, M. Y. (Maaike Y.), Bahalkeh, K. (Khadijeh), Barancok, P. (Peter), Barrio, I. C. (Isabel C.), Barros, A. (Agustina), Barthel, M. (Matti), Basham, E. W. (Edmund W.), Bauters, M. (Marijn), Bazzichetto, M. (Manuele), Marchesini, L. B. (Luca Belelli), Bell, M. C. (Michael C.), Benavides, J. C. (Juan C.), Benito Alonso, J. L. (Jose Luis), Berauer, B. J. (Bernd J.), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Bjork, R. G. (Robert G.), Bjorkman, M. P. (Mats P.), Bjornsdottir, K. (Katrin), Blonder, B. (Benjamin), Boeckx, P. (Pascal), Boike, J. (Julia), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Brum, B. N. (Barbara N. S.), Bruna, J. (Josef), Buchmann, N. (Nina), Buysse, P. (Pauline), Camargo, J. L. (Jose Luis), Campoe, O. C. (Otavio C.), Candan, O. (Onur), Canessa, R. (Rafaella), Cannone, N. (Nicoletta), Carbognani, M. (Michele), Carnicer, J. (Jofre), Casanova-Katny, A. (Angelica), Cesarz, S. (Simone), Chojnicki, B. (Bogdan), Choler, P. (Philippe), Chown, S. L. (Steven L.), Cifuentes, E. F. (Edgar F.), Ciliak, M. (Marek), Contador, T. (Tamara), Convey, P. (Peter), Cooper, E. J. (Elisabeth J.), Cremonese, E. (Edoardo), Curasi, S. R. (Salvatore R.), Curtis, R. (Robin), Cutini, M. (Maurizio), Dahlberg, C. J. (C. Johan), Daskalova, G. N. (Gergana N.), Angel de Pablo, M. (Miguel), Della Chiesa, S. (Stefano), Dengler, J. (Juergen), Deronde, B. (Bart), Descombes, P. (Patrice), Di Cecco, V. (Valter), Di Musciano, M. (Michele), Dick, J. (Jan), Dimarco, R. D. (Romina D.), Dolezal, J. (Jiri), Dorrepaal, E. (Ellen), Dusek, J. (Jiri), Eisenhauer, N. (Nico), Eklundh, L. (Lars), Erickson, T. E. (Todd E.), Erschbamer, B. (Brigitta), Eugster, W. (Werner), Ewers, R. M. (Robert M.), Exton, D. A. (Dan A.), Fanin, N. (Nicolas), Fazlioglu, F. (Fatih), Feigenwinter, I. (Iris), Fenu, G. (Giuseppe), Ferlian, O. (Olga), Fernandez Calzado, M. R. (M. Rosa), Fernandez-Pascual, E. (Eduardo), Finckh, M. (Manfred), Higgens, R. F. (Rebecca Finger), Forte, T. G. (T'ai G. W.), Freeman, E. C. (Erika C.), Frei, E. R. (Esther R.), Fuentes-Lillo, E. (Eduardo), Garcia, R. A. (Rafael A.), Garcia, M. B. (Maria B.), Geron, C. (Charly), Gharun, M. (Mana), Ghosn, D. (Dany), Gigauri, K. (Khatuna), Gobin, A. (Anne), Goded, I. (Ignacio), Goeckede, M. (Mathias), Gottschall, F. (Felix), Goulding, K. (Keith), Govaert, S. (Sanne), Graae, B. J. (Bente Jessen), Greenwood, S. (Sarah), Greiser, C. (Caroline), Grelle, A. (Achim), Guenard, B. (Benoit), Guglielmin, M. (Mauro), Guillemot, J. (Joannes), Haase, P. (Peter), Haider, S. (Sylvia), Halbritter, A. H. (Aud H.), Hamid, M. (Maroof), Hammerle, A. (Albin), Hampe, A. (Arndt), Haugum, S. V. (Siri, V), Hederova, L. (Lucia), Heinesch, B. (Bernard), Helfter, C. (Carole), Hepenstrick, D. (Daniel), Herberich, M. (Maximiliane), Herbst, M. (Mathias), Hermanutz, L. (Luise), Hik, D. S. (David S.), Hoffren, R. (Raul), Homeier, J. (Juergen), Hörtnagl, L. (Lukas), Hoye, T. T. (Toke T.), Hrbacek, F. (Filip), Hylander, K. (Kristoffer), Iwata, H. (Hiroki), Jackowicz-Korczynski, M. A. (Marcin Antoni), Jactel, H. (Herve), Jarveoja, J. (Jarvi), Jastrzebowski, S. (Szymon), Jentsch, A. (Anke), Jimenez, J. J. (Juan J.), Jonsdottir, I. S. (Ingibjorg S.), Jucker, T. (Tommaso), Jump, A. S. (Alistair S.), Juszczak, R. (Radoslaw), Kanka, R. (Robert), Kaspar, V. (Vit), Kazakis, G. (George), Kelly, J. (Julia), Khuroo, A. A. (Anzar A.), Klemedtsson, L. (Leif), Klisz, M. (Marcin), Kljun, N. (Natascha), Knohl, A. (Alexander), Kobler, J. (Johannes), Kollar, J. (Jozef), Kotowska, M. M. (Martyna M.), Kovacs, B. (Bence), Kreyling, J. (Juergen), Lamprecht, A. (Andrea), Lang, S. I. (Simone, I), Larson, C. (Christian), Larson, K. (Keith), Laska, K. (Kamil), Maire, G. I. (Guerric Ie), Leihy, R. I. (Rachel, I), Lens, L. (Luc), Liljebladh, B. (Bengt), Lohila, A. (Annalea), Lorite, J. (Juan), Loubet, B. (Benjamin), Lynn, J. (Joshua), Macek, M. (Martin), Mackenzie, R. (Roy), Magliulo, E. (Enzo), Maier, R. (Regine), Malfasi, F. (Francesco), Malis, F. (Frantisek), Man, M. (Matej), Manca, G. (Giovanni), Manco, A. (Antonio), Manise, T. (Tanguy), Manolaki, P. (Paraskevi), Marciniak, F. (Felipe), Matula, R. (Radim), Clara Mazzolari, A. (Ana), Medinets, S. (Sergiy), Medinets, V. (Volodymyr), Meeussen, C. (Camille), Merinero, S. (Sonia), Guimaraes Mesquita, R. d. (Rita de Cassia), Meusburger, K. (Katrin), Meysman, F. J. (Filip J. R.), Michaletz, S. T. (Sean T.), Milbau, A. (Ann), Moiseev, D. (Dmitry), Moiseev, P. (Pavel), Mondoni, A. (Andrea), Monfries, R. (Ruth), Montagnani, L. (Leonardo), Moriana-Armendariz, M. (Mikel), di Cella, U. M. (Umberto Morra), Moersdorf, M. (Martin), Mosedale, J. R. (Jonathan R.), Muffler, L. (Lena), Munoz-Rojas, M. (Miriam), Myers, J. A. (Jonathan A.), Myers-Smith, I. H. (Isla H.), Nagy, L. (Laszlo), Nardino, M. (Marianna), Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. (Ilona), Newling, E. (Emily), Nicklas, L. (Lena), Niedrist, G. (Georg), Niessner, A. (Armin), Nilsson, M. B. (Mats B.), Normand, S. (Signe), Nosetto, M. D. (Marcelo D.), Nouvellon, Y. (Yann), Nunez, M. A. (Martin A.), Ogaya, R. (Roma), Ogee, J. (Jerome), Okello, J. (Joseph), Olejnik, J. (Janusz), Olesen, J. E. (Jorgen Eivind), Opedal, O. H. (Oystein H.), Orsenigo, S. (Simone), Palaj, A. (Andrej), Pampuch, T. (Timo), Panov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Pärtel, M. (Meelis), Pastor, A. (Ada), Pauchard, A. (Aníbal), Pauli, H. (Harald), Pavelka, M. (Marian), Pearse, W. D. (William D.), Peichl, M. (Matthias), Pellissier, L. (Loïc), Penczykowski, R. M. (Rachel M.), Penuelas, J. (Josep), Petit Bon, M. (Matteo), Petraglia, A. (Alessandro), Phartyal, S. S. (Shyam S.), Phoenix, G. K. (Gareth K.), Pio, C. (Casimiro), Pitacco, A. (Andrea), Pitteloud, C. (Camille), Plichta, R. (Roman), Porro, F. (Francesco), Portillo-Estrada, M. (Miguel), Poulenard, J. (Jérôme), Poyatos, R. (Rafael), Prokushkin, A. S. (Anatoly S.), Puchalka, R. (Radoslaw), Pușcaș, M. (Mihai), Radujković, D. (Dajana), Randall, K. (Krystal), Ratier Backes, A. (Amanda), Remmele, S. (Sabine), Remmers, W. (Wolfram), Renault, D. (David), Risch, A. C. (Anita C.), Rixen, C. (Christian), Robinson, S. A. (Sharon A.), Robroek, B. J. (Bjorn J. M.), Rocha, A. V. (Adrian V.), Rossi, C. (Christian), Rossi, G. (Graziano), Roupsard, O. (Olivier), Rubtsov, A. V. (Alexey V.), Saccone, P. (Patrick), Sagot, C. (Clotilde), Sallo Bravo, J. (Jhonatan), Santos, C. C. (Cinthya C.), Sarneel, J. M. (Judith M.), Scharnweber, T. (Tobias), Schmeddes, J. (Jonas), Schmidt, M. (Marius), Scholten, T. (Thomas), Schuchardt, M. (Max), Schwartz, N. (Naomi), Scott, T. (Tony), Seeber, J. (Julia), Segalin De Andrade, A. C. (Ana Cristina), Seipel, T. (Tim), Semenchuk, P. (Philipp), Senior, R. A. (Rebecca A.), Serra-Diaz, J. M. (Josep M.), Sewerniak, P. (Piotr), Shekhar, A. (Ankit), Sidenko, N. V. (Nikita V.), Siebicke, L. (Lukas), Siegwart Collier, L. (Laura), Simpson, E. (Elizabeth), Siqueira, D. P. (David P.), Sitková, Z. (Zuzana), Six, J. (Johan), Smiljanic, M. (Marko), Smith, S. W. (Stuart W.), Smith-Tripp, S. (Sarah), Somers, B. (Ben), Sørensen, M. V. (Mia Vedel), Souza, J. J. (José João L. L.), Souza, B. I. (Bartolomeu Israel), Dias, A. S. (Arildo Souza), Spasojevic, M. J. (Marko J.), Speed, J. D. (James D. M.), Spicher, F. (Fabien), Stanisci, A. (Angela), Steinbauer, K. (Klaus), Steinbrecher, R. (Rainer), Steinwandter, M. (Michael), Stemkovski, M. (Michael), Stephan, J. G. (Jörg G.), Stiegler, C. (Christian), Stoll, S. (Stefan), Svátek, M. (Martin), Svoboda, M. (Miroslav), Tagesson, T. (Torbern), Tanentzap, A. J. (Andrew J.), Tanneberger, F. (Franziska), Theurillat, J.-P. (Jean-Paul), Thomas, H. J. (Haydn J. D.), Thomas, A. D. (Andrew D.), Tielbörger, K. (Katja), Tomaselli, M. (Marcello), Treier, U. A. (Urs Albert), Trouillier, M. (Mario), Turtureanu, P. D. (Pavel Dan), Tutton, R. (Rosamond), Tyystjärvi, V. A. (Vilna A.), Ueyama, M. (Masahito), Ujházy, K. (Karol), Ujházyová, M. (Mariana), Uogintas, D. (Domas), Urban, A. V. (Anastasiya V.), Urban, J. (Josef), Urbaniak, M. (Marek), Ursu, T.-M. (Tudor-Mihai), Vaccari, F. P. (Francesco Primo), Van De Vondel, S. (Stijn), Van Den Brink, L. (Liesbeth), Van Geel, M. (Maarten), Vandvik, V. (Vigdis), Vangansbeke, P. (Pieter), Varlagin, A. (Andrej), Veen, G. F. (G. F.), Veenendaal, E. (Elmar), Venn, S. E. (Susanna E.), Verbeeck, H. (Hans), Verbrugggen, E. (Erik), Verheijen, F. G. (Frank G. A.), Villar, L. (Luis), Vitale, L. (Luca), Vittoz, P. (Pascal), Vives-Ingla, M. (Maria), Von Oppen, J. (Jonathan), Walz, J. (Josefine), Wang, R. (Runxi), Wang, Y. (Yifeng), Way, R. G. (Robert G.), Wedegärtner, R. E. (Ronja E. M.), Weigel, R. (Robert), Wild, J. (Jan), Wilkinson, M. (Matthew), Wilmking, M. (Martin), Wingate, L. (Lisa), Winkler, M. (Manuela), Wipf, S. (Sonja), Wohlfahrt, G. (Georg), Xenakis, G. (Georgios), Yang, Y. (Yan), Yu, Z. (Zicheng), Yu, K. (Kailiang), Zellweger, F. (Florian), Zhang, J. (Jian), Zhang, Z. (Zhaochen), Zhao, P. (Peng), Ziemblińska, K. (Klaudia), Zimmermann, R. (Reiner), Zong, S. (Shengwei), Zyryanov, V. I. (Viacheslav I.), Nijs, I. (Ivan), and Lenoir, J. (Jonathan)

Abstract

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0‐5 and 5‐15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km² pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10° degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/‐ 2.1° degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/‐2.3° degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (‐0.7 +/‐ 2.3° degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological

Published
2022

37. Frauen, Leitung & Podeste: Führen Frauen friedlicher?

Author

Herbst, Michael, Härry, Thomas, Herbst, M ( Michael ), Härry, T ( Thomas ), Müller, Sabrina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-6286, Knapp, Aline, Herbst, Michael, Härry, Thomas, Herbst, M ( Michael ), Härry, T ( Thomas ), Müller, Sabrina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-6286, and Knapp, Aline

Published
2022

38. The effect of tin prefiltration on extremity cone-beam CT imaging with a twin robotic X-ray system

Author

Luetkens, K. S., Hu, H., Kunz, A. S., Ritschl, L., Herbst, M., Kappler, S., Erguen, S., Goertz, L., Pennig, L., Bley, T. A., Gassenmaier, T., Grunz, J. -P., Luetkens, K. S., Hu, H., Kunz, A. S., Ritschl, L., Herbst, M., Kappler, S., Erguen, S., Goertz, L., Pennig, L., Bley, T. A., Gassenmaier, T., and Grunz, J. -P.

Abstract

Introduction: While tin prefiltration is established in various CT applications, its value in extremity cone beam CT relative to optimized spectra has not been thoroughly assessed thus far. This study aims to investigate the effect of tin filters in extremity cone-beam CT with a twin-robotic X-ray system. Methods: Wrist, elbow and ankle joints of two cadaveric specimens were examined in a laboratory setup with different combinations of prefiltration (copper, tin), tube voltage and current-time product. Image quality was assessed subjectively by five radiologists with Fleiss' kappa being computed to measure interrater agreement. To provide a semiquantitative criterion for image quality, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were compared for standardized regions of interest. Volume CT dose indices were calculated for a 16 cm polymethylmethacrylate phantom. Results: Radiation dose ranged from 17.4 mGy in the clinical standard protocol without tin filter to as low as 0.7 mGy with tin prefiltration. Image quality ratings and CNR for tin-filtered scans with 100 kV were lower than for 80 kV studies with copper prefiltration despite higher dose (11.2 and 5.6 vs. 4.5 mGy; p < 0.001). No difference was ascertained between 100 kV scans with tin filtration and 60 kV copper filtered scans with 75% dose reduction (subjective: p = 0.101; CNR: p = 0.706). Fleiss' kappa of 0.597 (95% confidence interval 0.567-0.626; p < 0.001) indicated moderate interrater agreement. Conclusion: Considerable dose reduction is feasible with tin prefiltration, however, the twin-robotic Xray system's low-dose potential for extremity 3D imaging is maximized with a dedicated low-kilovolt scan protocol in situations without extensive beam-hardening artifacts. Implications for practice: Low-kilovolt imaging with copper prefiltration provides a superior trade-off between dose reduction and image quality compared to tin-filtered cone-beam CT scan protocols with higher tube voltage. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Publishe

Published
2022

39. Scoping carbon dioxide removal options for Germany–What is their potential contribution to Net-Zero CO2?

Author

Borchers, Malgorzata, Thrän, Daniela, Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Förster, Johannes, Herbst, M., Heß, D., Kalhori, A., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Li, Z., Mengis, N., Reusch, T.B., Rhoden, I., Sachs, T., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Wu, J., Yeates, C., Borchers, Malgorzata, Thrän, Daniela, Chi, Y., Dahmen, N., Dittmeyer, R., Dolch, T., Dold, C., Förster, Johannes, Herbst, M., Heß, D., Kalhori, A., Koop-Jakobsen, K., Li, Z., Mengis, N., Reusch, T.B., Rhoden, I., Sachs, T., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Wu, J., and Yeates, C.

Abstract

The Paris climate agreement outlines that, to meet its temperature goal, we need to balance anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions with sinks. Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) is considered a key element to reaching that goal. There are currently a wide variety of CDR measures available. Their implementation, and accordingly their potential, however, depends on site specific conditions, such as biophysical conditions, availability of infrastructure, social acceptance, regulatory frameworks and policy instruments in place. In our study we investigated various near-to-market CDR options for Germany, which we present in the form of thirteen dedicated model concepts. They cover technical CO2 removal (two models of direct air carbon capture, i.e. DACC), hybrid solutions (six bioenergy with carbon capture technologies, i.e., BECC) and five options for natural sink enhancement, so-called Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). Our estimates for their CO2 removal potentials in 2050 range from 0.4 to 30 million tonnes CO2, depending on the option. Ten of thirteen model concepts provide technical removal potentials higher than 1 million tonnes CO2 per year. To complement the necessary information on technology-based and hybrid options we also provide an overview on possible solutions for CO2 storage for Germany. Taking biophysical conditions and infrastructure into account, northern Germany seems a preferable area for deployment of many concepts. However, for their successful implementation further socio-economic analysis, clear regulations, and policy incentives are necessary.

Published
2022

40. Net-zero CO2 Germany - A retrospect from the year 2050

Author

Mengis, N., Kalhori, A., Simon, S., Harpprecht, C., Baetcke, L., Prats, E., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Dold, C., El Zohbi, J., Borchers, Malgorzata, Thrän, Daniela, Korte, Klaas, Gawel, Erik, Dolch, T., Heß, D., Yeates, C., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Markus, Till, Schill, E., Xiao, M., Köhnke, F., Oschlies, A., Förster, Johannes, Görl, K., Dornheim, M., Brinkmann, T., Beck, Silke, Bruhn, D., Li, Z., Steuri, B., Herbst, M., Sachs, T., Monnerie, N., Pregger, T., Jacob, D., Dittmeyer, R., Mengis, N., Kalhori, A., Simon, S., Harpprecht, C., Baetcke, L., Prats, E., Schmidt-Hattenberger, C., Stevenson, A., Dold, C., El Zohbi, J., Borchers, Malgorzata, Thrän, Daniela, Korte, Klaas, Gawel, Erik, Dolch, T., Heß, D., Yeates, C., Thoni, Terese Elisabeth, Markus, Till, Schill, E., Xiao, M., Köhnke, F., Oschlies, A., Förster, Johannes, Görl, K., Dornheim, M., Brinkmann, T., Beck, Silke, Bruhn, D., Li, Z., Steuri, B., Herbst, M., Sachs, T., Monnerie, N., Pregger, T., Jacob, D., and Dittmeyer, R.

Abstract

Germany 2050For the first time Germany reached a balance between its sources of anthropogenic CO2 to the atmosphere and newly created anthropogenic sinks. This backcasting study presents a fictional future in which this goal was achieved by avoiding (∼645 Mt CO2), reducing (∼50 Mt CO2) and removing (∼60 Mt CO2) carbon emissions. This meant substantial transformation of the energy system, increasing energy efficiency, sector coupling and electrification, energy storage solutions including synthetic energy carriers, sector-specific solutions for industry, transport and agriculture, as well as nature-based and technological carbon dioxide removal. All of the above was necessary to achieve a net-zero CO2 system for Germany by 2050.

Published
2022

44. Diffractive dijet production with a leading proton in ep collisions at HERA

Author

Andreev, V., Baghdasaryan, A., Begzsuren, K., Belousov, A., Belov, P., Boudry, V., Brandt, G., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Britzger, D., Buniatyan, A., Bylinkin, A., Bystritskaya, L., Campbell, A. J., Cantun Avila, K. B., Ceccopieri, F., Cerny, K., Chekelian, V., Contreras, J. G., Cvach, J., Dainton, J. B., Daum, K., Diaconu, C., Dobre, M., Dodonov, V., Dossanov, A., Eckerlin, G., Egli, S., Elsen, E., Favart, L., Fedotov, A., Feltesse, J., Ferencei, J., Fleischer, M., Fomenko, A., Gabathuler, E., Gayler, J., Ghazaryan, S., Glazov, A., Goerlich, L., Gogitidze, N., Gouzevitch, M., Grab, C., Grebenyuk, A., Greenshaw, T., Grindhammer, G., Haidt, D., Henderson, R. C. W., Herbst, M., Hladky, J., Hoffmann, D., Horisberger, R., Hreus, T., Huber, F., Jacquet, M., Janssen, X., Jung, H., Kapichine, M., Kiesling, C., Klein, M., Kleinwort, C., Kogler, R., Kostka, P., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, K., Landon, M. P. J., Lange, W., Laycock, P., Lebedev, A., Levonian, S., Lipka, K., List, B., List, J., Lobodzinski, B., Malinovski, E., Martyn, H.-U., Maxfield, S. J., Mehta, A., Meyer, A. B., Meyer, H., Meyer, J., Mikocki, S., Morozov, A., Müller, K., Naumann, Th., Newman, P. R., Niebuhr, C., Nowak, G., Olsson, J. E., Ozerov, D., Pahl, P., Pascaud, C., Patel, G. D., Perez, E., Petrukhin, A., Picuric, I., Pirumov, H., Pitzl, D., Plačakytė, R., Pokorny, B., Polifka, R., Radescu, V., Raicevic, N., Ravdandorj, T., Reimer, P., Rizvi, E., Robmann, P., Roosen, R., Rostovtsev, A., Rotaru, M., Rusakov, S., Šálek, D., Sankey, D. P. C., Sauter, M., Sauvan, E., Schmitt, S., Schoeffel, L., Schöning, A., Schultz-Coulon, H.-C., Sefkow, F., Shushkevich, S., Soloviev, Y., Sopicki, P., South, D., Spaskov, V., Specka, A., Steder, M., Stella, B., Straumann, U., Sykora, T., Thompson, P. D., Traynor, D., Truöl, P., Tsakov, I., Tseepeldorj, B., Turnau, J., Valkárová, A., Vallée, C., Van Mechelen, P., Vazdik, Y., Wegener, D., Wünsch, E., Žáček, J., Zhang, Z., Žlebčík, R., Zohrabyan, H., Zomer, F., and The H1 collaboration

Published
2015
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45. Measurement of dijet production in diffractive deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA

Author

Andreev, V., Baghdasaryan, A., Begzsuren, K., Belousov, A., Boudry, V., Brandt, G., Brisson, V., Britzger, D., Buniatyan, A., Bylinkin, A., Bystritskaya, L., Campbell, A. J., Cantun Avila, K. B., Ceccopieri, F., Cerny, K., Chekelian, V., Contreras, J. G., Cvach, J., Dainton, J. B., Daum, K., Diaconu, C., Dobre, M., Dodonov, V., Eckerlin, G., Egli, S., Elsen, E., Favart, L., Fedotov, A., Feltesse, J., Ferencei, J., Fleischer, M., Fomenko, A., Gabathuler, E., Gayler, J., Ghazaryan, S., Glazov, A., Goerlich, L., Gogitidze, N., Gouzevitch, M., Grab, C., Grebenyuk, A., Greenshaw, T., Grindhammer, G., Haidt, D., Henderson, R. C. W., Herbst, M., Hladky, J., Hoffmann, D., Horisberger, R., Hreus, T., Huber, F., Jacquet, M., Janssen, X., Jung, H., Kapichine, M., Kiesling, C., Klein, M., Kleinwort, C., Kogler, R., Kostka, P., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, K., Landon, M. P. J., Lange, W., Laycock, P., Lebedev, A., Levonian, S., Lipka, K., List, B., List, J., Lobodzinski, B., Malinovski, E., Martyn, H.-U., Maxfield, S. J., Mehta, A., Meyer, A. B., Meyer, H., Meyer, J., Mikocki, S., Morozov, A., Müller, K., Naumann, Th., Newman, P. R., Niebuhr, C., Nowak, G., Olsson, J. E., Ozerov, D., Pahl, P., Pascaud, C., Patel, G. D., Perez, E., Petrukhin, A., Picuric, I., Pirumov, H., Pitzl, D., Plačakytė, R., Pokorny, B., Polifka, R., Radescu, V., Raicevic, N., Ravdandorj, T., Reimer, P., Rizvi, E., Robmann, P., Roosen, R., Rostovtsev, A., Rotaru, M., Rusakov, S., Šálek, D., Sankey, D. P. C., Sauter, M., Sauvan, E., Schmitt, S., Schoeffel, L., Schöning, A., Schultz-Coulon, H.-C., Sefkow, F., Shushkevich, S., Soloviev, Y., Sopicki, P., South, D., Spaskov, V., Specka, A., Steder, M., Stella, B., Straumann, U., Sykora, T., Thompson, P. D., Traynor, D., Truöl, P., Tsakov, I., Tseepeldorj, B., Turnau, J., Valkárová, A., Vallée, C., Van Mechelen, P., Vazdik, Y., Wegener, D., Wünsch, E., Žáček, J., Zhang, Z., Žlebčík, R., Zohrabyan, H., Zomer, F., and H1 collaboration

Published
2015
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46. Measurement of multijet production in α s

Author

Andreev, V., Baghdasaryan, A., Begzsuren, K., Belousov, A., Belov, P., Boudry, V., Brandt, G., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Britzger, D., Buniatyan, A., Bylinkin, A., Bystritskaya, L., Campbell, A. J., Cantun Avila, K. B., Ceccopieri, F., Cerny, K., Chekelian, V., Contreras, J. G., Dainton, J. B., Daum, K., Diaconu, C., Dobre, M., Dodonov, V., Dossanov, A., Eckerlin, G., Egli, S., Elsen, E., Favart, L., Fedotov, A., Feltesse, J., Ferencei, J., Fleischer, M., Fomenko, A., Gabathuler, E., Gayler, J., Ghazaryan, S., Glazov, A., Goerlich, L., Gogitidze, N., Gouzevitch, M., Grab, C., Grebenyuk, A., Greenshaw, T., Grindhammer, G., Haidt, D., Henderson, R. C. W., Herbst, M., Hladkỳ, J., Hoffmann, D., Horisberger, R., Hreus, T., Huber, F., Jacquet, M., Janssen, X., Jung, H., Kapichine, M., Kiesling, C., Klein, M., Kleinwort, C., Kogler, R., Kostka, P., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, K., Landon, M. P. J., Lange, W., Laycock, P., Lebedev, A., Levonian, S., Lipka, K., List, B., List, J., Lobodzinski, B., Malinovski, E., Martyn, H.-U., Maxfield, S. J., Mehta, A., Meyer, A. B., Meyer, H., Meyer, J., Mikocki, S., Morozov, A., Müller, K., Naumann, Th., Newman, P. R., Niebuhr, C., Nowak, G., Olsson, J. E., Ozerov, D., Pahl, P., Pascaud, C., Patel, G. D., Perez, E., Petrukhin, A., Picuric, I., Pirumov, H., Pitzl, D., Plačakytė, R., Pokorny, B., Polifka, R., Radescu, V., Raicevic, N., Ravdandorj, T., Reimer, P., Rizvi, E., Robmann, P., Roosen, R., Rostovtsev, A., Rotaru, M., Rusakov, S., Šálek, D., Sankey, D. P. C., Sauter, M., Sauvan, E., Schmitt, S., Schoeffel, L., Schöning, A., Schultz-Coulon, H.-C., Sefkow, F., Shushkevich, S., Soloviev, Y., Sopicki, P., South, D., Spaskov, V., Specka, A., Steder, M., Stella, B., Straumann, U., Sykora, T., Thompson, P. D., Traynor, D., Truöl, P., Tsakov, I., Tseepeldorj, B., Turnau, J., Valkárová, A., Vallée, C., Van Mechelen, P., Vazdik, Y., Wegener, D., Wünsch, E., Žáček, J., Zhang, Z., Žlebčík, R., Zohrabyan, H., Zomer, F., and H1 Collaboration

Published
2015
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48. Measurement of Feynman- x spectra of photons and neutrons in the very forward direction in deep-inelastic scattering at HERA

Author

Andreev, V., Baghdasaryan, A., Begzsuren, K., Belousov, A., Belov, P., Boudry, V., Brandt, G., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Britzger, D., Buniatyan, A., Bylinkin, A., Bystritskaya, L., Campbell, A. J., Cantun Avila, K. B., Ceccopieri, F., Cerny, K., Chekelian, V., Contreras, J. G., Dainton, J. B., Daum, K., Diaconu, C., Dobre, M., Dodonov, V., Dossanov, A., Eckerlin, G., Egli, S., Elsen, E., Favart, L., Fedotov, A., Feltesse, J., Ferencei, J., Fleischer, M., Fomenko, A., Gabathuler, E., Gayler, J., Ghazaryan, S., Glazov, A., Goerlich, L., Gogitidze, N., Gouzevitch, M., Grab, C., Grebenyuk, A., Greenshaw, T., Grindhammer, G., Haidt, D., Henderson, R. C. W., Herbst, M., Hladkỳ, J., Hoffmann, D., Horisberger, R., Hreus, T., Huber, F., Jacquet, M., Janssen, X., Jung, H., Kapichine, M., Kiesling, C., Klein, M., Kleinwort, C., Kogler, R., Kostka, P., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, K., Landon, M. P. J., Lange, W., Laycock, P., Lebedev, A., Levonian, S., Lipka, K., List, B., List, J., Lobodzinski, B., Lytkin, L., Malinovski, E., Martyn, H.-U., Maxfield, S. J., Mehta, A., Meyer, A. B., Meyer, H., Meyer, J., Mikocki, S., Morozov, A., Müller, K., Naumann, Th., Newman, P. R., Niebuhr, C., Nowak, G., Nowak, K., Olsson, J. E., Ozerov, D., Pahl, P., Pascaud, C., Patel, G. D., Perez, E., Petrukhin, A., Picuric, I., Pirumov, H., Pitzl, D., Plačakytė, R., Pokorny, B., Polifka, R., Povh, B., Radescu, V., Raicevic, N., Ravdandorj, T., Reimer, P., Rizvi, E., Robmann, P., Roosen, R., Rostovtsev, A., Rotaru, M., Rusakov, S., Šálek, D., Sankey, D. P. C., Sauter, M., Sauvan, E., Schmitt, S., Schoeffel, L., Schöning, A., Schultz-Coulon, H.-C., Sefkow, F., Shushkevich, S., Soloviev, Y., Sopicki, P., South, D., Spaskov, V., Specka, A., Steder, M., Stella, B., Straumann, U., Sykora, T., Thompson, P. D., Traynor, D., Truöl, P., Tsakov, I., Tseepeldorj, B., Turnau, J., Valkárová, A., Vallée, C., Van Mechelen, P., Vazdik, Y., Wegener, D., Wünsch, E., Žáček, J., Zhang, Z., Žlebčík, R., Zohrabyan, H., Zomer, F., and H1 Collaboration

Published
2014
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49. Measurement of inclusive F L at HERA

Author

Andreev, V., Baghdasaryan, A., Baghdasaryan, S., Begzsuren, K., Belousov, A., Belov, P., Boudry, V., Bradt, G., Brinkmann, M., Brisson, V., Britzger, D., Buniatyan, A., Bylinkin, A., Bystritskaya, L., Campbell, A. J., Cantun Avila, K. B., Ceccopieri, F., Cerny, K., Chekelian, V., Contreras, J. G., Dainton, J. B., Daum, K., De Wolf, E. A., Diaconu, C., Dobre, M., Dodonov, V., Dossanov, A., Dubak, A., Eckerlin, G., Egli, S., Elsen, E., Favart, L., Fedotov, A., Feltesse, J., Ferencei, J., Fleischer, M., Fomenko, A., Gabathuler, E., Gayler, J., Ghazaryan, S., Glazov, A., Goerlich, L., Gogitidze, N., Gouzevitch, M., Grab, C., Grebenyuk, A., Greenshaw, T., Grindhammer, G., Habib, S., Haidt, D., Henderson, R. C. W., Herbst, M., Hildebrandt, M., Hladkỳ, J., Hoffmann, D., Horisberger, R., Hreus, T., Huber, F., Jacquet, M., Janssen, X., Jung, A. W., Jung, H., Kapichine, M., Kiesling, C., Klein, M., Kleinwort, C., Kogler, R., Kostka, P., Kretzschmar, J., Krüger, K., Landon, M. P. J., Lange, W., Laycock, P., Lebedev, A., Levonian, S., Lipka, K., List, B., List, J., Lobodzinski, B., Lubimov, V., Malinovski, E., Martyn, H.-U., Maxfield, S. J., Mehta, A., Meyer, A. B., Meyer, H., Meyer, J., Mikocki, S., Morozov, A., Müller, K., Naumann, Th., Newman, P. R., Niebuhr, C., Nowak, G., Nowak, K., Olivier, B., Olsson, J. E., Ozerov, D., Pahl, P., Pascaud, C., Patel, G. D., Perez, E., Petrukhin, A., Picuric, I., Pirumov, H., Pitzl, D., Plačakytė, R., Pokorny, B., Polifka, R., Radescu, V., Raicevic, N., Raspereza, A., Ravdandorj, T., Reimer, P., Rizvi, E., Robmann, P., Roosen, R., Rostovtsev, A., Rotaru, M., Rusakov, S., Šálek, D., Sankey, D. P. C., Sauter, M., Sauvan, E., Schmitt, S., Schoeffel, L., Schöning, A., Schultz-Coulon, H.-C., Sefkow, F., Shushkevich, S., Soloviev, Y., Sopicki, P., South, D., Spaskov, V., Specka, A., Steder, M., Stella, B., Straumann, U., Sykora, T., Thompson, P. D., Traynor, D., Truöl, P., Tsakov, I., Tseepeldorj, B., Turnau, J., Valkárová, A., Vallée, C., Van Mechelen, P., Vazdik, Y., Wegener, D., Wünsch, E., Žáček, J., Zhang, Z., Žlebčík, R., Zohrabyan, H., Zomer, F., and H1 Collaboration

Published
2014
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